Effect of magnetic field and temperature on the ferroelectric loop in MnWO4

IntroductionThe Kerr effect, also known as the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), is a phenomenon that manifests the interaction between light and magnetic fields in a material. It is named after its discoverer, John Kerr, who observed this effect in 1877. The radial Kerr effect, specifically, refers to the variation in polarization state of light upon reflection from a magnetized surface, where the change occurs radially with respect to the magnetization direction. This unique aspect of the Kerr effect has significant implications in various scientific disciplines, including condensed matter physics, materials science, and optoelectronics. This paper presents a comprehensive, multifaceted analysis of the radial Kerr effect, delving into its underlying principles, experimental techniques, applications, and ongoing research directions.I. Theoretical Foundations of the Radial Kerr EffectA. Basic PrinciplesThe radial Kerr effect arises due to the anisotropic nature of the refractive index of a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material when subjected to an external magnetic field. When linearly polarized light impinges on such a magnetized surface, the reflected beam experiences a change in its polarization state, which is characterized by a rotation of the plane of polarization and/or a change in ellipticity. This alteration is radially dependent on the orientation of the magnetization vector relative to the incident light's plane of incidence. The radial Kerr effect is fundamentally governed by the Faraday-Kerr law, which describes the relationship between the change in polarization angle (ΔθK) and the applied magnetic field (H):ΔθK = nHKVwhere n is the sample's refractive index, H is the magnetic field strength, K is the Kerr constant, and V is the Verdet constant, which depends on the wavelength of the incident light and the magnetic properties of the material.B. Microscopic MechanismsAt the microscopic level, the radial Kerr effect can be attributed to twoprimary mechanisms: the spin-orbit interaction and the exchange interaction. The spin-orbit interaction arises from the coupling between the electron's spin and its orbital motion in the presence of an electric field gradient, leading to a magnetic-field-dependent modification of the electron density distribution and, consequently, the refractive index. The exchange interaction, on the other hand, influences the Kerr effect through its role in determining the magnetic structure and the alignment of magnetic moments within the material.C. Material DependenceThe magnitude and sign of the radial Kerr effect are highly dependent on the magnetic and optical properties of the material under investigation. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials generally exhibit larger Kerr rotations due to their strong net magnetization. Additionally, the effect is sensitive to factors such as crystal structure, chemical composition, and doping levels, making it a valuable tool for studying the magnetic and electronic structure of complex materials.II. Experimental Techniques for Measuring the Radial Kerr EffectA. MOKE SetupA typical MOKE setup consists of a light source, polarizers, a magnetized sample, and a detector. In the case of radial Kerr measurements, the sample is usually magnetized along a radial direction, and the incident light is either p-polarized (electric field parallel to the plane of incidence) or s-polarized (electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence). By monitoring the change in the polarization state of the reflected light as a function of the applied magnetic field, the radial Kerr effect can be quantified.B. Advanced MOKE TechniquesSeveral advanced MOKE techniques have been developed to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of radial Kerr effect measurements. These include polar MOKE, longitudinal MOKE, and polarizing neutron reflectometry, each tailored to probe different aspects of the magnetic structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-resolved MOKE setups enable the study of ultrafast magneticphenomena, such as spin dynamics and all-optical switching, by employing pulsed laser sources and high-speed detection systems.III. Applications of the Radial Kerr EffectA. Magnetic Domain Imaging and CharacterizationThe radial Kerr effect plays a crucial role in visualizing and analyzing magnetic domains in ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials. By raster-scanning a focused laser beam over the sample surface while monitoring the Kerr signal, high-resolution maps of domain patterns, domain wall structures, and magnetic domain evolution can be obtained. This information is vital for understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing magnetic behavior and optimizing the performance of magnetic devices.B. Magnetometry and SensingDue to its sensitivity to both the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field, the radial Kerr effect finds applications in magnetometry and sensing technologies. MOKE-based sensors offer high spatial resolution, non-destructive testing capabilities, and compatibility with various sample geometries, making them suitable for applications ranging from magnetic storage media characterization to biomedical imaging.C. Spintronics and MagnonicsThe radial Kerr effect is instrumental in investigating spintronic and magnonic phenomena, where the manipulation and control of spin degrees of freedom in solids are exploited for novel device concepts. For instance, it can be used to study spin-wave propagation, spin-transfer torque effects, and all-optical magnetic switching, which are key elements in the development of spintronic memory, logic devices, and magnonic circuits.IV. Current Research Directions and Future PerspectivesA. Advanced Materials and NanostructuresOngoing research in the field focuses on exploring the radial Kerr effect in novel magnetic materials, such as multiferroics, topological magnets, and magnetic thin films and nanostructures. These studies aim to uncover newmagnetooptical phenomena, understand the interplay between magnetic, electric, and structural order parameters, and develop materials with tailored Kerr responses for next-generation optoelectronic and spintronic applications.B. Ultrafast Magnetism and Spin DynamicsThe advent of femtosecond laser technology has enabled researchers to investigate the radial Kerr effect on ultrafast timescales, revealing fascinating insights into the fundamental processes governing magnetic relaxation, spin precession, and all-optical manipulation of magnetic order. Future work in this area promises to deepen our understanding of ultrafast magnetism and pave the way for the development of ultrafast magnetic switches and memories.C. Quantum Information ProcessingRecent studies have demonstrated the potential of the radial Kerr effect in quantum information processing applications. For example, the manipulation of single spins in solid-state systems using the radial Kerr effect could lead to the realization of scalable, robust quantum bits (qubits) and quantum communication protocols. Further exploration in this direction may open up new avenues for quantum computing and cryptography.ConclusionThe radial Kerr effect, a manifestation of the intricate interplay between light and magnetism, offers a powerful and versatile platform for probing the magnetic properties and dynamics of materials. Its profound impact on various scientific disciplines, coupled with ongoing advancements in experimental techniques and materials engineering, underscores the continued importance of this phenomenon in shaping our understanding of magnetism and driving technological innovations in optoelectronics, spintronics, and quantum information processing. As research in these fields progresses, the radial Kerr effect will undoubtedly continue to serve as a cornerstone for unraveling the mysteries of magnetic materials and harnessing their potential for transformative technologies.。

