Tilt boundary
Twist boundary
Use to represent the extent of CSL e.g., 3, 15, etc.
CSL boundary (coincidence site lattice boundary) Special boundary
Grain boundary segregation
External Surfaces
• Surface atoms are not bonded to the nearest neighbors above the surface, leading to a higher energy state, i.e., a surface energy
• To be stable, materials need to reduce the surface energy.
• Observation of dislocations
Dark lines - dislocations
Plane Defects
Features: two dimensional
Outline
• External surfaces • Grain boundaries • Twin boundaries • Stacking faults • Phase boundaries
• To reduce the surface energy, the materials tend to minimize the total surface area
Grain Boundaries
In polycrystalline materials, a grain boundary is the boundary between two adjacent grains which have different orientations