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《高等写作思维训练》课程大纲（第一学期）课程名称：高等写作思维训练英文名称：ADVANCED TRAING OF WRITING THOUGHTS课程编号：学时数及学分：13周，每周6课时，78学时，4学分。
教材名称及作者、出版社、出版时间：《高等文体写作训练教程》马正平，中国人民大学出版社，2002年。
（说明：本教材被进入教育部“面向21世纪课程教材”系列，已向全国高校推荐。
）本大纲主笔人：马正平一、课程性质、目的、要求和任务“高等写作思维训练”是中文系本科专业的写作课程的一部分。
本课程是将写作基本原理和写作实践训练进行紧密结合的一门“中介性”的课程：一方面，所讲授、训练的写作思维操作模型具有写作思维的基本原理、规律的性质，另一方面，这种写作思维操作模型、规律，又具有极强的思维操作性、技术性、实践性。
因此，对写作思维操作模型的训练、建构，是一般写作原理到文体写作实践的中介：对于一般的写作原理来讲，它是一种写作的基本能力；而对于具体的文体写作来讲，它又是一种写作能力的基础。
没有本课程的学习，具体的文体写作能力的训练都是不可能的。
因此，它是重要的写作学基础课。
通过本期课程的学习，应达到以下的教学目的和要求：1、建构起写作的写作主体性心灵背景。
即形成高品味的写作人格、创造性的个性、灵活性的写作智慧、以及生存竞争心态和事业理想意志，从而产生强烈写作行为的动力；2、从理性到感性地建构写作行为的写作思维操作、写作文化控制、写作策略控制、写作措辞的操作模型，实现写作原理、写作规律的技术化、操作化；3、建构起非构思写作行为过程——立意、行文、修改——的思维操作模型，生成真实有效的非构思写作过程能力。
为了达到以上的目的和要求，在教材内容和课程设置中应该注意以下问题：①关于“重点”本课程教学内容分为三大板块：一、写作思维操作模型的建构；二、写作思维主体性的建构；三、写作思维过程能力的建构。
本课程强调写作理论与写作实践的结合，要强调教学内容的可教性，而第二板块中的写作人格建构、写作心理动力建构、写作信息动力建构、数字化时代的写作意识，无法直接培养训练，也不具有可教性——人格是修炼的结合而不是教学的结果。
高考作文备考之写作思维能力的训练成都七中游俊松一、问题的提出1.高考作文重在考查学生的思维能力和表达能力。
2.学生的写作思维能力有待提高。
3.提高写作思维能力，作文技巧训练才能真正落实。
示例：死背优美词句的学生可能会这样写：生活如酒，生活如歌，生活如画，平衡的生活才最重要。
会思考的学生可能会这样写：生活如酒，过于浓烈则辣喉，过于浅淡则无味，只有平衡的味道才显得醇厚；生活如歌，过于高昂则刺耳，过于低沉则抑郁，唯有平衡的曲调才显得悦耳；生活如画，过于繁杂则缭乱，过于简单则无韵，唯有平衡的笔触才显得美丽。
一、问题的提出1.高考作文重在考查学生的思维能力和表达能力。
2.学生的写作思维能力有待提高。
3.提高写作思维能力，作文技巧训练才能真正落实。
4.高考全国卷的作文更注重思维能力的考查。
全国一卷：阅读材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。
因父亲总是在高速路上开车时接电话，家人屡劝不改，女大学生小陈迫于无奈，更出于生命安全的考虑，通过微博私信向警方举报了自己的父亲；警方查实后，依法对老陈进行了教育和处罚，并将这起举报发在官方微博上。
此事赢得众多网友点赞，也引发一些质疑，经媒体报道后，激起了更大范围、更多角度的讨论。
对于以上事情，你怎么看？请给小陈、老陈或其他相关方写一封信，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。
要求：综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。
明确收信人，统一以“明华”为写信人，不得泄露个人信息。
全国一卷：阅读材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。
因父亲总是在高速路上开车时接电话，家人屡劝不改，女大学生小陈迫于无奈，更出于生命安全的考虑，通过微博私信向警方举报了自己的父亲；警方查实后，依法对老陈进行了教育和处罚，并将这起举报发在官方微博上。
此事赢得众多网友点赞，也引发一些质疑，经媒体报道后，激起了更大范围、更多角度的讨论。
对于以上事情，你怎么看？请给小陈、老陈或其他相关方写一封信，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。
名校高级教师写作新思维高级课程讲义第一章：句子概述 (一)（一）句子结构基本模式—两点定位，五步造句法Case 1: On a bright summer morning, Jeremy Goodfellow, a young man of simple means and honest intentions, left the quiet country town in which he’d been raised, and set off on the bold errand he’d been preparing for all his life.Case 2: One morning in 1905, or the 31th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, two brothers, full of excitement and chatter, set out by boat from their hometown Boa-ah, a mountain hamlet in Fujian province on the southern coast of China, for the port city of Xiamen, some sixty miles away.主体部分Main Part.导入部分lead-in part从句Dependent Clause: , Maria went to sleep.分词短语Participial Phrase: , Maria went to sleep.形容词短语Adjectival phrase: , Maria went to sleep.同位语Appositive: , Maria went to sleep.插入部分in-between part附加部分add-on part练习一：翻译下列句子a)计算机带来变化b)工业破坏价值观1c)全球化的时代已到来d)问题在于e)学生接触社会come into contact with the worldf)影响学习interfere with studiesg)剥夺机会deprive …of the opportunityh)解释现象account for the phenomenoni)阻碍发展hamper / impede the developmentj)减轻压力alleviate the tension2k)促进发展accelerate the developmentl)控制人口增长curb the rapid grows of the population练习二：按照要求扩展句子a)加导入部分: "The storm roared across the countryside."答案Although it wasn't forecast, the storm roared across the countryside.b)加导入部分:"Paige listened to music."答案To forget about her boyfriend, Paige listened to music.c)加插入部分:"The horse rolled in the mud."答案The horse, a golden palomino, rolled in the mud.d)加插入部分:"Taylor ate the cookie."答案Taylor, a chubby six-year-old, ate the cookie.e)加附加部分:"Leaves are falling."答案Leaves are falling, coming down in dancing streams of gold and brown.3f)加附加部分:"The computer broke."答案The computer broke, leaving us all without a means of communicating.g)加附加部分:"She called her friend."答案She called her friend, hoping that he would be home, afraid that he would not be.h)加导入和附加部分:"The children laughed."答案In spite of the warning, the children laughed, ending the solemn atmosphere.i)加插入和附加部分:"The cat chased the mouse."答案The cat, a fat Cheshire, chased the mouse, pouncing on it with glee.j)加导入,插入和附加部分: "The wedding was approaching."答案Since it was September, the wedding, an extravagant affair, was approaching, sending the future bride into fits of apprehension.练习三：找出下列句子的导入部分a)N OW IF NATURE SHOULD INTERMIT（中断）HER COURSE and leave altogether, though it were but for awhile, the observation of her ownlaws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof (of whom)all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(溶解，衰减)itself; if celestial(天体的)spheres should forget their wonted motions(惯常运动), and by irregular volubility(流利)turn themselves any way as it might happen; if the prince of the lights of heaven which now as a giant doth run his unwearied course, should, as it were through a 4languishing(凋萎, 衰退)faintness, begin to stand and to rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield(生产)no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine away(消瘦, 憔悴)as children at the withered breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief — what would become of man himself, whom these things now do all serve?