国际经济学阶段性练习(3)答案

国际经济学习题答案（国际金融）共18页word资料国际经济学习题答案国际金融部分1.不同意，至少从一般意义上来讲是如此。

经常项目盈余的含义之一是，国家的商品与服务出口大于进口。

人们可能会认为这是不好的——国家正在为出口而生产商品和提供服务，与此同时，国家却没有得到使其能够进行更多消费和国内投资的进口商品和服务。

从这一角度讲，拥有经常项目赤字却会是一件好事情——更多的进口可以使国家的国内消费和投资量超过其当前生产量。

经常项目盈余的另一个含义是，国家在进行外国金融投资——它正在建立对外国人的债权，这会增加国家的财富。

这听起来很好，但正如前面所指出的，它是以放弃当前国内消费为代价的。

经常项目赤字意味着国家对外国人债权的减少或对外国人债务的增加。

这听起来很不好，但它意味着更高水平的当前国内支出这一福利。

不同的国家在不同的时期，对这些代价和收益会有不同的重视程度。

因此，我们不能简单地认为经常项目盈余是否优于经常项目赤字。

2.交易c会导致经常项目的盈余，因为这是商品出口，该出口得到的支（交易a不会使经常项目账户发生变动，付体现于资本账户的某个项目。

因为它既是出口又是进口。

交易b导致经常项目的赤字，因为它属于进口。

交易d也会导致经常项目的赤字，因为它属于单方转移形式的流出。

交易e不对经常项目账户中的任何项目发生影响。

）3. a.商品贸易余额：330-198=132（美元）商品和服务余额：330-198+196-204=124（美元）经常项目余额：330-198+196-204+3-8=119（美元）官方结算余额：330-198+196-204+3-8+102-202+4=23（美元）b.官方储备资产变化（净值）=-官方结算余额=-23（美元）。

该国在增加其官方储备资产的净持有量。

4. a.国际投资头寸（10亿）：30＋20＋15—40—25=0（美元）。

该国既不是国际债权国，也不是国际债务国。

它持有的国外资产等于它对外国人的负债。

第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业内分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济第2章古典国际贸易理论重点问题：绝对利益说的基本内容及其评价比较利益说的基本内容及其评价单选1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。

A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和白银B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势2．李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。

A贸易导致不完全专业化B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。

A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。

A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国内生产C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C )A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同简答：1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。

第三章复习题(1),本国共有1200单位的劳动，能生产两种产品：苹果和香蕉。

苹果的单位产品劳动投入是3，香蕉的单位劳动产品投入时2。

a.画出本国的生产可能性边界。

b.用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是多少？c.贸易前，苹果对香蕉的相对价格是多少？为什么？答：a.本国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线，在400（1200/3)处与苹果轴相截，在600（1200/2）处与香蕉轴相截，如图2-7所示。

b.用香蕉衡量苹果的机会成本是3/2。

生产1单位苹果需要3单位的劳动，生产1单位香蕉需要2单位的劳动。

如果放弃1单位苹果的生产，这将释放出3单位的劳动。

这2单位的劳动可以被用来生产3/2单位的香蕉。

c.劳动的流动性可以使得各个部门的工资趋同，竞争可以使得商图2-7 本国生产可能性曲品的价格等于它们的生产成本。

这样，相对价格等于相对成本，而相对成本等于工资乘以苹果的单位劳动产品投入。

因为各个部门工资相等，所以价格比率等于单位产品劳动投入的比率，即生产苹果所需的3单位劳动与生产香蕉所需的2单位劳动比率。

（2）假设本国的情况和习题1相同。

外国拥有800单位的劳动，外国苹果的单位劳动投入是5，香蕉的单位产品劳动投入是1。

a.画出外国的生产可能性边界。

b.画出世界相对供给曲线。

答：a.外国的生产可能性边界曲线是一条直线，在160（800/5）处与苹果轴相截，在800(800/1)处与香蕉轴相截。

如图2-8所示。

b.世界相对供给曲线可以由苹果和香蕉的相对价格和相对供给量绘出。

如图2-9。

从图2-9可以看出，苹果对香蕉的最低相对价格是3/2，在这个价格上，苹果的世界相对供给曲线是水平的。

在3/2的相对价格上，本国对苹果的最大供给量是400，外国对香蕉的供给量是800，这时，相对供给量为1/2。

只要相对价格保持在3/2和5之间，相对供给量就不变。

如果相对价格成为5，两个国家都会生产苹果，香蕉的产量为零。

这时，相对供给曲线是水平的。

第三阶段(国际投资部分:第１0—12章)一、单项选择题（每题1分,共10分)1、以下各国际投资主体中, B是最活跃的国际投资主体。

Ａ。

各国官方机构国际组织 B.跨国公司C.金融机构D．个人２、B是一种以盈利为目的的国际经济活动的长期合作方式,是两国或两国以上的投资者在签订契约或合同、协议基础上建立起来的各种合营形式的总称。

A。

国际合资经营B。

国际合作经营C．独资企业经营D。

生产效率３、投资保证协议承保的范围仅限于投资的Ｄ。

A。

经济风险Ｂ.法律风险C.自然风险D。

政治风险4、世界性多边投资条约是调整国际投资关系的主要国际法规范之一。

目前已生效的《关于解决各国与其他国家国民之间投资争端公约》，简称A。

A。

《华盛顿公约》B。

《汉城公约》Ｃ.MIGA公约D。

TRＩＭｓ5、“多边投资担保机构”是根据Ｂ成立的.Ａ．《华盛顿公约》B。

《汉城公约》C．TRIＰs D. TRＩMs6、率先提出以垄断优势来解释美国企业对外直接投资行为理论的是Ａ。

A。

海默B。

金德尔伯格Ｃ。

弗农 D.小岛清７、B把国际直接投资理论建立在比较优势理论基础上，认为：对外直接投资应该从本国（投资国)已经处于或即将处于比较劣势的产业，即边际产业依次进行,因此他的理论也被称作“边际产业扩张论".A。

巴克利Ｂ.小岛清Ｃ.邓宁D。

波特8、1977年, C对前人提出的多种直接投资理论进行总结，形成有关国际投资的OLI理论。

Ａ。

科斯Ｂ。

巴克利Ｃ。

邓宁D。

凯夫斯9、由于B的作用，资本的需求曲线(即价格固定下的实际利率曲线)会向下倾斜．A。

边际效用递减规律 B.边际报酬递减规律C．边际替代率递减规律 D.边际技术替代率递减规律１0、区域经济一体化的发展促进了劳动力的国际流动，例如自20世纪50年代诞生并发展至今的A,采取了一系列措施促进内部共同市场的形成,基本实现了劳动力在一体化组织范围内的自由流动。

A．EU B.ASEAN C。

NAFＴA Ｄ。

《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案无论在学习或是工作中，我们或多或少都会接触到练习题，做习题有助于提高我们分析问题和解决问题的能力。

大家知道什么样的习题才是规范的吗？下面是小编收集整理的《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

