电子商务的发展【外文翻译】

电子商务的发展Booming ElectronicCommerce大学英语作文As can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing gradually in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?从图表可以看出，在这七年内每年全球电子交易货币价值逐渐增加。

1997年，全球电子商务交易货币价值是26亿美元，然而这个数字达到1万亿美元时是1997年的500倍。

为什么现在电子商务如此的蓬勃发展?Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the availability of computer is the foremost cause. The rapid development of computer technology enables everybody to have access to computer and Internet. Internet now no more a stranger to common people. Second, the technology of Internet is becoming more and more mature. People, who atfirst do not trust business transactions on Internet, now become convinced that doing business on Internet is very convenient and effective. Thirdly, electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home and it saves time and unnecessary formalities as well. That is why electronic commerce is preferable to the prosperity of world economy and it also give birth to SOHO, a special group of people working at home. The trend towards a promising e-commerce is inevitable. Therefore let’s get prepared to embrace this irretrievable trend.有几个因素导致了这种现象。

电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献电子商务发展趋势外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：On The E-Commerce Business Development Is InevitableAbstractPaper Introduction: E-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technologies to support the business activities carried out. Business efficiency, the paper Daquan, On the development of e-commerce business is inevitable.Keywords: E-Commerce, E-Business,Business EfficiencyIntroductionE-commerce refers to the use of computer and Internet technology to support business activities carried out. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . E-commerce is not so much in the development of enterprise innovation to as it is inevitable, as has its unique advantages. Today, enterprises in the market economy, the ring, who can take advantage of e-commerce, one might get the winning edge.1The Current Form Of Electronic Commerce1.1 Within The Enterprise In The Form Of E-CommerceCompanies to establish their own websites, local area network, also known as enterprise-wide intranet. Intranet has become an effective business management and business matters dealing with economic business tool, but also in the form of e-commerce enterprises. It provides enterprise between the various administrative departments, fast, efficient, safe and reliable information exchange channels and support between policy and administration departments to transmit data, voice and video images, resource sharing of information, as well as for online media office, online communication, online services. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency. . Such as decision-making departments announcement, documents, decisions; management departments to provide sales, planning, production, inventory, equipment, human resources, accounting, statistics and other reports or dynamic data, for personnel access, analysis, and utilization. Can also be related to the business of processing, financial accounting and other economic matters. The web site also should the enterprise market positioning, brand positioning, service commitments, product superiority displayed, the corporate philosophy to show up, making it independent of the soul, inspiring site. Enterprises must also establish contact with customers and consumers channel, interactive communication is healthy to get feedback and revise corporate business strategy or remedy defects or deficiencies. Internal e-commerce saves time, manpower and material resources to enableenterprises to market conditions can quickly react and improve their competitiveness in the market.1.2 In The Form Of An E-Commerce Business With ExternalCompanies take advantage of the Internet for marketing, including the signing of contracts to suppliers, orders, bills and accept the use of electronic funds transfer network platform, exchange, letters of credit, collections and other ways Payment, breaking the original 'Both sides met, cash on delivery,' the traditional business model. Product sales enterprises can also use the Internet to carry out, such as the introduction and promotion of products, provide technical support, contract, accept orders, organize logistics, such as online banking payment is received.Corporate use of the Internet and external regulatory agencies to achieve interconnection interaction. Including commercial, taxation, banking, insurance, customs, commodity inspection, social security centers, fund management center, customers, and other upper management. For example, in the banking sector: the prevailing online banking (e-banking is currently the highest form of) a monetary fund for enterprise payments platform that enables enterprises to facilitate inquiries at any time and receive their master monetary fund, support, storage and other changes . Large number of enterprises, such as issuing payments, social insurance premiums paid into the housing provident fund deposit, payment of wages and other payments, are available through the relevant regulatory agencies (through encryption or security authentication technology) software to easily pay for online banking, shorten the transit time of monetary funds.Another example in taxation: tax department immediately launched the 'Golden Tax Project' is an interactive platform for the tax department and between enterprises established through the Internet, businesses can be completed online tax returns, tax V AT invoices issued Chaoshui, proceeds certification stamps, clear stamps Information (SD card), taxes paid, download certificates and receipts as well as tax-related services and other matters. The tax authorities also use this network platform release tax information, tax information and audit companies, locking to restrain violations of enterprises. This not only reduces the workload of the taxofficials, but also to facilitate the taxpayers.And so forth, and now business survival in the economic society, is inseparable from the relevant authorities, is inseparable from the market, business information and interactive communication constraints. E-commerce has been melting into the enterprise business activities.2 The Advantages Of E-CommerceE-commerce companies to provide a broad business and trade environment, greatly improving the range of business activities, the level and quality of service, the prospects are very bright, in enhancing the competitiveness of the enterprise market, showing a strong advantage.2.1 E-Commerce Can Improve The Efficiency Of E-CommerceBusiness activities not only quick and easy to make effective business enterprise internal economic integration, improve efficiency, but also with the relevant department or system provider, enterprise customers, banking, taxation and other effective links to online can deal with related businesses, access to information, to shorten the time and improve efficiency.2.2 The Expansion Of E-Commerce Can Enhance The Corporate Image MarketingE-commerce market with a wide range of characteristics of propaganda, it can expand their visibility, build brand image, enhance customer and contact suppliers to broaden the marketing. System network enables customers and suppliers are able to understand each other's latest economic information and related data, and the network to break the constraints of time, can provide all-weather mode service, which will undoubtedly strengthen the competitive position.2.3 E-Commerce Can Reduce Costs And Improve BusinessEfficiency of e-commerce transactions can reduce marketing costs and save expenses. Such as e-mail communication saves postage; electronic data exchange is saving the managers office and travel expenses; can greatly reduce the transit time of monetary funds to accelerate capital turnover; optimize the supply chain, reduce supply costs, saving procurement costs, reasonable organization of production reduceinventory and so on; these are reflected in the increase of corporate profits.In short, e-commerce has brought to our work a convenient, fast and reduce the pressure of work, opportunities and benefits for the enterprise, the enterprise is no reason not to accept, accept and build e-commerce, use and development of e-commerce is the inevitable development of enterprises .3 Companies Must Meet The Requirements Of Enterprises To Develop E-Business E-CommerceE-commerce requirements that must be met in order to take full advantage of e-commerce.3.1 Build E-Commerce Enterprises To Develop E-Commerce EnvironmentE-commerce environment is inseparable from information technology within the enterprise must have the necessary hardware and software facilities: one should have a server and a corresponding number of computers; second is to have a computer network infrastructure facilities; Third, should have the e-commerce business applications; four should have modern management. Should also consider the following factors: e-business applications must be practical; the system must implement centralized data storage and backup; the system must have the ability to upgrade online expansion; the system must have security and other data services.3.2 The Company Must Change The Existing Management SystemE-commerce technology and management must operate mechanisms, and the combination of enterprise business processes.so that it can be used for the new system, in particular the management of external cooperation and information-processing technology to business units meet the basic requirements for enterprises to develop e-commerce, e-commerce is not otherwise achieve the desired results. At the same time, companies can not immediately abandon the existing information systems, to make full use of existing mature e-commerce system, the integration of existing rational choice of scientific information systems have come to deal with the maximum difference between different systems, for e-commerce companies to lay a good foundation.3.3 Enterprises To Accelerate The Introduction Of E-Commerce Or Cultivating Talent To Its Capability In E-Commerce, To Seize The InitiativeThe ultimate benefit of e-commerce operations are performed by people, companies are not only understands the needs of network technology, but also understands high-quality compound talents of e-commerce rules and business management to undertake the work. Paper Encyclopedia, business efficiency.In addition to selecting an important way to open recruitment with relevant knowledge and technology, the enterprise should develop e-commerce and e-business knowledge training job skills training, improve the quality of e-commerce business-related personnel and networking skills, which is to ensure the rapid development of e-commerce enterprises . Training complex e-commerce talent is necessary for the development of e-commerce.In short, the development and use of e-commerce process, to synchronize with the corporate modernization, so that e-commerce has become assistant business development. E-commerce has brought tremendous opportunities for businesses, who can seize this opportunity, who will be able to seize the wealth.References[1] Ning Hong Kong. Impact of e-commerce and its impact on traditional accounting [J]. Sun Yat-sen University, 2003, (6)[2]Guo liters. Competitive advantage with the requirements of e-commerce Market Forum 2006 4[3]Qi Ming. E-commerce practical tutorial [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000[4]Introduction to E-Commerce / Zhao Yanping editor - Beijing: Central Party School Publishing 2005.11译文：浅议电子商务在企业的发展是必然的摘要电子商务是指在利用计算机和互联网络技术的支持下进行的商务活动。