—from Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polityb)But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh brayingacross the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humor born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.c)If, instead of listening to the war-mongers of the military-industrial establishment, the politicians had only listened to what people hadbeen writing in their letters and in the newspaper columns, if they had only listened to what the demonstrators had been shouting in the streets and on the campuses, if they had only listened to what was in their hearts, the war would have ended long ago.d)For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deterioratesrapidly.e)As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennantswaving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.f)Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.g)Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew something of the old West.h)Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be5impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.i)For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must havevery hard indeed.j)But as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.k)So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.l)As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.m)But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.n)Living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.o)In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began.p)And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.q)As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost 6every object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.r)But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest.练习四：找出下列句子的插入部分a)Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.b)Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes thereare now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.c)For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on thememory-chip market.d)But a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.e) A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatesttwentieth-century opportunities.f)Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.g)'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.h)Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.7i)King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated hermeasurements and armament.j)In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles.k)But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.l)The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust.m)One, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.n)Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization.o)As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away.p)Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years.q)Custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.r)Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.8s)Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.t)Insularity and self-containment, it is argued, go hand in hand.练习五：找出下列句子的附加部分a)I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of theworld could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.b)One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.c)They are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.d)The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never beenattained before.e)The food was simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.f)Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.g)Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.h)I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of theworld could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.9i)But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations whowork themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.j)For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.k)An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.l)I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.m)Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.n)It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.o)This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.p)It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-had man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.q)The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.10r)It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.s)Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.t)the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds up to 300 m.p.h.u)For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them.v)For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within.w)Yet their (Morocco and California) present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.x)Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.