世界各国城市化率计
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国外城市化与国内城市化的模式(móshì)对比摘要:尽管现在我国城市化水平已经超过了发展中国家平均水平(37%),但中国的城市化水平同世界(75%)相比仍有不小差距。
为此,提高城市化水平,推进城市化进程成为新世纪我国国民经济发展再上新台阶的重大战略抉择。
然而,由于(yóuyú)时空的差异和中国的具体国情特点,盲目追求城市化的量化指标,照搬发达国家的城市化模式,将不利于中国城市化积极稳妥健康地发展。
为此,本文通过对中外城市化模式进行比较与分析,以有利于提出更适合于中国国情的发展模式。
关键词:城市化启动机制动力(dònglì)机制模式工业革命以前,一个国家的人口规模与经济发展水平呈现出正相关,并且(bìngqiě),人口城乡构成与经济发展的相关度较低,即一个国家总人口规模与大,经济越发达,人口规模增长较快,经济发展也就越快。
但是,在经济发展过程中,人口的城乡构成变化不大。
工业革命以后,经济增长的特征发生了显著变化,人口规模及其增长与经济发展和经济发达水平呈现出负相关。
从人口城乡构成来看,一个国家的城市人口占全国人口比重越高,经济就越发达,即随着经济发展,人口的城乡构成发生了显著变化。
这种农村人口不断地转变为城市人口的现象,就被称为城市化。
近260年的经济发展史表明,城市化是一个国家由贫穷走向富裕的必由之路。
城市化是社会经济发展的必然趋势,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家都不可能脱离这一人类(rénlèi)社会发展的客观规律。
迈入新世纪,人类将开创一个新的城市纪元。
全世界60亿人口中的绝大部分将居住在城市这在人类有史以来是第一次。
中国作为发展中国家,过去30多年的时间内,中国城市化率从不到20%增长至如今的50%以上(年均增长率达到3%)。
到2011年,世界城市化水平已经超过50%。
无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,大城市的发展正成为世界城市化的标志。
当代世界城市化的特点及发展趋势窦金波来源:经济研究导刊发达地区的城市化始于18世纪中叶的产业革命。
二战以后,由于发达国家在经济上普遍得到恢复和发展,以及经济动力主要从工业化转向信息化,所以城市的进度进一步加快并带有后现代的特征。
而发展中国家的城市化也有了较快的发展,特别是20世纪80年代后,发展中国家城市化增长尤其迅速,发展中国家的城市化已构成当今世界城市化的主体。
当代城市化的另一个重要特征是大城市化趋势明显,发展中国家和发达国家大城市的数量都在急剧增加,而且出现了城市集聚区和大都市带等新的城市空间组织形式。
一、城市化进程大大加速,发展中国家城市化速度尤其引人注目1950年世界城市化水平为29.2%,1980年上升到39.6%,增加了10.4个百分点,年平均增长0.347个百分点。
在此期间,发达国家1950年城市水平已达53.8%,1980年上升到70.2%,上升了16.4个百分点,年平均增长0.547个百分点;而发展中国家1950年城市化水平为17.0%,1980年为29.2%,上升了12.2个百分点,年平均增长0.407个百分点。
从50年代至80年代发达国家城市化率增长最快。
这里面有一个疑点是:为什么发达国家城市化上升了16.4个百分点,与发展中国家城市化上升了12.2个百分点都超过世界城市化上升的10.4个百分点?其实在1975年左右,发展中国家城市总人口已超过发达国家,开始进入比发达国家更快的城市增长率。
1950年发达国家的城市人口为734百万,而发展中国家的城市人口仅为287百万;1970年发达国家城市人口为698百万,发展中国家城市人口已攀升到673百万,基本上与发达国家持平。
发展中国家城市人口增长如此迅速,为什么城市化率水平上升低于发达国家,且城市化年平均增长水平低于发达国家?其原因是:发展中国家人口基数大,虽然城市人口上升快于发达国家,而城市化率上升水平低于发达国家。
从1980~2002年,发达国家城市化率由70.2%上升到74.4%,仅上升了4.2个百分点,年平均增长0.21个百分点,城市人口仅攀升了152百万;而发展中国家则由1980年的29.2%上升到2000年的39.3%,上升了10.1个百分点,年平均增长0.505个百分点,城市人口则由966百万上升到1904百万,与发达国家城市人口之比为2:1,2020年时将为3.5:1。
城市化是社会发展的历史过程,是工业革命的伴生现象,一般是指工业化过程中社会生产力的发展引起的地域空间上城镇数量的增加和城镇规模的扩大;农村人口向城镇的转移流动和集聚;城镇经济在国民经济中居主导地位,成为社会前进的主要基地;以及城市的经济关系和生活方式广泛地渗透到农村的一种持续发展的过程。
随着城市化程度的提高,城市在社会经济发展中的作用会不断增大。
城市化程度也是一个国家经济发达程度,特别是工业化水平高低的一个重要标志。
中国城市化进程始于建国,但中国城市化的发展步伐非常缓慢。
1949~1978年近30年的时间里,中国实行的是高度中央集权的计划经济体制,城市化的发展模式是政府发动和包办型的自上而下的城市化,广大农村和众多农民被游离于工业化的进程之外,大量的剩余劳动力滞留在农村。
改革开放以来,中国城市化进程明显加快,进入到加速发展的新时期。
但长期实施的城市化方针却严重阻碍了中国城市化向更高层次的迈进。
城市化水平较低、城市化地区性差异明显、城市化滞后于工业化、农村剩余劳动力增长与城镇容量间的矛盾突出等成为中国城市化进程中出现的主要问题。
(一) 城市化水平较低按第五次人口普查资料,到2000年,中国的城市化率为36.06%,这个指标,不仅低于世界上同等经济发展水平国家,也与自身工业化程度和经济发展水平不协调。
目前世界城市化平均水平已近50%,发达地区国家为75%,发展中国家也在40%。
中国的城市化水平除了受制于工业化以及经济社会发展水平之外,还要受到体制、政策与形势等的影响。
实践证明,城市化的主要动力是市场推动,而不在于政府的行政推动。
城市的核心是“市”,城市化的核心是“市场化”。
然而目前的城市化进程中依然强调政府去“抓”,而没有真正依靠市场来“育”。
所以中国的城市化要变“政府推动”为“市场推动”,要打开城门,让市场去调节,降低城市发展的非市场成本。
国际经验也说明,城市化是市场经济的必然要求,市场经济是城市化的推进器。
城市化:从英国的1890到中国的2011王志浩,关于中国经济的健康发展有很多担忧,但作为经济增长之根本的城市化却一直发展得欣欣向荣。
2011年中国城市人口占据了多数,而且在未来二十年中,城市人口将不可避免地出现数以百万计的增长。
那些认为中国的投资热潮将在2012 年终结的人,请记住,根据联合国的资料、韩国虽然现在的城市人口占其总人口的83%,但它直到1977年才超过50%;日本现在的城市化率是67%,但直到1967 年才达到50%。
中国经济中确实存在投资周期,但是更大的城市及其更多的人口需要更多的公路、铁路、房屋和钢铁,因此我们没有理由质疑基础设施高投资率的持续性。
推动英国城市化的三大因素英国(也是本文焦点)是第一个城市化率突破50%的国家,大概是在1880-1890年间。
如今,在庆祝中国城市化人口超过50% 这个里程碑的时候,我们应该回头看看120年前欧洲是如何实现城市化的。
把欧洲的城市化与当前中国的城市化相比较有重要意义,以此可以揭示2012年及未来中国经济增长的主要动力。
英国创造了发展迅速的城市化。
16世纪,荷兰借助与新世界的贸易变得富强,英国17世纪同样走上富裕之路,它们的城市也得到扩张。
但真正启动了英国城市化机器的是其1750-1830年间的工业革命。
在英格兰和威尔士,更多的人来到人口上万的城镇中,如图1所示,城镇人口占总人口的比例从1600年的6%增加到1700年的13%、1850年的40%。
1500年的伦敦远不如巴黎或者威尼斯大,但到1800年伦敦远超了他们,与此同时,法国和西班牙人口的90%左右仍然集中在农村。
城市化进程与经济发展是同步的。
经济史学家Angus Maddison估算英国经济规模在1700-1820 年间增长了三倍,见图2。
英国以及欧洲的其他地区早在17 世纪以前就经历了经济增长,但是他们总是碰到马尔萨斯人口增长理论中出现的障碍,即随着收入水平提高,人口会增长,人均食品供给相对变少,实际工资会下降(再或许重大疾病会发生),生活水平会降低,最后人口会减少。
城市化的本质是社会现代化城市化与社会现代化都体现社会转型的过程。
城市化的本质属性在社会现代化这一概念中得到了体现。
城市化的动态运行将社会现代化的社会转型过程集中体现出来。
从这样的意义上说,城市化的本质就是社会现代化。
标签:城市化;社会现代化;城市社会;转型;本质中共十七大报告在谈到深入贯彻落实科学发展观的时候,强调要正确认识和妥善处理中国特色社会主义事业的重大关系,要坚持统筹兼顾的原则。
“统筹城乡发展”是我们要处理好的重大关系之一,城乡统筹问题的一个重要方面是城市化。
城市化关系到经济学问题,但它更多地反映了社会学问题。
近期在社会学领域,人们十分关注这样一个概念,就是社会现代化。
城市化的过程在本质上就是社会现代化的过程。
一、城市化与社会现代化的内涵1、城市化的含义国家建设部1998年制定的《城市规划基本术语标准》提出了城市化这一概念。
并对其进行了定义,这一定义为我们理解城市化提供了帮助。
所谓城市化,是指人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程,表现为乡村人口向城市人口的转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。
城市化是与城市的产生和发展密切联系。
城市是城市化的载体,没有城市,无从谈城市化。
中外城市的发源和发展已有数千年的历史,但真正意义上的城市化是工业社会的产物,是随着工业化的发展而快速兴起的。
英国是城市化的发祥地。
目前,英国城市化水平超过了90%,是世界上城市化水平最高的国家。
国际上,衡量城市化水平的指标主要是城市化率,即城市人口占总人口的百分比。
目前世界城市化平均水平为48.8%,高收入国家城市化率为75%,中等收入国家为62%,低收入国家为30%。
世界各国在城市化进程中,都由农村人口占大多数,逐步变为城市人口占大多数。
18世纪世界上绝大多数人口生活在农村,今天世界上已经有近半数的人口生活在城市。
城市化是世界各国社会结构变化发展的共同趋势。
2、社会现代化的含义现代化这个术语开始被学者们广泛使用是在1958年。
世界各国城市化率国名1960年1965年1970年1975年1980年1985年1990年1995年中国香港特区85.2086.4087.7089.7091.5092.9099.50100.00中国澳门特别行政区95.3096.2097.0097.9098.5099.4099.8099.90直布罗陀100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00新加坡100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00摩纳哥100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00开曼群岛100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00百慕大100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00科威特74.9079.3085.7089.4094.8097.9098.0098.10波多黎各44.5051.5058.3062.8066.9069.2072.2087.10比利时92.5093.1093.8094.5095.4095.9096.4096.80卡塔尔85.2087.2088.4088.9089.4090.1092.2094.10英属维尔京群岛(美属)56.5063.3069.6075.2080.1084.3087.7090.40马耳他90.1089.8089.7089.7089.8089.8090.4090.90圣马力诺48.9054.4059.8071.5081.2088.3090.4091.70委内瑞拉61.6067.0071.9075.8079.2081.9084.3086.80关岛50.1055.5061.9083.6093.8092.3090.8092.10美属萨摩亚66.2068.3070.4072.4074.3077.8080.9085.30乌拉圭80.2081.3082.4083.4085.4087.2089.0090.50冰岛80.3082.7084.9086.7088.3089.6090.8091.60阿根廷73.6076.4078.9081.0082.9085.0087.0088.70特克斯和凯科斯群岛47.7049.4051.1053.1055.3065.4074.3079.90以色列76.8080.9084.2086.6088.6089.8090.4090.90北马里亚纳群岛51.2058.8070.1080.6086.8088.4089.7089.60英国78.4077.8077.1082.7087.9088.6088.7089.00安道尔澳大利亚81.5083.5085.3085.9085.8085.5085.4086.10巴林82.3082.5083.8085.0086.1087.2088.1088.40智利67.8071.7075.2078.4081.2082.6083.3084.40吉布提50.3056.1061.8067.1072.1074.6075.7079.70黎巴嫩42.3050.9059.5067.0073.7079.4083.1084.80丹麦73.7077.0079.7082.1083.7084.4084.8085.00新西兰76.0078.9081.1082.8083.4083.7084.7085.30巴西44.9050.3055.8061.7067.4071.3074.8077.80加蓬17.4023.8032.0043.0054.7062.4069.1075.40瑞典72.5077.1081.0082.7083.1083.1083.1083.80巴哈马59.7063.3066.7070.0073.1076.7079.8081.00格陵兰58.5066.1072.7074.4076.1078.0079.7080.90卢森堡69.6072.0074.4077.3080.0080.7080.9082.90沙特阿拉伯31.3038.8048.7058.3065.9072.6076.6078.70荷兰59.8060.8061.7063.2064.7066.7068.7072.80美国70.0071.9073.6073.7073.7074.5075.3077.30韩国27.7032.4040.7048.0056.7064.9073.8078.20帕劳56.8058.3059.7061.1062.5067.4069.6071.40加拿大69.1072.9075.7075.6075.7076.4076.6077.70约旦50.9054.3056.0057.7059.9066.3072.2078.20阿拉伯联合大公国73.5075.7077.7079.6080.7079.8079.1078.40利比亚27.3033.7049.7062.8070.1075.5075.7076.00挪威49.9057.6065.4068.2070.5071.3072.0073.80法国61.9067.1071.1072.9073.3073.7074.1074.90墨西哥50.8054.9059.0062.8066.3069.0071.4073.40西班牙56.6061.3066.0069.6072.8074.2075.4075.90古巴58.4059.3060.3064.2068.1070.9073.4074.30苏里南47.3047.1045.9049.5055.0063.8068.3070.20文莱43.4052.6061.7062.0059.9062