药理学简史英文
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1.绪论
实验生理学(experimental physiology)
整体动物 离体器官研究方法
德国Buchheim(1820—1879) 世界上第一个药理实验窒， 实验药理学， 并写出第一本药理学教科书， 使药理学正式成为一门独立学科。
现代pharmacology
Return
1878年Langley根据atropine与毛果芸香碱（ pilocarpine）对猫唾液分泌的拮抗作用，提出 了受体（receptor）概念，为受体学说的建立 奠定了基础。
药物学分支： 药物学：生药学 植物化学 药物分析 药剂学 药理学 药物治疗学 毒理学
pharmacology
产生于19世纪初期的欧洲 有机化学 (organic chemistry)
1806年从鸦片中提取得到吗啡(morphine) 1823年从金鸡纳树皮中分离得到奎宁(quinine) 1833年从颠茄及洋金花中提取得到阿托品(atropine)
现代 pharmacology
20世纪30年代到50年代是新药发展的鼎盛时期： 磺胺类(sulfamidoes)和抗生素(antibiotics)的发现是药
理学发展史上里程碑式的事件，从而创立了化学疗法（ chemotherapy）的新概念，在很大程度上第一次将人类从细菌 性传染病的威胁中解放出来，为人类社会的文明进步做出了不 可估量的贡献。
acetycholine receptor
AChR
现代 pharmacology
20世纪初： 药物结构与效应关系（structure-activity relationship, SAR）的阐明，使发展新的、更有效 的药物成为研究的突出特点。 化学制药技术： 人工化学合成的化合物和化学修饰天然有效 成分的产物被视为发展新药的重要来源。 大量人工合成的化合物在实验动物模型上进 行生物活性筛选，导致了很多新药问世。
药理学英文课件：Antiparkinsonism Drugs
4. Effective on tremor
Ξ2 anti Alzheimer'disease
AchEI Ach receptor Dilation brain vessel Enhance metabolism drug other
Clinical symptom of Parkinson's disease 1. skeletal rigidity 2. move bradykinesia 3. tremor resting tremor
（一）L- Dopa
[Effects and Clinical Uses] 1. Antiparkinsonian
C20 ξ1 Antiparkinsonism
Drugs
Etiological factor
substantia nigra and striatum:
Dopaminergic nerve
Cholinergic nerve
Groups of Drugs
Dopamine drugs Central anticholinergic drugs
Artane
Central anticholinergic
[ACTION AND USES]
1. Artane is used to treat mild Parkinsonism patients, it has less effective than L-dopa and Amantadine.
less L-dopa that can enter brain is decarboxylated in the CNS to dopamine, where it activates D2receptors to attenuate the symptoms(skeletal rigidity,move bradykinesia)of Parkinsonism. The rest L-dopa is metabolized to dopamine in the periphery and cause side effects. 2. Hepatic coma:
Ξ2 anti Alzheimer'disease
AchEI Ach receptor Dilation brain vessel Enhance metabolism drug other
Clinical symptom of Parkinson's disease 1. skeletal rigidity 2. move bradykinesia 3. tremor resting tremor
（一）L- Dopa
[Effects and Clinical Uses] 1. Antiparkinsonian
C20 ξ1 Antiparkinsonism
Drugs
Etiological factor
substantia nigra and striatum:
Dopaminergic nerve
Cholinergic nerve
Groups of Drugs
Dopamine drugs Central anticholinergic drugs
Artane
Central anticholinergic
[ACTION AND USES]