《国际经济学》篇章练习题及答案1单选1．中国在东北生产、出口水泥而华南从泰国进口水泥，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸曟B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易2．中国一方面吸引外国银行在华投资，经营金融业务，另一方面又在世界其他国家和地区投资分行、分公司，从事当地的金融、保险业务，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易3．欧洲一些国家在本国电力事从邻国进口，而在本国不太需要时出口供邻国使用，形成（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技柟差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易4．欧盟的空中飞机在不同欧盟成员国内分工制造、组装的，零部件、整机的进出口，属于（A）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易5．一些国家进口自己偏好但又没有大量原料进行生产的服装，而出口自己有丰富原料生产的衣服，属于（B）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易6．中国既是世界上列于前位的IT产品的生产与出口国，但同时是高科技IT产品的进口国，属于（C）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易7．发达国家在出口高档豪华车的同时，从其他发展中国家进口一些中、低质量的同类产品，属于（D）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸易C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易8．新H-O模型解释的国际贸易类型是（D）A同质的产业内贸易B水平差异的产业内贸曟C技术差异的产业内贸易D垂直差异的产业内贸易9．克鲁格曼认为，产生产业内贸易的根本原因是（B）A差异产品的可选择性B规模经济C收入相似D经济发展水平相同10．林德需求重叠理论(B)。

《国际经济学》作业习题第三章标准贸易模型一、名词解释1、生产可能性曲线（PPF）2、社会无差异曲线3、贸易三角形4、提供曲线（相互需求曲线）5、贸易条件二、单项选择题（）1、在机会成本递增时，生产者均衡点是_____A、生产可能性曲线和价格线的交点B、生产可能性曲线和价格线的切点C、生产可能性曲线上的任一点D、生产可能性曲线左侧的某一点（）2、一国的出口品的价格指数上升，_____A、会导致该国的贸易条件改善B、会导致该国的贸易条件恶化C、不会影响该国的贸易条件D、表明该国出口同样数量的产品，可以换来比过去更少的进口品（）3、根据新古典贸易理论，两国可以进行贸易的前提是：_____A、两国的生产可能性曲线形状和位置不同B、两国的社会无差异曲线的形状和位置不同C、两国的资源禀赋不同D、两国封闭经济时的相对商品价格不同三、多项选择题（）1、国内封闭经济的均衡点位于_____ A、该国的生产可能性曲线和国内价格线的切点上B、该国的生产可能性曲线和社会无差异曲线的切点上C、该国的社会无差异曲线和国内价格线的切点上D、该国的社会无差异曲线的任一点上E、该国的生产可能性曲线和横轴的交点上（）2、当机会成本递增时，生产可能性曲线_____A、是一条向右下方倾斜的直线B、是一条向右下方倾斜并且凹向原点的曲线C、是一条向右下方倾斜并且凸向原点的曲线D、上面各点的斜率是不断变化的E、上面各点的斜率是相同的（）3、一国在国际贸易以前和以后的社会无差异曲线不会相交，如果_____A、国际贸易不影响收入分配状况B、国际贸易会影响收入分配状况C、一国居民的偏好改变了D、一国居民的偏好不变（）4、两国提供曲线的交点所对应的相对商品价格， _____A、使得一国的出口量等于另一国的进口量B、不能保证一国的出口量等于另一国的进口量C、一定是均衡的相对商品价格D、不一定时均衡的相对商品价格（）5、当一种产品的世界市场价格高于一国封闭经济时的均衡价格水平时，_____A、该国可能成为该产品的出口国B、该国可能成为该产品的进口国C、该产品是该国具有比较优势的产品D、该产品是该国具有比较劣势的产品（）6、贸易条件恶化是指_____A、出口价格指数不变，进口价格指数上升B、进口价格指数不变，出口价格指数上升C、出口价格指数下降，进口价格指数上升D、进口价格指数下降，出口价格指数上升E、进出口价格指数同时上升四、填空题1、一国的提供曲线凸向该国具有比较____________的商品所在的坐标轴。

国际经济学第三章答案Chapter 31．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ．b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?5.1=LbLa a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be?In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions aredetermined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a =2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with alabor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.a ．b ．3．Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demandfor bananas = price of bananas/price of apples.a ．Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve:a b b a /P P /D D =∵When the market achieves its equilibrium, we have 1b a )(D D -**=++=ba b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD is a hyperbola xy 1=b ．What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RScurves.RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0)5.0,0[=∈=??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴25.0==y x∴2/=b P a P e ec ．Describe the pattern of trade.∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export applesand import bananas. Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples.d ．Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade.International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the coloredlines, which lie outside the countries’ production possibilityfrontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct production. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.4．Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case? RD: y x 1=RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],1(1)1,0[=∈=??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴5.132==y x∴5.1/=b P a P e eIn this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and importapples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains norloses but Foreign gains from trade.5．Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so the ＂effective labor ＂remains the same. So the answer is similar to that in 3. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case4.6．”Korean workers earn only $ an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You ca n’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $ wage that goes with it.” Discuss.In fact, relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. Korea’s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive tha n the United States in most industries. Actually, trade with a less productive, low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity, such as United States. So this pauper labor argument is wrong.7．Japanese labor productivity is roughly the same as that ofthe United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States, is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are non-traded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries. So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion: both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U.S., not just the two service sectors. So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic. 8．Anyone who has visited Japan knows it is an incredibly expensive place; although Japanese workers earn about the same as their . counterparts, the purchasing power of their incomes is about one-third less. Extend your discussing from question 7 to explain this observation. (Hint: Think about wages and the implied prices of non-trade goods.) The relative higher purchasing power of U.S. is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services. Because most of those services are non-traded, Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs. And U.S. does not have to face a lower international price of services. So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one-third of their U.S. counterparts.9．How does the fact that many goods are non-traded affect the extent of possible gains from trade?Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non-traded goods. The gains will increase as the proportion of non-traded goods decrease.10．We have focused on the case of trade involving only two countries. Suppose that there are many countries capable of producing two goods, and that each country has only one factor of production, labor. What could we say about the pattern of production and in this case? (Hint: Try constructing the world relative supply curve.)Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection. If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.。

国际经济学练习题第三次1.如果A 国可以用一个工时生产3个单位的X 产品或3个单位的Y 产品，B 国可以用一个工时生产2个单位的X 产品或1个单位的Y 产品，而且如果劳动是唯一的投入，那么（ C ）。

A.A 国在两种产品的生产上均具有比较优势B.B 国在两种产品的生产上均具有比较优势C.A 国在两种产品的生产上均具有绝对优势D.B 国在两种产品的生产上均具有绝对优势2.在GA TT 的8轮谈判中，首次包括非关税壁垒内容的是（ C ）回合。

A.肯尼迪B.狄龙C.东京D.乌拉圭3. 各国参与国际贸易的利益包括（ D ）。

A.分工利益B.价格差利益C.贸易利益D.分工利益和贸易利益4.我国政府向巴基斯坦提供价值1000万美元的小麦，在国际收支平衡帐户上的贷方应记为（ B ）。

A. 经常转移1000万美元B.商品出口1000万美元C.官方储备1000万美元D.资本转移1000万美元5.出口商以占领市场为目的，以低于本国市场的价格持续地向国外市场销售商品，这种倾销称为（ A ）。

A.掠夺性倾销B.间歇性倾销C.持续性倾销D.进攻性倾销6．乌拉圭回合谈判中不包括的三新议题是（ C ）。

A.与贸易有关的知识产权B.与贸易有关的投资措施C.纺织品贸易D. 服务贸易7.在登录国际收支帐户时，借方项目主要包括（ D ）。

A.商品和劳务输出B.资本输入C.单方面转移收入D.资本输出8.外汇市场的参与者中，（ A ）是外汇市场的主体。

A.外汇银行B.外汇经纪人C.中央银行D.外汇持有者一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分） 在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答 案，并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。