.3065.8068.60哥伦比亚45.0051.0054.8058.5062.1065.6068.3070.50多米尼加27.3036.6046.9055.3063.4066.0067.7069.40德国71.4072.0072.3072.6072.8072.7073.1073.30捷克共和国59.5062.0064.4069.9075.2075.4075.2074.60瑞士51.0054.2057.4057.4057.1065.2073.2073.60白俄罗斯32.4038.1044.0050.6056.5061.8066.0067.90巴拿马41.2044.4047.6049.0050.4052.1053.9060.00俄罗斯联邦53.8058.4062.5066.9069.8072.0073.4073.40约旦河西岸和加沙阿曼16.4022.3029.7038.2047.6057.1066.1071.70秘鲁46.8051.9057.4061.5064.6066.9068.9070.30保加利亚37.1045.8052.3057.6062.1064.6066.4067.80马绍尔群岛35.6042.7053.5060.6058.3061.9065.1066.70马来西亚26.6029.9033.5037.7042.0045.9049.8055.70塞浦路斯35.6038.2040.8047.3058.6064.7066.8068.00爱沙尼亚57.5061.3064.9067.6069.7070.8071.1070.00多米尼加共和国30.2035.0040.2045.7051.3053.9055.2057.80土耳其31.5034.2038.2041.6043.8052.4059.2062.10伊朗伊斯兰共和国33.7037.1041.2045.7049.7053.4056.3060.20拉脱维亚52.9056.8060.7064.2067.1068.6069.3068.80意大利59.4061.8064.3065.6066.6066.8066.7066.90乌克兰46.8050.6054.8058.4061.7064.7066.8067.00匈牙利55.9058.0060.1062.2064.2065.1065.8065.20奥地利64.7065.0065.3065.3065.4065.6065.8065.80立陶宛39.5044.5049.6055.7061.2065.0067.6067.30马其顿(前南斯拉夫)34.0040.4047.1050.6053.5055.7057.8060.30伊拉克42.9050.7056.2061.4065.5068.8069.7068.80突尼斯37.5039.7043.5047.6050.6053.8057.9061.50日本43.1047.4053.2056.8059.6060.6063.1064.60厄瓜多尔33.9036.6039.3042.4047.0051.2055.1057.80玻利维亚36.8038.3039.8041.3045.5050.5055.6059.40阿尔及利亚30.5037.6039.5040.3043.5048.0052.1056.00菲律宾30.3031.6033.0035.6037.5043.0048.8054.00新喀里多尼亚37.4044.6051.2055.2057.4058.8059.6060.30亚美尼亚51.3055.6059.9063.6066.0067.1067.5066.30芬兰38.1043.9050.3058.3059.8059.8061.4061.40哥斯达黎加34.3035.8038.8041.3043.1045.6050.7055.80朝鲜40.2045.1054.2056.7056.9057.6058.4059.10刚果共和国31.6035.3039.1043.3047.9052.2054.3056.40爱尔兰45.8048.7051.7053.6055.3056.3056.9057.90波兰47.9050.1052.1055.3058.1059.9061.3061.50希腊42.9047.5052.5055.3057.7058.4058.8059.30南非46.6047.2047.8048.1048.4049.4052.0054.50萨尔瓦多38.3038.9039.4041.5044.1046.6049.2054.00圣多美和普林西比16.1021.8029.5031.6033.5038.0043.6048.60巴拉圭35.6036.2037.1039.0041.7045.0048.7052.10黑山18.8022.6026.9031.6036.8042.3048.0053.40利比里亚18.6022.1026.0030.4035.2040.3045.3050.00佛得角16.7018.1019.6021.4023.5031.5044.1048.80博茨瓦纳 3.10 3.807.8011.9016.5026.7041.9049.00葡萄牙35.0036.9038.8040.8042.8045.3047.9051.10哈萨克斯坦44.2047.0050.2052.6054.1056.0056.3055.90克罗地亚30.2035.0040.2045.1050.1052.3054.0054.90蒙古35.7042.1045.1048.7052.1055.0057.0056.80喀麦隆13.9016.9020.3027.3031.9036.2040.7045.30尼加拉瓜39.6042.7047.0048.7049.9051.1052.3053.50安哥拉10.4012.5015.0019.1024.3030.3037.1044.00斯洛伐克共和国33.5037.0041.1046.3051.6054.2056.5056.50冈比亚12.1014.5019.5024.4028.4033.0038.3043.80摩洛哥29.4031.9034.5037.7041.2044.8048.4051.70塞舌尔27.7033.1039.1046.3049.4049.3049.3049.90罗马尼亚阿拉伯叙利亚共和国36.8040.0043.3045.1046.7047.9048.9050.10牙买加33.8037.5041.4044.1046.8048.4049.4050.60格鲁吉亚42.3044.9047.5049.5051.6053.9055.1053.90斐济29.7032.6034.8036.7037.8038.5041.6045.50塞尔维亚50.4050.90阿塞拜疆47.7048.8050.0051.9052.8053.5053.7052.20伯利兹54.0052.5051.0050.2049.4048.4047.5047.50法属波利尼西亚42.4048.2055.3056.9057.4057.3055.9053.50印尼14.6015.8017.1019.3022.1026.1030.6035.60马恩岛加纳23.3026.1029.0030.1031.2032.9036.4040.10世界32.7734.7736.0037.2439.0940.9342.9444.76图瓦卢15.9018.8022.1025.8029.8034.3040.7044.00科特迪瓦17.7024.5028.2032.2036.9038.3039.7041.40土库曼斯坦46.4047.1047.8047.6047.1046.0045.1045.30斯洛文尼亚28.2032.5037.0042.4048.0049.6050.4050.60危地马拉31.1034.0035.5036.7037.4039.2041.1043.10尼日利亚16.2020.1022.7025.5028.6031.8035.3038.90洪都拉斯22.7025.7028.9032.1034.9037.7040.3042.30波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那19.0022.8027.2031.3035.5037.6039.2041.10圣文森特和格林纳丁斯13.9019.8026.9027.0027.2033.6040.6043.00海地15.6017.6019.8020.4020.5023.3028.5032.60阿鲁巴50.8050.7050.6050.5050.5050.4050.3048.80阿尔巴尼亚30.7031.2031.7032.7033.8035.1036.4038.90基里巴斯16.3019.6024.1029.6032.3033.5035.0036.40苏丹10.7013.4016.5018.9020.0022.4026.6031.30中国16.0017.6017.4017.4019.6023.0027.4031.40阿拉伯埃及共和国37.9040.7042.2043.5043.9043.9043.5042.80毛里求斯33.2037.0042.0043.4042.4042.3043.9043.30塞内加尔23.0026.4030.0033.7035.8037.5039.0039.80多哥10.1015.0021.3022.9024.7027.2030.1033.20摩尔多瓦23.4027.6032.1036.2040.4044.2046.8046.30法罗群岛21.4025.6028.0030.3031.2030.8030.6030.90贝宁9.3012.5016.7021.9027.3030.8034.5036.80毛里塔尼亚 6.9010.1014.6020.6027.4035.0039.7039.80巴巴多斯36.8037.1037.5038.6039.6036.0032.7034.50赤道几内亚25.5026.5027.0027.4027.9029.9034.7038.80中非共和国20.1023.5027.3032.0033.9035.5036.8037.20马尔代夫11.2011.5011.9017.3022.3025.5025.8025.60塞拉利昂17.4020.2023.4026.8029.1031.6032.9034.20津巴布韦12.6014.6017.4019.9022.4025.4029.0031.70纳米比亚17.9020.0022.3023.7025.1026.4027.7029.80莫桑比克 3.70 4.60 5.808.7013.1016.7021.1026.20乌兹别克斯坦34.0035.3036.7039.1040.8040.7040.1038.40索马里17.3020.0022.7025.5026.8028.1029.7031.40吉尔吉斯共和国34.2035.9037.5038.2038.6038.4037.8036.30巴基斯坦22.1023.5024.8026.3028.1029.3030.6031.80赞比亚18.1023.4030.4034.9039.8039.7039.4037.10不丹 3.60 4.70 6.107.9010.1012.9016.4020.50几内亚10.5013.0016.0019.5023.6026.6028.0029.50刚果民主泰国19.7020.2020.9023.8026.8028.1029.4030.30缅甸19.2021.0022.8023.9024.0024.2024.9026.10圣基茨和尼维斯27.6030.9034.1035.0035.9035.2034.6033.70马里11.1012.6014.3016.2018.5021.0023.3025.50海峡群岛老挝人民民主共和国7.908.309.6011.1012.4013.8015.4017.40格林纳达30.3031.3032.2032.6032.9032.6032.2031.60也门共和国9.1011.0013.3014.8016.5018.4020.9023.80安提瓜和巴布达39.7036.6033.8034.2034.6035.0035.4034.00几内亚比绍13.6014.3015.1016.0017.6022.4028.1029.80印度17.9018.8019.8021.3023.1024.3025.5026.60马达加斯加10.6012.4014.1016.3018.5020.9023.6025.80圭亚那29.0029.2029.4030.0030.5030.0029.5029.10科摩罗12.6017.0019.4021.2023.2025.5027.9028.30越南14.7016.4018.3018.8019.2019.6020.3022.20圣卢西亚21.5022.7023.9025.2026.5027.9029.3029.60东帝汶孟加拉国 5.10 6.207.609.8014.9017.5019.8021.70乍得 6.708.4011.6015.6018.8019.8020.8021.90塔吉克斯坦33.2035.2036.9035.5034.3033.2031.7028.90坦桑尼亚 5.20 6.007.9011.1014.6016.8018.9020.50莱索托 3.40 6.308.6010.8011.5011.8014.0017.00斯威士兰 3.90 6.509.7014.0017.8021.8022.9023.00汤加17.6019.5020.2020.3021.2022.3022.7022.90瓦努阿图10.4011.3012.3013.4014.7016.7018.7020.20阿富汗8.009.4011.0013.3015.7017.0018.3019.80萨摩亚18.9019.3020.4021.0021.2021.2021.2021.50密克罗尼西亚联邦22.3023.5024.8025.9026.4026.1025.8025.10肯尼亚7.408.6010.3012.9015.7017.0018.2019.00柬埔寨10.3010.8016.00 4.409.0012.6012.6014.20厄立特里亚9.8011.4012.6013.5014.4015.2015.8016.60布基纳法索 4.70 5.20 5.70 6.308.8012.3013.8015.10马拉维 4.40 4.90 6.107.709.1010.2011.6013.30卢旺达 2.40 2.80 3.20 4.00 4.70 5.10 5.408.30索罗门群岛 5.807.208.909.1010.6012.4013.7014.70尼泊尔 3.50 3.70 4.00 4.80 6.107.408.9010.90埃塞俄比亚 6.407.608.609.5010.4011.5012.6013.90尼日尔 5.80 6.808.8011.4013.4014.5015.4015.80斯里兰卡16.4017.6019.5019.5018.8018.0017.2016.40列支敦士登20.4019.5018.5018.3018.3017.6016.9016.50特里尼达和多巴哥17.3014.3011.9011.4010.909.608.509.60乌干达 4.40 5.50 6.707.007.509.2011.1011.70巴布亚新几内亚 3.70 5.509.8011.9013.0014.0015.0014.10布隆迪 2.00 2.20 2.40 3.20 4.30 5.20 6.307.20中高收入46.3950.5754.4858.3461.7164.8567.5269.59世界各国城市化率世界银行数据2000年200220032004200520062007200820092010 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 98.2098.2498.2698.2898.3098.3298.3498.3698.3898.40 94.6095.8096.4097.0097.6097.8498.0898.3298.5698.80 97.1097.1897.2297.2697.3097.3297.3497.3697.3897.40 94.9095.1095.2095.3095.4095.4895.5695.6495.7295.80 