1. Artane is used to treat mild Parkinsonism patients, it has less effective than L-dopa and Amantadine.
less L-dopa that can enter brain is decarboxylated in the CNS to dopamine, where it activates D2receptors to attenuate the symptoms(skeletal rigidity,move bradykinesia)of Parkinsonism. The rest L-dopa is metabolized to dopamine in the periphery and cause side effects. 2. Hepatic coma:
仅供参考 药理学英文
Pharmacology 药理学Pharmacodynamics 药物效应动力学Pharmacokinetics 药物代谢动力学Pilocarpine 普鲁卡品，毛果芸香碱Neostigmine 新斯的明Atropine 阿托品PAM 碘解磷定Noradrenaline,NA 去甲肾上腺素Adrenaline 肾上腺素Isoprenaline 异丙肾上腺素Phentolamine 酚妥拉明Propranolol 普萘洛尔（心得安）Procaine 普鲁卡因Lidocaine 利多卡因Tetracaine 丁卡因Diazepam 地西泮Phenytoinsodium 苯妥因钠Carbamazepine卡马西平levodopa，L-dopa左旋多巴Chlorpromezine 氯丙嗪Morphine吗啡Pethidine哌替啶Codeine 可待因Aspirin 阿司匹林Lidocaine 利多卡因Quinidine奎尼丁Verapamil 维拉帕米Furosemide呋塞米Hydrochlorothlazide氢氯噻嗪Spironolactone螺内酯Triamterene氨苯蝶啶Nifedipine硝苯地平Captcpril 卡托普利Clonidine可乐定Moxonidine 莫索尼定Prazosin 哌唑嗪Digitoxin 洋地黄毒苷Digoxin地高辛KStrophanthin K 毒毛花苷Losartan 氯沙坦Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Diphenhydramine 苯海拉明Promethezine 异丙嗪Cimetidine 西米替丁Ranitidine 雷尼替丁Cortisone 可的松Hydrocortisone 氢化可的松Preanisone 泼尼松Prednisolone 强的松龙Dexametinasone 地塞米松antibacterial spectrum 抗菌谱minimal inhibitory concentration，MIC 最低抑菌浓度minimal bactericidal concentration，MBC 最低杀菌浓度chemotherapeutic index,CI 化疗指数post-antibiotic effect,PAE 抗菌后效应resistance 细菌耐药性penicillins 青霉素类amoxicillin 阿莫西林Cephalosporins 头孢菌素类Erythromycin 红霉素Lincomycin 林可霉素Clindamycin 克林霉素Streptomycin 链霉素Gentamicin 庆大霉素Tobramycin 妥布霉素Tetracycline 四环素Superinfections 二重感染Chloramphenicol 氯霉素Doxycycline 多西环素Ninocycline 米诺环素Quinolones 喹诺酮类Norfloxacin 诺氟沙星Ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Fleroxacin 氟罗沙星SD(sulfadiazine) 磺胺嘧啶SMZ(sulfamethoxazole) 磺胺甲（口恶）唑trimethoprim,TMP 甲氧苄氨嘧啶isoniazid 异烟肼rifampin 利福平chloroquine 氯喹quinine 奎宁artemisinin 青蒿素primaquine 伯胺喹pyrimethamine 乙胺嘧啶metronidazole 甲硝唑MTX 甲氨蝶呤。
4 Introduction to antibacterial drugs药理学英文版
5.Mechanism of action
• Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
• Penicillins • cephalosporins • vancomycin
5.Mechanism of action
• Inhibition of protein synthesis
Microbial Sources of Antibiotics抗 生素的微生物来 源
Spectrum光谱 of Activity
• Antimicrobial medications vary with respect to the range of microorganisms they kill or inhibit • Some kill only limited range : Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial • While others kill wide range of microorganisms: Broadspectrum antimicrobial广谱抗生素
Antibiotics/Antimicrobial
• Antibiotics: Chemical produced by a microorganism微生物 that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism • Antimicrobial drugs: Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
4.Principles of application of antibacterial drugs
• Make a diagnosis as precisely as is possible • Decide whether chemotherapy is really necessary • Select the best drugs • Administer the drug in optimum dose and frequency and by the most appropriate route • Combinations
药理学的英语名词解释大全
药理学的英语名词解释大全Pharmacology Glossary: A Comprehensive Guide to English Terminology in PharmacologyIntroduction:Pharmacology, a branch of medicine and biology, plays a crucial role in the discovery, development, and safe use of drugs. As a field that involves the study of how drugs interact with living organisms, pharmacology employs a wide range of specialized terms. In this article, we present a comprehensive glossary of English terminology in pharmacology, aiming to enhance understanding and facilitate communication within the field.1. Pharmacokinetics:Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. It encompasses processes such as drug absorption into the bloodstream, tissue distribution, transformation via metabolic pathways, and excretion.2. Pharmacodynamics:Pharmacodynamics relates to the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body. It examines the interaction between drugs and their target receptors, enzymes, or cellular signaling pathways, leading to therapeutic or toxic effects.3. Bioavailability:Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation after administration, and thereby has an active effect. It is influenced by factors such as drug formulation, dosage form, route of administration, and first-pass metabolism.4. Half-life:The half-life of a drug is the time taken for its concentration in the body to decrease by half. It is an important parameter to determine the duration of action and dosing frequency of drugs. Drugs with a shorter half-life may