9.在布雷顿森林体系下，不属于国际货币基金组织基本职能的是（ B ）。

A.维持固定汇率体制B.通货膨胀问题C.协助建立多边支付体系D.监督成员国的国际收支10.如果人民币与美元的即期汇率为$1=￥6.00，三个月的远期汇率为$1=￥5.95，这表示（ D ）。

Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and ComparativeAdvantage —The Ricardian ModelMultiple Choice Questions1. Countries trade with each other because they are _______ and because of ______.(a) different, costs(b) similar, scale economies(c) different, scale economies(d) similar, costs(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if(a) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage.(b) each country enjoys superior terms of trade.(c) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods.(d) each country has a more elastic supply for the supplied goods.(e) Both (c) and (d).Answer: A3. The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage states that a country has a comparative advantagein widgets if(a) output per worker of widgets is higher in that country.(b) that country’s exchange rate is low.(c) wage rates in that country are high.(d) the output per worker of widgets as compared to the output of some other product is higher inthat country.(e) Both (b) and (c).Answer: D4. In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particularproduct we need information on at least ____unit labor requirements(a) one(b) two(c) three(d) four(e) fiveAnswer: D5. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from tradebecause it(a) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.(b) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.(c) is producing exports using fewer labor units.(d) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. Given the following information:Unit Labor RequirementsCloth WidgetsHome1020Foreign6030(a) Neither country has a comparative advantage.(b) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.(c) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.(d) Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.(e) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.Answer: B7. If it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should(a) export cloth.(b) export widgets.(c) export both and import nothing.(d) export and import nothing.(e) All of the above.Answer: A8. If the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and the Unit Labor Requirements in each of the productsquadrupled (that is, doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets) then home should(a) export cloth.(b) export widgets.(c) export both and import nothing.(d) export and import nothing.(e) All of the above.Answer: A9. If wages were to double in Home, then Home should:(a) export cloth.(b) export widgets.(c) export both and import nothing.(d) export and import nothing.(e) All of the above.Answer: A10. If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then(a) both countries could benefit from trade with each other.(b) neither country could benefit from trade with each other.第 19 页(c) each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.(d) neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.(e) both countries will want to specialize in cloth.Answer: A11. Given the following information:Number of Units Produced by one Unit of LaborCloth WidgetsHome1020Foreign6030(a) Neither country has a comparative advantage.(b) Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.(c) Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth.(d) Foreign has a comparative advantage in widgets.(e) Home has a comparative advantage in both products.Answer: C12. The opportunity cost of cloth in terms of widgets in Foreign is if it is ascertained that Foreignuses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should(a) export cloth.(b) export widgets.(c) export both and import nothing.(d) export and import nothing.(e) All of the above.Answer: B13. If wages were to double in Home, then Home should(a) export cloth.(b) export widgets.(c) export both and import nothing.(d) export and import nothing.(e) All of the above.Answer: B14. If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, then(a) both countries could benefit from trade with each other.(b) neither country could benefit from trade with each other.(c) each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.(d) neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.(e) both countries will want to specialize in cloth.Answer: A15. If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 40 cloths, then(a) both countries could benefit from trade with each other.(b) neither country could benefit from trade with each other.(c) each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.(d) neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.(e) both countries will want to specialize in cloth.Answer: A16. In a two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases in(a) consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.(b) output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.(c) total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both countries.(d) consumer welfare in both countries but not total production of both products.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B17. As a result of trade, specialization in the Ricardian model tends to be(a) complete with constant costs and with increasing costs.(b) complete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.(c) incomplete with constant costs and complete with increasing costs.(d) incomplete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.(e) None of the above.Answer: B18. As a result of trade between two countries which are of completely different economic sizes,specialization in the Ricardian 2X2 model tends to be(a) incomplete in both countries(b) complete in both countries(c) complete in the small country but incomplete in the large country(d) complete in the large country but incomplete in the small country(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C19. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundle(a) inside its production possibilities frontier.(b) on its production possibilities frontier.(c) outside its production possibilities frontier.(d) inside its trade-partner’s production possibilities frontier.(e) on its trade-partner’s production possibilities frontier.Answer: C第 21 页20. In the Ricardian model, if a country’s trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?(a) Limit specialization and the division of labor.(b) Reduce the volume of trade and the gains from trade(c) Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curves(d) May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantage(e) None of the above.Answer: C21. If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the Ricardian model, then(a) the small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.(b) the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.(c) the small country only will enjoy gains from trade.(d) the large country will enjoy gains from trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C22. If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H andthat of F, then(a) country H but not country F will gain from trade.(b) country H and country F will both gain from trade.(c) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.(d) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. If the world terms of trade equal those of country F, then(a) country H but not country F will gain from trade.(b) country H and country F will both gain from trade.(c) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.(d) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.(e) None of the above.Answer: A24. If the world terms of trade equal those of country, F then(a) country H but not country F will gain from trade.(b) country H and country F will both gain from trade.(c) neither country H nor F will gain from trade.(d) only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.(e) None of the above.Answer: E25. If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin), then productionoccurs under conditions of(a) constant opportunity costs.(b) increasing opportunity costs.(c) decreasing opportunity costs.(d) infinite opportunity costs.(e) None of the above.Answer: B26. If the production possibilities frontier of one the trade partners (“Country A”) is bowed out(concave to the origin), then increased specialization in production by that country will(a) Increase the economic welfare of both countries.(b) Increase the economic welfare of only Country A.(c) Decrease the economic welfare of Country A.(d) Decrease the economic welfare of Country B.(e) None of the above.Answer: A27. If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likelyif(a) their supply curves are identical.(b) their cost functions are identical.(c) their demand conditions identical.(d) their incomes are identical.(e) None of the above.Answer: E28. If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likelyif(a) their supply curves are identical.(b) their cost functions are identical.(c) their demand functions differ.(d) their incomes are identical.(e) None of the above.Answer: C29. The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated with(a) David Hume.(b) David Ricardo.(c) Adam Smith.(d) Eli Heckscher.(e) Bertil Ohlin.Answer: B第 23 页30. If one country’s wage level is very high relative to the other’s (the relative wage exceedingthe relative productivity ratios), then if they both use the same currency(a) neither country has a comparative advantage.(b) only the low wage country has a comparative advantage.(c) only the high wage country has a comparative advantage.(d) consumers will still find trade worth while from their perspective.(e) None of the above.Answer: E31. If one country’s wage level is very high relative to the other’s (the relative wage exceedingthe relative productivity ratios), then(a) it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.(b) it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfaresthrough imports.(c) it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.(d) it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: D32. If one country’s wage level is very high relative to the other’s (the relative wage exceedingthe relative productivity ratios) then it is probable that(a) free trade will improve both countries’ welfare(b) free trade will result in no trade taking place(c) free trade will result in each country exporting the good in which it enjoys comparativeadvantage(d) free trade will result in each country exporting the good in which it suffers the greatestcomparative disadvantage.(e) None of the above.Answer: B33. The Ricardian 2X2 model is based on all of the following except only two nations and two products.(a) no diminishing returns.(b) labor is the only factor of production.(c) product quality varies among nations.(d) None of the above.Answer: D34. Ricardo’s original theory of comparative advantage seemed of limited real-world value because itwas founded on the labor theory of value.(a) capital theory of value.(b) land theory of value.(c) entrepreneur theory of value.(d) None of the above.Answer: A35. According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which its(a) labor productivity is relatively low.(b) labor productivity is relatively high.(c) labor mobility is relatively low.(d) labor mobility is relatively high.(e) None of the above.Answer: B36. In a two-country, two-product world, the statement “Germany enjoys a comparative advantage overFrance in autos relative to ships” is equivalent to(a) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.(b) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ships.(c) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.(d) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.(e) None of the above.Answer: A37. Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal$20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan if(a) U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan’s 15 units per hour.(b) U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan’s was 20.(c) U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan’s 30.(d) U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan’s 25 units per hour.(e) None of the above.Answer: A38. If the United States’s production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereasGermany’s was flatter to the butter axis, we know that(a) the United States has no comparative advantage(b) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.(c) the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.(d) Not enough information is given.(e) None of the above.Answer: B39. Suppose the Uni ted State’s production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis,whereas Germany’s was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German mark sharplydepreciates against the U.S. dollar. We now know that(a) the United States has no comparative advantage(b) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.(c) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.