• 56 •粉末冶金工业第31卷•行业动灸*有研粉末新材料股份有限公司上交所科创板上市2021年3月17日，有研粉末新材料股份有限公司正式在上海证券交易所科创板上市，股票代码为 688456=粉末冶金产业技术创新战略联盟(CPMA)理事长、中国钢研科技集团有限公司董事长张少明，联盟副理 事长、有研粉末新材料股份有限公司董事长汪礼敏出席上市仪式。

出席上市仪式的还有有研科技集团有限 公司的领导，联盟副理事长李普明、申承秀，联盟专家委副主任曲选辉，联盟副秘书长曹阳以及联盟理事汪 志荣、薛志生等领导和专家。

有研粉末新材料股份有限公司以先进有色金属粉体材料的设计、研发、生产和销售为主营业务，主要产 品包括铜基金属粉体材料、微电子锡基焊粉材料和3D打印粉体材料等。

此次1PO,有研粉末新材料股份有 限公司拟将4.05亿元募集资金用于有研粉末新材料股份有限公司科技创新中心建设项目、新建粉体材料基 地建设项目、泰国产业基地建设项目以及补充流动资金。

有研粉末新材料股份有限公司己经掌握众多与有色金属粉体材料制备和应用相关的核心技术，目前生 产经营应用的主要核心技术有:球形金属粉体材料制备技术;高品质电解铜粉绿色制备技术；系列无铅环保 微电子焊粉制备及材料设计技术;扩散/复合粉体材料均匀化制备技术;超细金属粉体材料制备技术;3D打 印粉体材料制备技术；高性能粉末冶金中空凸轮轴制备技术。

有研粉末新材料股份有限公司铜基金属粉体材料广泛应用于粉末冶金、超硬工具、摩擦材料、电碳制 品、电工合金等领域，主要客户包括汽车零部件供应商辉门集团，赫格纳斯集团，东睦股份，博深股份，天宜 上佳，神奇电碳集团等;微电子锡基焊粉材料专门用于微电子封装领域，主要客户包括确信爱法、铟泰科技、弘辉电子等世界知名锡焊料生产商。

有研粉末新材料股份有限公司主营产品为铜基金属粉体材料、微电子锡基焊粉材料和3D打印粉体材 料。

2020年上半年，有研粉末新材料股份有限公司以上主营业务收入分别为4.80亿元、丨.77亿元、59.29万元，占比分别为65.16%、24.03%、0.08%,铜基金属粉体材料占比超50%。

