定语从句一、基本概念1．定语从句：在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。
换句话说，定语从句就是用来作定语的句子。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
先行词前一般用the ，但在指“一个”概念时可用a , an 。
3．关系代词/ 关系副词：连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词，根据其在从句中作用分为关系代词或关系副词。
若先行词在从句中作主语、宾语和定语等，应用关系代词引导定语从句；若先行词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语等，应用关系副词引导定语从句。
4．定语从句的位置：一般紧跟在先行词后面。
但有时因句子结构的需要，定语从句和先行词被某些成分隔开。
5．引导定语从句的关系词分为二类：关系代词：that, which ,who, whom ,whose , as 关系副词：when, where, why二、基本用法2．使用关系代词时应注意的几个问题：a. 在以下几种情况下只使用that不用which。
1.先行词是不定代词时，如: all, anything, everything, nothing, something, little, few, much。
1.I told him all (that) I know.2.He gave her everything (that) he had.2.先行词被all, every, any, the very, the only, the just等修饰时。
1.I have read all the books (that) you gave me.2.You can take any book (that) you like.3.先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰时。
1. This is the best book (that) I have ever read.2. The second place (that) I want to visit is Shanghai.4.先行词既有人又有物时。
1.We talked about the persons and things (that) we remember in the school.2.The people and the animals that were killed in the earthquake have all been found. 5.在Who, Which引起的疑问句中。
1. Who is the boy that helped you?2. Which is the book (that) you bought yesterday?6. 若有两个定语从句，一个用which引导，另一个须用that引导。
He bought a book which could give him knowledge and that could help to kill the time.7. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.b.在以下几种情况下只使用which 不用that。
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时。
I have lost my pen, which I like very much. (which 作宾语，指代主句中的pen)New concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us.(which作主语，指代整个主句)2. 若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是which，另一个须用that。
The book (that) he bought yesterday was the one (which) he liked best.3. 先行词在句中作介词宾语且介词前置时。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.c.当先行词为指人的关系代词时,引导词只用who 不用that。
1. 先行词为all, anyone, one / ones, those, people 时，须用who。
1. Anyone who knows how to do it can do it now.2. Those who want to see the film please put up your hands.3. He, who does not reach the Great Wall, is not a true man.2. 在非限制性定语从句中，须用who。
Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.3. 在被分隔的定语从句中，须用who。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.4. 在以there be开头的句子中，多用who。
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.5. 若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that studies very hard.如：As we all know, he studies very hard.比较：He studies very hard, as / which we all know.I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.He was late, which made the teacher angry.The bridge is really wonderful, as (is) shown in the picture.The experiment is very important, as indeed it is.e. the same…as …和the same… that…的不同。
This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.这本书和我昨天借给你的相似。
（相似物）This is the same book that I lent you yesterday.这正是我昨天借给你的那本书。
（同一物）【小试牛刀】I．用关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose, as填空。
1. The earthquake ________shook the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history.2. We don’t know the number of people __________lost their homes in the earthquake.3. The house ___________they built in 1937 is still in very good condition.4. The house __________is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.5. The boy ___________ father is a teacher is very clever.6. A clock is a machine ____________tells people the time.7. Our village is no longer the one __________ it used to be.8.The house __________ he is looking for is very expensive.9. Do you know the man __________ houses are all broken?10. ________ is known to all, the moon travels round the earth once very month.【答案】1. that/ which 2. who/ that 3. that/ which / 不填 4. that/ which 5. whose6. that / which7. that / 不填8. that / which / 不填9. whose 10. AsII．把下面各组句子合并成含有定语从句的复合句。
1. The girl is not here. She is going to sing a song.2. The school is a big one. The school stands near the river.3. The girl works very hard. Her father is a doctor.4. My uncle bought the bike last week. The bike has been stolen. 5．The pen is very old. I lent it to you this morning. III．翻译下面句子1．刚才作演讲的那个教授已经走了。
____________________________________________________________ 2．你认识那个母亲是老师的女孩吗?______________________________________________________________ 3．鸟是一种能飞的动物。
______________________________________________________________ 4．我上周买的那支钢笔很便宜。
______________________________________________________________ 5．门朝北开的那间房子已经被卖了。
______________________________________________________________【答案】1. The professor that / who made the speech just now has left.2. Do you know the girl whose mother is a teacher?3. A bird is an animal which / that can fly.4. The pen (that / which) I bought last week is very cheap.5. The room whose door faces north has been sold.3．关系副词的基本用法：同样是表示地点的先行词，为何有时候用关系代词that, which，有时候用关系副词where？同样是表示时间的先行词，为何有时候用关系代词that, which，有时候用关系副词when？请对比以下几组句子：I have found the factory that / which he visited last week.I have found the factory where he stayed last week.The days that / which I spent there are unforgettable.The days when I stayed there are unforgettable.The reason that / which he told me for his being late is that he got up late.The reason why he was late is that he got up late.说明:当引导词在定语从句中作主语,宾语或表语时,尽管先行词是时间名词,地点名词或表示原因的名词, 我们仍然使用关系代词that, which。
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