互联网电商发展英文作文The development of e-commerce in the internet era has been remarkable. Online shopping has become a trend, and it has changed the way people shop. 。

The convenience of shopping online is one of the biggest advantages of e-commerce. With just a few clicks, people can purchase products from all over the world. They no longer have to leave their homes to go shopping, and they can avoid the crowds and long lines at the mall. 。

Another advantage of e-commerce is the availability of a wide range of products. Online stores offer a vast selection of products that may not be available in physical stores. Customers can easily compare prices and product features, and they can read reviews from other customers before making a purchase. 。

E-commerce also provides a platform for small businesses to reach a wider audience. With the help ofonline marketplaces, small businesses can sell their products to customers all over the world. This has openedup new opportunities for entrepreneurs and has helped to boost the economy. 。

电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。

文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。

互联网电商发展英文作文英文：The development of internet e-commerce has been an incredible phenomenon in recent years. With the advancement of technology and the widespread use of the internet, online shopping has become increasingly popular. As a result, the e-commerce industry has experienced rapid growth and has had a significant impact on the way people shop and do business.One of the key advantages of internet e-commerce is the convenience it offers. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse and purchase a wide range of products from the comfort of their own homes. This eliminates the need to physically visit stores, saving time and effort. For example, I often find myself ordering groceries and household items online, which saves me the hassle of going to the store and carrying heavy bags back home.Another benefit of internet e-commerce is the access to a global market. Online businesses are not limited by geographical boundaries, allowing them to reach a muchlarger audience. This has opened up new opportunities for small businesses to compete on a global scale. For instance, a friend of mine runs a small handmade jewelry business and has been able to sell her products to customers all overthe world through her online store.Furthermore, internet e-commerce has alsorevolutionized the way businesses operate. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have expanded their operations to include online sales, while some businesses operateentirely online. This shift has led to increasedcompetition and innovation, as businesses strive to provide better products and services to attract and retain customers.However, there are also challenges associated with internet e-commerce. One of the main concerns is the issueof security and privacy. With the increasing number ofonline transactions, there is a greater risk of databreaches and cyber attacks. It is important for businessesto invest in robust security measures to protect their customers' sensitive information. Additionally, the rise of counterfeit products and fraudulent sellers is a growing problem in the e-commerce industry, which can erode consumer trust.In conclusion, the development of internet e-commerce has brought about significant changes in the way we shopand do business. While it offers convenience and access toa global market, there are also challenges that need to be addressed. As technology continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how internet e-commerce continues to shape the future of retail and commerce.中文：互联网电商的发展近年来成为了一个不可思议的现象。

国内外电子商务发展过程现状作文800字The Development and Current Situation of E-commerce inChina and Abroad翻译：中国和国外电子商务的发展和现状Introduction介绍E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has revolutionized the way businesses operate globally. It refers to the buyingand selling of goods and services through electronic networks such as the internet. E-commerce has grown rapidly both domestically and internationally over the past few decades, transforming traditional business models and creating new opportunities for entrepreneurs. In this essay, we will explore the development and current situation of e-commerce both in China and abroad.电子商务，即电子商务，已经彻底改变了全球企业运营的方式。

它指的是通过互联网等电子网络进行商品和服务的买卖。

过去几十年里，电子商务在国内外都迅速发展，改变了传统商业模式，为创业者创造了新机会。

本文将探讨中国和国外电子商务的发展和现状。

Development of E-commerce in China中国电子商务的发展China has witnessed a tremendous growth in e-commerce over recent years. The rise of large online marketplaces like Alibaba's Taobao and has played a significant role in shaping the country's e-commerce landscape. These platforms have made it easier for businesses to reach a wider consumer base, breaking down geographical barriers and expanding market opportunities.In addition to online marketplaces, social media platforms like WeChat also contribute significantly to China's e-commerce growth. WeChat mini-programs enable businesses to create personalized shopping experiences within the app, allowing users to browse products, make purchases, and share recommendations with their friends seamlessly.Furthermore, the development of logistics and payment infrastructure has been crucial in supporting e-commerce growth in China. The establishment of reliable delivery networks and the introduction of online payment systems such as Alipay have made it convenient for consumers toshop online and receive their purchases quickly.中国的电子商务近年来取得了巨大的发展。

电子商务发展介绍外文文献原稿原稿The introduction of the electronic commerceWith the rapid development of Internet, websites surging forward are after frying the foot " concept ", it is " practical " to all change direction one after another, and " practical one of the more distinct characteristics ": It is most websites that are all attempting to do the true " e-commerce ". What is " e-commerce " so? The so-called e-commerce (Electronic Commerce ) utilizes technology of the computer, network technology and long-range communication technology, realize the electrification , digitization and networked in the course of the whole commercial affair (buys and sells ). People are no longer face-to-face , look at the true goods , depend on the paper medium document (including the cash ) to carry on the business transaction. But provide and deliver system and fund convenient to be safe and settle account and do a deal systematically through a feast for the eyes goods information on net , perfect logistics through the network (buy and sell).In fact, the course of the whole trade can be divided into three stages:The first stage is information interchange stage: To trade company, in order to release information stage this stage. Mainly choose one's own outstanding goods , organize one's own goods information meticulously, set up one's own webpage, then join in famous websites with greater reputation , with stronger influence power , of higher clicking rate, let as many as possible people understand you know you. To buyer, this stage is the stage going to look for the goods and goods information on the net. It is mainly according to the needs of one's own one, surf the Net and look for the information and goods that oneself needs, and the trade company choosing the service with a high reputation to be well cheap.The second stage signs the contract stage of the goods: As B2B (trade company vs. trade company ), this stage is exchange course of signing the contract , finishing the essential trade and business note. The ones that should pay attention to are: Complicatedproblems , such as accuracy , dependability , can't be alteredding of the data ,etc.. As B2C (trade company vs. personal customer ), this stage finishes doing shopping the order form of the course signs course, the customer should refer goods , one's own contacting information , way , payment method to deliver goods which you choose to the trade company after in the network good sign well, the trade company should send mails or the telephone and verify above-mentioned contents after receiving the order form .The third stage carries on goods handing over , fund settlement stage according to the contract: This stage is stage when trade of the whole goods is very key, not merely involve the putting in place correctly and safely on the net of fund, involve the accuracy that the goods provide and deliver , put in place on time too at the same time . There is banking , provide and deliver systematic involvement at this stage, technically, in law, such respects as the standard is first-class have higher requests. The succeeding or not for a stage just here of online trade.The characteristics of developmentWider environment: People are not restricted by time , is not restricted by space , a great deal of restrictions not doing shopping by the tradition , can conclude the business on the net whenever and wherever possible .Wider market: This world will become very small on the net, a trade company can face global consumers , and a consumer can do shopping in any global trade company .Faster circulation and cheap price: E-commerce has reduce the intermediate link of circulation of commodities, has saved a large amount of expenses, thus reduced the cost of the circulation of commodities and trade greatly .Accord with the demands for times even more: People pursue the fashion , stress the individual character more and more nowadays, pay attention to the environment that does shopping, the online shopping, the shopping course that best reflects individualization.电子商务发展介绍译文随着因特网的迅速发展，风起云涌的网站在炒足了“概念”之后，都纷纷转向了“务实”，而“务实”比较鲜明的特点之一：是绝大多数的网站都在试图做实实在在的“电子商务”。