练习六：分析下列句子结构,找出导入,插入和附加部分a)When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either incash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.11b)Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is incredit or is overdrawn.c)With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored.d)Knowing that millions of people around the world would be watching in person and on television and expecting great things from him — atleast one more gold medal for America, if not another world record — during this, his fourth and surely his last appearance in the World Olympics, and realizing that his legs could no longer carry him down the runway with the same blazing speed and confidence in making a huge, eye-popping leap that they were capable of a few years ago when he set world records in the 100-meter dash and in the 400-meter relay and won a silver medal in the long jump, the renowned sprinter and track-and-field personality Carl Lewis, who had known pressure from fans and media before but never, even as a professional runner, this kind of pressure, made only a few appearances in races during the few months before the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, partly because he was afraid of raising expectations even higher and he did not want to be distracted by interviews and adoring fans who would follow him into stores and restaurants demanding autographs and photo-opportunities, but mostly because he wanted to conserve his energies and concentrate, like a martial arts expert, on the job at hand: winning his favorite competition, the long jump, and bringing home another Gold Medal for the United States, the most fitting conclusion to his brilliant career in track and field.e)On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or forsport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.f)If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuablepowers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.12(二) 句子内容确定记者提问法– journalists’ questionsquestion 1 : Whoquestion 2 : what13question 3 : when14question 4 : where15question 5 : how16question 6 : why171819202122参考文字练习一参考文字child missingFive days ago, after school was over, a fat six-year-old schoolboy, in sneakers and red T-shirt, and speaking with strong Sichuan accent, turned up missing and has not returned home ever since. Please contact us if anyone should happen to know the child’s whereabouts. Our telephone number is …练习二参考文字complaint about a dogI am an overseas student who moved here several months ago and I am now writing to complain about two little dogs in our neighborhood. These dogs, bought by my neighbor one month ago, have been haunting our beautiful public garden ever since, causing lots of inconveniences to both residents and passers-by.Most of the neighbors and I can hardly put up with them and hope that the department concerned will look into this matter. I shall be very grateful if you could deal with it as soon as possible.练习三参考文字Donation to Disaster Area –tsunamiOn December 26, 2004, the earthquakes and resulting tsunamis in the Indian Ocean caused tremendous suffering to a large number of countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, killing tens of thousands of people, destroying their infrastructures and properties and plunging the survivors into desperate shortage of money needed for rehabilitation and livelihood. Whoever in this residential area wishes to donate money to the needy is requested to send his or her donation to the office of the Neighborhood Committee within 3 days.练习四参考文字women seeking men28 YO, , single mother, OHAC, genuine, active WLTM reliable, affectionate, family-oriented professional gent with similar attributes, n/s, GSOH, 30-45, for a long term relationship.练习五参考文字Notice – Lecture to be heldUnder the auspices of the Student Union, a lecture will be given on “How Entry into WTO Will Affect China’s Market” by professor David Yang at Classroom 203 of the Main Building on Friday, March 04, 2005 at 3:00 p.m.23练习六参考文字Gratitude for the medical help you get from the nursesIt was your kindness and comforts that saw me through the tough period and helped me stand up to the pains during my medical treatment at your Hospital. Without your cards, flowers, smiling faces and your encouragement I could not have recovered so soon.