AUTOMATIC MONITORING OF WASTE-WATER IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS BASINS

欧盟最佳可行性技术（BAT）都有什么？欧盟对从事工业活动的企业颁发运行许可证，许可证根据装置技术特征、地理位置和当地环境条件提出基于最佳可行技术的排放要求。

企业必须设置最佳可行技术，有效利用能源的条款，避免造成环境污染事故，减少废物产生，装置应在最佳可行技术的参数范围内运行。

石油及天然气炼制工业的最佳可行技术共涉及58项，在环境管理体系、能源效率、监测技术、源头控制、过程控制、末端（水气声固）污染防治等方面均提出详细的技术要求。

本文节选部分技术内容供大家参考！5.1 General BATconclusions for the refining of mineral oil and gas （石油及天然气炼制工业最佳可行技术汇总）Theprocess-specific BAT conclusions included in Sections 5.2 to 5.19 apply inaddition to the general BAT conclusions mentioned in this section.5.1.1Environmental management systems（环境管理体系）BAT1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of plants for the refining of mineral oil and gas, BAT is to implement and adhere to anenvironmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the followingfeatures:（为提升石油及天然气加工厂整体的环境，最佳可行技术将被实施，并遵循包含以下要求的环境管理体系）i. commitment ofthe management, including senior management;ii. definitionof an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement for theinstallation by the management;iii. planningand establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, inconjunction with financial planning and investment;iv.implementation of the procedures paying particular attention to:(a) structureand responsibility(b) training,awareness and competence(c)communication(d) employeeinvolvement(e)documentation(f) efficientprocess control(g) maintenanceprogrammes(h) emergencypreparedness and response(i)safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation.v.checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attentionto:(a) monitoringand measurement (see also the reference document on the General Principles ofMonitoring)(b) correctiveand preventive action(c) maintenanceof records(d)independent (where practicable) internal and external auditing in order todetermine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has beenproperly implemented and maintained;vi. review of theEMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by seniormanagement;vii. followingthe development of cleaner technologies;viii.consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioningof the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout itsoperating life;ix.application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis.ApplicabilityThe scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised ornon-standardised) will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexityof the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.5.1.2 Energy efficiency（能源效率）BAT2. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below:（为有效使用能源，以下技术将被适当的组合使用）5.1.3 Solidmaterials storage and handling（固体物料的储存和转运）BAT3. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce duste missions from the storage and handling of dusty materials, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below:（为阻止或减少粉尘在储存和转运过程中的排放，将采用以下一种或多种组合技术）i. store bulkpowder materials in enclosed silos equipped with a dust abatement system(e.g.fabric filter);ii. store finematerials in enclosed containers or sealed bags;iii. keepstockpiles of coarse dusty material wetted, stabilise the surface with crustingagents, or store under cover in stockpiles;e road cleaning vehicles.5.1.4 Monitoringof emissions to air and key process parameters（对大气污染物排放和重要参数进出监测）BAT4. BAT is to monitor emissions to air by using the monitoring techniques with at least the minimum frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards.If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or otherinternational standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalentscientific quality.（废气监测）BAT 5.BAT is to monitor the relevant process parameters linked to pollutant emissions, at catalytic cracking and combustion units by using appropriate techniques and with at least the frequency given below. （与污染相关参数监测）BAT 6.BAT is to monitor diffuse VOC emissions to air from the entire site by using all of the following techniques:（VOC监测）i. sniffing methods associated with correlation curvesfor key equipment;ii. optical gas imaging techniques;iii. calculationsof chronic emissions based on emissions factors periodically (e.g. once everytwo years) validated by measurements.The screening andquantification of site emissions by periodic campaigns with opticalabsorption-based techniques, such as differential absorption light detectionand ranging (DIAL) or solar occultation flux (SOF) is a useful complementarytechnique.DescriptionSee Section 5.20.6.5.1.5 Operation of waste gas treatment systems（废气处理系统操作）BAT7. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to air, BAT is to operate the acidgas removal units, sulphur recovery units and all other waste gas treatmentsystems with a high availability and at optimal capacity.DescriptionSpecial procedurescan be defined for specific operating conditions, in particular:i. during start-up and shutdown operations;ii. during other circumstances that could affect theproper functioning of the systems (e.g. regular and extraordinary maintenancework and cleaning operations of the units and/or of the waste gas treatmentsystem);iii. in case ofinsufficient waste gas flow or temperature which prevents the use of the wastegas treatment system at full capacity.BAT 8.In order to prevent and reduce ammonia (NH3)emissions to air when applying selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) techniques, BAT is to maintain suitable operating conditions of the SCR or SNCR waste gas treatment systems, with the aim of limiting emissions of unreacted NH3.（维持适宜SCR和NSCR适宜的操作条件，避免氨逃逸）BAT-associatedemission levels: See Table 5.2.Table 5.2:BAT-associated emission levels for ammonia (NH3)emissions to air for a combustion or process unit where SCR or SNCR techniquesare usedBAT 9.In order to prevent and reduce emissions to air when using a sour water steamst ripping unit, BAT is to route the acid off-gases from this unit to an SRU or any equivalent gas treatment system.（为减少酸性水气提装置废气排放，气提废气将被引至其他单元或废气治理系统）It is not BAT to directly incinerate the untreated sour water stripping gases.5.1.6 Monitoringof emissions to waterBAT10. BAT is to monitor emissions to water by using the monitoring techniqueswith at least the frequency given in Table 5.3 and in accordance with ENstandards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national orother international standards that ensure the provision of data of anequivalent scientific quality.5.1.7 Emissionsto water（水质监测）BAT 11.In order to reduce water consumption and the volume of contaminated water, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below.BAT 12.In order to reduce the emission load of pollutants in the waste water discharge to the receiving water body, BAT is to remove insoluble and soluble polluting substances by using all of the techniques given below.BAT-associated emission levels: SeeTable5.3.BAT 13.When further removal of organic substances or nitrogen is needed, BAT is to usean additional treatment step as described in Section 5.21.2.Table 5.3:BAT-associated emission levels for direct waste water discharges from therefining of mineral oil and gas and monitoring frequencies associated with BAT(1)5.1.8 Waste generation and management（废物产生及管理）BAT14. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce wastegeneration, BAT is to adopt and implement a waste management plan that, inorder of priority, ensures that waste is prepared for reuse, recycling,recovery or disposal.BAT15. In order to reduce the amount of sludge to be treated or disposed of, BATis to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.BAT 16.In order to reduce the generation of spent solid catalyst waste, BAT is to useone or a combination of the techniques given below.5.1.9 Noise（噪音）BAT17. In order to prevent or reduce noise, BAT is to use one or a combination ofthetechniques given below:i. make anenvironmental noise assessment and formulate a noise management plan as appropriateto the local environment;ii. enclosenoisy equipment/operation in a separate structure/unit;iii. useembankments to screen the source of noise;e noise protection walls.5.1.10 BATconclusions for integrated refinery management（炼油厂综合管理技术）BAT18. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse VOC emissions, BAT is to apply the techniques given below.（为阻止或减小VOC无组织排放，适宜采用以下技术）BAT 52.In order to prevent or reduce VOC emissions to air from loading and unloading operations of volatile liquid hydrocarbon compounds, BAT is to use one or acombination of the techniques given below to achieve a recovery rate of at least 95 %.（为减少VOC在装卸过程中的排放，采用以下一种或多种技术组合能实现95%的回收率）PS：关注公众号可在后台下载BTA原文件欢迎大家进入环保大讲坛交流群和专家老师进行交流广告来啦！欢迎咨询我司“智慧环保管控系统”，通过数字系统对污水、废气、固废、电力等进行全面监控，用大数据、信息化管理环保！同时我司提供环保软件定制开发技术服务。