第31卷第2期 202丨年4月粉宋冶全工业P O W D E R M E T A L L U R G Y I N D U S T R YVol. 31，No.2,p52-56Apr. 2021DOI ： 10.13228/j.boyuan.issn 1006-6543.20200137磁场流速对传感器用C u电极电解过程及质量的影响孙娟'，孙栗2,金晗3(1.河南科技职业大学，河南周口466000; 2.国网浙江海宁市供电公司，浙江海宁314400;3.中原工学院能源与环境学院，河南郑州460000)摘要：在电解工艺制备铜的过程中加入磁场以达到协同强化效果，分析了磁场流速对传感器用C u电极电解过程及质量的影响。

结果表明：施加磁场后，形成了更复杂的铜电解反应。

当提高磁场流速后，铜阳极质量损失减小，最大阴极析出量出现于流速为0.25 m/s的情况下。

磁场流速对C u电极电解阶段的杂质离子产生着显著影响。

受到磁场作用后，杂质离子浓度减小，实际效果受到此磁场取向与流速的共同作用。

处于0.25 m/s磁场流速下，能够获得最大的阴极析出速率，从而减小电解液内的杂质离子浓度并降低铜损失。

处于垂直磁场中，在0〜0.75 m/s范围的电解液黏度基本恒定，并在0.25 m/s时达到最小值。

垂直磁场可以对电子传输发挥抑制作用，增强扩散效果。

随着流速的增大，阻碍了 Cir1扩散过程，在0.25 m/s速率下获得最大阴极析出量。

关键词：磁化电解;强磁场;铜电解;表面质量文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-6543(2021)02-0052-05Effect of magnetic field velocity on electrolysis process and quality of Cuelectrode used in sensorSUN Juan1,SUN Li2,JIN Han3(1. Henan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Zhoukou 466000, China; 2. State Grid HainingPower Supply Company, Haining 314400, China; 3. School of Energy and Environment, Zhongyuan Universityof Technology, Zhengzhou 460000, China)A bstract：The effect of magnetic field velocity on the electrolytic process and the quality of Cu electrode used inthe sensor was analyzed.The results show that a more complex copper electrolysis reaction is formed by applying amagnetic field.After increasing the magnetic field velocity, the mass loss of copper anode decreased, and the maxi­mum cathode precipitation appeared at the flow rate of 0.25 m/s.The magnetic field velocity has a significant effecton the impurity ions in Cu electrode electrolysis stage.The concentration of impurity ions decreases after the mag­netic field is applied, and the actual effect is influenced by the magnetic field orientation and the flow velocity.Atthe magnetic field velocity of 0.25 m/s, the maximum cathode precipitation rate can be obtained, thus reducing theconcentration of impurity ions in the electrolyte and reducing the copper loss.In the vertical magnetic field, the elec­trolyte viscosity in the range of 0-0.75 m/s is basically constant, and reaches the minimum value at 0.25 m/s.Verti­cal magnetic field can inhibit electron transport and enhance diffusion.With the increase of flow rate, C u2'diffusionprocess was hindered, and the maximum cathode precipitation was obtained at the rate of 0.25 m/s.Key w ords：magnetization electrolysis; strong magnetic field; copper electrolysis; surface quality 现阶段，电解技术己经成为一种非常广泛的铜 制备工艺。

介绍地球磁场的作文英文英文：The Earth's magnetic field is a fascinating and essential aspect of our planet. It plays a crucial role in protecting the Earth from harmful solar winds and cosmic radiation. The magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron and nickel in the Earth's outer core. This movement creates electric currents, which in turn produce a magnetic field. This field extends from the Earth'sinterior out into space and is often compared to a giant bar magnet.The Earth's magnetic field has a significant impact on our daily lives, although we may not always be aware of it. For example, it is the reason why a compass always points north. The magnetic field also affects the behavior of migratory birds and certain animal species that use it for navigation. Furthermore, it helps scientists understand the geological history of the Earth, as the magnetic mineralsin rocks align themselves with the Earth's magnetic fieldat the time of their formation.The magnetic field is not static and has undergone numerous reversals throughout Earth's history. These reversals, known as geomagnetic reversals, occur when the magnetic north and south poles switch places. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists, and the evidence of these reversals can be found in the ocean floor and in rocks.中文：地球的磁场是我们星球上一个迷人且至关重要的方面。