练习七参考文字Invitation to dinnerThe secretary of State for education and Mrs. Smith request the pleasure of the company of Mr. G. Johnson at dinner on the 4th March , 2005 at 8:00 p.m. to meet His excellency Mr. Liu Mingsheng Minister of Education of P. R. China at Buckingham. R.S.V.P.组合句子练习练习1.1.Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. It is the second largest city in the state.答案The capital of Connecticut, Hartford is the second largest city in the state.OR, better yet: Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state. OR: Hartford, the secondlargest city in the state, is the capital of Connecticut.242.Hartford was once known as an industrial center.It was the home of several manufacturers.They made firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars.答案Once known as an industrial center, Hartford was the home of manufacturers of firearms, typewriters,bicycles, and even cars.3.Today, though, several insurance companies make Hartford their home.Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna are in Hartford.Their home offices are within miles of one another.25答案Today, though, several insurance companies -- Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna -- have homeoffices in Hartford within miles of one another.One writer prefers this version: "Today, several insurance companies, Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna, whose home offices are within miles of each other, make Hartford their home.Still another writer prefers this rendering: "Today in Hartford, though, the insurance companies of Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford and Cigna all have home offices within miles of one another."4.Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River.They also enjoyed Hartford's well-educated workforce.答案Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River and the city'swell-educated workforce.5.Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford.Large empty factories were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.26答案Eventually, after cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, large emptyfactory buildings were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.OR, a definite improvement suggested by Gerald E. Smyth: Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, leaving large empty factories as the only remnants of Hartford's industrialpast.6.Some of these factories have been torn down.Some of them have been converted to artists' studios.答案Some of these factories have been torn down, others converted to artists' studios.OR -- as Sandy Weiss suggests: "Some of the factories have been torn down or converted to artists' studios."7.Today, great wealth abounds in Hartford.The wealth is centered in the insurance industry.However, few manufacturing jobs are still available.27答案Although there is much wealth centered in Hartford's insurance industry today, there are fewmanufacturing jobs available.练习2.1. Mark Twain is the author of Huckleberry Finn.Huckleberry Finn is a classic American novel.Mark Twain's real name was Samuel L. Clemens.He lived in Hartford for several years.答案The author of the classic American novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel L. Clemens, lived in Hartford for several years.2. Mark Twain's house was very elaborate and elegant.It was on Farmington Avenue.It was in an area called Nook Farm.He was a neighbor of Harriet Beecher Stowe.Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.28答案Mark Twain's elaborate and elegant house on Farmington Avenue was in an area called Nook Farm, where he was aneighbor of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.3. Mark Twain's home has a large side porch.Windows and a balcony overlook the porch.Today, people say the windows and balcony remind them of a steamboat.In his youth, Twain piloted steamboats on the Mississippi.答案Today, people say that the balcony and windows overlooking the large side porch on Twain's home remindthem of a steamboat, the kind of Mississippi steamboat young Mark Twain used to pilot.4. Mark Twain was one of the first three people in Hartford to own a telephone.The telephone was first used commercially in nearby New Haven.There was practically no one to talk to.Mark Twain never really liked this newfangled gadget.29答案Although there was practically no one else to talk to in Hartford and he never really liked the newfangledgadget, Mark Twain was one of the first three people in Hartford to own a telephone, a device first usedcommercially in nearby New Haven.5. Mark Twain loved industrial inventions.He lost a fortune investing in them.One of these inventions was the elaborate Paige typesetter.Unfortunately for Twain, this machine was developed at the same time as the Linotype.The Linotype machine was much simpler and less expensive.