(d) Not enough information is given.(e) None of the above.Answer: B第 25 页40. Suppose the United State’s production possibility fr ontier was flatter to the widget axis,whereas Germany’s was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S. wages do not change at all. We now know that(a) the United States has no comparative advantage.(b) Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.(c) the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.(d) Not enough information is given.(e) None of the above.Answer: B41. Which of the following statements is true(a) Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreigncompetition(b) Free trade is beneficial only if your competitor does not pay unreasonably low wages(c) Free trade is beneficial only if both countries have access to the same technology.(d) All of the above(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E42. The Gains from Trade associated with the principle of Comparative Advantage depends on(a) The trade partners must differ in technology or tastes.(b) There can be no more goods traded than the number of trade partners.(c) There may be no more trade partners than goods traded.(d) All of the above(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A43. If transportation costs are especially high for Widgets in a Ricardian 2X2 model in which CountryA enjoys a comparative advantage, then(a) Country B must also enjoy a comparative advantage in Widgets(b) Country B may end up exporting Widgets(c) Country A may switch to having a comparative advantage in the other good.(d) All of the above(e) None of the aboveAnswer E44. Mahatma Ghandi exhorted his followers in India to promote economic welfare by decreasing imports.This approach(a) Makes no sense(b) Makes no economic sense(c) Is consistent with the the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.(d) Is not consistent with the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D45. The Country of Rhozundia is blessed with rich copper deposits. The cost of Copper produced(relative to the cost of Widgets produced) is therefore very low. From this information we knowthat(a) Rhozundia has a comparative advantage in Copper(b) Rhozundia should export Copper and import Widgets(c) Rhozundia should export Widgets and export Copper(d) Both (a) and (b) are true(e) None of the above.Answer: E46. We know that in antiquity, China exported silk because no-one in any other country knew how toproduce this product. From this information we learn that(a) China enjoyed a comparative advantage in Silk(b) China enjoyed an absolute advantage, but not a comparative advantage in silk.(c) No comparative advantage exists because technology was not diffused(d) China should have exported silk even though it had no comparative advantage(e) None of the above.Answer: A47. If two countries engage in Free Trade following the principles of comparative advantage, then(a) Neither relative prices nor relative marginal costs (marginal rates of transformation—MRTs)in one country will equal those in the other country.(b) Both relative prices and MRTs will become equal in both countries(c) Relative prices but not MRTs will become equal in both countries(d) MRTs but not relative prices will become equal in both countries(e) None of the above.Answer: C48. Let us define the real wage as the purchasing power of one hour of labor. In the Ricardian 2X2 model,if two countries under autarky engage in trade then(a) The real wage will not be affected since this is a financial variable.(b) The real wage will increase only if a country attains full specialization(c) The real wage will increase in one country only if it decreases in the other(d) The real wage will rise in both countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: D49. If two countries in Autarky (not engaged in international trade) begin trading with other in amanner consistent with the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then(a) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of imports will decrease in both countries.(b) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of both products will decrease in bothcountries.(c) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of imports will decrease only in therelatively labor abundant country(d) The amount of labor required to produce one unit of imports will decrease only in therelatively capital abundant country.(e) None of the above.Answer: A第 27 页Essay Questions1. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have very low labor productivities in many sectors, inmanufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even trying to attempt to build theirindustries unless it is done in an autarkic context, behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can compete with more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.Answer: The Ricardian model of comparative advantage argues that every country must have a comparative advantage in some product (assuming there are more products than countries).However, the Ricardian model is not a growth model, and cannot be used to identifygrowth nodes or linkages.2. In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United States. It is obviousthat if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be freely imported into the United States at that time, this would have caused devastation to the standard of living in the United States,because no producer in this country could possibly compete with such low wages. Discuss thisassertion in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.Answer: Regardless of relative wage levels, the United States would be able to provide its populace with a higher standard of living than would be possible without trade. Also,low wages tend to be associated with low productivities.3. The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New IndustrializingCountries suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels.Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian NICs? In light of your answer, what do you think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) of China in the coming decade? Explain your reasoning.Answer: Following the logic of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the East Asian countries played to their respective comparative advantages. This allowed the worlddemand to provide excess demands for their relatively abundant labor, which in turntended to raise these wages. If China follows the same pattern, their wages levelsshould also be expected over time to converge to those in their industrialized countrymarkets.4. When we examine the 2 Good 2 Country version of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, wenote that comparative advantage is totally determined by physical productivity ratios. Changes in wage rates in either country cannot affect these physically determined comparative advantages, and hence cannot affect, which product will be exported by which country. However, when more than2 goods are added to the model (still with 2 countries), changes in wage rates in one or the othercountry can in fact determine which good or goods each of the countries will export. How can you explain this anomaly?Answer: This is not really an anomaly. As long as only two goods exist, then as long as trade takes place, each country must have a comparative advantage in one of them (or none).However, if there are more goods than countries, then the physical productivitydefinition of comparative advantage becomes ambiguous. Changes in relative wage rateswill shift the international competitiveness along t he “chain of comparativeadvantage.”5. An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result that tradeis (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear thattrade is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade (butefficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for the world as a whole?Explain.Answer: If we were to combine the production possibility frontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true that any changein production points (from autarky to specialization with trade) would involve atradeoff of one good for another from the world’s perspective. In other words, the newsolution cannot possibly involve the production of more of both goods. However, since weknow that each country is better off at the new solution, it must be true that theoriginal points were not on the trade contract curve between the two countries, and itwas in fact possible to make some people better off without making others worse off, sothat the new solution does indeed represent a welfare improvement from the world’sperspective.6. It is generally claimed that a movement from autarky to free trade consistent with Ricardiancomparative advantage increases the economic welfare of each of the trade partners. However, itmay be demonstrated that under certain circumstances, not everyone in each country is made better off. Illustrate such a case.Answers: (a) If inter-generational, or economic growth considerations are taken into account, then a country may end up specializing in a good that has no or few growth linkageswith the rest of the economy (e.g. an “enclave” sector).(b) If some of the residents of a country have tastes biased toward their exportable,then they may suffer due to the trade-affected increase in the market price of theexportable good.7. It is generally claimed that state trading, or centrally controlled trading will tend to reach alower economic welfare than would be reached by allowing market forces to determine trade flowdirections and terms of trade. Illustrate a counter-example to this proposition.Answer: In general, if we begin with any suboptimal distortion, the theory of the second best tells us that an additional “distortion” may move a country in the correct directionof a welfare improvement. For example, If a country has an overvalued exchange rate(that is, its currency is overpriced in the foreign exchange markets), it is possiblethat it will find itself in a n autarkic equilibrium (that is, it might “overpriceitself out of the international market”). In such a case it is easy to demonstrate thatif the government exports the goods in which the country enjoys comparative advantage,and imports the other (bypas sing market prices and mechanisms), the country’s economicwelfare will improve.8. The Ricardian proposition that international trade will benefit any country (“gains from trade”)as long as the world terms of trade do not equal its autarkic relative prices is a straightforward and powerful concept. Nevertheless, it is impossible to demonstrate empirically. Why?Answer: This is because there is no way of knowing exactly what are, or would have been, the autarky MRTs or MRSs. This is because there is no single example in the world ofa country that is totally unengaged in international trade.第 29 页Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. Given the following information:Unit Labor RequirementsCloth WidgetsHome100200Foreign6030What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?Answer: One half a widget.2. Given the following information:Unit Labor RequirementsCloth WidgetsHome100200Foreign6030If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets?Answer: 2 Cloths.3. Given the following information:Unit Labor RequirementsCloth WidgetsHome10020s0Foreign6030If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in according to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit for the price of cloth?Answer: One half a widget.4. Given the following information:Unit Produced by One Worker/HourCloth WidgetsHome100200Foreign6030What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?Answer: 2 widgets.5. Given the following information:Unit Produced by One Worker/HourCloth WidgetsHome100200Foreign6030If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in the following the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit for the world equilibrium price of cloth?Answer: 2 widgets.6. Given the following information:One Labor-Hour of Production:U.S.CroatiaSoy30020Toys10020(a) What is the marginal cost of a toy in each country?Answer: 3 units of Soy in the U.S., and 1 Soy unit in Croatia.(b) How might you demonstrate (quantitatively) that a country with absolute productivity advantagein a product may find that its production is more costly than in the other (unproductive)country?Answer: The U.S. have absolute productivity advantage in toys. Nevertheless, toys are three times more costly than they are in Croatia.(c) Demonstrate the fact that trade produces imports (indirectly) cheaper, even in the relativelyunproductive country.Answer: In Croatia, one unit of wheat will cost one toy. However, if the terms of trade fall between the two autarkic price ratios (a condition necessary for both countries to enjoygains from trade), say at 2 Soy units per toy, then Croatia will gain each Soy unit withless ofa sacrifice of toy production.第 31 页。