地表水水质自动监测站运行维护技术规范1、适用范围本规范规定了固定式、简易式、小型式、水上固定平台式和浮船式水质自动监测站（以下简称水站）运行维护、质量保证与质量控制措施和运行记录等技术要求。

本规范适用于固定式、简易式、小型式、水上固定平台式和浮船式水质自动监测站的质量保证与质量控制以及远程维护、现场维护、应急维护。

本规范适用的监测参数为常规五参数、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷、总氮、叶绿素a、蓝绿藻密度等参数，其他参数可参照本规范。

2、规范性引用文件本规范内容引用了下列文件中的条款。

凡是不注明日期的引用文件，其有效版本适用于本规范。

GB 3838 地表水环境质量标准GB/T 8170 数值修约规则与极限数值的表示和判定HJ/T 91 地表水和污水监测技术规范HJ/T 96 pH水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 97 电导率水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 98 浊度水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 99 溶解氧（DO）水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 100 高锰酸盐指数水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 101 氨氮水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 102 总氮水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 103 总磷水质自动分析仪技术要求HJ/T 372 水质自动采样器技术要求及检测方法HJ 915 地表水自动监测技术规范（试行）地表水水质自动监测站站房及采水单元建设技术规范《国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务作业指导书》（试行）3、术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本规范。

3.1、固定式水质自动监测站Stationary water quality automatic monitoring system采用《地表水水质自动监测站站房与采水单元建设技术规范》的定义。

3.2、简易式水质自动监测站Simplified water quality automatic monitoring system采用《地表水水质自动监测站站房与采水单元建设技术规范》的定义。

环保部通报环境监测数据弄虚作假案例：多名责任人被拘人民网北京6月12日电据环境保护部网站消息，为贯彻落实新环保法，打击篡改、伪造监测数据弄虚作假的行为，环境保护部近期组织各地污染源自动监控管理部门加大对污染源自动监控设施运行管理情况的监督检查，对发现的数据弄虚作假等违法行为进行了严肃查处，通报了一批典型案例。

环境保护部环境监察局局长邹首民具体通报了这些案例的造假事实：1、建滔（河北）焦化XXX主营捣固焦、粗苯、焦油等产品，是邢台市重要化工企业之一。

4月22日，邢台市环保局与市公安局环保支队混合编队，对该公司污染物排放情况进行了全面检查。

检查发现，该公司部分高浓度焦化生产废水未经任何处理，直接用于熄焦，属典型的恶意偷排偷放。

此外，该公司一期工程150t/h燃煤锅炉自动监控设备段二氧化硫值为35-90mg/m3之间，烟尘为45mg/m3，环保局现场手工监测二氧化硫值为166-172 mg/m3之间，烟尘为194 mg/m3；二期工程75t/h燃煤锅炉自动监控设备烟尘值为66 mg/m3，环保局现场手工监测二氧化硫值为烟尘为163 mg/m3，存在焦炉超标排放、燃煤锅炉在线监测数据造假、烟尘超标排放等问题。

邢台市环保局依法作出处罚决定，对该公司处以145万元罚款并没收违法保证金100万元；因该公司肆意修改在线监控数据，其主管环保的经理张某某、仪表部经理胡某被依法行政拘留7日。

2、河南省环境监控中心通过调阅历史监控数据，发现信阳豫信轧钢实业XXX焦炉烟囱二氧化硫自动监控数据长期稳定在20mg/m3。

4月17日组织赴现场人工监测发现数据为100mg/m3-200mg/m3，检查前后自动监控数据差距较大。

经调查证实，该企业擅自拔出部分二氧化硫测量探头，使采样孔漏气，稀释排放污染物，人为干扰采样装置、降低测量数据，造成监控数据失真。

针对信阳豫信轧钢实业XXX的违法行为，信阳市环保局依法对企业下达了处罚决定书，对企业存在的超标排放、干扰自动监控数据行为，分别给予6万元、3万元处罚，追缴2015年第一季度焦炉烟囱二氧化硫排污费，启动按日计罚程序。