答案Mark Twain loved industrial inventions and lost a fortune investing in machines such as the elaborate Paige typesetter -- which, unfortunately for Twain, was developed at the same time as the much simpler and less expensive Linotype machine.6. Mark Twain's beloved daughter, Susy, died in the Hartford home.She died of spinal meningitis.Twain never felt the same about the house again.He soon left the house and Hartford.30He returned only once.He came back for the funeral of his friend, Charles Dudley Warner.答案After Mark Twain's beloved daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis in the Hartford home, he never felt the same about the house again and soon left the house and Hartford, to return only once, for the funeral of his friend, CharlesDudley Warner.练习31.One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey.Its protagonist is Randall Patrick McMurphy.He pretends to be insane to escape a work farm.He discovers he is now trapped in an asylum.He shows other characters the truth of their situation.答案The protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," Randall Patrick McMurphy, escapes a31work farm by pretending insanity but then becomes trapped in an asylum, where he shows other characters their true situation.2.Tiger Woods is the name of a young American golfer.He set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.He surprised all the veterans.He was 22 at the time.答案An American golfer, Tiger Woods, was only 22 when he surprised all the veterans and set a record in the 1977 Master's Tournament.OR (suggested by a reader from New Brunswick, NJ)At the age of 22, Tiger Woods, the young American golfer, surprised all the veterans when he set the record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.OR (suggested by a reader from Vancouver)Twenty-two-year-old American golfer Tiger Woods surprised all veterans when he set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.3.Ramonita Espinoza used to coach at Notre Dame University.She now works at UConn.She is the new soccer coach.32答案Ramonita Espinoza, the new soccer coach at UConn, was formerly a coach at Notre Dame University.4.Ronald E. Pepin is a well known translator of medieval texts.He has two honorary degrees from Fordham University.He recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices.He was only forty-four years old at the time.答案Ronald E Pepin, a well known translator of medieval texts and a recipient of two honorary degrees from Fordham University, recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices when he was only forty-four years old.5.John F. Kennedy was inaugurated into office in January of 1961.He was assassinated in November of 1963.He spent only 1000 days in office.答案John F. Kennedy spent only 1000 days in office between his inauguration in January 1961 and the assassination ofNovember 1963.33。
第三章写作思维与写作实践学习提示：写作是一种以语言为媒介的创造活动。
但这种活动并不单表现为一种将作者所思所想转化为语言表达的实践操作行为，而是以写作思维为起点的由认知、赋形到成文的知行转化过程。
因此，作者需要通过对写作思维规律的深入领会，建立清晰的写作意识，进而展开自觉的针对性训练，才能不断提升自身的写作能力与写作水平。
本章旨在说明写作思维的类型、特点，不同思维过程的要素及其规律。
同时，对中文系学生如何通过理论联系实际的针对性练习，切实提升自己的写作能力提出了一些建议。
第一节写作思维关于思维，赵仲牧先生的定义是：“思维是秩序化的意识活动。
即运用符号媒体，依据一定的思维程序并通过描述和解释各种秩序去解惑释疑和解答问题的意识活动。
”马正平教授主编的“高等写作学教程系列”中提出了建构“写作思维学”的课题，并且专门编写了《高等写作思维训练教程》。
这里所说的写作思维并不限于写作构思阶段的思维活动，而是伴随着从为写作做准备的阅读与选材，到构思、赋形和成文的全过程。
主要关注作者写作意识的建立。
―、形象思维与抽象思维（形象思维（imaginalthinking）是用直观形象和表象解决问题的思维。
）在文学性写作中，不论叙事、抒情，甚至说理都离不开形象。
正如别林斯基所指出的：“哲学家用三段论法，诗人则用形象和图画说话，然而它们说的都是同一件事。
……所不同的只是一个用逻辑结论，另一个用图画而已。
”哲学、社会科学、自然科学以抽象的概念、严格的逻辑论证来揭示社会生活本质，探求生活的真理；而文学则是以生动具体的感性形象来显现生活面貌，引导人们去体察生命的真谛。
总之，用形象说话，通过形象表达作家的思想、感情、观点及意见，是文学的特殊性能。
这种作用，是任何科学著作所不能替代的。
比如李白写了《蜀道难》，王实甫写了《西厢记》不一定直接讲述什么道理，但同样是作家对客观世界的深刻认识的反映。
实际上，非文学的知识也常常离不开形象。
当然，上面所说的形象还只是作为作品的内容和表达手段，而从思维现象的角度看，形象思维是基于事物之间关联性和相似性的比较而展开的思考，它最主要的形式是联想和想象。
奇迹，从来不出现于无序之地《高等写作思维训练教程》序言作者：马正平总序写作的终极本质，不是模仿生活、反映生活，不是抒情言志，不是书面语言的表达，也不是信息的传播，而是写者对精神秩序（情思理想、价值取向）与书面语言符号秩序（语流符号结构）的创建、缔造而已，即人对自由生命秩序的创生与建构。
而写作之美、文章之美，就是人类的一般的审美理想在文章内容和形式方面的体现：文章境界、文章节奏。
所谓“文章境界”，就是内容上所展示出来的写者的心灵高度、思维高度、智慧高度，一句话，就是写者的人格高度感、心灵空间感。
所谓“文章节奏”，就是文章行文的语言运动所体现出来的流动感、速度感、力量感、时间感。
后者体现着生命的“存活”、生气，前者体现着生命、心灵、思维的自由。
写作是人得自由生命的“栖息之所”。
写作过程原理是“知行递变”的：在写作行为的过程推进中，“知”（目标、目的）不断地自变过程中，“知”与“行”就是这样周而复始地“递变”着、自我运动着，直到写作的全部目的、目标完成为止。
导论：走向非构思写作的研究、教学与训练在任何情况下，说和写都帮助思想变得更加清晰，而且它们常是使之成为可能的必要条件。
而心理的构思与作品的完成/传达——是携手并进的，写作具有创造性、抽象性、严密性，写作的过程也就是思维的过程。
因此，写作思维活动是一种非常复杂的人类意识活动。
一方面，写作思维是被语境因素高度制约、控制的对话性思维；另一方面，写作思维又是被有效的动力激活起来的意识活动，没有动力的去世，写作思维只是一堆“废铁”。
写作主体性和写作思维建构有密不可分的关系。
没有思维，人的行为就是盲目茫然的，个体将寸步难行。
当写作主体建构起优化的、理想的写作主体性时，写作者才能在现实社会生活中产生写作的敏感性，从而产生写作动机，并对写作行为实施有效的写作控制。
写作和人一起生长，共享生命。
构思性写作并不可取，因为这样的文章没有运用整套科学的写作思维操作模型，而是平凑、猜测、感觉、试错等方法组合、构造、组装文章的，作者对这样的写作没有把我，因此必须先构思、后写作，再修改来保证文章的质量。