激光等离子体相互作用中磁重联引起的等离子体与二次电流层生成的研究摘要:以尼尔逊[物理学家、列托人，97，255001，（2006）]为代表的科学家首次对等离子体相互作用引起的磁重联进行了研究，该研究在固体等离子体层上进行，在两个激光脉冲中间设置一定间隔，在两个激光斑点之间可以发现一条细长的电流层（CS），为了更加贴切的模拟磁重联过程，我们应该设置两个并列的目标薄层。

实验过程中发现，细长的电流层的一端出现一个折叠的电子流出区域，该区域中含有三条平行的电子喷射线，电子射线末端能量分布符合幂律法则。

电子主导磁重联区域强烈的感应电场增强了电子加速，当感应电场处于快速移动的等离子体状态时还会进一步加速，另外弹射过程会引起一个二级电流层。

正文:等离子体的磁重联与爆炸过程磁能量进入等离子体动能和热能能量的相互转换有关。

发生磁重联的薄层区域加速并释放等离子体[1-5]。

实验中磁重联速度与太阳能的观察结果大于Sweet-Parker与相关模型[4-6]的标准值，这是由霍尔电流和湍流[7-12]引起的。

二级磁岛以及该区域释放的等离子体可以提高磁重联速度，当伦德奎斯特数S﹥104[13]时二级磁导很不稳定。

这些理论预测值与近地磁尾离子扩散区域中心附近的二级磁岛观察值相符[14]，激光束与物质的相互作用的过程中，正压机制激发兆高斯磁场（▽ne×▽Te）生成[15-16]。

以尼尔逊[17]为代表的科学家首次运用两个类似的的激光产生的等离子体模拟磁重联过程。

尼尔逊[17]与Li[18]等人实验测量数据为磁重联的存在提供了决定性的证据，他们运用了随时间推移的质子偏转技术来研究磁拓扑变化，除此之外尼尔逊[17]等人观察到高度平行双向等离子喷射线与预期的磁重联平面成40°夹角。