中华人民共和国国家标准电站自动化装置术语GB 11475-89 Terminology of power station automation equipment1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了电站自动化装置的专用术语。

本标准适用于制订标准、编订技术文件、编写和翻译专业手册、教材及书刊等。

2 一般术语2.1 谐波含量 harmonic content从非正弦周期函数中减去基波后所得的函数。

2.2 畸变因数 distortion factor谐波含量的方均根值与交变量的方均根值之比。

2.3 电压纹波 voltage ripple额定负载下，电压的交流分量的峰一峰值与直流分量平均值之比。

2.4 电击穿 break down由电场引起的、使全部或部分绝缘媒质突然变成导电媒质的过程。

2.5 闪络 flashover在气体或液体内沿着固体表面发生的两电极间的击穿。

2.6 干扰 interference在信号传递通道中，由外来能源引起使所需信号的接收受到扰乱或使信号本身受到扰动的一种现象。

2.7 抗干扰 interference rejection能消除或减少影响电控设备正常工作的各种干扰信号的措施和技术。

2.8 绝缘电阻 insulation resistance用绝缘材料隔开的两个（路）导电体之间的电阻（在规定条件下）。

2.9 介质强度 dielectric strength材料能承受而不致遭到破坏的最高电场强度。

2.10 电气间隙 clearance两导电部分间的最短直线距离。

2.11 爬电距离 creepage distance在两个导电部分之间沿绝缘材料表面的最短距离。

2.12 环境条件 environmental conditions产品所经受的其周围的物理、化学和生物条件。

中华人民共和国机械电子工业部1989-03-21批准1990-01-01实施环境条件用各单一环境参数和它们的严酷等级综合确定。

环境科学常用词汇英文缩写英汉对照AAC(aconstical absorption coefficient) 吸声系数AAS(atomic absorption spectrometry) 原子吸收光谱法Abs(absolute temerature) 绝对温度abs(abstracts) 摘要，提要act.std(actual standard) 现行标准AD(automatic detection) 自动检测AE(absolute error) 绝对误差aera(aeration) 曝气，充气AES(atomic emission spectrometry) 原子发射光谱法A.M(arithmetic mean) 算术平均值Am.Std(American Standard) 美国标准APCS(air pollution control system) 空气污染防治系统AQCR（air quality control region）大气质量控制区AR(analytical reagent grade) 分析试剂纯；分析纯AR(annual report) 年度报告，年报at.(atmospheric) 大气的at.(atomic) 原子的atm (atmosphere) 大气压aut.meas(automatic measurement) 自动测量avg(average) 平均，平均数AW(acid waste) 酸性废物AWT(advanced waste treatment) 废水深度处理BaP(benzo[a]pyrene) 苯并（a）芘BHC(benzene hexachloride) 六氯化苯；六BIP(biotic index of pollution) 污染生物指数BOD(biochemial oxygen demand) 生化需氧量BOD5(five day BOD) 五天生化需氧量BP(bleached pulp) 漂白纸浆Bur(bureau) 局，科；编辑部Cat (catalog(ue)) 录目；条目；CER(cation exchange resin) 阳离子交换树脂Chem(chemistry) 化学的CI(contamination index) 污染指数COD(chemical oxygen demand) 化学需氧量Co.Ltd(company limited) 有限公司Com(committee) 委员会Corp(corporation) 公司：社团法人CP(chemical pure) 化学纯DAS(Ocean Data Acquisition System) 海洋数据收集系统DC(diffusion constant) 扩散常数D.C(dust collector) 除尘器DCS(data collection system) 数据收集系统D.I(diffustion index) 扩散指数DO(dissoved oxygen) 溶解度EC(effective concentration) 有效浓度ECD(electron capture detector) 电子捕获检测ecol(ecology) 生态学E Coli(Escherichia Coli) 大肠杆菌ECS(environmental control system) 环境控制系统E.D(effective dose) 有效剂量ED(electrodialysis) 电渗析EGT(exhaust gas temperature) 排气温度EIA(environmental impact assessment) 环境影响评价EQA（environmental quality assessment）环境质量评价EROS（earth resources observation satellite）地球资源观察卫星ERTS（earth resources technology）地球资源技术EIS（environmental Impact Statement）环境影响报告（书）FCA（fluid char absorption process）流化床炭吸附法FD（fatal dose）致死剂量FPD（flame photometric detector）火焰光度检测计GC（gas chromatography）气相色谱仪GCMS（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry）气相色谱（法）GLC（gas-liguid chromatography）气液色谱（法）GNP（gross national production）国民经济总产值HC（hyprocarbon）烃，碳氢化合物iER（ion-exchange resin）离子交焕树脂Iwt（industrial waste treatment）工业废物处理IR（infra-red）红外线（的）IX（ion exchange）离子交换JIM（job instruction manual）工作说明手册L-a（lagcon）氧化塘lab（laboratory）实验室、研究室LC（liquid chromatography）液相色谱法MAC（maximum acceptable concen-tration）最大容许浓度MPC（maximum permissible concen-tration）最大容许浓度MF（membrane filter）膜滤器NAA（neutron activation analysis）中子活化分析NC（noise equivalent intensity）噪声标准值NEI（noise equivalent intensity）噪声等效强度NF（noise facfor）噪声因数NLR（noise load ratio）噪声负荷比NR（noise ratio）噪声比O-R（Oxidation-reduction）氧化-还原ORAQI（Oak Ridge Air Quality Index）橡树岭空气质量指数PCI（pollution control index）污染控制指数PDR（proliminary data report）原始数据报告PE（permissible error）容许误差PEIW（population equivalent of industrial waste water）工业废水人口当量ppm（part（s）per million）百万分之一PPP（polluter pays principle） “污染者承担”原则Proj（project）科研项目，规划、计划、方案QTR（Qualiffication Test Report）检验合格报告RBC（rotating biological contactor）生物转盘RO（reverse osmosis）反渗透RP（reserch paper）研究报告，研究论文SS（standard specification）标准规格，标准规范TD（technical data）技术数据TDS（total dissoved solid）总溶解固体T.M.(technical regulations) 技术手册TR(technical regulations) 技术规程TSS(total suspended solids) 总悬浮固体量WPI(Water quality index) 水（质）污染指数WQI(Water pollution index) 水质指数WQM(Water quality monitoring) 水质监测WRDC(Water Resources Devel-opment Center) 水资源开发中心WWT(Waste water treatment) 废水处理YB(year book) 年鉴；年刊。

