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37.fin[L]=end,limit*final[fin=end末尾;-al a.=of…的->“ofan end末尾的”->]st She did not appear until the last day of the year.2.decisive and conclusive最终的She told me her last decision. *finalist n.an Olympic finalist*finalize v.把……定下来to finalize your plans/arrangements*finish[fin=end;-ish(-ise)v.=to bring to导致，使->]v.to bring to an end;completeNo video games until you finish your homework. *fine1[fin=end->completeness完成；-e->being complete or perfect圆满的，完善的->]a.1.fair好的I am fine,thanks.2.excellent优秀的fine tradition 优良传统 3.beautiful美的a fine view美景*finery n.She loved to adorn herself with finery.*fine2[fin=end->final settlement了解办法；-e->a sum of money paid as a final settlement of an offense为了结违规行为而付的钱->]1.n.money penalty a parking fine->2.v.punish by fine 处以罚款He was fined for speeding.*finance[fin(e)2v.=to settle sth by money payment花钱了结->to deal with money affairs处理金钱事务；-ance n.=the act or manner表行为或方式->]n.management of money affairsHe is professional in finance.*financial a.financial services金融服务to give financial advice提供财务咨询to be in financial difficulties处于财务困难之中an independent financial adviser独立财务顾问Tokyo and New York are major financial centres. *fiscal a.fiscal policies/reforms财政政策/改革*finite[fin=limit界限；-ite a.=having有……的->] a.having a limit The fossil fuels(coal and oil)are finite resources.*in/finite a.an infinite universe无垠的宇宙an infinite variety of plants数不清的植物种类*define[de-=down;fin=limit界限；-e->to set down the limits定下界限->]v.1.make out limits of;make(sth)clear in outlineYour duties have been well defined.2.fix the meaning of Please define the word“addiction”in this exercise.*definition n.What's your definition of happiness?HD=high definition高清*confine[con-(com-)=together一起；fin=limit界限；-e->”a limit together with another,limits in connection相连在一起的界限”->]1.n.border,boundary The map clearly defines the confines of this country.2.v.keep in limits or boundary She is confined to the house by illness.38.flu,flux[L]=to flow流动*fluent[flu=to flow流；-ent a.=-ing表性质->] a.1.flowing easily She can speak fluent English.2.expressing oneself quickly and easily言流利的To be a fluent speaker,you need more practice.*influence[in-=into进入；flu=to flow流；-ence n.=the act or result表行为或结果->a plant’s flowing into some area,which was supposed to work on other planets某行星流入某方位，古时候认为这对其他行星有所影响->]1.n.the power to produce effects on others the influence of the climate on agricultural productionhave negative/positive influence on2.v.produce or have effects on The bad weather this spring influenced the grain production. *influential a.有影响力的*influenza[influenz(Italian)=to influence v.影响；a-n.=disease疾病->disease that influences many people at a time->]n.epidemic virus disease attacking the upper respiratory tract(病毒侵染上呼吸道的)Influenza is formal;flu is short for it.*affluent[af-(ad-)=to向；flu=to flow流；-ent a.= -ing…的->flowing freely to向……奔流而来的->]a.abundant;wealthysyn==prosperous,wealthyopp==impoverishedAn affluent society for all is our dream. affluent Western countries富裕的西方国家a very affluent neighbourhood富人区*affluence n.丰富；富裕*superfluous[super-=beyond;flu=to flow流；-ous a.=having the quality表性质->having the quality beyond or over会流出界的；易溢出的->]a.overflowing;above what is enoughShe gave him a look that made words superfluous.39.form;form(at)[L]=shape形状;to form形成*form[form=to give a shape to形成->]v.1.make in a certain shape Games can help children learn to form anize We formed a club.3.take shape An idea formed in his mind.*former n.起形成作用的人;a.以前的(=ex)my former boss/colleague/wife*in formation按队列*information n.信息IT=information technology信息技术*inform[in-=into;form=to give shape to给……形状->to give shape into sth给某物以形状->to describe sth描述某物->]v.give knowledge toPlease inform him of the changes in the schedule.*information n.信息*perform[per-=thoroughly彻底的；form=to give shape to给……形状->to give a shape thoroughly 彻底给予形状->to give a complete shape赋予完整形状->]plete(a complicated activity)They are performing chemical experiments.2.act in front of an audienceThe play was first performed in1987.3.do with an amount of success Your confidence affects how you perform at work.*performance n.表演The performance starts at seven.