国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第3单元*CHAPTER 3(Core Chapter)THE STANDARD THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE OUTLINE3.1 Introduction3.2 The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs3.2a Illustration of Increasing Costs3.2b The Marginal Rate of Transformation3.2c Reason for Increasing Opportunity Costs and Different Production Frontiers3.3 Community Indifference Curves3.3a Illustration of Community Indifference Curves3.3b The Marginal Rate of Substitution3.3c Some Difficulties with Community Indifference Curves3.4 Equilibrium in Isolation3.4a Illustration of Equilibrium in Isolation3.4b Equilibrium Relative Commodity Prices and Comparative AdvantageCase 3-1: Revealed Comparative Advantage of the United States,the European Union, and Japan3.5 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs3.5a Illustration of the Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs3.5b Equilibrium Relative Commodity Prices with Trade3.5c Incomplete SpecializationCase Study 3-2: Specialization and Export Concentration inSelected Countries3.5d Small Country Case with Increasing Costs3.5e The Gains from Exchange and from SpecializationCase Study 3-3: Job Losses in High U.S. Import-Competing IndustriesCase Study 3-4: International Trade and Deindustrialization in the United States,the European Union, and Japan3.6 Trade Based on Differences in TastesAPPENDIX: A3.1 Production Functions, Isoquants, Isocosts and EquilibriumA3.2 Production Theory with Two Nations, Two Commodities and Two FactorsA3.3 Derivation of the Edgeworth Box Diagram and Production FrontiersA3.4 Some Important ConclusionsKey TermsIncreasing opportunity costs Revealed comparative advantage Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) Equilibrium relative commodity price with tradeCommunity indifference curves Incomplete specialization Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) Gains from exchange Autarky Gains from specializationEquilibrium relative commodity price in isolation Deindustrialization Lecture Guide1. In the first lecture of Chapter 3, I would cover Sections 1, 2, and3. Section 2 can becovered quickly, except for 2b, which requires careful explanation because of its subsequentimportance. Careful explanation is also required for 3b. I would assign Problems 1 and 2.2. In the second lecture, I would cover Sections 4, 5a, and 5b. Thisis the basic trade modeland it is essential for the student to master it completely. To this end, I would assign andgrade Problems 3 and 4.3. In the third lecture, I would cover the remainder of the chapter.The topics here representelaborations of the basic trade model. I would assign problems 5, 6, and 7 and go overproblem 7 in class even though its answer is also in the back of the book. I would make theAppendices optional for those students in the class who have had intermediate micro theory.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b) The slope of the transformation curve increases as the nationproduces more of X anddecreases as the nation produces more of Y. These reflect increasing opportunity costs asthe nation produces more of X or Y.2. a) See Figure 2.We have drawn community indifference curves as downward or negatively sloped becauseas the community consumes more of X it will have to give up some of Y to remain onthe same indifference curve.b)The slope measures how much of Y the nation can give up byconsuming one more unitof X and still remain at the same level of satisfaction; the slope declines because the moreof X and the less of Y the nation is left with, the less satisfaction it receives fromadditional units of X and the more satisfaction it receives from each retained unit of Y.c) III > II to the right of the intersection, while II > III to the left.This is inconsistent because an indifference curve should show a given level of satisfaction.Thus, indifference curves cannot cross.3. a) See Figure 3 on page 22.b) Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y.c) If the relative commodity price line has equal slope in both nations.4. a) See Figure 4.b) Nation 1 gains by the amount by which point E is to the right andabove point A andNation 2 by the excess of E' over A'. Nation 1 gains more from trade because the relativeprice of X with trade differs more from its pretrade price than for Nation 2.5. a) See Figure 5. In Figure 5, S refers to Nation 1's supplycurve of exports of commodity X, while D refers to Nation 2's demand curve for Nation 1's exports of commodity X. D and S intersect at point E, determining the equilibrium P B=Px/Py=1 and the equilibrium quantity of exports of 60X.b) At Px/Py=1 1/2 there is an excess supply of exports of R'R=30Xand Px/Py falls towardequilibrium Px/Py=1.c) At Px/Py=1/2, there is an excess demand of exports of HH'=80X and Px/Py risestoward Px/Py=1.6. The Figure in Problem 5 is consistent with Figure 3-4 in the text.From the left panel ofFigure 3-4, we see that Nation 1 supplies no exports of commodity X at Px/Py=1/4 (pointA). This corresponds with the vertical or price intercept of Nation 1's supply curve ofexports of commodity X (point A).The left panel of Figure 3-4 also shows that at Px/Py=1, Nation 1 is willing to export 60X(point E). The same is shown by Nation 1's supply curve of exports of commodity X.The other points on Nation 1's supply curve of exports in the figure of Problem 5 can alsobe derived from the left panel of Figure 3-4, but this is shown in Chapter 4 with offercurves.Nation 2's demand curve for Nation 1's exports ofcommodity X could be derived from theright panel of Figure 3-4, as shown in Chapter 4. What is important isthat we can use theD and S figure in Problem 5 to explain why the equilibrium relative commodity price withtrade is Px/Py=1 and why the equilibrium quantity traded of commodity X is 60 units inFigure 3-4.7. See Figure 6 on page 24.The small nation will move from A to B in production, exports X in exchange for Y so asto reach point E > A.8. a) The small nation specializes in the production of commodityX only until its opportunitycost and relative price of X equals P W. This usually occurs before the small nation hasbecome completely specialized in production.b) Under constant costs, specialization is always complete for the small nation.9. a) See Figure 7.b) See Figure 8.10. If the two community indifference curves had also been identical in Problem 9 the relativecommodity prices would also have been the same in both nations in the absence of trade andno mutually beneficial trade would be possible11. If production frontiers are identical and the communityindifference curves different in thetwo nations, but we have constant opportunity costs, there would be no mutually beneficialtrade possible between the two nations12. See Figure 1113. It is true that Mexico's wages are much lower than U.S. wages (about one fifth), but laborproductivity is much higher in the United States and so labor costs are not necessarilyhigher than in Mexico. In any event, trade can still be based on comparative advantage.App. 1. See Figure 12Commodity X is the L-intensive commodity in Nation 2 (as in Nation 1) because the production contract curve bulges toward the L- axis or is everywhere to the left of the diagonal.App. 2. Since L and K are released from the production of X in a higher ratio than are absorbed in the production of Y, wages fall in Nation 2. This leads to the substitution of L for K in the production of X and Y, so that the K/L ratio falls in the production of both commodities.Multiple-Choice Questions1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that thenation incursincreasing opportunity costs in the production of:a. commodity X onlyb. commodity Y only*c. both commoditiesd. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:a. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of Xb. the opportunity cost of Xc. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production*d. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:*a. technology differs among nationsb. factors of production are not homogeneousc. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commoditiesd. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are less and less suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:a. are negatively slopedb. are convex to the originc. should not cross*d. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:a. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still remain on the same indifference curve*b. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curvec. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a higher indifference curved. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a higher indifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for Y?a. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveb. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curvec. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve*d. all of the above7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is true?a. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesb. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis*c. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be overcome by the application of the compensation principled. all of the above.8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation?*a. It consumes inside its production frontierb. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production frontierc. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierd. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:a. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity Yb. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X*c. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity Yd. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:a. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports*b. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/Pyc. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsd. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradea. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at equilibriumb. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at equilibriumc. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py*d. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:a. neither nation will specialize completely in productionb. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierc. a small nation will always gain from trade*d. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is false?a.The gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the gains from specializationb. gains from exchange result even without specialization*c. gains from specialization result even without exchanged. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains fromspecialization are always:a. greaterb. smallerc. equal*d. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:a. equal but tastes are notb. different but tastes are the samec. different and tastes are also different*d. the same and tastes are also the same.。