电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。

在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。

本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。

The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。

电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。

The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and financial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channelfor businesses to contact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Companies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW(Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based onrelatively expensive traditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utiliseall three components to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businessesshould investigate the implications of these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we curr ently call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of thistechnology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involvedin marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required by the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the transaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he couldn’t tell if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. Bysatisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways ofacquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered the channels through which companies and customers maintaintheir relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to make a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolutionin marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenience shoppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet privacy and security, in thecontext of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So whyis it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust andsecurity which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electronic community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that tryto advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customerloyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate)is still applicable, but now operates in a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this moredifficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by thefollowing example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large,multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Telnet sy stem to support EDI-like connections to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed throughMinitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into the development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。

外文翻译E-commerce DevelopmentMaterial Source: International Economics Author: Catherine L. Mann Electronic commerce and its related activities over the internet can be the engines that improve domestic economic well-being through liberalization of domestic services, more rapid integration into globalization of production, and leap-frogging of available technology. Since electronic commerce integrates the domestic and global markets from its very inception, negotiating on trade issues related to electronic commerce will, even more than trade negotiations have in the past, demand self-inspection of key domestic policies, particularly in telecommunications, financial services, and distribution and delivery. Because these sectors are fundamental to the workings of a modern economy, liberalization here will rebound to greater economic well-being han comparable liberalization in more narrowly focussed sectors. Thus, the desire to be part of the e-commerce wave can be a powerful force to erode domestic vested interests that have slowed the liberalization of these sectors.Technical aspects of electronic commerce, its complexity and the characteristic of network externalities should change the way that developing countries approach the external negotiating process. Specifically, the complexity of negotiations will require more cooperative effort among countries through their regional forums (APEC, FTAA) which heretofore have operated at the periphery of the WTO process. Second, since electronic commerce is characterized by network externalities, developing countries should take advantage of the technical leadership coming out of the private sector in the most advanced countries (and their own private sector, even if nascent) and “draft” in behind. Standing on the shoulders of giants makes sense when network externalities and interoperable standards are key to maximizing the benefits of e-commerce. Trying to develop domestic standards or following the old technique of import substitution to develop a domestic industry is even more economically wasteful in the context of the internet and electronic commerce than it was in more traditional sectors. Trade negotiations are often the tool used to liberalize domestic sectors. But the complementarity between domestic policy andtrade strategy is tighter in the case of e-commerce and the internet. Moreover, this complementarity emphasizes that e-commerce is not a service, nor a good, but something that is comprised of both. In the context of the WTO commitments, embracing this idea could lead to a liberalizing bias in favor of electronic delivery of goods and services as compared to delivery by another scheduled mode. For example, insurance products could be sold over the Internet even if the physical presence of a foreign insurance firm was not scheduled for liberalization under GATS. Rather than view this outcome with alarm, developingcountries should embrace it as a positive force that furthers the development both of electroniccommerce, as well as encourages deeper liberalization and deregulation throughout the economy.“Electronic commerce” is a shorthand term that embraces a complex amalgam of technologies,infrastructures, processes, and products. It brings together whole industries and narrow applications, producers and users, information exchange and economic activity into a global marketplace called “the Internet.” There is no universal definition of electronic commerce because the Internet marketplace and its participants are so numerous and their intricate relationships are evolving so rapidly.Nonetheless, one of the best ways of understandingelectronic commerce is to consider the elements of its infrastructure, its impact on the traditionalmarketplace, and the continuum of ways in which electronic commerce is manifested.This approach shows clearly how electronic commerce is intricately woven into the fabric of domestic economic activity and international trade.Electronic commerce as it has evolved today requires three types of infrastructure:• Technol ogical infrastructure to create an Internet marketplace. Electronic commerce relieson a variety of technologies, the development of which are proceeding at breakneck speeds(e.g., interconnectivity among telecommunications, cable, satellite, or other Internet ‘backbone;’ Internet service providers (ISPs) to connect market participants to that backbone;and end-user devices such as PCs, TVs, or mobile telephones). • Process infrastructure to connect the Internet marketplace to the traditional marketplace.This infrastructure makes payment over the Internet possible (through credit, debit, or Smart cards, or through online currencies). It also makes possiblethe distribution and delivery (whether online or physical) of those products purchased over the Internet to the consumer.• “Infrastructure” of protocols, laws, and regulations. This infrastructure affects the conductof those businesses engaging in and impacted by electronic commerce, as well as the relationships between businesses, consumers, and government.Examples include technical communications and interconnectivity standards; the legality and modality of digital signatures, certification, and encryption; and disclosure, privacy, and content regulations.Together, these infrastructures enable electronic commerce to innovate the traditional marketplace in three ways:• Process innovations: Electronic commerce simplifies, makes more efficient, reduces costs, orotherwise alters the process by which an existing transaction takes place.For example, Cisco Systems replaced its phone and fax ordering process with an online ordering process and saved more than one-half billion dollars and reduced error rates from 25 percent to 2 percent. Boeing used computer-aided design and electronic communication to coordinate 238 design eams in the globalized production of the 777 aircraft, a process never before attempted in this way, and which cut error rates by 50 percent, and reduced both costs and time to market.Product innovations: Electronic commerce creates or facilitates new industries and products not previously available. For example, MP3 both enables consumers to play music downloaded from a computer and enables musicians to upload music directly to the internet, thereby creating a new medium to produce and consume music; WebMD repackages existing health information in an easy-to-use online format, offers opportunities to “chat” with people with similar health concerns, and provides “real-time” responses to health questions. Market innovations: Electronic commerce also creates new markets in time, space, and in information that heretofore did not exist because transaction and coordination costs were prohibitively high. For example, the online bank Wingspan offers 24-hour bill payment features; PeopleLink is a global advertising location for artisans in remote parts of Latin America and Africa; reverse auctions through Priceline inform businesses of the exact price consumer is willing to pay for the products, as well as reduce the consumer purchase cost. In reviewing the infrastructures that make electronic commerce possible, as well as the impact electronic commerce has on the traditional marketplace, we can see how electronic commerce is intricately woven into thefabric of domestic economic activity and international trade.译文电子商务的发展资料来源: 国际经济研究所作者：凯瑟琳属曼恩电子商务和互联网及其相关活动，能成为提高国内经济发展、促进消费提升，通过具有自由化的本地服务，可以更快的融入全球化生产当中。