运维水质自动监测系统仪器过程中的质控工作作者：隋鑫来源：《环境与发展》2019年第06期摘要：水质自动监测系统是由多仪器、多单元组成的自动化系统。

为保证水质自动监测仪器监测的数据真实准确、客观有效，在运维过程中需定期做好质控工作。

在此，本文对水质自动监测仪器质控工作进行了案例浅述。

关键词：水质自动监测系统;仪器运维;质控中图分类号：X832 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-672X（2019）06-0-02DOI：10.16647/15-1369/X.2019.06.098Abstract： The automatic water quality monitoring system is an automated system consisting of multiple instruments and multiple units. In order to ensure that the data monitored by the automatic water quality monitoring instrument is true， accurate， objective and effective， quality control work should be done regularly during the operation and maintenance process. Here， a brief description of the quality control work of the automatic water quality monitoring instrument is given. Key words： Automatic water quality monitoring system;Instrument operation and maintenance;Quality control相比起传统的以人工现场采样、实验室仪器分析为主的监测模式，水站能够自动连续、及时准确地监测目标水域的水质信息，反映地表水水质现状、及时预警预报潜在环境风险，有助于评估水污染治理成效、打好水污染防治攻坚战，保障沿河供水安全，维护社会稳定[1-2]。

对污染源废水在线监测比对采样方法的分析唐春晖（青山绿水（江苏）检验检测有限公司，江苏 常州213000）摘要：对污染源监督管理采取在线比对的方式可以更好地对污染物的总量进行控制，达到排污标准，其主要工作就是对自动监控设备进行定期的对比监督，并对其制定自动监控信息处理。

污染废水的自动检测对比主要是指用参比的方式以及自动检测法进行常规生产时的采样分析，对自动检测设备结果进行校正，它是分析自动检测信息准确度的基础。

关键词：污染源废水；在线监测对比；采样方法中图分类号：X83 文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-672X(2018)11-0141-01DOI:10.16647/15-1369/X.2018.11.082Analysis of sampling method for on-line monitoring of pollution source wastewaterTang Chunhui(Green Hills and Green Water (Jiangsu) Inspection and Testing Co., Ltd.,Changzhou Jiangsu 213000,China）Abstract:The on-line comparison of pollution source supervision and management can better control the total amount of pollutants and reach the standard of pollutant discharge. The main work is to carry out regular contrast supervision on automatic monitoring and control equipment, and to formulate automatic monitoring information opinions on it. The automatic detection and contrast of polluted wastewater mainly refers to the sampling and analysis of the conventional production with the mode of reference and the automatic detection method, and the result of the automatic detection equipment is corrected. It is the basis for analyzing the accuracy of the automatic detection information.Key words: Pollution source wastewater; On-line monitoring and comparison;Sampling method经过有效科学的自动监测所得的数据，是企业计算主要污染物排放量以及确定污染物是否达标排放的依据，是相关环境保护主管部门考核、监督执法、排污申报核定等工作的重要依据来源。