require more frequent dosing to maintain therapeutic levels.5. Toxicity:Toxicity refers to the potential harmful effects of drugs on the body. It can range from mild and reversible side effects to severe organ damage or life-threatening conditions. Understanding the toxicity profile of drugs is essential for evaluating their safety and establishing appropriate dosage regimens.6. Efficacy:Efficacy describes the extent to which a drug produces the desired therapeutic effect. It represents the maximum achievable effect of a drug and is typically evaluated through clinical trials. Efficacy is distinct from potency, which refers to the dose required to produce a given effect.7. Drug interactions:Drug interactions occur when the effects of one drug are altered by the simultaneous presence of another drug, food, or substance. Interactions can result in enhanced or diminished therapeutic effects, adverse reactions, or changes in drug metabolism. It is crucial to assess and manage potential interactions during drug therapy.8. Pharmacogenetics:Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variations on an individual's response to drugs. By studying genetic markers, researchers can better understand inter-individual differences in drug efficacy and toxicity. This field aims to guide personalized medicine by tailoring drug selection and dosage to an individual's genetic profile.9. Placebo effect:The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where a patient experiences a perceived therapeutic benefit from an inactive substance or treatment. This effect underscores the importance of controlling for placebo responses in clinical trials when evaluating drug efficacy.10. Adverse drug reactions:Adverse drug reactions are undesired and harmful effects caused by drug administration. They can range from mild allergic reactions to severe conditions, including anaphylaxis or organ failure. Pharmacovigilance aims to identify, prevent, and manage adverse drug reactions to ensure patient safety.Conclusion:This comprehensive glossary provides a glimpse into the intricacies of pharmacology and its associated English terminology. By familiarizing themselves with these terms, healthcare professionals and researchers can enhance their communication and understanding of pharmacological concepts. As pharmacology continues to evolve, staying updated with the field's terminology becomes essential for driving advancements in drug discovery, development, and therapy.。
药理学英文AnestheticsAnalgesicsandNarcotics
• Distinguish between narcotic and nonnarcotic analgesia.
• Become familiar with the various types of agents for migraine headaches.
Divisions of the Nervous System
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and exocrine glands
– Anticholinergics block ACh receptors
• GABA • Dopamine • Epinephrine • Serotonin
• Central Nervous System
– Brain – Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Nerves – Sense organs
Divisions of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
• Serotonin
– Acts on smooth muscle and gastric mucosa (causes vasoconstriction)
Autonomic Nervous System
Review
The nervous system has two components. What are they?
Review
The nervous system has two components. What are they?
Answer
– Central nervous system (CNS) – Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Become familiar with the various types of agents for migraine headaches.
Divisions of the Nervous System
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and exocrine glands
– Anticholinergics block ACh receptors
• GABA • Dopamine • Epinephrine • Serotonin
• Central Nervous System
– Brain – Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Nerves – Sense organs
Divisions of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
• Serotonin
– Acts on smooth muscle and gastric mucosa (causes vasoconstriction)
Autonomic Nervous System
Review
The nervous system has two components. What are they?
Review
The nervous system has two components. What are they?
Answer
– Central nervous system (CNS) – Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
药理学英文AntidepressantsAntipsychoticsAntianxiety
escitalopram (Lexapro)
• Similar to Celexa • More potent with fewer side effects
Drug List
Cyclic Antidepressants
Tricyclic • amitriptyline (Elavil) • clomipramine (Anafranil) • desipramine (Norpramin) • doxepin (Sinequan) • imipramine (Tofranil)
• Have many anticholinergic effects
Discussion
Why would cyclic antidepressants be prescribed for bed wetting in children?