我国服装电子商务的发展趋势由于互联网能够更好的满足用户个性化的需求，未来针对个性化定制和特定细分市场的服装电子商务将会得到更多的发展。

Because the Internet can better meet the personalized requirements of users, the future of personalized customization and a particular segment of the market will get more development electronic commerce.服装和电子商务看上去距离有些远，一个是典型的传统产业，一个是新兴产业，但两者具有天然的契合点。

服装是具有双重消费体验的特殊商品，其不仅可以满足基本的消费需求，还是消费者表现个性的一种方式，网络可以最大的满足消费者的个性需求。

同时许多品牌服装的主要顾客都是面向年轻人和白领，这部分人绝大部分都是网民，因此电子商务可以最直接的把产品和顾客联系在一起。

由此可见，服装电子商务，这个鼠标+水泥的组合，其高速发展可谓是题中应有之意。

Clothing and e-commerce look some distance away, is a typical traditional industry, is an emerging industry, but has a natural sort of both. Clothing is doubly special commodity consumption experience, it can not only satisfy the basic consumption demand, as well as consumers a way to show individual character, the network can be the biggest meet the demand of consumer's personality. At the same time, the main customers are many brand clothing for young people and white-collar workers, for the most part this part of the people are Internet users, e-commerce can most directly associate product and customer. Clothing, therefore, electronic commerce, the combination of this mouse + cement, its rapid development is a subject should be contained in meaning.历史•服装电子商务发展的五阶段The five stages of history, the clothing e-commerce development第一阶段为2003年以前，中国电子商务也处于起步阶段，网购还是一种小众的网络行为，服装也不是网上的主流商品。

电子商务的发展Booming Electronic CommerceAs can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing gradually in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?从图表可以看出，在这七年内每年全球电子交易货币价值逐渐增加。

1997年，全球电子商务交易货币价值是26亿美元，然而这个数字达到1万亿美元时是1997年的500倍。

为什么现在电子商务如此的蓬勃发展?Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the availability of computer is the foremost cause. The rapid development of computer technology enables everybody to have access to computer and Internet. Internet now no more a stranger to common people. Second, the technology of Internet is becoming more and more mature. People, who at first do not trust business transactions on Internet, now become convinced that doing business on Internet is very convenient and effective. Thirdly, electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across fardistance. It makes it possible to do business at home and it saves time and unnecessary formalities as well. That is why electronic commerce is preferable to the prosperity of world economy and it also give birth to SOHO, a special group of people working at home. The trend towards a promising e-commerce is inevitable. Therefore let＇s get prepared to embrace this irretrievable trend.有几个因素导致了这种现象。