国际经济学练习题三、简答题1、在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果所有的劳动力都用来生产棉花的话，A国的产量是240吨，B国是100吨；要是两国都生产大米的话，A国能生产1200吨，B国则能生产800吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？2、假设美国有20个劳动力，中国有100个劳动力，日本有10个劳动力。

美国生产每吨大米需要6个劳动力，而生产每吨小麦需要4个劳动力；中国生产每吨大米需要10个劳动力，而生产每吨小麦需要8个劳动力；日本生产每吨大米需要8个劳动力，生产每吨小麦也需要8个劳动力。

根据李嘉图的比较优势理论，各国（美国、中国、日本）应该进口什么？出口什么？3、以下是假设的各国粮食生产的投入产出情况（假设劳动是唯一的投入）：大米小麦国家投入产出美国中国日本泰国劳动投入10401010总产量12020050100劳动投入1010010总产量5004002010哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国最有生产大米的比较优势？如果日本和美国进行粮食贸易，美国应该出口什么？进口什么（用图说明）在技术不变的情况下，如果日本的劳动力增长了50%，对美日两国的粮食贸易模式会产生什么影响？两国的大米、小麦价格会产生什么变化？4、假设中国有100个单位的资本，100个单位的劳动，墨西哥有50个单位的资本，40个单位的劳动。

又假设两国只生产两种产品：钢铁、粮食。

生产1吨钢铁要用个8个资本，2个劳动，而生产1吨粮食需用2个资本，1个劳动。

根据赫克歇尔—俄林理论（H—O Model），如果两国发生贸易，中国该向墨西哥出口什么？进口什么？对墨西哥的资本拥有者和劳动者来说，谁会更支持与中国的这种贸易？由于大量的外来投资，中国的资本在短期内增长了1倍。

在国际价格不变的情况下，中国资本的增长对中国的粮食与钢铁生产会产生什么影响？5、设有A、B、C三种产品，生产每100万美元的产品分别需投入以下生产要素：产品的可能性最大？6、已知：生产每单位X产品需投入2单位劳动，6单位资本；生产每单位Y产品需投入4 位劳动，2单位资本。

1.在一个坐标系内，画一条凹向原点的生产可能性曲线:（1）从生产可能性曲线的中点开始用箭头表示该国在生产更多X(横轴表示的商品)和更多Y时所发生的机会成本递增情况。

（2）当生产更多的X时，生产可能性曲线的斜率如何变化?生产更多的Y呢?这种变化反映了什么?答：（1）图1 生产可能性曲线（3）如上图所示，当生产更多的X时，生产可能性曲线的斜率变大；当生产更多的Y时，生产可能性曲线的斜率变大。

原因是当该国生产更多的X或Y时，机会成本会变大。

2.在另一个坐标系内，画三条社会无差异曲线,并令最高的两条相交:(1) 社会无差异曲线为什么向下倾斜,或者说斜率为负?(2)曲线的斜率代表什么?为什么每条无差异曲线在较低点斜率较小?(3)考虑相交的两条无差异曲线，是在交点右边的还是在交点左边的曲线表示的满足程度较高?为什么和无差异曲线的定义不一致?你可以得出什么结论?答：图2 社会无差异曲线（1）社会无差异曲线之所以会向下倾斜是因为为了维持社会福利水平不变，随着X商品消费的增加必须减少Y的消费。

（2）曲线的斜率代表一国在保持处在同一条无差异曲线的前提下，多消费一单位x而必须少消费Y的数量。

一国消费X越多，则其消费Y越少。

对该国来说，一单位Y的效用会逐渐增大。

因此，该国每多消费一单位X，只会放弃越来越少的Y商品。

所以，无差异曲线在较低点斜率较小。

（3）无差异曲线的定义表明每条无差异曲线意味着一个给定的满足程度，无差异曲线互不相交。

无差异曲线II显示了比交点右边更高的满足程度，无差异曲线II显示了比交点左边更高的满足程度。

因此，这个图是不合理。

3.在一个坐标系内，画一条生产可能性曲线，再画一条无差异曲线切于生产可能性曲线较平坦的地方，在另一个坐标系内，面另一条生产可能性曲线,再画另一条无差异曲线切于生产可能性曲线较陡直的地方。