水圈 hydrosphere水体 water body水科学 water science水文学 hydrology陆地水文学 land hydrology应用水文学 applied hydrology工程水文学 engineering hydrology水汽 water vapour水文要素 hydrologic elements积雪 snow cover终雪 latest snow融雪 snowmelt冰雹 hail截留 interception填洼 depression detention地面滞留 surface detention陆面蒸发 evaporation of land水面蒸发 evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发 evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration蒸发能力 evaporation capability下渗（入渗） infiltration 稳渗 steady infiltration下渗能力 infiltration capability 河川径流 river runoff降雨径流 rainfall runoff暴雨径流 storm runoff融雪径流 snowmelt runoff枯季径流 dry season runoff基流 base flow阴塞高压 blocking high低空急流 low－level jet低涡 vortex反气旋（高压） anticyclone气旋（低压） cyclone热带气旋 tropic cyclone热带低压 tropic depression热带风暴 tropic storm强热带风暴 severe tropic storm气团 air mass锋（锋面） front气象 meteorology气候区划 climatic regionalization 气候带 climatic zone小气候 microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone比湿 specific humidity蒲福风级 Beaufort wind scale霜点 frost point霜冻 frostbite无霜期 frost－free period流域 watershed (basin)闭合流域 enclosed basin不闭合流域 non－enclosed basin闭流区（流区） bling drainage area分水线（分水岭） divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics河道复流（河道再生） resurgence常年河 perennial stream间歇河 intermittent stream悬河（地上河） elevated stream夺流河（断头河） captured river盈水河 gaining stream亏水河 losing stream暴洪河流 flashy stream 界河 boundary river废河道（古河道） dead river凹岸 concave bank凸岸 convex bank岸壁 land wall水边线（岸线） water line堤防 levee河长 river length河弯 river bend弯曲率 tortuosity航道 navigable channel河段 reach潜洲 submerged bar水利学 hydraulics明渠水力学 open channel hydraulics 水静力学 hydrostatics水动力学 hydrodynamics明渠水流 open channel flow恒定流 steady flow非恒定流 unsteady flow均匀流（等速流） uniform flow非均匀流（变速流） non－uniform flow急流 supercritical flow缓流 subcritical flow异重流 density current临界流 critical flow临界水深 critical depth临界流速 critical velocity临界流量 critical discharge水头 head位置水头（位能） elevation head 低强水头（压能） pressure head 流速水头（动能） velocity head 雷诺数 Reymold number韦伯数 Weber number水力因素 hydraulic factor湿周 wetted perimeter水力半径 hydraulic radius宽深比 width－depth ratio落差 fall驻波 standing wave移动波 translation wave河流动力学 river dynamics山洪侵蚀 torrential erosion 流域产沙量 watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体 total dissolved solids离子含量 ion concentration离子总量 total ion concentration离子流量 ion discharge矿化度 mineral content盐度 salinity碱度 alkalinity酸度 acidity电导率 electric conductivity混浊度（浊度） turbidity总需氧量 total oxygen demand溶解氧 dissolved oxygen需氧量 oxygen demand生化需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量 chemical oxygen demand硬度 hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） non－carbonate hardness浮冰 floating ice锚冰 anchor ice封冻期 freeze－up period封冻（封河） freeze－up平封 flat freeze－up立封 upright freeze－up冰盖 ice cover连底冻 grounded ice cover冰丘 ice mound封冻冰缘 ice edge of freeze－up清沟 lead初生清沟 primary lead再生清沟 secondary lead冰花路毡 sludge road felt冰上覆雪 snow cover over ice冰脊 ice ridge冰缝 crack悬冰 suspended ice cover冰堆 ice pack冰塞 ice jam冰上结冰 aufeis解冻期 break－up period冰变色 color change of ice cover冰上有水 accumulation of melt water 月中天 lunar transit 引潮力 tidal generation force天文潮 astronomic tide气象潮 metorologic tide潮汐周期 tidal cycle半日潮 semidiurnal tide全日潮 diurnal tide混合潮 mixed tide大潮 spring tide小潮 neap tide中潮 moderate tide太阴月 lunar day潮期 duration of tide涨潮历时 duration of tidal rise 落潮历时 duration of tidal fall 潮流 tidal current涨潮流 flood tidal current落潮流 ebb tidal current憩流 slack tide潮流速 tidal velocity往复流 reversing current旋转流 rotary current潮流期 duration of tidal current涨潮流历时 duration of flood current地下水流速 velocity of groundwater flow 地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图 water－table contour map含水层 aquifer含水岩系 water－content rock series含水岩组 water－content rock formation 含水岩性 water－content rock property 含水介质 water－hearing medium均匀介质 homogeneous medium非均匀介质 inhomogeneous medium含水层边界 aquifer boundary透水边界 permeable boundary隔水边界 confining boundary弱透水边界 acquitted boundary透水层 permeable bed隔水层 confining bed弱透水层 acquitter水文地质参数 hydrogeological parameters 渗透系数 permeability coefficient 导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数 storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity 压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度 water－holding capacity土壤水分常数 soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数 absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数 wilting coefficient田间持水量 field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture 最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法 zero flux plane method潜水 phreatic water降水入渗补给 precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给 surface water recharge凝结水补给 condensation recharge侧向补给 lateral recharge越流补给 leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发 phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量 phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位 phreatic water level潜水埋深 buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer流湖 endorheic lake淡水湖 fresh lake咸水湖 salt lake盐湖 saline lake季节性湖泊 seasonal lake富营养湖泊 eutrophic lake 贫营养湖泊 poornutrient lake湖流 lake current梯度流 gradient current漂流 current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖） lake seiche湖泊增减水 lake wind denivellation湖泊率 lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期 lake residence period湖盆 lake basin湖面高程 elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率 insulosity湖泊分层 lake layering正温层 direct thermal stratification逆温层 inverse thermal stratification 湖泊形态参数 morphometric parameter of lake高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） main level mire 中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡 water balance of mire沼泽水 mire water沼泽蒸发 mire evaporation沼泽径流 mire runoff沼泽表面流 surface flow of mire沼泽表层流 surface layer flow of mire 沼泽含水性 moisture property of mire沼泽持水性 water retention of mire沼泽透水性 perviousness of mire沼泽率 mire ratio冰川 glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier 谷冰川 valley glacier宽尾冰川 broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川 cirque glacier悬冰川 hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川） penetrating glacier 冰原 ice field冰川平衡线 equilibrium line of glacier 委托观测 entrust gauging水文仪器 hydrologic instrument直读仪器 direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器 remote telemetry unit固态存贮器 solid storage计数器 counter记录器 recorder显示器 display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位 equivalent stage水文测站 hydrometric station基本站 basic station辅助站 auxiliary station专用站 special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station基准水文站 bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站 hydrometeorology station巡测站 tour gauging station水文站 gauging station雨量站网 rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网 stage gauging network泥沙站网 sediment gauging network水质站网 water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划 hydrologic network planning水文分区 hydrologic regionalization站网布设 network layout容许最稀站网 minimum network设站年限 station required age基面 datum临时水准点 temporary benchmark测验断面 measuring cross－section基本水尺断面 basic gauge cross－section 流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道 hydrometric cableway悬索缆道 suspended cableway悬杆缆道 suspended rod cableway机动缆道 motorized cableway手动缆道 hand－operating cableway循环索 loop cable起重索 suspension cable水文缆车 hydrometric cable car吊船过河索 cableway for anchoring boat 缆道测验仪 cableway measuring device 水文测船 hydrometric boat水文测桥 hydrometric bridge桥测车 gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器 raingauge承水器 raingauge receiver量杯 measuring glass渠积雨量器 accumulative raingauge雨量计 rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计 siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计 long－term rainfall recorder 遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线 snow gauge雨雪量计 rain and snow recorder蒸发量 evaporation蒸发量观测 evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率 screen ratio蒸发器 evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器 floating evaporation pan蒸发计 evaporimeter遇测蒸发计 telemetering evaporimeter 钩形水尺 hook gauge最高水位水尺 crest stage gauge校核水尺 check gauge基本水尺断面 basic gauge辅助水尺断面 auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面 slope gauge临时水尺 temporary gauge水位计 stage gauge自记水位计 stage