本次研究调查了自发磁场的无碰撞重联，激光等离子体相互作用产生等离子体，为了防止磁场与等离子体连接在一起实验过程使用了两个共面有一定间隔的等离子体。

August 2013, Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 796-801Journal of Life Sciences, ISSN 1934-7391, USAEffect of Static Magnetic Field on Extracellular Proteins Synthesis in Escherichia coliAshti M. Amin, Fouad Houssein Kamel and Saleem S. QaderMedical Technical Institute, University of Polytechnic, Erbil 44001, IraqReceived: April 07, 2013 / Accepted: June 14, 2013 / Published: August 30, 2013.Abstract: Escherichia coli type 1 was used as a model system to determine whether static magnetic fields are a general stress factor. The bacterial broth culture were exposed to different magnetic force (400, 800, 1200 and 1600 Gauss) with incubation at 37 °C for different times (24, 48 and 72 hrs) under aerobic conditions. The response of the cells to the magnetic fields was estimated from the change in total protein synthesis by using spectrophotometer at 550 nm and by using of SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Results concluded that was approximately no reproducible changes qualitatively in extracellular proteins were observed in the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and did not act as a general stress factor. While, increases in the level of extra-cellular synthesis were observed using different magnetic field exposed samples when compared with the control.Key words: Magnetic field, optical density, Escherichia coli, extracellular protein, electrophoresis.1. IntroductionA magnetic field is the area of influence exerted by a magnetic force. This field is normally focused along two poles. These poles are usually designated as north and south. However these directions are not the only two that a magnetic field can have. Most magnetic objects are composed of many small fields called domains [1]. The literature on biomagnetic effects on the growth and development of various organisms has been quite extensive showing both positive and negative findings. Among the positive findings attributed to strong magnetic fields are: altered growth rate, enzyme activities, cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis and animal orientation [2].In this project, the authors tried to detect the effects of magnetic field on E. coli protein synthesis and its activity. Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymesCorresponding author: Fouad Houssein Kamel, Ph.D., Assist. Prof., research fields: biophysics, nanotechnology. E-mail:*********************.that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism [3].In most bacteria, the most numerous intracellular structure is the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in all living organisms. All prokaryotes have 70 S (where S = Svedberg units) ribosomes. The 70 S ribosome is made up of 50 S and 30 S subunits [4].Proteins are lengthy chains of amino acids which are folded back upon themselves. The nature of a protein is determined both by the amino acid chain and by the way in which the protein is folded [5].The mode of gene expression affects the location of the protein produced. The proteins may either be located in the cytoplasm of E. coli or secreted though the cell membrane [6].Genes encoded in DNA are first transcribed into pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) by proteins such as RNA polymerase. In prokaryotes like E. coli the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced, or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid. The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second[7].All Rights Reserved.Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Extracellular Proteins Synthesis in Escherichia coli797The size of a synthesized protein can be measured by the number of amino acids it contains and by its total molecular mass, which is normally reported in units of daltons (synonymous with atomic mass units), or the derivative unit kilodalton [8].To perform in vitro analysis, a protein must be purified away from other cellular components. This process usually begins with cell lysis, in which a cell’s membrane is disrupted and its internal contents released into a solution known as a crude lysate. The resulting mixture can be purified using ultracentrifugation, which fractionates the various cellular components into fractions containing soluble proteins; membrane lipids and proteins; cellular organelles and nucleic acids. Precipitation by a method known as salting out can concentrate the proteins from this lysate. Various types of chromatography are then used to isolate the protein or proteins of interest based on properties such as molecular weight, net charge and binding affinity [9].The level of purification can be monitored using various types of gel electrophoresis like SDS-PAGE if the desired protein’s molecular weight and isoelectric point are known, by spectroscopy if the protein has distinguishable spectroscopic features, or by enzyme assays if the protein has enzymatic activity. Additionally, proteins can be isolated according their charge using electro focusing [8].2. Materials and MethodsBacterial suspension of Escherichia coli which was isolated from urine sample and cultured on MacConkey agar will be inoculated in to five groups of tube containing nutrient broth media and exposed each one of these four tubes in one of magnetic field which were prepared with different forces including 400, 800, 1200, 1600 G and measured by Teslometer in Physical Department of College of Science. The tube