92.6093.2493.5693.8894.2094.4294.6494.8695.0895.3092.4092.8893.1293.3693.6093.8294.0494.2694.4894.7093.4093.6893.8293.9694.1094.1494.1894.2294.2694.30 89.7090.7491.2691.7892.3092.6492.9893.3293.6694.00 93.1093.1093.1093.1093.1093.1293.1493.1693.1893.20 88.8089.8090.3090.8091.3091.6491.9892.3292.6693.0091.3091.5891.7291.8692.0092.1092.2092.3092.4092.5092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2292.2492.2692.2892.30 90.1090.6290.8891.1491.4091.6091.8092.0092.2092.40 84.6086.6487.6688.6889.7090.4291.1491.8692.5893.30 91.4091.4891.5291.5691.6091.6291.6491.6691.6891.70 90.2090.4490.5690.6890.8090.9091.0091.1091.2091.30 89.4089.5289.5889.6489.7089.7889.8689.9490.0290.1091.5691.1490.7290.3089.8489.3888.9288.4688.0087.2087.6087.8088.0088.2088.3888.5688.7488.9289.1088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4488.4888.5288.5688.60 85.9086.5886.9287.2687.6087.8888.1688.4488.7289.00 83.3084.4284.9885.5486.1086.5086.9087.3087.7088.10 86.0086.2486.3686.4886.6086.7286.8486.9687.0887.20 85.1085.4285.5885.7485.9086.1686.4286.6886.9487.20 85.7085.9086.0086.1086.2086.3286.4486.5686.6886.80 81.2082.4083.0083.6084.2084.6685.1285.5886.0486.50 80.1081.5082.2082.9083.6084.0884.5685.0485.5286.00 84.0084.1284.1884.2484.3084.3884.4684.5484.6284.70 82.0082.4482.6682.8883.1083.3083.5083.7083.9084.10 81.6082.0882.3282.5682.8083.0483.2883.5283.7684.00 83.8083.4083.2083.0082.8082.6882.5682.4482.3282.20 79.8080.2880.5280.8481.4282.0082.5882.4282.2683.60 76.8078.1678.8479.5280.2080.7481.2881.8282.3682.90 79.1079.7880.1280.4680.8081.1081.4081.7082.0082.30 79.6080.0880.3280.5680.8081.0281.2481.4681.6881.90 69.9072.7874.2275.6677.1078.2279.3480.4681.5882.70 79.5079.7479.8679.9880.1080.2080.3080.4080.5080.60 78.3078.3078.3078.3078.3078.3478.3878.4278.4678.50 77.8077.7677.7477.7277.7077.7677.8277.8877.9478.00 76.4076.6476.7676.8877.0077.1877.3677.5477.7277.90 76.1076.5876.8277.0677.3077.3677.4277.4877.5477.6075.8076.1676.3476.5276.7076.9277.1477.3677.5877.80 74.7075.3475.6675.9876.3076.6076.9077.2077.5077.80 76.3076.4676.5476.6276.7076.8476.9877.1277.2677.40 75.6075.6075.6075.6075.6075.6275.6475.6675.6875.70 72.1072.8273.1873.5473.9074.2474.5874.9275.2675.6071.1072.0672.5473.0273.5073.9474.3874.8275.2675.7072.1072.7073.0073.3073.6073.9074.2074.5074.8075.10 71.1071.8272.1872.5472.9073.2473.5873.9274.2674.6073.1073.2273.2873.3473.4073.4873.5673.6473.7273.8074.0073.8073.7073.6073.5073.5073.5073.5073.5073.50 73.3073.3073.3073.3073.3073.3673.4273.4873.5473.60 69.9070.8271.2871.7472.2072.6273.0473.4673.8874.30 65.8067.8068.8069.8070.8071.6072.4073.2074.0074.80 73.4073.2073.1073.0072.9072.8872.8672.8472.8272.8071.5471.5671.5871.6071.7071.8071.9072.0072.10 71.6071.5671.5471.5271.5071.5471.5871.6271.6671.70 70.7070.8670.9471.0271.1071.2071.3071.4071.5071.60 68.9069.4269.6869.9470.2070.5070.8071.1071.4071.70 68.4069.0469.3669.6870.0070.3670.7271.0871.4471.80 62.0064.2465.3666.4867.6068.5269.4470.3671.2872.2068.6068.8869.0269.1669.3069.5069.7069.9070.1070.3069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4269.4469.4669.4869.50 62.4064.1665.0465.9266.8067.5468.2869.0269.7670.50 64.7065.7466.2666.7867.3067.7668.2268.6869.1469.60 64.2065.2865.8266.3666.9067.4267.9468.4668.9869.50 68.1068.0668.0468.0268.0068.0468.0868.1268.1668.20 67.2067.3667.4467.5267.6067.7667.9268.0868.2468.40 67.1067.3867.5267.6667.8067.8667.9267.9868.0468.1064.6065.2865.6265.9666.3066.7067.1067.5067.9068.3065.8066.0866.2266.3666.5066.7266.9467.1667.3867.60 67.0066.8466.7666.6866.6066.7266.8466.9667.0867.20 62.9063.9064.4064.9065.4065.9066.4066.9067.4067.90 67.8067.4467.2667.0866.9066.8066.7066.6066.5066.40 63.4064.1664.5464.9265.3065.7066.1066.5066.9067.30 65.2065.5265.6865.8466.0066.1666.3266.4866.6466.8060.3061.6262.2862.9463.6064.2664.9265.5866.2466.9061.8062.7663.2463.7264.2064.6665.1265.5866.0466.50 59.8061.2061.9062.6063.3063.9464.5865.2265.8666.50 58.5060.1861.0261.8662.7063.4464.1864.9265.6666.40 61.9062.6262.9863.3463.7064.0664.4264.7865.1465.50 65.1064.7064.5064.3064.1064.0263.9463.8663.7863.70 61.1061.6261.8862.1462.4062.7063.0063.3063.6063.9059.0060.0860.6261.1661.7062.2262.7463.2663.7864.3060.2060.7661.0461.3261.6061.9662.3262.6863.0463.4058.3059.0659.4459.8260.2060.5860.9661.3461.7262.1059.1059.6659.9460.2260.5060.7861.0661.3461.6261.90 61.7061.6261.5861.5461.5061.4461.3861.3261.2661.20 59.7059.9860.1260.2660.4060.6060.8061.0061.2061.40 56.9057.8658.3458.8259.3059.7860.2660.7461.2261.70 58.4058.9659.2459.5259.8060.1060.4060.7061.0061.30 53.4055.2856.2257.1658.1058.9259.7460.5661.3862.2055.3056.5857.2257.8658.5059.1059.7060.3060.9061.50 58.5059.5860.1260.6661.2060.8660.5260.1859.8459.50 54.3055.8256.5857.3458.1058.7859.4660.1460.8261.50 53.4055.0055.8056.6057.4058.1458.8859.6260.3661.1053.2054.8455.6656.4857.3058.0658.8259.5860.3461.1054.4055.6856.3256.9657.6058.2258.8459.4660.0860.70 56.3056.6256.7856.9457.1057.3857.6657.9458.2258.5055.6055.9656.1456.3256.5056.7657.0257.2857.5457.8056.6056.6456.6656.6856.7056.8657.0257.1857.3457.50 49.9051.6652.5453.4254.3055.1255.9456.7657.5858.40 54.7055.1855.4255.6655.9056.1856.4656.7457.0257.30 49.0051.0052.0053.0054.0054.9055.8056.7057.6058.50 56.3056.2656.2456.2256.2056.3256.4456.5656.6856.80 49.1051.0251.9852.9453.9054.7455.5856.4257.2658.10 53.3053.9854.3254.6655.0055.3455.6856.0256.3656.70 51.0051.7652.1452.5252.9053.3853.8654.3454.8255.3053.5853.6253.6653.7053.8854.0654.2454.4254.60 51.6052.2452.5652.8853.2053.5453.8854.2254.5654.9051.8052.1652.3452.5252.7052.9053.1053.3053.5053.7052.7052.6252.5852.5452.5052.5852.6652.7452.8252.90 48.3049.3049.8050.3050.8051.3251.8452.3652.8853.40 51.1051.2651.3451.4251.5051.6851.8652.0452.2252.40 51.2051.3251.3851.4451.5051.6451.7851.9252.0652.20 47.8048.7649.2449.7250.2050.7051.2051.7052.2052.70 52.4052.1251.9851.8451.7051.6851.6651.6451.6251.60 42.0044.4445.6646.8848.1049.2250.3451.4652.5853.7051.5651.4451.3251.2051.0850.9650.8450.7250.60 44.0045.5246.2847.0447.8048.5449.2850.0250.7651.50 46.6747.5047.9148.3148.7349.1549.5850.0150.4350.85 46.0046.8447.2647.6848.1048.5649.0249.4849.9450.40 43.5044.8245.4846.1446.8047.4648.1248.7849.4450.10 45.8046.4046.7047.0047.3047.7448.1848.6249.0649.50 50.8050.2850.0249.7649.5049.2048.9048.6048.3048.00 45.1045.9446.3646.7847.2047.6648.1248.5849.0449.50 42.5043.9844.7245.4646.2046.9247.6448.3649.0849.80 44.4045.2445.6646.0846.5046.9647.4247.8848.3448.8043.2044.2044.7045.2045.7046.2846.8647.4448.0248.6044.4045.0045.3045.6045.9046.2846.6647.0447.4247.80 35.6038.4439.8641.2842.7044.0845.4646.8448.2249.60 46.7046.6646.6446.6246.6046.6646.7246.7846.8446.90 41.7042.9443.5644.1844.8045.4446.0846.7247.3648.00 43.0043.2443.3643.4843.6043.6843.7643.8443.9244.00 36.1037.9838.9239.8640.8041.6842.5643.4444.3245.20 35.8037.6438.5639.4840.4041.3042.2043.1044.0044.90 42.6042.6042.6042.6042.6042.6442.6842.7242.7642.80 42.7042.5442.4642.3842.3042.3642.4242.4842.5442.60 40.6041.0041.2041.4041.6041.8642.1242.3842.6442.90 36.5037.8638.5439.2239.9040.6041.3042.0042.7043.40 