*reform[re-=again;form=to give shape to使成形-> to give a new shape使成新形->]v.1.make or become betterShe thought she could reform him.2.improve by removing faults or abusesThe law needs to be reformed.3.n.improvement reform and open-up*conform[con-(com-)=together共同；form=to shape形成->to shape together with与……共同形成->]v.1.become the same in form相似，一致The goods should conform to the sample.2.be in agreement with Everyone should conform to the rules.*uniform[uni-=one;form=to shape形成->]1.n.the special set of clothes worn by all members of an organization or a group at work,or by children at schoola military/police/nurse's uniform军装；警服；护士制服2.not varying;the same in all parts and at all timesuniform rates of pay统一的薪资标准*deform[de-v.=cause away from使离开；form= shape形状->to cause away from the original shape 使离开原来形状]v.1.put out of shape Heat deforms plastic.2.spoil the shape ofTight shoes may deform your feet.*transform[trans-=across到另一方；form=to give shape to使成形->to give shape across or give one shape from another使成另一形->]v.1.change in form or appearance A tadpole is transformed into a frog.2.change in nature or quality It was an event that would transform my life.*transformation n.变化，转变*transformer《变形金刚》*formal a.正式的formal evening dress晚礼服*informal a.不正式的an informal arrangement/meeting/visit非正式的安排/会议/访问40.fort,forc[L,F]=strong强；strength力量*effort[ef-(ex-)=out出；fort=strong强->strength 力量->putting out strength使出力气->]n. vigorous attempt;trying hardWe spared no effort in the experiment.*effortless a.不费力的，容易的*comfort[com-=completely完全的（表加强语气）；fort=strong强->to make sb strong in mind使某人在精神上坚强起来->]1.v.relieve from distress;ease Doctors know how to comfort patients.2.n.relief He often takes comfort in his friends.*comfortable a.舒适的He's more comfortable with computers than with people.*force[forc=strength;-e->]1.strength;power; violence It is not wise to useforce against pel,overcome,or achieve by strength He claimed the police forced him to sign a profession.*forceful a.强有力的forceful woman/speaker强有力的妇女；说话有说服力的人a forceful personality坚强的个性*forceless a.无力的，软弱的*enforce[en-v.=to put into使置于；force n.-> to put sth into force置某事于有效力之中]v.1.carry out It's the job of the police to enforce the law.2.apply force to,or compel强制；迫使You can't enforce cooperation between the players. *enforcement n.实施，执行law enforcement*fort[fort=strong->strong building坚固的建筑物->]n.stronghold The fort was the enemy’s headquarters.*fortify[fort=strong;-i-;-fy v.=to make or cause to be使…->to make strong,or strengthen使加固，加强->]v.1.strengthen with force The citizens fortified their city against invasion.2.strengthen or conform You must fortify your confidence in studies.*fortitude[fort=strong;-i-;-tude n.=the quality表性质->the quality of being strong坚强的品质->]n. courage in endurance He suffered a long series of illnesses with fortitude.*reinforce[re-again再；inforce=enforce加强->to enforce again再加强->]v.strengthen by new force or support增强；增援We should reinforce the army at the front.*reinforcement n.增援（部队）；加强41frag,fract[L]=to break破*fragile[frag=break破；-ile a.=easy to be易被…的->easy to be burden易打破的->]a.easily broken or damaged,or breakableGlass is fragile.*fragment[frag=break破；-ment n.=the result ->the result of being broken破碎的结果->]n.1.part of sth.broken off Police found fragments of glass near the scene.2.part of sth left unfinished This poem is only a fragment.*fraction[frag=break破；-tion n.=the result-> the result of breaking sth]n.1.sth broken off from the whole碎片She hesitated for a fraction of a second.2.any part of a unit or number部分；分数One half is a fraction.*fracture[frag=break破；-ure n.=the act or state ->]n.braking or breakage,especially of bonea fracture of the leg/skull腿骨/颅骨骨折*infraction[in-=in;fract=to break；-ion n.=the act表行为->breaking law or rule破坏法律或规则] n.violation of law;breach[bri:tʃ]He was criticized for his infraction of the discipline.。
四种常见的构词法构词法主要有四种：派生法、合成法、转换法和截短法。
一、派生法在一个词的词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法。
加在前面的词缀叫前缀，加在后面的词缀叫后缀。
（一）后缀：许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。
1.构成名词的常用后缀有：（1）-er,-or,-ist,-ee,-ese,-ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称。
（2） -ance, -ence, -（a）tion, -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty,-ure,-ship等用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词。