(1)画一条表示各国孤立均衡相对价格的直线。

(2)各国具有比较优势的商品分别是什么?(3)在什么(极端)情况下，两国之间不存在比较优势或比较劣势?答：国家1 国家2图3 孤立均衡（1）如图3所示，P A和P A’是两国在孤立均衡情况下的价格。

东北财经大学《国际经济学》随堂随练（第3章）及满分答案3.1贸易条件的含义与计量1、从贸易条件指数的变化就完全可以判断对外贸易对本国是否有利,这种说法(A)A、不正确B、正确C、无法判断2、根据不同的分析目的,可以将贸易条件指数分为以下几种(ABC)A、商品贸易条件指数B、收入贸易条件指数C、要素贸易条件指数D、分配贸易条件指数E、福利贸易条件指数3、如果一国的贸易结构发生了变化,则该国的商品贸易条件将(B)A、不受影响B、会发生很大变化C、可以忽略不计D、以上说法都不正确4、从生产角度来考虑贸易条件变化的贸易条件指数是(C)A、商品贸易条件指数B、收入贸易条件指数C、要素贸易条件指数D、分配贸易条件指数E、福利贸易条件指数5、从实际收入水平角度来反映一国实际购买能力的贸易条件指数是(B)A、商品贸易条件指数B、收入贸易条件指数C、要素贸易条件指数D、分配贸易条件指数E、福利贸易条件指数3.2.1相互需求原理的基本内容1、相互需求原理分析的是(D)A、贸易产生的原因B、贸易的格局和流向C、贸易的利益D、贸易利益的分配2、根据相互需求原理,决定两国产品交换实际比例的关键因素是(C)A、两国的要素禀赋B、两国的比较优势C、两国的相对需求强度D、两国的技术水平3、如果一国对外国商品的需求强度大于外国对本国商品的需求强度,则最后的交换比价将(A)A、接近本国的国内交换比价B、接近外国的国内交换比价C、接近两国比价的平均值D、无法判断4、相互需求原理仍存在一定的局限性(ABC)A、以两国的贸易平衡为前提B、只能应用于规模相当的国家C、只能应用于双方的需求对市场价格有影响的情况D、没有考虑比较优势E、没有考虑资源禀赋5、两国间产品交换比例的上下限取决于(B)A、两国的要素禀赋B、两国的比较优势C、两国的相对需求强度D、两国的技术水平3.3.2提供曲线1、提供曲线,又叫(D)A、无差异曲线B、贸易无差异曲线C、生产可能性曲线D、相互需求曲线2、关于贸易无差异曲线,下列说法正确的是(C)A、又叫社会无差异曲线B、一国只能有一条贸易无差异曲线C、如果一国的X产品生产有优势,则该国的贸易无差异曲线会凸向X轴D、该曲线反映的是一国的生产能力3、关于提供曲线,下列说法正确的是(ABCD)A、该曲线由贸易无差异曲线推导而来B、可以反映一国的贸易条件C、如果一国生产X产品有优势,则曲线凸向X轴D、两国的提供曲线交点确定两国的均衡相对价格E、该曲线跟生产无关4、推导提供曲线,需要利用(AB)A、贸易无差异曲线B、相对价格线C、等成本线D、预算线E、边际成本线5、提供曲线反映了一国为进口一定数量的Y商品所愿意出口的X商品的数量,这种说法(B)A、无法判断B、正确C、不正确3.3.4提供曲线的移动1、提供曲线本身既有供给曲线的性质,又有需求曲线的性质.这种说法(A)A、正确B、不正确C、无法判断2、提供曲线发生移动的原因主要有(ABCDE)A、需求偏好变化B、需求选择变化C、资源禀赋变化D、要素生产率变化E、技术水平变化3、在某种情况下,一国供给能力的增长反而会使本国的福利水平下降,这种情况被称为(D)A、生产能力下降B、要素价格均等化C、哈罗德命题D、贫困化增长4、提供曲线的移动意味着(C)A、一国关税水平的变化B、一国贸易发展战略的变化C、一国贸易条件的变化D、一国贸易政策的变化5、如果一国消费者的偏好转向进口产品,则该国的提供曲线将(B)A、向进口产品方向扩展B、向出口产品方向扩展C、向原点靠近D、以上说法都不对6、根据技术进步对资本和劳动生产要素节约程度的影响,可以将技术进步分为(CDE)A、顺贸易型技术进步;B、逆贸易型技术进步;C、中性技术进步;D、劳动节约型技术进步;E、资本节约型技术进步。

国际经济学练习题及标准答案（内部资料）国际经济学练习题及答案(内部资料)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：国际经济学练习题一、判断题1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。

2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发生之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。

3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。

4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。

5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。

6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。

7、根据H—O理论，一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地，该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。

