长句分析

1.As has been proved by a large number of examples, the advertisements‟destructive effect upon English study has been evident, making students accustomed to dreaming of achieving success without making efforts.详解：As has been +过去分词，正如已经被……；a number of +可数名词复数：很多；the advertisements‟ destructive effect upon English study has been evident是该句的主句，making为现在分词，做状语, making及其引导的部分进一步说明广告的破坏性作用;在“making students accustomed to dreaming of achieving success without making efforts”中，“make students accustomed”的结构为“make+sb./sth./ +形容词”，而“be accustomed to”又是一个短语，意为“习惯于”，这个短语里的“to”一般用作介词，所以后面要跟动名词（动词ing形式），“dream of”为“梦想……”，“achieve success”获得成功，“without making efforts”:不加努力；“make efforts”为一个短语，意为“努力”。

翻译：正如已经被很多事实所证明的那样，那些广告对于英语学习有破坏性的作用，让学生习惯于梦想不付出努力就获得成功。

2.It has been widely accepted that when talking about someone‟s personality, wemean the way he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels, which makes that individual different from others.详解：“It has been +过去分词+that从句”为一个固定的句子结构，意为：……已经被......”；“It”只是个形式主语，真正的主语是“that”后面跟的句子，所以这个句子其实是一个主语从句（一个完整的句子作主语）。

所以在这个句子中，“that”后面所跟的句子是一个完整的句子：“When talking about someone‟s personality, we mean the way he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels, which makes that individual different from others.”在这个句子中，“When talking about so meone‟s personality”是由“when”引导的现在分词“talking …”作状语，而它的主句是“we mean the way he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels, which makes that individual different form others。

这个主句本身又包含了两个从句：①“the way he or she acts…feels”里面的定语从句：“he or she acts”修饰“the way” ( the way+句子是一个固定的举行，表示“做……的方法”);②“which makes the individual different from others”是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的“the way…”,起进一步说明的作用。

翻译：当我们说起一个人的特点的时候，我们指使一个个人不同于其他人的行为、说话、思维和感受方式，这一点已经被广泛接受。

3.He argues that helpful as rewards may be to a large extent, it is no usedepending on them completely, because a teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students.详解：这句话整体上说是一个宾语从句:“He argues”部分分别为主谓，“that”开始引导的部分为宾语从句；这个宾语从句本身又是一个复合句，“helpful as rewards may be to a large extent”为状语从句，并且是由形容词+as的倒装形式引导，“to a large extent”为“在很大程度上”；“it is no use depending on them completely”为主句，它包含一个固定的句子结构“It is no usedoing…”“做……什么事情是没有用的”，“because a teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students”为原因状语从句，这个个状语从句的主句为“a teacher ends up with uninspired students”,它的主语“teacher”由两个定语从句修饰：“who…rewards”和“who…achievement”。

翻译：他认为，尽管奖励在很大程度上有一定作用，一味依靠奖励却毫无作用，因为一个老是着眼于奖励或者哪怕学生表现平平也给予奖励的老师最后只能教出毫无动力的学生。

4.Hardly can there be a man whose face hasn‟t at some time in his life broadenedinto a smile at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.详解：这个句子整体是一个由“hardly”开始的倒装结构，它的主句是：“Hardly can there be a man”。

从“whose”开始到结束是一个定语从句，“whose”是有关所有格的修饰，这里表示“这个人的……”；在由“whose”引导的定语从句的主句是“whose face hasn‟t broadened into a smile（脸上没有绽放笑容）”，“at some time in his life”为修饰这一部分的时间状语；这个主句后面的部分“at the sight of a women …”做状语，在这个状语中，“shaking n a thin dress”以及“picking her way through…”为并列现在分词，都做“women”的定语。

翻译：在一生中某个时刻看到一位女士穿着薄薄的衣衫在严寒的日子里冻得发抖，或穿着高跟鞋在雪地里步履艰难的择路而行，几乎没有一位男士不发笑的。

5. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil‟s technical abilities in writing, b ut it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay containing some beautiful expressions of the child‟s deep feelings.详解：这个句子是一个由“but”连接的并列句，这个句子的语法关键在“on the teacher who …直到“deep feelings”，在这个部分，“who…”是修饰“teacher”的定语从句，而这个定语从句又包含着一个现在分词短语作后置定语的部分“containing some beautiful …”修饰“essay”。

翻译：这种评语可能是对该学生写作技巧的严厉批评，但同时也是对那个未曾仔细阅读学生作文的教师令人遗憾的做法的批评，因为作文中包含表达学生深刻感情的一些优美词句。

6. To a freshman not satisfied with certain aspects of college life, complaining is advocated as a most effective means when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the student can demonstrate what is wrong in question.详解：该句的主句为“complaining is advocated as…..”，这个主句本身是一个复合句，由主句“complaining is advocated as a …means(人们提倡把投诉作为一个有效手段”和两个由“and“连接的并列的时间状语从句“when it is done politely but firmly”和“especially when thestudents…question”组成；除此之外，在“To a freshman not satisfied withcertain aspects of college life”这个状语成分中，“not satisfied with...”是形容词短语作后置定语，修饰“freshman”。

翻译：对于一个对于大学生活的种种方面有所不满的新生，人们提倡把投诉作为一个最有效的方法，当投诉的时候能够彬彬有礼但是态度坚定，尤其是当这个学生能够以提问的方式证明学校的不当之处。

7. If a teacher had given priorities to children‟s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given his pupils more motivation to seek improvement.详解：这是一个表示过去情况的虚拟语气，从句用了过去完成时态，主句用了过去将来完成时态。