44.6043.8043.4043.0042.6042.3242.0441.7641.4841.20 36.3037.7038.4039.1039.8040.3440.8841.4241.9642.50 38.3038.9839.3239.6640.0040.4040.8041.2041.6042.0040.0040.1640.2440.3240.4040.6040.8041.0041.2041.40 36.3037.1437.5637.9838.4038.8839.3639.8440.3240.80 38.8038.8438.8638.8838.9039.0639.2239.3839.5439.70 37.6037.8037.9038.0038.1038.2638.4238.5838.7438.90 27.7030.1831.4232.6633.9035.2236.5437.8639.1840.50 35.5036.0236.2836.5436.8037.1237.4437.7638.0838.40 33.8034.6435.0635.4835.9036.3836.8637.3437.8238.30 32.4033.4834.0234.5635.1035.6836.2636.8437.4238.00 30.7032.2232.9833.7434.5035.2836.0636.8437.6238.40 37.3037.0636.9436.8236.7036.7436.7836.8236.8636.90 33.2034.0034.4034.8035.2035.6436.0836.5236.9637.40 35.4035.5635.6435.7235.8035.9636.1236.2836.4436.6033.2033.8834.2234.5634.9035.3235.7436.1636.5837.0034.8034.8834.9234.9635.0035.1435.2835.4235.5635.70 25.4027.6428.7629.8831.0032.1633.3234.4835.6436.80 31.0031.8032.2032.6033.0033.4833.9634.4434.9235.4030.7231.1831.6432.1032.7233.3433.9634.5835.2031.1031.5831.8232.0632.3032.6432.9833.3233.6634.00 28.0029.0429.5630.0830.6031.2631.9232.5833.2433.90 32.8032.5632.4432.3232.2032.2432.2832.3232.3632.40 27.9028.9429.4629.9830.5031.0631.6232.1832.7433.3030.5830.6230.6630.7030.8430.9831.1231.2631.40 22.0024.1625.2426.3227.4028.5629.7230.8832.0433.20 31.0030.8430.7630.6830.6030.6830.7630.8430.9231.00 26.3027.3427.8628.3828.9029.4830.0630.6431.2231.80 32.1031.5431.2630.9830.7030.6230.5430.4630.3830.30 29.7029.6629.6429.6229.6029.6829.7629.8429.9230.00 27.7028.1028.3028.5028.7028.9829.2629.5429.8230.1027.1027.6627.9428.2228.5028.8429.1829.5229.8630.2028.6028.4428.3628.2828.2028.2628.3228.3828.4428.50 28.1028.0227.9827.9427.9027.9628.0228.0828.1428.20 24.3025.1425.5625.9826.4026.8827.3627.8428.3228.80 28.0027.8427.7627.6827.6027.6827.7627.8427.9228.0025.0225.3825.7426.1026.5026.9027.3027.7028.10 23.6024.4424.8625.2825.7026.1826.6627.1427.6228.10 23.4024.1624.5424.9225.3025.7626.2226.6827.1427.60 26.5026.4626.4426.4226.4026.4226.4426.4626.4826.50 22.3023.0623.4423.8224.2024.6425.0825.5225.9626.40 20.0021.3221.9822.6423.3024.0224.7425.4626.1826.90 23.3023.6223.7823.9424.1024.3824.6624.9425.2225.50 23.2023.5223.6823.8424.0024.2624.5224.7825.0425.30 21.7022.4222.7823.1423.5023.9224.3424.7625.1825.60 21.3021.9422.2622.5822.9023.2823.6624.0424.4224.8021.9022.1022.2022.3022.4022.6022.8023.0023.2023.4022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3822.4622.5422.6222.70 19.7020.1020.3020.5020.7021.0021.3021.6021.9022.2016.9018.0218.5819.1419.7020.3220.9421.5622.1822.8017.8018.4418.7619.0819.4019.8420.2820.7221.1621.60 16.6017.2817.6217.9618.3018.7219.1419.5619.9820.40 15.2016.0416.4616.8817.3017.8018.3018.8019.3019.80 13.8015.2816.0216.7617.5017.7818.0618.3418.6218.9015.7016.2216.4816.7417.0017.3217.6417.9618.2818.6013.4014.3614.8415.3215.8016.2816.7617.2417.7218.2014.9015.3815.6215.8616.1016.4016.7017.0017.3017.60 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城市化水平100%的国家作者:潘诒红来源:《地理教育》2010年第03期城市化是社会经济发展的必然结果,城市化水平的高低往往反映了一个国家或地区社会经济的发展水平。
目前,发达国家城市化水平较高,甚至有些国家或地区城市化水平已达到100%。
新加坡:位于东南亚马来半岛最南端,是一个热带城市岛国,面积为699.4千米2,2008年人口有460多万,人口密度6 577人/千米2。
新加坡是个城市国家,国家、首都、城市和岛屿是一个统一体。
新加坡所处的地理位置是世界的十字路口之一,得天独厚的地理条件使其发展成为一个重要的商业、运输、通讯、旅游中心。
新加坡2008年GDP达到192 800百万美元,人均GDP为38 972美元,其经济以五大部门为主:商业、制造业、建筑业、金融业、交通和通讯业。
工业主要包括制造业和建筑业。
制造业产品主要包括电子产品、机械设备、交通设备、石油产品等部门。
新加坡服务业发达, 包括零售与批发贸易、饭店旅游、交通与电讯、金融服务等,其中金融业是最大的服务业部门。
而农业在国民经济中所占比重不到1%,主要有园艺种植、家禽饲养、水产和蔬菜种植,粮食全部靠进口。
新加坡是一个城市国家,其城市化水平为100%。
香港:位于珠江口外,含香港岛、九龙半岛及新界三部分,总面积1 103千米2,2008年人口超过700万,人口密度为6 346人/千米2。
1997年7月1日回归中国,结束了一百多年的殖民统治。
作为特别行政区,香港有自己独立的货币、法律和海关。
香港的现代化气息浓郁,经济、通讯、科技、交通、生活、娱乐都处于世界发展水平的前沿。
香港2008年GDP达到223 800百万美元,人均GDP为30 755美元。
20世纪70年代以后,香港经济迅速发展,逐步形成了一个以加工工业为基础、以对外贸易为主导、以多种经营为特点的现代化国际工商业城市。
香港现代经济发展基础是制造业,房地产及建筑业是香港经济的重要支柱之一。
世界各国的城市化进程及其影响有何异同?随着人口数量的逐渐增长,城市化已成为一种趋势,各国都在不断地推行城市化,但不同国家的城市化进程及其影响却有所不同。
下面将对世界各国的城市化进程及其影响进行分析和比较。
一、中国的城市化进程及其影响1.城市化进程中国的城市化迅速发展,从1950年左右开始实行城市计划经济以来,城镇人口从2000万增长到8亿,城市化率达到了58.5%。
中国加快推进城市化建设,减少城乡发展差距,有助于缓解农村人口过剩问题。
现在,中国城市化的重点是推进新型城镇化,加强城市公共设施建设,促进城市发展。
2.影响相对于其他国家,中国城市化进程带来的影响更大,城市发展带动了社会经济发展和民生改善。
在城市发展中,中国还鼓励创新和人才集聚,促进经济快速发展。
同时对环境造成了一定程度的压力,城市发展过程中也产生了一些社会问题。
二、美国的城市化进程及其影响1.城市化进程美国的城市化进程比较成熟,城镇人口占总人口的比重已超过80%,城市化率达到85%。
美国的城市化发展从20世纪初期开始,现在城市化的重点在于老工业城市的再生和城市可持续发展。
美国各地的城市具有不同的特色和文化,对全国经济的发展做出了巨大的贡献。
2.影响美国的城市化进程带来了经济上的发展,同时也出现了许多社会问题,比如城市贫困和不公平的社会结构。
随着城市可持续发展的要求越来越高,美国开始探索城市绿色发展模式,促进城市经济社会可持续性发展。
三、印度的城市化进程及其影响1.城市化进程印度是一个高度人口密集的国家,城市化进程非常缓慢,目前城市化率不到35%。
印度的城市化建设也面临很多困难,包括城市基础设施建设和城市经济发展等方面。
2.影响印度的城市化进程给人们带来了一些负面影响,包括城乡差距加大和环境污染问题等。
此外,印度还出现了城市贫困和居民生活质量低下等问题。
本文从国别角度介绍了世界各国的城市化进程及其影响,并且列举了各国发展城市化的优劣势。
数据来源:世界银行Country Name Indicator Name19611962 World Urban population (% of total)34.0310134.46401 Aruba Urban population (% of total)50.760850.7456 Andorra Urban population (% of total)60.84963.248 Afghanistan Urban population (% of total)8.2658.537 Angola Urban population (% of total)10.848811.2626 Albania Urban population (% of total)30.8130.915 Arab World Urban population (% of total)32.194533.03269 United Arab Emirates Urban population (% of total)73.932274.3644 Argentina Urban population (% of total)74.162674.7142 Armenia Urban population (% of total)52.144453.0138 American Samoa Urban population (% of total)66.635667.0602 Antigua and Barbuda Urban population (% of total)39.046838.4376 Australia Urban population (% of total)81.920282.3114 Austria Urban population (% of total)64.778264.8364 Azerbaijan Urban population (% of total)52.363252.0634 Burundi Urban population (% of total) 2.0726 2.1072 Belgium Urban population (% of total)92.595492.7308 Benin Urban population (% of total)9.923810.5726 Burkina Faso Urban population (% of total) 4.7996 4.8992 Bangladesh Urban population (% of total) 5.3502 5.5654 Bulgaria Urban population (% of total)38.83140.562 Bahrain Urban population (% of total)82.35682.392 Bahamas, The Urban population (% of total)60.379461.1048 Bosnia and Herzegovina Urban population (% of total)19.795420.5508 Belarus Urban population (% of total)33.546234.6914 Belize Urban population (% of total)53.718653.4092 Bermuda Urban population (% of total)100100 Bolivia Urban population (% of total)37.06137.36 Brazil Urban population (% of total)47.118648.0982 Barbados Urban population (% of total)36.849836.9226 Brunei Darussalam Urban population (% of total)45.245847.0906 Bhutan Urban population (% of total) 3.8142 4.0324 Botswana Urban population (% of total) 3.2158 3.3716Urban population (% of total)Sub-Saharan Africa (IFC classificationCentral African Republic Urban population (% of total)20.783821.4676 Canada Urban population (% of total)69.827270.5934Urban population (% of total)East Asia and the Pacific (IFC classifEurope and Central Asia (IFC classificUrban population (% of total)Switzerland Urban population (% of total)51.658652.2982 Channel Islands Urban population (% of total)38.43738.174 Chile Urban population (% of total)68.60869.38 China Urban population (% of total)16.579616.9562 Cote d'Ivoire Urban population (% of