未来电商的发展英文作文English:The future of e-commerce holds immense potential for growth and innovation. With the ongoing advancements in technology and increasing internet penetration worldwide, the e-commerce industry is set to expand exponentially. The adoption of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics will revolutionize the way businesses operate online, allowing for more personalized and targeted marketing strategies. Additionally, the rise of mobile shopping and contactless payment methods will provide customers with greater convenience and flexibility when making purchases. Furthermore, the integration of virtual reality and augmented reality technologies will enhance the overall shopping experience, bridging the gap between the physical and digital worlds. As more businesses embrace e-commerce as a primary sales channel, the competition will intensify, leading to the continuous evolution of customer service, logistics, and supply chain management practices. Overall, the future of e-commerce is destined to be dynamic, innovative, and customer-centric.Translated content:电子商务的未来充满了增长和创新的巨大潜力。

电子商务的发展 Booming ElectronicCommerce（最新版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言作文(composition)是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织，通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。

作文分为小学作文，中学作文，大学作文(论文)。

作文体裁包括：记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。

作文并不神秘，要想写好一篇文章，首先要多看，多想，勤于观察，积累素材。

只有细致的观察生活，积累素材才是写好作文的基础。

首先要明确你要写的主题，认真的审题，列出大纲，不要只注意题目中要求的字有多少，要多注意题目的本身，要多读多想，准确的用好词语和修饰语。

这是审题的关键，要确立好主题的依据，要精心的选材，布局列题，有的材料，还要分析整理。

这就要对材料进行分类，比较，概括，筛选。

我们不要象盖房子那样的把所有的材料都堆砌起来，要合理恰当的组合，具体的说开头和结尾要略写，那么经过就要仔细的推敲，修辞，润色，写好以后不要急于交稿，反复检查认真的修改。

古人说：书读百遍，其义自见。

熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。

这些都说明一个道理，只要你多看书，多读书对你的写作文有一定的好处。

只要你明白这样的一个道理，作文就是要你把生活中喜，怒，哀，乐用文字经过加工，修饰。

整理，也就是我们说的作文。

作文内容As can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing gradually in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?从图表可以看出，在这七年内每年全球电子交易货币价值逐渐增加。