2. 构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ary, -en等。
3. 构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly, -ward, -wise等。
4. 构成动词的常用后缀的有：-ise/ize, -en, -ify等。
（二）前缀：词根加前缀多数不改变词性，只引起词义的变化。
1. 表示相反意义的前缀有：un-, dis-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, de-等。
2. 表示其他意思的前缀有：re-（重新），mpost-（后的），fore-（先的）等。
二、合成法由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词，这种构词法称为合成法（compoundin g）。
合成词之间有的要用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。
三、转换法在词行不变的情况下，一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，称为转换（co nversion）。
转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。
有些双音节的词转换后，重音要发生变化。
通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后，有时读音也有不同。
四、截短法即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
关于合成法：合成名词：构成方式例词名词+名词weekend周末；名词+动词daybreak黎明；名词+动名词handwriting书法；名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer止痛药；名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑；代词+名词she-wolf母狼；动词+名词typewriter打字机。
构词法（一）基础讲解英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。
掌握构词法对在文本中，理解、猜测新词、难词、怪词的词义有很大的帮助。
在扩展词汇量的过程中，能起到倍增器”的效果。
常见的构词法有：转化法、合成法、派生法、截头法、去尾法、混成法等。
在应用中，以前三种方法是用最广泛。
1、转化法转化就是在词形不变的情况下，一个单词有一种词性转换为另一种词性。
转换后的词义一般与原意有密切关系，但有时差异很大。
对于双音节词转换后，读音也常常发变化。
转化法一般有如下几种情况：⑴动词转名词Look v.看7 n相貌⑵名词转动词Air n.空气空气^v通风⑶形容词转动词Empty a.空的空的7 v倒空⑷形容词转名词Right a右边的t n右侧⑸形容词转副词Long a 长的长的7 ad.xx1 / 22、合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。
合成词各个成分之 间有的要用连字2、合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。
合成词各个成分之符连接，有的直接连在一起。
符连接，有的直接连在一起。
、派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。
加在前 面的叫前缀，加3、派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。
加在前在后面的词缀叫做后缀。
在后面的词缀叫做后缀。
前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。
后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。
前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。
后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。
例如：例如：前缀词根后缀dis agree ment （不同意n .）前缀词根后缀、截短法（缩略法）截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有 截头、去尾、4、截短法（缩略法）截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头去尾等形式。
截头去尾等形式。
⑴截头 telephone t phone aeroplane t plane⑴截头omnibus bus⑵去尾⑵去尾mathematics t mathsco-operate c o pexamination examkilogram kilolaboratory labtaxicab taxi⑶截头去尾⑶截头去尾influenza flurefrigerator fridgeprescription script5、混合法（混成法）、混合法（混成法）混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
Lecture 4 Noun & Noun phrasesI. 名词的分类1)根据构词法可分为:简单名词(Simple Noun) boy, girl, chair, table etc.复合名词(Compound Noun) boyfriend, armchair etc.派生名词(Derivative Noun) boyhood, ability, friendly2) 根据词汇意义可分为:普通名词(Common Noun):是表一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词: book，sadness,专有名词(Proper Noun):是表某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称: Mary, Beijing，China.3) 根据语法功能可分为:可数名词(Countable Noun):有单复数形式不可数名词（Uncountable Noun）:一般没有单复数之分,但有时以复数形式表不同的意义. 普通名词又可分为以下四类:a）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体：gun，poem, policeman…b）集体名词（Collective Nouns）表示若干个个体组成的集合体：poetry, family, police…c）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物：air, snow, bread, rice…d）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念: work, education …II. 名词及名词词组的句法功能:名词词组的结构模式:(限定词)+(前置修饰语)+名词+(后置修饰语) (P.55)它可以充当除谓语动词以外的各种成分:1)主语:2)主语补语(表语)3)宾语(动词宾语和介词宾语)4)宾语补语5)同位语6)状语: He returned home last night.7)连词: She called her parents the moment she reached the hotel.Do exercise on P.56-57III. 名词的数(Number) 可数名词有单数和复数之分复数形式有规则复数Regular Plural与不规则复数Irregular Plural1.规则复数变化法则如下:情况构成方法读音例词1.一般情况加-s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/;bag-bags, car-cars2. 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buses, watch-watches3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses4. 以辅音字母+y变y 为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby—babies5. 以o结尾的词部分加es, 读/z/ potatoes, echoes, heroes,大多数加s vetoes, tomatoes, torpedoes, Negroes6. 以-f,-fe 少数先变f,fe为v lives, halves, shelves, calves, 结尾的名词再加es,大部分加s 读/vz/ thieves, selves, knives, leaveswolves, loaves2.复数不规则变化有以下规则: P.601)通过内部元音变换等方式构成feet, men, women, geese, mice, children, teeth, oxen, lice(虱子)…note:注意与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