number five as a control without magnetic power, all of these tubes incubated separately for 24, 48 and 72 hrs at 37 ºC. The inoculation of API kit (BioMerieux Company) with bacteria from each groups were performed separately to identify the enteric bacteria type [8]. A plastic strip holding twenty mini-test tubes is inoculated with a saline suspension of a pure culture. This process also rehydrates the desiccated medium in each tube. A few tubes are completely filled [7], and some tubes are overlaid with mineral oil such that anaerobic reactions can be carried out (ADH, LDC, ODC, H2S, URE) [10].After incubation in a humidity chamber for 18-24 hrs at 37 °C, the color reactions are read. Note especially the color reactions for amino acid decarboxylations (ADH through ODC) and carbohydrate fermentations (GLU through ARA). The amino acids tested are (in order) arginine, lysine and ornithine. Decarboxylation is shown by an alkaline reaction (red color of the particular pH indicator used). The carbohydrates tested are glucose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrose, melibiose, amygdalin and arabinose. Fermentation is shown by an acid reaction (yellow color of indicator). Hydrogen sulfide production (H2S) and gelatin hydrolysis (GEL) result in a black color throughout the tube. A positive reaction for tryptophan deaminase (TDA) gives a deep brown color with the addition of ferric chloride [10].The identification and separation of proteins were measured by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). According to API test, it can be known which types of proteins in the experiment have effected by magnetic field, so these proteins should be separated by SDS-PAGE method. Proteins separate by charge when exposed to an electric field. In order to separate proteins electrophoretically by size, they are first mixed with SDS, a negatively charged detergent. SDS binds to all proteins in the mixture and denatures them so that each molecule assumes a random coil configuration and becomes negatively charged. Thus, each protein will migrate toward the anode during electrophoresis, and its rate of migration will depend on its size, larger protein take longer to slither through the gel matrix, while smallerAll Rights Reserved.Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Extracellular Proteins Synthesis in Escherichia coli 798one migrate more rapidly through the gel matrix. At the end, the proteins in the gel are visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue (250 R), and the particular banding pattern, or fingerprint, of each bacterial samples can be discerned by comparing with protein marker [9].The concentration and activity of the extracellular enzymes (proteins) are measured by Total Protein kit (Biuret Method Ready for use). Total proteins were measured for both treated and non treated groups by spectrophotometer and by using Biolabo reagents so high rate of proteins may be caused by an increased in the concentration of specific proteins [11]. 1 mL of total protein reagent which contain (sodium hydroxide, Na-K tartrate, potassium iodide and copper 11 sulfate) mix with 20 µL bacterial protein for each group separately, 1 mL of reagent mix with 20 µL standard (which contain Bovine Albumin 6 g/dL) and 1 mL of reagent mix with 20 µL ddH2O as reagent blank. Mix well, let stand for 10 minutes at room temperature, record absorbance at 550 nm against reagent blank [11].3. ResultsIn this project, the E. coli was used as a model system to determine the magnetic fields (MFs) effects. Table 1 and Fig. 1 show the change in the E. coli type 1 enzymes such as ADH, CIT and GEL. It is clear from Table 1 and Fig. 1 that the bacterial exposure period 24 hrs to different forces of SMF (400, 800, 1200 and 1600 G), appears that treating bacterial cells can inhibit or promote enzyme activity according to API test, these results are in a good agreement with Gremion et al. [12]. The literature on biomagnetic effects on the growth and development of various organisms has been quite extensive showing both positive and negative findings. Among the positive findings attributed to strong magnetic fields are: altered growth rate, enzyme activities, cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis and animal orientation.Resulted in the inhibition of ADH, CIT and GEL enzymes at 24 hours incubation time (Table 1 and Fig.1) but 48 hrs and 72 hrs incubation times shows that only ADH and CIT are effected to SMF, as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2. By this test the E. coli which were type 1 could be identified.SDS-Gel for E. coli to identify bands that affected by different forces of magnetic fields, with this experiment the authors wanted to isolate the proteins that are affected by magnetic forces. 10% SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie for five different samples of the E. coli, as shown in Fig. 3. Indeed, normal bands of approximately 86, 78, 60, 58, 56, 43, 48, 34, 27 and 20 kDa were observed in the presence of E. coli suspension, lysozyme and magnetic fields were used in this experiment.Total proteins were measured for both treated and non treated groups by spectrophotometer at 550 nm and by using Biolabo reagents so high rate of proteins may be caused by an increased in the concentration of specific proteins, as seen in Table 3.4. DiscussionExposing of bacteria to different forces of magnetic fields leads to change the bacteria enzymes according to API test these results are in a good agreement with Gremion et al. [13]. The literature on biomagnetic effects on the growth and development of various organisms has been quite extensive showing both positive and negative findings. Among the positive findings attributed to strong magnetic fields are:Table 1 The API test for E. coli samples with magnetic forces and without at 24 hrs.24 hrsARAAMYMELSACRHASORINOManGLUGELVPINDTDAUREH2SCITODCLDCADHONDGControl+-++++-++--++---++++400+-++++-++--++--+++-+800+-++++-+++-++--+++-+1200+-++++-++--++--+++-+1600+-++++-++--++--+++-+All Rights Reserved.Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Extracellular Proteins Synthesis in Escherichia coli 799Fig. 1 The API test for E. coli samples with magnetic forces at 24 hrs.Table 2 The API test for E. coli at 48 hrs and 72 hrs.48 & 72hrs ARAAMY MEL SAC RHA SOR INO Man GLU GEL VP IND TDA URE H 2S Cit ODC LDC ADH ONDG Control + - + + + + - + + - - + + - - - + + + + 400 + - + + + + - + + - - + + - - + + + - + 800 + - + + + + - + + - - + + - - + + + -+ 1200 + - + + + + - + + - - + + - - + + + - + 1600+-++++-++--++--+++-+Fig. 2 The API test for E. coli at 48 hrs and 72 hrs.altered growth rate, enzyme activities, cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis and animal orientation. According of the SDS-PAGE, the bacterial cells were exposed to different forces of magnetic fieldunder aerobic conditions (24 hrs), no reproduciblechanges were observed in the SDS-gel when compared with the control it means that no effect ofthe different forces of magnetic fields were detectedAll Rights Reserved.800Fig. 3 SDS-g G; 4: 800 G; 5Table 3 Th measured by Samples in different MF Control 400 G 800 G 1200 G 1600 Gwhen compa 3, it can be field causes samples whe 5. Conclus The bacte are effected According t forces of ma with the c activity are total protein Effect of St gel for E. coli t 5: 1200 G; 6: 1he total protei spectrophotom ncubation in forces ared with the seen that the the increase en compared sionserial enzymes to magnetic the SDS-PAG agnetic fields ontrol. The effected by n test.tatic Magneti to identify ban 1600 G.in of E. coli meter. nTotal protein 348.5 448.4 401.2 398.3 351.01control. Acc e different fo of total prote with the cont s, such as AD field accord GE, no effect was detected concentratio magnetic fie ic Field on Ex 6nds that affecte for each grou at 550 nmcording the T orces of magn ein in all expo trol.DH, CIT and G ding to API t t of the diffe d when comp on and prot elds accordin xtracellular P5 4 ed by different up isTablenetic osed GEL ests.erent ared teins ng to Ac T the coll Cen stud Re [1][2][3][4][5]roteins Synth 3 2 1t forces of mag knowledgm The authors g Rizgari Teac lection. Grate nter staff grou dent of Scienc ferencesD. Todorovi Rauš, L. Nik field (50 mT Tenebrio (Ins (2013) 44-50E. Aarholt, low-frequenc Phys Med Bi A.R. Davis, W the Living Sy K. Mitra, C. S protein-condu Nature 438 (2C.M. Dobson folding, in:hesis in Esch 1gnetic fields. 1:mentsgratefully ack ching Hospita eful thanks f up, and also ce College fo ć, T. Markovi ćkoli ć, et al., The T) on developm secta, Coleopte .E.A. Flinn, cy magnetic fie ol 26 (4) (1981W.C.Jr. Rawls, ystem, Acres, U Schaffitzel, T. S ucting channel b 2005) 318-324.n, The nature R.H. Pain (E herichia coli: Marker; 2: C knowledge th al laboratorie for the Medi to Sazan Qad or her help in , Z. Proli ć, S. e influence of ment and moto era), Int J Radi C.W. Smith elds on bacteria ) 613-621. Magnetism and USA, Kansas Ci Shaikh, Structur bound to a trans and significan Ed.), Mechanism 150 10080 60 50 40 30 25Control; 3: 400he support of es for sample cal Research dir the Ph.D.the analysis.Mihajlovi ć, S.static magnetic or behaviour of iat Biol. 89 (1)h, Effects of al growth rate,d Its Effects on ity, 1974. re of the E. coli slating ribosom nce of protein ms of Protein 0 fe h . .c f ) f , n i m, n nAll Rights Reserved.Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Extracellular Proteins Synthesis in Escherichia coli801Folding, Oxford University Press, Oxford shire, 2000, pp.1-28.[6] F.A. Marston, The purification of eukaryotic polypeptidessynthesis in E. coli,Biochem J. 240 (1) (1986 November15) 1-12.[7]L. Potenza, L. Ubaldi, R. De Sanctis, R. De Bellis, L.Cucchiarini, M. Dachà, Effects of a static magnetic fieldon cell growth and gene expression in Escherichia coli,Mutat Res. 561 (1-2) (2004 Jul 11) 53-62.[8] A. Fulton, W. Isaacs, Titin, a huge, elastic sarcomericprotein with a probable role in morphogenesis, BioEssays13 (4) (1991) 157-161.[9]J. Wiltfang, N. Arold, V. Neuhoff, A new multiphasicbuffer system for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis of proteins and peptides with molecular masses 100,000-1,000, and their detection withpicomolar sensitivity, Electrophoresis 12 (5) (1991)352-366.[10]J. Hey, A. Posch, A. Cohen, Fractionation of complexprotein mixtures by liquid-phase isoelectric focusing,Methods in Molecular Biology 424 (2008) 225-239.[11]P.C. Appelbaum, J. Stavitz, M.S. Bentz, Four methodsfor identification of gram-negative no fermenting rods:Organisms more commonly encountered in clinicalSpecimens, J. Clin. Microbiol. 12 (1980) 271-278.[12] C.A. Burtis, E.R. Ashwoo, Text Book of ClinicalChemistry, 3rd ed., W.B. Saunders, 1999, pp. 477-530. [13]G. Gremion, D. Gaillard, P.F. Leyvraz, B.M. Jolles,Effect of biomagnetic therapy versus physiotherapy fortreatment of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlledtrial, J Rehabil Med. 41 (13) (2009 Nov) 1090-1095.All Rights Reserved.。