Antidepressants
Common Symptoms of Depression
– Loss of interest in usual activities
– Low self-esteem – Self-pity – Significant weight loss
or gain – Insomnia or
Treatment for Depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Introduction of brief, but convulsive electrical stimulation through the brain
• Can induce seizures • Effective for major and delusional
• Alcoholism
药理学英文PHARMACOLOGY9Respiratory Drugs
Drug List
Asthma Agents Bronchodilators
• albuterol (Proventil, Proventil HFA, Ventolin, Ventolin HFA)
• epinephrine (EpiPen) • formoterol (Foradil) • ipratropium (Atrovent) • ipratropium-albuterol (Combivent) • isoetharine (Beta-2)
treatment for it. **This is a medical emergency.**
Stepwise Approach to Asthma Therapy
Step 1. Short-acting oral or inhaled beta-2 agonist (less than once a week); no daily medications
• Causes self-sustaining inflammation
Asthmatic Response
Peak Flow Meter
• Assesses severity of disease and aids in determining course of therapy
• Measures maximum flow rate in forced expiratory maneuvers
• Be aware of the reemergence of tuberculosis and of treatment for this disease
Learning Objectives
• Understand how the antitussives, expectorants, decongestants, and antihistamines differ, and be able to describe their uses
中国药理学英文
中国药理学英文【中英文实用版】Title: Chinese Pharmacology in EnglishContent:Pharmacology, as a crucial branch of medical science, has seen significant development and unique contributions from China.Chinese pharmacology encompasses the study of both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and modern pharmacological research.This article aims to provide an overview of pharmacology in China, highlighting key aspects and achievements in this field.1.Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of over 2,000 years.It is based on the theories of yin and yang, the five elements, and the meridian system.TCM utilizes various herbal medicines, animal products, and minerals to treat diseases.Chinese pharmacologists have been researching the efficacy and mechanisms of TCM, leading to the discovery of many bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential.2.Modern Pharmacological ResearchChinese researchers have made significant contributions to modern pharmacology.They have been actively involved in drug discovery, development, and pharmacological studies.China is known for its innovative research in areas such as cardiovascular pharmacology,neuropharmacology, oncology, and infectious diseases.3.Herbal Medicine and Natural ProductsHerbal medicine plays a vital role in Chinese pharmacology.Many traditional herbal formulas have been scientifically evaluated for their pharmacological activities.Chinese researchers have identified numerous bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, which are being used to develop new drugs and healthcare products.These natural products often possess fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs.4.Regulatory Affairs and Drug ApprovalChina"s regulatory system for drug approval has been continuously improving.The China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) ensures the safety, efficacy, and quality of drugs.Chinese pharmacologists actively participate in the regulatory process, providing scientific data to support drug registration and approval.5.International CollaborationChinese pharmacologists collaborate extensively with researchers worldwide.This exchange of knowledge and expertise has led to joint research projects, publications, and the advancement of pharmacological science.China"s active participation in international conferences and research initiatives has enhanced its reputation in the field of pharmacology.Conclusion:Chinese pharmacology has made significant strides in both traditional and modern aspects of the discipline.The integration of TCM and modern pharmacological research has provided unique insights into the development of new drugs and treatment strategies.With ongoing research and international collaboration, China continues to contribute to the global pharmacological community.标题：中国药理学英文内容：药理学作为医学科学的重要分支，在中国得到了显著的发展和独特的贡献。
药理学PharmacoDynamics(英文版)
Effect max [ Drug ] Effect = EC50 + [ Drug ]
100
Effectmax
% of maximal effect
€the maximum response Effectmax is of the system to the drug
EC50 is that concentration of drug that produces a response one-half of the maximum response
koff/kon = KD [R.L] = 0.5 [Rtotal]
Thus available receptors are 50% occupied by drug when [drug] = koff/kon
Note kon is a second order rate constant - units are per M per sec koff is a first order rate constant - units are per sec
11
DRUG Potency & Efficacy Efficacy is the maximum effect (Effectmax) of a drug. Potency, a comparative measure, refers to the different doses of two drugs needed to produce the same effect.