total)19.043220.4074Urban population (% of total)Latin America and the Caribbean (IFC cUrban population (% of total)Middle East and North Africa (IFC clasCameroon Urban population (% of total)14.525615.1142 Congo, Rep.Urban population (% of total)32.335433.0698 Colombia Urban population (% of total)46.230847.4286 Comoros Urban population (% of total)13.436414.3218 Cape Verde Urban population (% of total)16.957817.2366 Costa Rica Urban population (% of total)34.561434.8688 South Asia (IFC classification)Urban population (% of total)Caribbean small states Urban population (% of total)31.7054231.97397 Cuba Urban population (% of total)58.588258.7754 Curacao Urban population (% of total)Cayman Islands Urban population (% of total)100100 Cyprus Urban population (% of total)36.1436.652 Czech Republic Urban population (% of total)60.041660.5352 Germany Urban population (% of total)71.498271.6124 Djibouti Urban population (% of total)51.481852.6386 Dominica Urban population (% of total)29.148631.0072 Denmark Urban population (% of total)74.359275.0314 Dominican Republic Urban population (% of total)31.19132.153 Algeria Urban population (% of total)31.936633.3632 East Asia & Pacific (developing only)Urban population (% of total)17.2960717.66563Urban population (% of total)23.0371123.47705 East Asia & Pacific (all income levelsEurope & Central Asia (developing onlyUrban population (% of total)39.8316540.50498Urban population (% of total)55.755456.30836 Europe & Central Asia (all income leveEcuador Urban population (% of total)34.430434.9828 Egypt, Arab Rep.Urban population (% of total)38.427438.9908 Euro area Urban population (% of total)62.5067563.03157 Eritrea Urban population (% of total)10.077410.4038 Spain Urban population (% of total)57.509258.4514 Estonia Urban population (% of total)58.29659.059 Ethiopia Urban population (% of total) 6.6638 6.8946 European Union Urban population (% of total)61.4143861.89545 Finland Urban population (% of total)56.163657.0372 Fiji Urban population (% of total)30.261230.8414 France Urban population (% of total)62.918263.9564 Faeroe Islands Urban population (% of total)22.21723.051 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.Urban population (% of total)22.55722.802 Gabon Urban population (% of total)18.673419.9488 United Kingdom Urban population (% of total)78.319478.1948 Georgia Urban population (% of total)43.56244.055 Ghana Urban population (% of total)23.816424.3808 Guinea Urban population (% of total)10.973211.4744 Gambia, The Urban population (% of total)12.609813.0906 Guinea-Bissau Urban population (% of total)13.749813.8996 Equatorial Guinea Urban population (% of total)25.7325.923 Greece Urban population (% of total)43.818644.7462 Grenada Urban population (% of total)30.520430.7088 Greenland Urban population (% of total)60.037261.5404 Guatemala Urban population (% of total)31.694632.2682 Guam Urban population (% of total)51.227252.3074 Guyana Urban population (% of total)29.04929.089 High income Urban population (% of total)62.9496463.52355 Hong Kong SAR, China Urban population (% of total)85.444485.6888 Honduras Urban population (% of total)23.338423.9298Urban population (% of total)12.5503312.97822 Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)Croatia Urban population (% of total)31.118632.0832 Haiti Urban population (% of total)15.990416.3878 Hungary Urban population (% of total)56.333256.7554 Indonesia Urban population (% of total)14.826615.0672 Isle of Man Urban population (% of total)55.359455.5958 India Urban population (% of total)18.096218.2684 Not classified Urban population (% of total)Ireland Urban population (% of total)46.399446.9768 Iran, Islamic Rep.Urban population (% of total)34.401635.0682 Iraq Urban population (% of total)44.449445.9998 Iceland Urban population (% of total)80.78481.268 Israel Urban population (% of total)77.666478.4848 Italy Urban population (% of total)59.857460.3538 Jamaica Urban population (% of total)34.51535.261 Jordan Urban population (% of total)51.555652.2322 Japan Urban population (% of total)64.190865.1096 Kazakhstan Urban population (% of total)44.767845.3376 Kenya Urban population (% of total)7.61067.8592 Kyrgyz Republic Urban population (% of total)34.51534.849 Cambodia Urban population (% of total)10.39410.503 Kiribati Urban population (% of total)16.95717.624 St. Kitts and Nevis Urban population (% of total)28.286228.9284 Korea, Rep.Urban population (% of total)28.638229.5664 Kosovo Urban population (% of total)Kuwait Urban population (% of total)75.76976.645 Latin America & Caribbean (developingUrban population (% of total)49.1883149.99167 Lao PDR Urban population (% of total)8.02148.0968 Lebanon Urban population (% of total)44.061445.7798 Liberia Urban population (% of total)19.327220.0224 Libya Urban population (% of total)28.591629.8602 St. Lucia Urban population (% of total)21.721.94Urban population (% of total)50.0492650.83955 Latin America & Caribbean (all incomeUrban population (% of total)9.87382610.18541 Least developed countries: UN classifiLow income Urban population (% of total)11.420311.73252 Liechtenstein Urban population (% of total)20.243820.0506 Sri Lanka Urban population (% of total)16.6716.909 Lower middle income Urban population (% of total)21.1017221.4133 Low & middle income Urban population (% of total)22.5711123.01975 Lesotho Urban population (% of total) 4.0004 4.5858 Lithuania Urban population (% of total)40.45841.456 Luxembourg Urban population (% of total)70.036470.5168 Latvia Urban population (% of total)53.6654.453 Macao SAR, China Urban population (% of total)95.466695.6442 St. Martin (French part)Urban population (% of total)Morocco Urban population (% of total)29.85830.359 Monaco Urban population (% of total)100100 Moldova Urban population (% of total)24.252425.0808 Madagascar Urban population (% of total)10.989411.3368 Maldives Urban population (% of total)11.2311.287Urban population (% of total)35.8112336.65632 Middle East & North Africa (all incomeMexico Urban population (% of total)51.588652.4242 Marshall Islands Urban population (% of total)36.999838.4156 Middle income Urban population (% of total)23.9743724.44832 Macedonia, FYR Urban population (% of total)35.28736.554 Mali Urban population (% of total)11.374411.6828 Malta Urban population (% of total)90.068290.0074 Myanmar Urban population (% of total)19.57519.924Urban population (% of total)34.7102435.49986 Middle East & North Africa (developingMontenegro Urban population (% of total)19.543620.2992 Mongolia Urban population (% of total)36.96638.253 Northern Mariana Islands Urban population (% of total)52.72754.235Mozambique Urban population (% of total) 3.8552 4.0434 Mauritania Urban population (% of total)7.5228.164 Mauritius Urban population (% of total)33.941434.7058 Malawi Urban population (% of total) 4.4936 4.5972 Malaysia Urban population (% of total)27.26127.924 North America Urban population (% of total)70.3299470.74171 Namibia Urban population (% of