巨磁电阻效应的英语Giant magnetoresistance effect, huh? That's a mouthful! But let's break it down. Basically, it's this crazy phenomenon where the resistance of certain materials changes significantly when a magnetic field is applied.It's like they're super sensitive to magnets.Now, imagine this: you've got a material and you give it a little magnetic push. Suddenly, its resistance to electricity goes up or down by a huge amount. That's what we call giant magnetoresistance. And it's not just anylittle change; it's huge!One of the coolest things about this effect is how it's being used in tech. You know, like in those tiny sensors that can detect magnetic fields with incredible precision? They rely on this effect to work. It's like having a superpower to sense magnetic fields.And speaking of superpowers, imagine if we couldharness this effect for even more amazing things. Like, controlling robots with just our thoughts or something crazy like that. The possibilities are endless, really.So, in a nutshell, giant magnetoresistance is this fascinating effect where materials change their resistance a lot when you apply a magnetic field. It's not just a science experiment; it's shaping the future of technology in ways we can only imagine.。

Effects of magnetic fields onbiological systems磁场对生物系统的影响磁场是我们周围的一个普遍存在的自然现象，它是指物体围绕着自己的轴旋转以创建一个绕轴旋转的电场。

磁场可以直接或间接地影响与之相互作用的物质，其中包括生物系统。

在现代科学中，人们已经开始意识到磁场对生物系统的影响，研究称为磁生物学。

磁场的来源可以是自然的，例如地球磁场，也可以是人造的，例如电磁设备和磁共振成像仪。

现代人类在各个方面离不开电磁设备，如手机、电视、电脑等，而磁共振成像仪已经成为诊断医学中不可或缺的工具。

然而，这些设备产生的磁场是否对生物系统产生负面影响是一个值得关注的问题。

生物系统受磁场影响的机制还不完全清楚，但已经发现存在一些可能的影响机制，例如：1. 对于含有大量铁分子的细胞，磁场可以改变其代谢。

铁是许多生物分子的组成部分，包括血红蛋白和储存铁的蛋白。

一些研究表明，强磁场可能会改变铁的代谢，导致其离子状态改变、释放或在组织中聚集。

2. 磁场可以改变细胞膜的状态。

细胞膜起着保护和选择性渗透的作用。

一些研究表明，磁场可能会改变细胞膜的物理状态，从而影响细胞与环境之间的交互。

3. 磁场可能会影响生物分子的活性。

生物分子的活性受其周围环境的影响，而磁场可能会改变这一环境，从而影响分子的构象、反应速率和产物选择性。

具体而言，磁场对人类和其他生物的影响方式和级别尚未完全确定。

一些研究表明，磁场可能会对人类和其他动物的生理和心理机能产生不利影响，例如：1. 磁场可能会干扰人类和动物的睡眠。

一些研究表明，磁场可能会干扰人类和动物的大脑活动，从而影响睡眠质量。

2. 磁场可能会导致头痛和其他健康问题。

一些研究表明，长时间暴露在较强的磁场中可能会导致头痛、恶心、眩晕等健康问题。

3. 磁场可能会影响人类和动物的行为。

一些研究表明，磁场可能会影响动物的迁徙和导航能力，也可能会影响人类的认知和情绪。

地球磁场对大脑的影响英文回答：The influence of the Earth's magnetic field on the brain is a fascinating topic that has been studied by scientists for many years. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, there is evidence to suggest that the magnetic field can have an impact on brain function and behavior.One way in which the Earth's magnetic field may affect the brain is through its influence on the production and release of certain neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow nerve cells to communicate with each other, and they play a crucial role in regulating mood, cognition, and other brain functions. Studies have shown that exposure to magnetic fields can alter the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, in the brain. These changes in neurotransmitter levels can in turn affect mood and behavior.For example, research has found a link between magnetic field exposure and changes in sleep patterns. The Earth's magnetic field is known to fluctuate throughout the day, and these fluctuations have been shown to affect the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. When the magnetic field is disrupted, it can disrupt melatonin production, leading to sleep disturbances and other sleep-related issues.In addition to neurotransmitter levels, the Earth's magnetic field may also influence the brain through its impact on electrical activity. The brain generateselectrical signals that are essential for communication between neurons. It has been suggested that magnetic fields can influence these electrical signals, potentiallyaltering brain function.One study, for instance, found that exposure to a magnetic field can affect the brain's response to visual stimuli. Participants in the study were exposed to a magnetic field while viewing images, and their brainactivity was measured using electroencephalography (EEG). The results showed that the magnetic field altered the brain's response to the visual stimuli, suggesting that magnetic fields can modulate neural activity.It is important to note that the effects of the Earth's magnetic field on the brain are still not fully understood, and more research is needed to determine the exact mechanisms at play. Additionally, it is worth mentioning that the influence of the Earth's magnetic field on the brain is likely to be subtle and may vary from person to person.中文回答：地球磁场对大脑的影响是一个引人入胜的课题，科学家们已经研究了多年。