recorder浮子式水位计 float－type stage recorder 压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计 ultrasonic stage recorder 遥测水位计 telemetering stage recorder 接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计 telecontrol stage recorder 自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井 stilling well测得水深 measured depth有效水深 effective depth相对水深 relative depth断面平均水深 mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正 air line correction湿绳改正 wet line correction测点流速 velocity measurement测速垂线 surface velocity水面流速 velocity at a point测点流速 maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速 mean velocity at a vertical 部分平均流速 mean velocity at a segment 断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速 point velocity coefficient中泓流速 surface velocity coefficient流速分布 velocity distribution流速梯度 velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流 downstream flow逆流 upstream flow流速脉动 velocity pulsation中泓流速 midstream流向测量 flow－direction measurement体积法 cubature流速仪 current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪 cup－type current－meter 旋桨式流速仪 propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪 electric wave current－meter 超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪 Doppler current－meter参证流速仪 reference current－meter流量计 flow meter文杜里水流计 Venturi flow meter毕托管 Pitot tube流速仪检定 current－meter calibration 检定槽 calibration tank检定车 calibration carriage水面浮标 surface float小浮标 small float双浮标 double float浮杆 float－rod堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest堰顶水头 weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度 gate opening行近河槽 approach channel行近流速 approach velocity堰流 weir flow流态 flow regime自由流 free flow淹没流 submerged flow半淹没流 half－submerged flow孔流 sluice flow射流 jet flow 淹没比 submergence ratio淹没系数 submergence coefficient流速系数 velocity coefficient流量系数 discharge coefficient稀释法测流 dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂 tracer标准溶液 standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比 dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法 sampling method坑测法 pit method沙波法 dune tracking method床沙测验 bed material measurement照相法 photographic method打印法 stamp pad method床沙采样器 bed material sampler悬移质采样器 suspended sediment sampler 瞬时式采样器 instantaneous sampler积时式采样器 time－integrating sampler 瓶式采样器 bottled sampler皮囊式采样器 collapsible sample泵式采样器 pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器 bed load sampler网式采样器 basket－type sampler吸管 pipet光电颗分仪 photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计） hydrometer泥沙沉降 sediment settling沉降速度 settling velocity 平均沉速 mean settling velocity絮凝 flocculation反凝剂 defloeculant粒径 particle diameter中数粒径 median particle diameter平均粒径 mean particle diameter等容粒径 nominal diameter投影粒径 projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径 sieve diameter沉降粒径 settling diameter粒径组 fraction of particle size颗粒级配 grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线 grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution 垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in avertical对照断面 check cross－section控制断面 control cross－section消减断面 attenuation cross－section水样保存 water－sample preservation检出率 detected ratio超标率 over－limit ratio痕迹量 trace未检出 nonreadout回收率 recovery ratio溶解气体采样器 dissolved gases sampler 冰情观测 ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号 ice code冰情图 ice－regime charta初冰日期 first－ice date封冰日期 freeze－up date解冻日期 break－up date终冰日期 end ice date 封冻历时 freeze－up duration水浸冰厚 thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽 open－water width冰流量 ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差 significant tidal range负波高 negative wave height水库水文测验 hygrometry of reservoir入库水量 reservoir inflow出库水量 reservoir outflow水库供水 reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir 水库渗漏量 reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率 rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位 stage behind dam库区水位 stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法 method of topographic survey断面法 method of cross－section survey 淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲 sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域 representative basin实验流域 experimental basin相似流域 similar basin径流实验研究 experimental research in runoff径流场 runoff plot人工降雨装置 artificial rainfall device 蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池 evaporation tank土壤蒸发器 soil evaporator蒸散器 evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器 evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪 lysimeter地下水均衡场 groundwater balance plot 合理性检查 rational examination电算整编 processing by computer水文年鉴 water year－book测站考证 station examination站年 station year极值 extreme value加权平均法 weighted mean method断流水位 stage of zero flow河干 river of zero flow水文过程线 hydrograph水文综合过程线 synthetic hydrograph等值线 isopleth分布曲线 distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量 total runoff径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient洪峰 flood peak洪水流量 peak discharge洪水总量 flood volume输沙模数 modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系 stage－discharge relation 连时序法 chronological method绳套曲线 loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法 tidal factor relation method 定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method 合轴相关法 coaxial correlation method 一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系 single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长 extension of relation curve 流率表 rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation 单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法 hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法 hydrograph method of index sediment concentration真值 true value测量值（实测值） measured value最或然值 most probable value绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error插机误差（偶然误差） random error允许误差 permissible error伪误差（粗差） spurious方差 variance标准差 standard deviation相对标准差 relative standard deviation 离差（偏差） deviation闭合差 closure error平差 adjustment精密度 precision准确度 correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库 distributed type data base 集中式数据库 concentrated type data base 网络式数据库 network type data base层次数据库 laminarization data base层次数据模型 laminarization data model 网状数据模型 network data model数据量 data bulk 结点 node水文数据库 hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报 hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报 tidal prediction旱情预报 soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期 forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报 operational forecasting预报方案 forecast scheme评定标准 accuracy standard方案合格率 qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数 deterministic coefficient汛 seasonal flood伏汛 summer flood汛期 flood season防汛 flood defence报汛站 flood－reporting station报汛站网 flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station 汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network 洪水警报 flood warning点雨量 point rainfall面雨量 areal rainfall泰森多边形 Thiessen polygon等雨量线法 isohyetal method产流 runoff yield蓄满产流 runoff yield at natural storage 超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积 area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流） direct runoff地面流（坡面流） surface flow of mire 壤中流 prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量 antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量 soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损 initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流 overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流 groundwater flow concentration 汇流曲线 flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线 basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve 地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间 basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时 peak time lag流域滞时 basin time lag等流滞时 isochrone单位线 unit hydrograph经验单位线 empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线 synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线 slope unit hydrograph河网单位线 river network unit hydrograph S－曲线 S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线 recession curve水文模型 hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型 scale model比拟模型 analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型 