外文翻译原文：E-Finance: Current Developments, Issues, Impacts, and Future As the growth of Internet broadens its scope, e-finance grows accordingly. As part of e-commerce, e-finance has its own unique characteristics. On one hand, the Internet offers convenience, price transparency, and broader access to information and lower costs; on the other hand, financial services are data intensive and do not generally need physical delivery of products. The combination of the two seems to give unique advantages to help e-financial services grow faster than other e-commerce sectors. The impact of Internet on traditional financial services can be categorized into price transparency, differential pricing, and bypass and disintermediation. Since there is no broadly accepted definition of e-finance, we tentatively define e-finance as the provision of financial services: Internet banking, brokerage, payment, mortgage and other lending, insurance and related services over the Internet or via other public networks.Sato (2001) shows recent developments in e-finance. The growth of financial services is estimated to exceed one trillion dollars. According to one estimate, e-finance revenues will more than double in three years (Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 1999). However, not all segments grow at the same speed in financial services. Among the segments such as brokerage, online banking, e-payments, life insurance, and investment banking, Internet brokerage grows the fastest. Online banking grows a little bit more slowly. E-payments, life insurance, and Internet banking hardly see any dramatic growth. However, some simpler financial service products might see potential growth in the next few years. They include online credit cards, mortgages, student loans, and car loans and leases; simpler insurance products such as car insurance, travel insurance, and home equity insurance. From an international perspective, e-finance grows the fastest in the United States and Europe. Pacific region also grows at a quick speed, led by Japan, Singapore, and other countries in the region. Even though the e-finance leaders are in the U.S. and Europe, they also showdifferent characteristics. U.S. e-finance is largely PC-based. That is caused by years of penetration of PC in the U.S. market. However, in Europe, both PC and mobile phones penetrate fairly well in the market. This is not surprising because Europe has the mobile phone leaders such as Nokia and Ericsson. European countries usually adopt WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) technology, allowing Internet banking and brokerage via mobile phones. This kind of banking is also referred to as “Martini banking”: “anytime, any place, from any access device”.According to Mantel (2001), the first is product diffusion theory. Building on a new product diffusion theory, some studies cite a laundry list of barriers standing in the way of e-finance growth path. On the demand side, studies have cited customer resistance or inertia, lack of incentives, and lack of customer awareness of the innovation as obstacles to change. On the supply side, studies have pointed to the lack of clear standards, the need to overcome industry fragmentation, inadequate incentives among incumbents, and the presence of network externalities. This theory assumes implicitly that a significant portion of e-finance innovations are clear substitutes for existing services and that additional work by incumbent firms alone or in collaboration will lead to broad acceptance. A competing theory about the e-finance phenomenon is called new market development. The theory suggests that broader structural changes are underway, driven by technology, and these changes are blurring the lines between banking and commerce. While it is both natural and critical for incumbent firms to experiment, this theory suggests that innovations tend to unleash improvements that incumbents may not find valuable in the short-or mid-term. Some observers may suggest that incumbent firms in these industries do not understand their markets or are not adequately investing in the future. However, studies have found that incumbent firms, for purely profit maximizing reasons, may not want to choose to pioneer some of these innovations themselves, leaving other firms with different specialties to do so. In other words, such fi rms do not see “first mover” benefits. Each of the above-mentioned theory can show why some segments are more inclined to fast growth, and some other segments will grow much slowly. The first theory will show that brokerage services will be much easier to move online, because the services arerelatively simple. On the demand side, lower transaction costs and greater information transparency means more incentives for customers to join the service. On the supply side, relative low entry barriers push the incumbent firms to move to the online services quickly. Otherwise, the incumbent firms will face market share erosion. In the case of slow growth in e-money service, investment banking service and other more complicated financial services, entry barriers are higher (investment banking), inconvenient (complicated financial service), and insecure (e-payment service). Therefore, these segments show sluggish growth. According to the second theory, the fast growth of brokerage shows that the first mover benefits tremendously. First mover will be able to grab a large chunk of customers. Even though profit margin might erode in the short-term, the large volume from large market share will be more than enough to compensate the margin loss. From profit maximization point of view, brokerage firms will be able to identify the trends and move quickly. However, other e-financial services are not able to show the fast growth observed in the brokerage house.As e-finance grows, many interrelated issues emerge. it shows that economic integration within and across countries, deregulation, advances in telecommunications, and the growth of the Internet and wireless communication technologies are dramatically changing the structure and nature of financial services. Internet and related technologies are more than just new distribution channel, they are also different ways of providing financial services. The related issues to e-finance are:1. Safety and soundnessa) Over the long run, there may be less need for a financial sector safety net, including prudential regulation and supervision of banks. b) Authorities should be wary of extending guarantees to new deposit substitutes, as the moral hazard implications could be substantial. c) Over the short run, authorities could require nonfinancial corporations to provide payment services through bank subsidiaries. Over the long run, authorities may want to consider separating payment from other credit services and allow freer entry in payment services. d) E-finance will lower the franchise value of incumbent institutions.2. Competition policy.a) Freer trade in financial services. b) Defining markets. c) More economies of scale. d) Competition policy will require that authorities simultaneously define technology and information policy. e) Competition policy for financial services will increasingly need to be harmonized worldwide.3. Global public policya) Limits on cross-border financial services will become costlier and more distorting as the Internet