total)18.334218.7594 New Caledonia Urban population (% of total)38.817240.2744 Niger Urban population (% of total) 5.9962 6.1994 Nigeria Urban population (% of total)16.950417.7398 Nicaragua Urban population (% of total)40.206240.8314 Netherlands Urban population (% of total)59.952260.1524 High income: nonOECD Urban population (% of total)54.2236655.11079 Norway Urban population (% of total)51.449652.9792 Nepal Urban population (% of total) 3.5314 3.5828 New Zealand Urban population (% of total)76.576677.1552 High income: OECD Urban population (% of total)64.753165.2639 OECD members Urban population (% of total)62.8348463.33931 Oman Urban population (% of total)17.587618.7752 Other small states Urban population (% of total)14.8840715.43473 Pakistan Urban population (% of total)22.385422.6668 Panama Urban population (% of total)41.885442.5218 Peru Urban population (% of total)47.822448.8338 Philippines Urban population (% of total)30.558430.8198 Palau Urban population (% of total)57.113657.4042 Papua New Guinea Urban population (% of total) 4.074 4.423 Poland Urban population (% of total)48.338848.7856 Puerto Rico Urban population (% of total)45.939247.3344 Korea, Dem. Rep.Urban population (% of total)41.174242.1534 Portugal Urban population (% of total)35.337235.7194 Paraguay Urban population (% of total)35.703835.8386 Pacific island small states Urban population (% of total)22.5422422.98478 French Polynesia Urban population (% of total)43.59744.75 Qatar Urban population (% of total)85.636686.0362 Romania Urban population (% of total)34.906635.6042 Russian Federation Urban population (% of total)54.619455.5078 Rwanda Urban population (% of total) 2.4738 2.5476 South Asia Urban population (% of total)16.9053817.08546 Saudi Arabia Urban population (% of total)32.753834.2576 Sudan Urban population (% of total)11.271411.7968 Senegal Urban population (% of total)23.670224.3404 Singapore Urban population (% of total)100100 Solomon Islands Urban population (% of total) 6.0634 6.3588 Sierra Leone Urban population (% of total)17.945818.5146 El Salvador Urban population (% of total)38.457838.5706 San Marino Urban population (% of total)50.000451.1008 Somalia Urban population (% of total)17.842418.3728 Serbia Urban population (% of total)Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only)Urban population (% of total)15.2238215.70168 South Sudan Urban population (% of total)8.73648.7248Urban population (% of total)15.2353115.71271 Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)Small states Urban population (% of total)21.4778621.91789 Sao Tome and Principe Urban population (% of total)17.22518.377 Suriname Urban population (% of total)47.229847.1996Slovak Republic Urban population (% of total)34.179834.8956 Slovenia Urban population (% of total)29.062629.9212 Sweden Urban population (% of total)73.403274.3164 Swaziland Urban population (% of total) 4.4292 4.9454 Sint Maarten (Dutch part)Urban population (% of total)Seychelles Urban population (% of total)28.76329.853 Syrian Arab Republic Urban population (% of total)37.407638.0572 Turks and Caicos Islands Urban population (% of total)48.021648.3642 Chad Urban population (% of total)7.03727.3794 Togo Urban population (% of total)11.068412.0388 Thailand Urban population (% of total)19.781819.8916 Tajikistan Urban population (% of total)33.564833.9616 Turkmenistan Urban population (% of total)46.557446.7028 Timor-Leste Urban population (% of total)10.343410.5958 Tonga Urban population (% of total)17.941418.3308 Trinidad and Tobago Urban population (% of total)16.748616.1482 Tunisia Urban population (% of total)37.953638.3962 Turkey Urban population (% of total)32.057432.5998 Tuvalu Urban population (% of total)16.474617.0542 Tanzania Urban population (% of total) 5.4028 5.5596 Uganda Urban population (% of total) 4.6354 4.8538 Ukraine Urban population (% of total)47.563448.3348 Upper middle income Urban population (% of total)26.3544326.98119 Uruguay Urban population (% of total)80.458480.6758 United States Urban population (% of total)70.372670.7492 Uzbekistan Urban population (% of total)34.240234.5024 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Urban population (% of total)26.404826.8666 Venezuela, RB Urban population (% of total)62.694863.7766 Virgin Islands (U.S.)Urban population (% of total)57.837459.1978 Vietnam Urban population (% of total)15.044215.3884 Vanuatu Urban population (% of total)10.58910.774 West Bank and Gaza Urban population (% of total)Samoa Urban population (% of total)19.00119.076 Yemen, Rep.Urban population (% of total)9.48529.8704 South Africa Urban population (% of total)46.744846.8706 Congo, Dem. Rep.Urban population (% of total)23.060423.8208 Zambia Urban population (% of total)19.190420.2358 Zimbabwe Urban population (% of total)13.010413.4128196319641965196619671968196919701971 34.8319735.1994135.5579935.7725935.9866536.1857436.3956536.5951436.80517 50.730450.715250.750.684850.669650.654450.639250.62450.608865.64768.04670.44572.38774.32976.27178.21380.15581.57448.8099.0819.3539.688610.024210.359810.695411.03111.4804 11.676412.090212.50412.994613.485213.975814.466414.95715.791231.0231.12531.2331.33231.43431.53631.63831.7431.9344 33.8740634.7167335.559636.2474936.9359137.6272638.3251539.0319939.672674.796675.228875.66176.06976.47776.88577.29377.70178.083875.265875.817476.36976.871277.373477.875678.377878.8879.2978 53.883254.752655.62256.470457.318858.167259.015659.86460.6134 67.484867.909468.33468.74469.15469.56469.97470.38470.778 37.828437.219236.6136.051835.493634.935434.377233.81933.8986 82.702683.093883.48583.84184.19784.55384.90985.26585.3962 64.894664.952865.01165.060465.109865.159265.208665.25865.2746 51.763651.463851.16450.932850.701650.470450.239250.00850.38582.1418 2.1764 2.211 2.2452 2.2794 2.3136 2.3478 2.382 2.5492 92.866293.001693.13793.278293.419493.560693.701893.84393.9704 11.221411.870212.51913.353414.187815.022215.856616.69117.73364.99885.0984 5.198 5.3076 5.4172 5.5268 5.6364 5.746 5.86625.7806 5.99586.211 6.4874 6.76387.04027.31667.5938.041642.29344.02445.75547.06448.37349.68250.99152.353.352482.42882.46482.582.75583.0183.26583.5283.77584.015 61.830262.555663.28163.969864.658665.347466.036266.72567.3798 21.306222.061622.81723.693824.570625.447426.324227.20128.0184 35.836636.981838.12739.303640.480241.656842.833444.0145.3308 53.099852.790452.48152.177451.873851.570251.266650.96350.804610010010010010010010010010037.65937.95838.25738.560838.864639.168439.472239.77640.0836 49.077850.057451.03752.011452.985853.960254.934655.90956.885 36.995437.068237.14137.220637.300237.379837.459437.53937.7552 48.935450.780252.62554.43556.24558.05559.86561.67561.73884.2506 4.4688 4.687 4.96745.2478 5.5282 5.80866.089 6.44643.5274 3.6832 3.8394.6385.4376.2367.0357.8348.644 22.151422.835223.51924.280825.042625.804426.566227.32828.2536 71.359672.125872.89273.444473.996874.549275.101675.65475.645452.937853.577454.21754.847255.477456.107656.737857.36857.368237.91137.64837.38537.125636.866236.606836.347436.08835.70770.15270.92471.69672.402273.108473.814674.520875.22775.8588 