8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。

9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。

10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。

11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。

12、如果各国的生产技术相同，贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。

13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。

14、大国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业，进而改善本国的贸易条件。

15、按照定义，小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。

16、青春期是一个贫困化增长的好例子。

17、一国生产要素的增长总会使该国更加自给自足，进而减少对国际贸易的依赖。

18、一个与外界隔绝的国家一定会降低其公民的生活水平。

19、产业内贸易在充分竞争性产业中更为盛行。

20、根据H—0理论，各国应进行大量的产业内贸易。

奥鹏《国际经济学》在线作业三答案一、单选题（共 15 道试题，共 60 分。

）V1. 根据政策配合说,被分派去管理外部均衡的是( B )A. 汇率政策B. 货币政策C. 外汇政策D. 财政政策满分：4 分2. 古典利率平价理论的提出者是经济学家( B )A. 卡塞尔B. 凯恩斯C. 艾因齐格D. 弗里得曼满分：4 分3. 大国实施出口补贴之所以受损失更大,是因为( D )A. 大国的实力不强B. 大国的财政补贴太多C. 大国的进口量太大D. 大国会影响国际市场价格满分：4 分4. 根据孟代尔-弗莱明模型,在浮动汇率制下,财政政策(A )A. 完全失效B. 完全有效C. 同货币政策作用一致D. 无法判断满分：4 分5. 对于小国征收关税,下列说法正确的是( D )A. 消费者可能从中获益B. 生产者会有净损失C. 政府会损失关税收入D. 国家的净福利不可能为正满分：4 分6. 根据相互需求原理,决定两国产品交换实际比例的关键因素是( C )A. 两国的要素禀赋B. 两国的比较优势C. 两国的相对需求强度D. 两国的技术水平满分：4 分7. 赫-俄模型研究的是( C )A. 贸易的作用B. 贸易的利益分配C. 贸易的模式D. 贸易对收入的影响满分：4 分8. 购买力平价理论的基础是( C )A. 利率平价成立B. 铸币平价成立C. 一价定律成立D. 汇兑心理说满分：4 分9. 根据对外贸易乘数理论,在其他条件不变的条件下,边际进口倾向同对外贸易乘数值呈( A )A. 反向关系B. 无关联C. 正向关系D. 无法判断满分：4 分10. 对小国而言,最优关税( B )A. 是最高关税B. 是零关税C. 是禁止性关税D. 介于零关税和禁止性关税之间满分：4 分11. 根据货币主义汇率理论,在其他条件不变的情况下,一国的国民收入增长快于其他国家会导致该国货币汇率( A )A. 上升B. 下跌C. 不变D. 难以判断满分：4 分12. 根据货币主义汇率理论,在其他条件不变的情况下,一国的货币供应量相对于其他国家增加会导致该国货币汇率( B )A. 上升B. 下跌C. 不变D. 难以判断满分：4 分13. 根据IMF对国际收支的定义,"经济体"的含义比国家要( A )A. 广B. 窄C. 二者相同A.B.C.D.E.A.B.C.D. 价格效应E. 贸易条件效应满分：4 分3. 根据H-O-S定理,国际贸易将会(AB )A. 提高劳动力丰裕国家的劳动力价格B. 降低资本丰裕国的劳动力价格C. 提高劳动力丰裕国家的资本价格D. 降低资本丰裕国的资本价格E. 以上说法都对满分：4 分4. 根据吸收分析理论,纠正贸易逆差的政策有(DE)A. 贬值B. 增加货币发行量C. 提高利率D. 增加产量E. 减少支出满分：4 分5. 比较优势理论的贡献在于(AB)A. 打破了绝对优势理论的严格假设B. 肯定了国际贸易同国内贸易的不同特征C. 对国际贸易进行了动态分析D. 探讨了贸易的利益分配问题E. 分析了两国之间的交换比价满分：4 分6. 关境是海关管辖的势力范围,同国境相比,二者(ABC)A. 很可能一致B. 关境有可能大于国境C. 关境有可能小于国境D. 二者无法比较E. 上述说法都不正确满分：4 分7. 按照政府是否干预,浮动汇率制可以分为(BC)A. 单独浮动B. 清洁浮动C. 管理浮动D. 钉住浮动E. 联合浮动满分：4 分8. 浮动汇率制按其浮动方式,可以分为(ADE)A. 单独浮动B. 清洁浮动C. 管理浮动D. 钉住浮动E. 联合浮动满分：4 分9. 赫-俄模型假定(ABCDE)A. 两国的技术水平相同B. 要素在两国间完全不能流动C. 两种产品的生产都具有规模报酬不变的特点D. 没有运输成本E. 两国的资源都得到了充分利用A.B.C.D.E.放心做题好了，只要学科对了，学校对了，肯定100分。

东财《国际经济学》在线作三-0004试卷总分:100 得分:0一、单选题(共15 道试题,共60 分)1.提供曲线的移动意味着( )A.一国关税水平的变化B.一国贸易发展战略的变化C.一国贸易条件的变化D.一国贸易政策的变化正确答案:C2.能够从贸易创造效应中获得福利增加的是( )A.政府B.生产者C.出口商D.消费者正确答案:D3.在李嘉图的例子中,他假定了两国的交换比例,这种假定( )A.反映了两国的交换比例B.同现实情况基本相符C.只是一个简单假设,没有真正解决问题D.这个比例一旦确定就不会再发生变化正确答案:C4.认为外汇汇率是由国际收支状况决定的理论是( )A.购买力平价理论B.利率平价C.国际借贷说D.汇兑心理说正确答案:C5.劳动力发生自由流动之后,劳动力流入国的总收益将( )A.增加B.减少C.不变D.无法判断正确答案:A6.在下列观点上,吸收分析法和弹性分析法一致( )A.仅凭贬值无法改善国际收支逆差B.需要国内政策配合C.将贸易收支定义为国际收支D.提出了J曲线效应正确答案:C7.IMF《国际收支手册》判断居民和非居民的标准是()A.国籍B.地理位置C.民族D.经济利益中心正确答案:D8.国际金本位制属于()A.固定汇率制B.自由汇率制C.管理汇率制D.浮动汇率制E.美元汇率制正确答案:A9.如果一国发生了贫困化增长,说明该国的经济增长主要体现在( )A.进口部门B.出口部门C.进口竞争部门D.非贸易部门正确答案:B10.李斯特认为,保护幼稚工业的最高期限应该是( )A.10年B.20年C.30年D.50年正确答案:C11.可以平滑连续地对国际收支失衡进行修正,并保持外汇市场经常处于平衡状态的汇率制度是( )A.固定汇率制B.自由汇率制C.管理汇率制D.浮动汇率制正确答案:C12.如果在自由贸易条件下的各种进口要素成本与最终产品价格比例为0,则对最终产品生产者的有效保护率( )A.等于名义保护率B.大于名义保护率C.小于名义保护率D.无法判断正确答案:A13.根据孟代尔-弗莱明模型,在浮动汇率制下,财政政策()A.完全失效B.完全有效C.同货币政策作用一致D.无法判断正确答案:A14.布雷顿森林体系属于( )A.固定汇率制B.自由汇率制C.管理汇率制D.浮动汇率制正确答案:A15.下列理论中,比较重视长期均衡条件分析的理论是( )A.弹性分析法B.货币分析法C.吸收分析法D.资产组合分析法正确答案:B二、多选题(共10 道试题,共40 分)1.弗农将产品生命周期分为（）A.新产品阶段B.成长阶段C.成熟阶段D.标准化阶段E.衰退阶段正确答案:ABCDE2.进口替代战略的优点主要有( )A.有利于摆脱发达国家的控制B.有利于实现工业化C.有利于平衡国际收支D.有利于扩大就业E.有利于提高国际竞争力正确答案:ABCD3.贸易自由化同资本主义自由竞争时期出现的自由贸易有所不同,主要表现在( )A.自由与保护相结合B.实际上是管理贸易C.保护重点由限制进口转为鼓励出口D.是有选择的自由化E.是在国家垄断资本主义加强的条件下发展起来的正确答案:ADE4.分析国际收支平衡表的方法有()A.动态分析B.静态分析C.比较动态分析D.多维分析E.比较分析正确答案:ABE5.狭义外汇必须具备的条件是( )A.只在外国流通B.必须以外币表示C.可以用做记账D.必须能进行国际偿付E.必须能兑换为其他支付手段正确答案:BDE6.对外贸易政策包括()A.对外贸易关税政策B.对外贸易配额政策C.对外贸易总政策D.对外贸易国别政策E.对外贸易商品政策正确答案:CDE7.按照一体化的程度高低,国际经济一体化一般有下列形式( )A.优惠贸易安排B.自由贸易区C.关税同盟D.共同市场E.经济联盟正确答案:ABCDE8.国际贸易对要素收入的影响为( )A.使出口部门特定要素的所有者受益B.使与进口竞争部门特定要素的所有者受损C.对流动要素的影响不确定D.使出口部门特定要素的所有者受损E.使与进口竞争部门特定要素的所有者受益正确答案:ABC9.按照政府是否干预,浮动汇率制可以分为()A.单独浮动B.清洁浮动C.管理浮动D.钉住浮动E.联合浮动正确答案:BC10.根据经济增长过程中一国出口商品生产与进口商品生产之间的相对速度,可以将经济增长划分为()A.顺贸易型经济增长B.逆贸易型经济增长C.中性经济增长D.劳动节约型经济增长E.资本节约型经济增长正确答案:ABC。