expands its reach, the location of providers becomes more difficult to pinpoint, solicitation harder to define. b) As e-finance expands, less informed consumers will gain access to markets, raising issues for cross-border investor protection and transparency. c) Access of new trading systems to contingent financing is also unclear, especially on a global basis.4. Impact on developing countriesa) Different entry barriers in developing countries pose different challenges for e-financial firms. b) E-finance will offer fewer choices to economies with poorly capitalized banking systems, weak regulations, and extensive guarantees on liabilities.c) E-finance will require a reassessment of the approach to financial sector development. d) E-finance offers opportunities to quickly widen access to and improve financial services.We believe that e-finance will grow in any high agency cost industries with low entry barrier. In those industries, ‚Äúfirst mover‚ it will have greater advantages over followers. More importantly, lower barriers mean that incumbent face greater challenges from newcomers if they do not move first. This creates incentives for incumbent firms to move ahead. Brokerage and trading systems will further the current development and attract more customers at greater reach.Future models in banking systems might include:a) A universal bank that bundles a broad range of financial products and services under one roof for a broad range of customers.b) An institution that focuses on the broad financial and nonfinancial needs of a narrow segment of the market.c) They that uses technology to integrate financial services from a variety of specialized providers.d) A traditional, financial institution, which focuses on a limited number of financial products.Pillar (2001) argued that as e-commerce grew, more legal measures would be mature to accommodate the growth in e-finance. They showed that there were two trends going on at the same time. First, technology is escalating at an astounding pace. Secondly, the world market has been tie much more closely than ever. These two trends put more pressure on firms 'decision making process and increase the chance for firms to take a wrong growth path. These two trends also motivate financial service firms to go abroad, which have been more and more commonplace in the recent developments. However, Pillar listed three barriers that firms had to face: governmental, legal, and economic. Governmental barriers result from enactment of regulation and laws targeted at the financial services industry. These can be minimum capital investment requirements, restrictions on business activities, and disclosure and reporting requirements. Some barriers can be a result from lack of regulation in countries without sophisticated legal infrastructure. This may create uncertainty regarding enforceability of contracts or electronic signatures, inadequate intellectual property protection, and concerns over privacy and security. Economic barriers are those that will bring economic costs when financial services firms try to complete transactions across borders. A good example will be the “cost of market access”, or the aggregate cost of constructing the technical infrastructure to enable information technology components to be effectively utilized. These would include legal and regulatory costs. Another area that many e-finance reviews neglect is that the Internet financial services will also bring inefficiencies to the financial market. Barber shows that even though ECNs bring more liquidity, more information, and more price transparency to the investors, it is not true that more information will lead to a more efficient market. As more and more uneducated investors come into the market, irrational behavior occurs in the market. Sometimes, such irrational activities can last a fairly long period of time before a more reasonable new equilibrium is established.Advancement in behavioral finance has shown much evidence that investors behave “irrationally”. More information might lead to an illusion of knowledge. Another effect from illu sion of knowledge might lead to investors’ overconfidence about their skills, judgment and sometimes both. Evidence shows that those investors turn over positions more quickly, borrow on margin more aggressively, and create a more volatile stock market. Barber also show that the current movement and encouragement of online trading is actually hazardous to investors’ wealth. They found that from the sample of online accounts during 1991 to 1996, the most frequent trade accounts earned an 11.4% returns versus the market returns 17.9%. The average online account earned an annual 16.4%, with common stock portfolio tied towards high beta stocks. The evidence showed that an e-financial service in online trading was adversarial to investors’ wealth. The reason for disappointing results may be many folds. But it does show that e-financial services may empower something that traditional financial services are avoiding. Market inefficiency from information overload may be more serious than we think. Lamont and Thales (2001) shows that the market misprices technology stock carve-outs in the recent years. The obvious example is the 3Com carve out, which will give old 3Com shareholders with 1.5 new shares of the newly established entity. Interestingly, the market priced the new entity with about $60/share and a mid $40’s for the parent company. The only possibility for that to occur is that 3Com has a negative worth. But by checking further with 3Com’s financial strength, the company obviously has more than $300 million positive cash flows. The seemingly apparent mispricing lasted for 3 months with all the necessary information available to investors. Another interesting aspect of online trading is that it might create a clientele effect. Barber show that more wealthy young investors are more likely to switch to online trading. Men trade more than their women counterparts. Their studies show that e-finance growth does reshape the way of thinking and behaving from all walks of lives, especially to those who feel self-competence and feel self-control valuable.Future payment systems framework might include a complex system as illustrated in Mantel (2001). Federal Reserve Banks (central banks) will need to workmore closely with each other around the world, as more globalization in trading systems and exchanges occur across countries. Supervisory work of the central banks needs more cooperation, and coordination. Legal rules need to be crafted more carefully for jurisdiction domain when cross border transactions occur. In the meantime, within the United States, both benefits and costs are to be evaluated from the recent innovation of e-finance. Much evidence is needed to show the pervasive changes in the market. More importantly, investors should have more education about risks involved in e-finance. Because e-finance does not only relate to some fields, but to many, the future growth of e-finance can‚ Äôt depend on one or two related areas to grow, but to all the related development of areas.Source: Yong H. Kim (2001), “E-Finance: Current Developments, Issues, Impacts, and Future”. Lecture Notes on Treasury Management, University ofCincinnat. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp262-271.译文：电子商务的发展现状、问题、影响和未来随着互联网发展范围的不断扩大，电子金融也开始相应地发展。