17.332817.709418.08617.948817.811617.674417.537217.417.4 21.771623.135824.525.232625.965226.697827.430428.16328.9762 15.702816.291416.8817.56418.24818.93219.61620.321.6984 33.804234.538635.27336.044236.815437.586638.357839.12939.956 48.626449.824251.02251.781652.541253.300854.060454.8255.5638 15.207216.092616.97817.460417.942818.425218.907619.3919.7598 17.515417.794218.07318.370218.667418.964619.261819.55919.931 35.176235.483635.79136.398237.005437.612638.219838.82739.331432.2528332.5389732.8290233.1417233.4566133.7679534.0697434.3584934.70738 58.962659.149859.33759.522859.708659.894460.080260.26661.0576100100100100100100100100100 37.16437.67638.18838.702639.217239.731840.246440.76142.0642 61.028861.522462.01662.493262.970463.447663.924864.40265.505 71.726671.840871.95572.018872.082672.146472.210272.27472.3312 53.795454.952256.10957.242658.376259.509860.643461.77762.85 32.865834.724436.58338.644640.706242.767844.829446.89148.572 75.703676.375877.04877.585878.123678.661479.199279.73780.218833.11534.07735.03936.07337.10738.14139.17540.20941.305434.789836.216437.64338.014438.385838.757239.128639.539.666 18.0257318.3864618.7473418.7529818.7599418.7666618.7718918.7760118.87022 23.8455924.2182324.5886224.6345124.685624.710824.7950724.8415224.97011 41.1730341.8361742.4932443.1804843.8601344.5372945.2128845.8822646.46751 56.8641357.4202757.9818858.5174159.0428259.5680160.1002560.6304761.08458 35.535236.087636.6437.167637.695238.222838.750439.27839.895 39.554240.117640.68140.986641.292241.597841.903442.20942.4576 63.5660664.1026464.6432865.1255665.5976466.0688366.5525267.0296667.34689 10.730211.056611.38311.62511.86712.10912.35112.59312.7652 59.393660.335861.27862.2363.18264.13465.08666.03866.7444 59.82260.58561.34862.067862.787663.507464.227264.94765.4754 7.12547.35627.5877.78727.98748.18768.38788.5888.7624 62.3797662.8632663.354863.7811664.1896864.5990365.0212865.4420965.81115 57.910858.784459.65860.467261.276462.085662.894863.70464.5294 31.421632.001832.58233.017233.452433.887634.322834.75835.1506 64.994666.032867.07167.867868.664669.461470.258271.05571.4292 23.88524.71925.55326.032626.512226.991827.471427.95128.426 23.04723.29223.53723.791224.045424.299624.553824.80825.018 21.224222.499623.77525.4227.06528.7130.3553234.1942 78.070277.945677.82177.680277.539477.398677.257877.11777.2302 44.54845.04145.53446.028446.522847.017247.511648.00648.4736 24.945225.509626.07426.653627.233227.812828.392428.97229.1892 11.975612.476812.97813.577814.177614.777415.377215.97716.684613.571414.052214.53315.525616.518217.510818.503419.49620.48214.049414.199214.34914.505614.662214.818814.975415.13215.2956 26.11626.30926.50226.592426.682826.773226.863626.95427.0452 45.673846.601447.52948.52449.51950.51451.50952.50453.0646 30.897231.085631.27431.461631.649231.836832.024432.21232.2826 63.043664.546866.0567.388868.727670.066471.405272.74473.073 32.841833.415433.98934.300234.611434.922635.233835.54535.7796 53.387654.467855.54856.822458.096859.371260.645661.9266.2624 29.12929.16929.20929.252229.295429.338629.381829.42529.5334 64.0963564.6695165.2457765.8020266.3546966.9037367.4651368.0293868.45967 85.933286.177686.42286.683486.944887.206287.467687.72988.1222 24.521225.112625.70426.343626.983227.622828.262428.90229.5436 13.4061213.833614.2605314.741415.2221615.7032116.1848716.6673717.08034 33.047834.012434.97736.020837.064638.108439.152240.19641.182 16.785217.182617.5818.016418.452818.889219.325619.76219.8904 57.177657.599858.02258.4458.85859.27659.69460.11260.5358 15.307815.548415.78916.045416.301816.558216.814617.07117.5202 55.832256.068656.30556.210256.115456.020655.925855.83155.1454 18.440618.612818.78518.9819.17519.3719.56519.7620.074447.554248.131648.70949.311649.914250.516851.119451.72252.1044 35.734836.401437.06837.896838.725639.554440.383241.21242.119 47.550249.100650.65151.751652.852253.952855.053456.15457.199 81.75282.23682.7283.15683.59284.02884.46484.985.2538 79.303280.121680.9481.59182.24282.89383.54484.19584.6846 60.850261.346661.84362.328862.814663.300463.786264.27264.5462 36.00736.75337.49938.26439.02939.79440.55941.32441.8618 52.908853.585454.26254.603854.945655.287455.629255.97156.3068 66.028466.947267.86668.668269.470470.272671.074871.87772.6448 45.907446.477247.04747.684848.322648.960449.598250.23650.7016 8.10788.35648.6058.9439.2819.6199.95710.29510.8188 35.18335.51735.85136.17436.49736.8237.14337.46637.61 10.61210.72110.8311.85812.88613.91414.94215.9713.658 18.29118.95819.62520.517621.410222.302823.195424.08825.191629.570630.212830.85531.512232.169432.826633.483834.14134.318230.494631.422832.35134.021635.692237.362839.033440.70442.1698 77.52178.39779.27380.550681.828283.105884.383485.66186.4056 50.7961151.60252.4096153.1753453.942654.7124255.4860356.2641257.01768 8.17228.24768.3238.58348.84389.10429.36469.6259.9162 47.498249.216650.93552.64354.35156.05957.76759.47560.9756 20.717621.412822.10822.891423.674824.458225.241626.02526.8964 31.128832.397433.66636.86740.06843.26946.4749.67152.293822.1822.4222.6622.909423.158823.408223.657623.90724.1656 51.6312252.4246453.2199753.9739154.7293855.48756.2475857.0116657.74655 10.4969810.8084611.1199411.5134411.907212.3022212.6998713.101113.41213 12.0417612.3514712.6639913.0923613.5230213.9567414.3935314.8329615.1251 19.857419.664219.47119.267419.063818.860218.656618.45318.4272 17.14817.38717.62618.003618.381218.758819.136419.51419.5078 21.7241522.0317822.3367522.636522.9330723.2268723.5189523.8063924.16757 23.4373523.8541524.2663424.5206824.7760425.027725.275225.520625.82008 5.1712 5.7566 6.342 6.79527.24847.70168.15488.6089.0508 42.45443.45244.4545.47146.49247.51348.53449.55550.781 70.997271.477671.95872.441272.924473.407673.890874.37474.9586 55.24656.03956.83257.608258.384459.160659.936860.71361.4018 95.821895.999496.17796.34896.51996.6996.86197.03297.203830.8631.36131.86232.38532.90833.43133.95434.47735.1244100100100100100100100100100 25.909226.737627.56628.466429.366830.267231.167632.06832.8988 11.684212.031612.37912.723213.067413.411613.755814.114.5468 11.34411.40111.45811.54511.63211.71911.80611.89312.9752 37.4952238.3384339.1782639.8952340.629741.3481742.077342.821343.52538 53.259854.095454.93155.74956.56757.38558.20359.02159.7686 39.831441.247242.66344.828846.994649.160451.326253.49254.92 24.8803525.3127725.7404925.974726.2114826.4435426.6690926.8905727.1906437.82139.08840.35541.699843.044644.389445.734247.07947.777 11.991212.299612.60812.952413.296813.641213.985614.3314.7128 89.946689.885889.82589.799889.774689.749489.724289.69989.707620.27320.62220.97121.342821.714622.086422.458222.8323.0484 36.2907637.0831437.8772638.5284839.1812539.8357240.4923741.1516941.76978 21.054821.810422.56623.423424.280825.138225.995626.85327.806839.5440.82742.11442.701643.289243.876844.464445.05245.772855.74357.25158.75961.019663.280265.540867.801470.06272.16044.2316 4.4198 4.608 4.84245.0768 5.3112 5.5456 5.786.3638.8069.44810.0910.984811.879612.774413.669214.56415.765 