distributed model集总式模型 lumped model线性水温模型 linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型 time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构 model structure模型参数 model parameter模型误差 model error模型率定 model calibration模型检验 model verification水文模拟 hydrologic simulation遥测终端机 telemetry terminal meter中继机 relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统 self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统 mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率 probability of word error接受率 receiving probability设计站 design station设计流域 design watershed 代表站 representative station参证站 bench－mark station典型年（代表年） typicyear水文系列 hydrologic series同步系列 synchronous series系列代表性 series representativeness柱状图 histogram诺谟图 monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation 水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算 hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量 sample size随机变量 random variable随机系列 random series累计频率（频率） cumulative frequency 经验频率 empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve 皮尔逊分布 Pearson distribution对数正态分布 log normal distribution频率分析 frequency analysis随机模拟 stochastic simulation时间序列 time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项 trend term周期项 cycle term随机项 stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析） harmonic analysis 潜分析 spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析） regression analysis 相关系数 correlation coefficient自回归分析 autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水 design flood溢洪道设计洪水 spillway design flood分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水 check flood实测洪水 observed flood调查洪水 investigated flood古洪水 paleoflood坝址洪水 dam－site flood入库洪水 reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年分配 annual distribution of runoff 径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期 high－water period平水期 normal－water period枯水期（枯季） low－flow period丰水年 wet year平水年（中水年） normal year枯水年 dry year特枯水年 extraordinary dry year连续丰水年 continuous wet years连续枯水年 continuous dry years水文年鉴 water year设计雨型 design storm pattern暴雨路径 storm track暴雨时程分配 time distribution of storm 暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线 storm parametric isoline map点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship可能最大露点 probable maximum dew point 暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正 watershed shape correction 水汽改正 moisture correction入流障碍改正 inflow obstacle correction 综合改正 synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法 isopercental method可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood涝 surface water logging渍 subsurface waterlogging排涝 surface waterlogging control排渍 subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划 waterlogging control planning 排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量 design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage 水荒 water famine水资源评价 water resources assessment 水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价 water quantity assessment水质评价 water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment 水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量 utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量 available water supply径流调节 runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪 reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply 水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节 reregulating reservoir水库群调节 multi－reservoir regulation 径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法） chronological series method概率法（数理统计法） probability method 随机模拟法 stochastic simulation method 调节周期 regulating period目标函数 objective function约束方程 constraint equation状态变量 state variable决策变量 decision variable数学规划 mathematic programming线性规划 linear programming非线性规划 nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir 水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度 multi－reservoir scheduling 水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast 抽水蓄能 pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境 water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统 aquatic ecosystem 化学径流 chemical runoff环境用水 environmental water环境水文学 environmental hydrology环境水力学 environmental hydraulics环境水化学 environmental hydrochemistry 地下水超量开采 groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌） artificial recharge 地下水降落漏斗 groundwater depression cone化学水污染 chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances 有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances 有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染 thermal pollution生物水污染 water pollution by organism 富营养化 eutrophication次生水污染 secondary water pollution地下水污染 groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物 pollutant污染物迁移 transport of pollutant机械迁移 physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源 artificial pollution source 天然污染源 natural pollution source污染源调查 investigation of pollution sources污染源控制 pollution source control水质参数 water quality parameters水质模型 water quality model水温模型 water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality 水环境效益 water environmental effect 水污染环境效应 environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划 water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control 水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发 evaporation水位 stage流速 velocity流量 discharge含沙量 sediment concentration输沙率 sediment discharge水温模型 water temperature冰凌 ice run水质 water quality下垫面 underlying surface水文情势 hydrologic regime水文效应 hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环） hydrologic cycle水量平衡 water balance热量平衡 heat balance盐量平衡 salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport水汽输送通量 atmospheric water vapour flux降雨面积 rainfall area降雨分布 rainfall distribution暴雨洪水 storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯） ice flood冰雪洪水 ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水 rain and snowmelt flood山洪 flash flood溃坝洪水 dam－break flood 大气环流 atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮 storm surge风暴中心 storm center西风槽 westerly trough东风波 easterly wave低压槽 trough高压脊 ridge副热带高压 subtropic high温带 extratropic zone寒带 frigid zone季风 monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨 showery rain地形雨 aerographic rain热带气旋雨 rainfall in tropic cyclone 卫星云图 satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强） atmospheric pressure 海平面气压 sea－level pressure湿球温度 wet－bulb temperature水汽压 vapour pressure饱和水汽压 saturation vapour pressure 绝对湿度 absolute humidity相对湿度 relative humidity饱和差 saturation deficit流域长度 basin length流域平均高程 basin elevation mean流域平均宽度 basin width mean流域平均坡度 basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率 growth ratio of drainage area流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin 水系（河系） hydrographic net人工河网 artificial drainage network河网密度 drainage density明渠 open channel headwaters冲沟 gully溪流 brook分支 fork串沟 bifurcation channel外流河 exoreic river陆河 endothecia river减河 relief channel控制河段 control reach顺流河段 straight reach弯曲河段 bent reach扩散河段 expanding reach收缩河段 converging reach游荡河段 wandering reach感潮河段 tidal reach裁弯河段 channel cutoff稳定河槽 stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽） unstable channel 主槽 main channel单式河槽 single channel复式河槽 compound channel河道横断面 river cross－section河道纵断面 river longitudinal profile 断面特性 cross－section characteristics 河床形态 channel morphology浅滩 thoal急潭 cataract河漫滩 flood plain江心湖 channel island有效水头 effective head水头损失 head loss沿程水头损失 frictional head loss局部水头损失 local head loss能面比降 energy slope水面比降 surface slope摩阻比降 friction slope附加比降（加速比降） add slope河道比降（河床比降） channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface倒比降 inverse slope总水头线 total head line水面线 water surface profile糙率 roughness 才系数 Chezy coefficient才公式 Chezy formula曼宁公式 Manning formula输水因数（输水率） conveyance factor水跃 hydraulic jump水舌 nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线） hackwater curve弗汝德数 Froude number悬移质 suspended load推移质 bed load床沙 bed material床沙质 bed material load冲泻质 wash load河流泥沙运动 sediment transport in river 泥沙起动 incipient motion of sediment 起动流速 competent velocity造床流址 dominant discharge泥沙密度 density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment 泥石流 debris flow水流挟沙能力。