我国电子商务发展现状及趋势分析二十一世纪是信息化的时代，第三产业在各国的比重不断上升，特别是服务业，信息服务业成为21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展，在全球信息化大势所驱的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务成为各个国家和各大公司争夺的焦点。

研究探讨电子商务现状和制定实施恰当的电子商务的政策问题就十分迫切。

而在我国，计算机与网络技术的普及与发展，电子商务迅速崛起，众多的信息技术企业、风险投资公司、生产流通企业纷纷开展电子商务。

电子商务源于英文ELECTRONIC COMMERCE，简写为EC。

顾名思义，其内容包含两方面，一是电子方式，二是商贸活动。

一般来说是指利用电子信息网络等电子化手段进行的商务活动，是指商务活动的电子化、网络化。

广义而言，电子商务还包括政府机构、企事业单位各种内部业务的电子化。

电子商务可被看作是一种现代化的商业和行政作业方法，这种方法通过改善产品和服务质量、提高服务传递速度，满足政府组织、厂商和消费者的降低成本的需求，并通过计算机网络加快信息交流以支持决策。

电子商务可以包括通过电子方式进行的各项社会活动。

随着信息技术的发展，电子商务的内涵和外延也在不断充实和扩展，并不断被赋予新的含义，开拓出更广阔的应用空间。

电子商务将成为二十一世纪人类信息世界的核心，也是网络应用的发展方向，具有无法预测的增长前景。

电子商务还将构筑二十一世纪新型的经济贸易框架。

大力发展电子商务，对于国家以信息化带动工业化的战略，实现跨越式发展，增强国家竞争力，具有十分重要的战略意义。

一、电子商务市场发展前景诱人虽然目前还不能预测电子商务交易模式何时能成为主流模式，但电子商务的市场发展潜力是无穷的，因为：一方面，潜在消费者的发展速度惊人。

据联合国贸发会议《2002年电子商务发展报告》显示，到2002年底，全球英特网用户已达6．5亿之众。

在中国，据中国互联网信息中心(CNNIC)最新的调查报告显示，截止2003年6月底，上网用户已达到6800万，比去年同期增长48．5%，而1997年10月首次调查结果只有62万，几年间增长了109。