35.470236.234636.99938.005639.012240.018841.025442.03242.3142 4.7008 4.8044 4.908 5.137 5.366 5.595 5.824 6.053 6.3728 28.58729.2529.91330.621231.329432.037632.745833.45434.2936 71.153771.5660271.9787272.343172.7077573.0725373.4371673.8016673.81036 19.184619.609820.03520.486420.937821.389221.840622.29222.5638 41.731643.188844.64645.963247.280448.597649.914851.23252.0186 6.4026 6.6058 6.8097.2067.60388.3978.7949.319 18.529219.318620.10820.627621.147221.666822.186422.70623.2714 41.456642.081842.70743.571644.436245.300846.165447.0347.3714 60.352660.552860.75360.93561.11761.29961.48161.66361.967 55.9930656.8697557.7473758.6089559.481460.3495661.2147862.0857862.89945 54.508856.038457.56859.133660.699262.264863.830465.39665.9542 3.6342 3.6856 3.737 3.7808 3.8246 3.8684 3.9122 3.956 4.1308 77.733878.312478.89179.33479.77780.2280.66381.10681.4396 65.7744666.286566.8028867.2922867.7768368.2598168.7555269.2560269.60633 63.8439764.350264.8597965.3529165.8413966.3267666.827567.3303667.69192 19.962821.150422.33823.803425.268826.734228.199629.66531.3746 15.9832416.5296217.0737917.7461218.4190919.0888819.7500120.3994721.00967 22.948223.229623.51123.772224.033424.294624.555824.81725.1218 43.158243.794644.43145.072845.714646.356446.998247.6447.9196 49.845250.856651.86852.975654.083255.190856.298457.40658.217 31.081231.342631.60431.87932.15432.42932.70432.97933.4952 57.694857.985458.27658.563858.851659.139459.427259.71559.99964.7725.121 5.476.33527.20048.06568.93089.79610.2228 49.232449.679250.12650.525850.925651.325451.725252.12552.756 48.729650.124851.5252.881254.242455.603656.964858.32659.2144 43.132644.111845.09146.912848.734650.556452.378254.254.7 36.101636.483836.86637.253637.641238.028838.416438.80439.199 35.973436.108236.24336.407436.571836.736236.900637.06537.4482 23.4243123.8573424.2813824.6559725.0223425.383225.7420426.1019526.37941 45.90347.05648.20949.617651.026252.434853.843455.25255.577 86.435886.835487.23587.464487.693887.923288.152688.38288.4874 36.301836.999437.69738.221438.745839.270239.794640.31940.8214 56.396257.284658.17359.032659.892260.751861.611462.47163.2622 2.6214 2.6952 2.769 2.8536 2.9382 3.0228 3.1074 3.192 3.3532 17.2656917.445417.624417.8272618.0296318.2332118.4399918.6511218.97633 35.761437.265238.76940.74942.72944.70946.68948.66950.605 12.322212.847613.37314.00314.63315.26315.89316.52317.007 25.010625.680826.35127.080827.810628.540429.27023030.7386100100100100100100100100100 6.6542 6.94967.2457.57947.91388.24828.58268.9178.9586 19.083419.652220.22120.856821.492622.128422.764223.424.0712 38.683438.796238.90939.007639.106239.204839.303439.40239.8236 52.201253.301654.40255.481656.561257.640858.720459.862.1368 18.903219.433619.96420.506821.049621.592422.135222.67823.242 16.1721716.6367817.0968717.5434617.9884818.4330618.8780519.3240319.74498.71328.70168.698.67868.66728.65588.64448.6338.6216 16.1827816.64717.1067317.5529317.9975818.4417518.8862619.3316519.75186 22.3596622.7988123.232323.738424.2409724.7365425.2210625.6925626.1530819.52920.68121.83323.3724.90726.44427.98129.51829.9422 47.169447.139247.10946.876846.644646.412446.180245.94846.652235.611436.327237.04337.845838.648639.451440.254241.05742.097 30.779831.638432.49733.398434.299835.201236.102637.00438.078 75.229676.142877.05677.851678.647279.442880.238481.03481.3732 5.4616 5.9778 6.4947.13627.77848.42069.06289.70510.564830.94332.03333.12334.31235.50136.6937.87939.06840.5076 38.706839.356440.00640.673841.341642.009442.677243.34543.6882 48.706849.049449.39249.734850.077650.420450.763251.10651.4974 7.72168.06388.4069.03849.670810.303210.935611.56812.3676 13.009213.979614.9516.21617.48218.74820.01421.2821.6094 20.001420.111220.22120.354620.488220.621820.755420.88921.4628 34.358434.755235.15235.496835.841636.186436.531236.87636.608 46.848246.993647.13947.267247.395447.523647.651847.7847.7354 10.848211.100611.35311.659611.966212.272812.579412.88613.2274 18.720219.109619.49919.636619.774219.911820.049420.18720.217 15.547814.947414.34713.852813.358612.864412.370211.87611.7752 38.838839.281439.72440.475641.227241.978842.730443.48244.3032 33.142233.684634.22735.028435.829836.631237.432638.23438.9044 17.633818.213418.79319.450620.108220.765821.423422.08122.817 5.7164 5.8732 6.03 6.3944 6.75887.12327.48767.8528.5108 5.0722 5.2906 5.509 5.74 5.971 6.202 6.433 6.664 6.7392 49.106249.877650.64951.485452.321853.158253.994654.83155.5426 27.5070928.0393528.5645128.7334728.9140929.0887329.251729.4111729.65434 80.893281.110681.32881.53681.74481.95282.1682.36882.5718 71.125871.502471.87972.223672.568272.912873.257473.60273.6122 34.764635.026835.28935.57435.85936.14436.42936.71437.1886 27.328427.790228.25228.738229.224429.710630.196830.68331.1914 64.858465.940267.02267.98868.95469.9270.88671.85272.6388 60.558261.918663.27964.541665.804267.066868.329469.59270.7226 15.732616.076816.42116.796817.172617.548417.924218.318.3964 10.95911.14411.32911.528211.727411.926612.125812.32512.53919.15119.22619.30119.511419.721819.932220.142620.35320.4808 10.255610.640811.02611.480811.935612.390412.845213.313.6088 46.996447.122247.24847.360247.472447.584647.696847.80947.869 24.581225.341626.10226.941627.781228.620829.460430.330.1406 21.281222.326623.37224.767826.163627.559428.955230.35131.2676 13.815214.217614.6215.168415.716816.265216.813617.36217.8642。
世界城市发展的概况世界城市发展总的来说,经过了四个时期:(1)城市产生及早期发展阶段(2)中世纪阶段,也即前工业化阶段(3)工业化阶段(4)当代或后工业化阶段。
下面就各个时期城市发展的原因、特点、表现作些说明:一:城市产生及早期城市的发展公元前3500到3000年间,先是在尼罗河流域,然后在两河流域,出现了人类历史上的最早一批城市。
公元前3000年左右,埃及形成统一的王国,定都在提尼斯,以后又建都孟斐斯。
公元前3000—2500年,两河流域的苏美尔地区开始了最初国家的形成过程。
出现了很多城市国家,重要的有埃利都、乌尔、乌鲁克等。
在尼罗河和两河流域文明的共同影响下,在公元前2000年左右,在小亚细亚的赫梯和地中海东部沿岸的腓尼基也开始出现了城市。
印度河流域是人类文明的又一发源地。
大约在公元前2500—1500年,也有说法可推至公元前3500年,也出现了哈拉帕文化的城市,城市居民从事农业,但手工业和商业也很发达,城市占地面积大,在公元前2000年前后,城市进入了繁荣期,人口有2万左右,成为当时世界上最大的城市之一。
中国也是世界城市文明的发源地之一,约在公元前2500—2000年,出现了城市的雏形,在公元前2000—1600年间出现了城市。
在美洲公元前300年出现了玛雅人的城市,非洲至少在公元前1世纪也出现了城市。
纵上,公元前3000—1500年,是世界上城市的产生的主要时期。
城市产生的原因有人认为是农业活动和商业贸易活动的结果,也有人认为是王权力量的推动。
在公元前1000年以后至公元5世纪罗马帝国衰亡为止,欧洲产生了光辉灿烂的希腊、罗马文化,相伴随的是城市的发展。
其中铁矿的开采、贸易的发展促成了希腊城市的发展,以雅典和斯巴达为代表,雅典的城市人口超过了40万,其贸易往来远达埃及、南俄罗斯、利比亚、意大利、和法国的南部沿海地区。
罗马城市是在希腊文明衰弱后强大的,罗马帝国对外军事征服,使得欧洲内陆伦敦、巴黎、科隆、维也纳在这一时期兴起,罗马帝国在顶峰时人口达80万到100万,占地206平方公里。
地理疑难问题06│如何区分城市郊区化和郊区城市化?【辨·明察秋毫】1.城市郊区化大城市中心区人口密集,交通拥堵,环境区域恶化,地价房租昂贵,价值环境质量下降,就业比较困难,社会不太安定,促使居民向生态环境较好,房租地价便宜的郊区或者卫星城迁移。
这一迁移过程称为城市郊区化。
城市郊区化是城市化进程从集聚发展到扩散的一个新阶段,又可将其称为逆城市化。
城市郊区化是城市化在地域空间上的延伸,也是城市发展高级阶段的一种动力机制。
它是城市人口、就业岗位和服务业以及某些城市职能由大城市中心区向郊区迁移的一种离心扩散过程。
2.郊区城市化郊区城市化是指城市中心城区以外的郊区乡村区域的城市化过程。
具体是指以乡镇企业和小城镇为依托,实现农村人口的工作领域由第一产业向第二、第三产业变化的职业转换过程和居住地由农村区域向城镇区域迁移的空间聚集过程。
郊区城市化是城市化的重要组成部分,所揭示的是城市化的一个层面,是城市化在尚未实现阶段所经历的一个主要过程。
它是城市向心增长的一种重要形式。
从本质上讲,郊区城市化是郊区转变为城市地区,或郊区的城市要素逐渐增长的过程,也是逐步缩小城郊之间生产、生活条件差别,逐步实现城乡一体化的过程。
【拓·触类旁通】1.虚假城市化虚假城市化又称过度城市化,是指城市化水平明显超过工业化和经济发展水平的城市化。
拉丁美洲众多城市为虚假城市化的典型代表。
1950年墨西哥的城市化率为42.6%,在1970年这个数字就增长到66.3%。
欧洲城市人口比重从40%提高到60%经过了50年,而墨西哥用了20年。
在2008年墨西哥城市化率进一步增长到77.2%,超过德国等发达国家。
虚假城市化带来城市人口膨胀,城市内贫富分化严重,资源环境承载能力负荷达极限,出现就业、住房、交通等诸多社会问题。
2.滞后城市化是指城市化水平落后于工业化和经济发展水平的城市化模式。
印度、孟加拉、印度尼西亚等一些南亚、东南亚国家就属于这种状况。