环境科学常用词汇英文缩写英汉对照撰写时间：2008-10-28 文章作者：文章来源：AAC(aconstical absorption coefficient) 吸声系数AAS(atomic absorption spectrometry) 原子吸收光谱法Abs(absolute temerature) 绝对温度abs(abstracts) 摘要，提要act.std(actual standard) 现行标准AD(automatic detection) 自动检测AE(absolute error) 绝对误差aera(aeration) 曝气，充气AES(atomic emission spectrometry) 原子发射光谱法A.M(arithmetic mean) 算术平均值Am.Std(American Standard) 美国标准APCS(air pollution control system) 空气污染防治系统AQCR（air quality control region）大气质量控制区AR(analytical reagent grade) 分析试剂纯；分析纯AR(annual report) 年度报告，年报at.(atmospheric) 大气的at.(atomic) 原子的atm (atmosphere) 大气压aut.meas(automatic measurement) 自动测量avg(average) 平均，平均数AW(acid waste) 酸性废物AWT(advanced waste treatment) 废水深度处理BaP(benzo[a]pyrene) 苯并（a）芘BHC(benzene hexachloride) 六氯化苯；六BIP(biotic index of pollution) 污染生物指数BOD(biochemial oxygen demand) 生化需氧量BOD5(five day BOD) 五天生化需氧量BP(bleached pulp) 漂白纸浆Bur(bureau) 局，科；编辑部Cat (catalog(ue)) 录目；条目；CER(cation exchange resin) 阳离子交换树脂Chem(chemistry) 化学的CI(contamination index) 污染指数COD(chemical oxygen demand) 化学需氧量Co.Ltd(company limited) 有限公司Com(committee) 委员会Corp(corporation) 公司：社团法人CP(chemical pure) 化学纯DAS(Ocean Data Acquisition System) 海洋数据收集系统DC(diffusion constant) 扩散常数D.C(dust collectr) 除尘器DCS(data collection system) 数据收集系统D.I(diffustion index) 扩散指数DO(dissoved oxygen) 溶解度EC(effective concentration) 有效浓度ECD(electron capture detector) 电子捕获检测ecol(ecology) 生态学E Coli(Escherichia Coli) 大肠杆菌ECS(environmental control system) 环境控制系统E.D(effective dose) 有效剂量ED(electrodialysis) 电渗析EGT(exhaust gas temperature) 排气温度EIA(environmental impact assessment) 环境影响评价EQA（environmental quality assessment）环境质量评价EROS（earth resources observation satellite）地球资源观察卫星ERTS（earth resources technology）地球资源技术EIS（environmental Impact Statement）环境影响报告（书）FCA（fluid char absorption process）流化床炭吸附法FD（fatal dose）致死剂量FPD（flame photometric detector）火焰光度检测计GC（gas chromatography）气相色谱仪GCMS（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry）气相色谱（法）GLC（gas-liguid chromatography）气液色谱（法）GNP（gross national production）国民经济总产值HC（hyprocarbon）烃，碳氢化合物iER（ion-exchange resin）离子交焕树脂Iwt（industrial waste treatment）工业废物处理IR（infra-red）红外线（的）IX（ion exchange）离子交换JIM（job instruction manual）工作说明手册L-a（lagcon）氧化塘lab（laboratory）实验室、研究室LC（liquid chromatography）液相色谱法MAC（maximum acceptable concen-tration）最大容许浓度MPC（maximum permissible concen-tration）最大容许浓度MF（membrane filter）膜滤器NAA（neutron activation analysis）中子活化分析NC（noise equivalent intensity）噪声标准值NEI（noise equivalent intensity）噪声等效强度NF（noise facfor）噪声因数NLR（noise load ratio）噪声负荷比NR（noise ratio）噪声比O-R（Oxidation-reduction）氧化-还原ORAQI（Oak Ridge Air Quality Index）橡树岭空气质量指数PCI（pollution control index）污染控制指数PDR（proliminary data report）原始数据报告PE（permissible error）容许误差PEIW（population equivalent of industrial waste water）工业废水人口当量ppm（part（s）per million）百万分之一PPP（polluter pays principle）“污染者承担”原则Proj（project）科研项目，规划、计划、方案QTR（Qualiffication Test Report）检验合格报告RBC（rotating biological contactor）生物转盘RO（reverse osmosis）反渗透RP（reserch paper）研究报告，研究论文SS（standard specification）标准规格，标准规范TD（technical data）技术数据TDS（total dissoved solid）总溶解固体T.M.(technical regulations) 技术手册TR(technical regulations) 技术规程TSS(total suspended solids) 总悬浮固体量WPI(Water quality index) 水（质）污染指数WQI(Water pollution index) 水质指数WQM(Water quality monitoring) 水质监测WRDC(Water Resources Devel-opment Center) 水资源开发中心WWT(Waste water treatment) 废水处理YB(year book) 年鉴；年刊。