80 60
0.5 Effectmax
Drug A Drug B
40 20 0 -12 -10 -8 log[Agonist]
Drug A has greater potency than B or C because the dose of B or C must be larger to produce the same effect as A. Although Drug C has lower efficacy than B, it is more potent than B at lower drug concentrations
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• At age 18-45: 251 drugs per 100 population • At age 45-65: 505 drugs per 100 population • At age 65+ : 1047 drugs per 100 population • The average patient seeking medical evaluation* was
A Brief History of Pharmacology
PROBLEM • "I have an earache"
SOLUTION
• 2000 BC- Here, eat this root • 1000 AD- That root is heathen, say this prayer • 1850 AD- That prayer is superstition, drink this potion • 1940 AD- That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill • 1985 AD- That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic • 2000 AD- That antibiotic is artificial , here eat this root
History of Pharmacology
The Ebers papyrus, written in Egypt in the 16th century B.C., lists the extensive pharmacopia of that civilization. Included in this are: beer, turpentine, myrrh, juniper
History of Pharmacology
Antiquity to the modern era
The ancients considered disease a consequence of demonic possession, or the wrath of god. Thus, in ancient times, the treatment of illness with natural products was invariably accompanied by religious rituals deemed essential to the healing
* Evaluation for a complaint, i.e. not a routine examination
History of Pharmacology
A history of pharmacology
Ancient Times A series of scattered facts exists that speak of the early history of humankind's efforts to harness the healing properties of natural compounds. However, what we know for certain is that ancient peoples made extensive use of plant, animal and mineral sources for this purpose.
History of Pharmacology
From ancient China comes evidence of that culture's extensive efforts to heal through the use of natural products. The Pen Tsao Kang Mu, or Great Herbal, comprised forty volumes describing several thousands of prescriptions. It was complied during the Ming dynasty by Le Shih Chen (1518-1593AD) and widely translated both in the east & west.
taking 3.5 prescription meds (this does not include OTC drugs) • The average number of prescription written during a medical evaluation* was 2.1 (2.2 for ER visit).
Born Phillip von Hohenheim, he
Why do you need to know pharmacology?
• Percent of persons using at least one prescription drug in the past month: 45 (1999-2002) (National Center for Health Statistics)
berries, poppy, lead, salt and crushed precious stones. Also included were products derived from animals, including lizard's blood, swine teeth, goose grease, ass hooves and the excreta from various animals. The effects of many of these drugs on patients of antiquity can only be imagined. The Kahun papyrus (1825 BCE) describes a combination of crocodile dung, honey and sour milk as a highly effective contraceptive.
History of Pharmacology
• Treatments to regain the humoral balance used combinations of “drugs” consisting of various amounts of characteristics of the elements (hot,cold,wet,dry). John Gerard (1545-1612) authored an herbal compendium which catalogued the characteristics of medicinal plants with respect to the four humors. Fever (too much heat) was treated with mendicants composed of cool and wet plants.
Paracelcus
Paracelsus
Paracelsus (11 November or 17
December 1493 in Einsiedeln,
Switzerland - 24 September 1541)
was an alchemist, physician,
astrologer, and general occultist.
History of Pharmacology
Interestingly, the eastern herb Artemisia annua L. (wormwood), used in China since antiquity to treat fevers, is the source of the modern drug qinghaosu (Artemisinin) which shows great promise as a modern anti-malarial compound. It is tolerated much better than “traditional” antimalarials and resistance to its effects have not been described.
• “Medicinal Plants in a Middle Paleolithic Grave Shanidar IV” J. Ethanophramacology, 1992.
• J. Leitava reports the discovery of pollen from plants lacking both “aromatic or decorative potential” in the burial sites of Homo neanderthalensis dated to ~60,000 years ago. These six plants are the source of demonstrably theraputic substances.
process. Some aspects of
modern treatment continue to involve ritual.
History of Pharmacology
• A major impediment to the advancement of medicine & pharmacology was the humoral basis of medicine whose major proponent was Hippocrates: the four humor of the body were: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. Imbalance of these humors was responsible for disease and the temperament of the individual (melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic and sanguine). These correlated with Aristotle's four basic elements: earth (cold), fire (hot), water (wet) & air (dry).
A Brief History of Pharmacology
PROBLEM • "I have an earache"
SOLUTION
• 2000 BC- Here, eat this root • 1000 AD- That root is heathen, say this prayer • 1850 AD- That prayer is superstition, drink this potion • 1940 AD- That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill • 1985 AD- That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic • 2000 AD- That antibiotic is artificial , here eat this root
History of Pharmacology
The Ebers papyrus, written in Egypt in the 16th century B.C., lists the extensive pharmacopia of that civilization. Included in this are: beer, turpentine, myrrh, juniper
History of Pharmacology
Antiquity to the modern era
The ancients considered disease a consequence of demonic possession, or the wrath of god. Thus, in ancient times, the treatment of illness with natural products was invariably accompanied by religious rituals deemed essential to the healing
* Evaluation for a complaint, i.e. not a routine examination
History of Pharmacology
A history of pharmacology
Ancient Times A series of scattered facts exists that speak of the early history of humankind's efforts to harness the healing properties of natural compounds. However, what we know for certain is that ancient peoples made extensive use of plant, animal and mineral sources for this purpose.
History of Pharmacology
From ancient China comes evidence of that culture's extensive efforts to heal through the use of natural products. The Pen Tsao Kang Mu, or Great Herbal, comprised forty volumes describing several thousands of prescriptions. It was complied during the Ming dynasty by Le Shih Chen (1518-1593AD) and widely translated both in the east & west.
taking 3.5 prescription meds (this does not include OTC drugs) • The average number of prescription written during a medical evaluation* was 2.1 (2.2 for ER visit).
Born Phillip von Hohenheim, he
Why do you need to know pharmacology?
• Percent of persons using at least one prescription drug in the past month: 45 (1999-2002) (National Center for Health Statistics)
berries, poppy, lead, salt and crushed precious stones. Also included were products derived from animals, including lizard's blood, swine teeth, goose grease, ass hooves and the excreta from various animals. The effects of many of these drugs on patients of antiquity can only be imagined. The Kahun papyrus (1825 BCE) describes a combination of crocodile dung, honey and sour milk as a highly effective contraceptive.
History of Pharmacology
• Treatments to regain the humoral balance used combinations of “drugs” consisting of various amounts of characteristics of the elements (hot,cold,wet,dry). John Gerard (1545-1612) authored an herbal compendium which catalogued the characteristics of medicinal plants with respect to the four humors. Fever (too much heat) was treated with mendicants composed of cool and wet plants.
Paracelcus
Paracelsus
Paracelsus (11 November or 17
December 1493 in Einsiedeln,
Switzerland - 24 September 1541)
was an alchemist, physician,
astrologer, and general occultist.
History of Pharmacology
Interestingly, the eastern herb Artemisia annua L. (wormwood), used in China since antiquity to treat fevers, is the source of the modern drug qinghaosu (Artemisinin) which shows great promise as a modern anti-malarial compound. It is tolerated much better than “traditional” antimalarials and resistance to its effects have not been described.
• “Medicinal Plants in a Middle Paleolithic Grave Shanidar IV” J. Ethanophramacology, 1992.
• J. Leitava reports the discovery of pollen from plants lacking both “aromatic or decorative potential” in the burial sites of Homo neanderthalensis dated to ~60,000 years ago. These six plants are the source of demonstrably theraputic substances.
process. Some aspects of
modern treatment continue to involve ritual.
History of Pharmacology
• A major impediment to the advancement of medicine & pharmacology was the humoral basis of medicine whose major proponent was Hippocrates: the four humor of the body were: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. Imbalance of these humors was responsible for disease and the temperament of the individual (melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic and sanguine). These correlated with Aristotle's four basic elements: earth (cold), fire (hot), water (wet) & air (dry).