北京化工大学 2006至2007 学年第一学期材料导论I期末考试试卷

2006学年第一学期高一化学期末考试试卷本卷可能用到的相对原子质量：H：1 N：14 O：16 Na：23 Cl：35.5 C：12 Fe ：56 S：32 Al：27一、选择题（每小题只有一个正确答案，共25小题，每小题2分，共50分）1、方志敏烈士生前在狱中曾用米汤（内含淀粉）给鲁迅先生写信，鲁迅先生收到信后，为了看清信中内容，可使用的化学试剂是（）A．碘化钾B．溴水C．碘酒D．碘化钾淀粉溶液2、下列物质不属于合金的是（）A．硬铝B．黄铜C．不锈钢D、水银3、下列的分离方法不正确的是（）A．用过滤的方法除去食盐水中的泥沙B．用蒸馏的方法将自来水制成蒸馏水C．用酒精萃取碘水中的碘D．用淘洗的方法从沙里淘金4、下列反应不属于氧化还原反应的是（）A．2H2O2 == 2H2O + O2↑；B．CuCl2+2NaOH==Cu(OH)2↓+2NaClC．2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑ D．2Cu + O25、盛放在敞口容器中的下列溶液，久置后溶液中原溶质的浓度会变大的是（）A．浓硫酸B．浓氢氧化钠C．氯水D．氯化钠6、放射性核素53125I可用于治肿瘤，该核素中子数是（）A．19 B．53 C．72 D．1257、工业上生产水泥、玻璃和炼铁均用到的原料是（）A．石灰石B．纯碱C．石英砂D．石膏8、下列物质的保存方法不正确的是（）A．新制氯水应密封保存B．盛液溴的试剂瓶常加少量水C．少量的金属钠应保存在煤油中 D．固态碘放在棕色细口瓶中19、下列说法正确的是（）A．在海轮的船壳上镶嵌锌块能起到防止钢铁腐蚀的作用，如果漆层脱落，则锌起不到保护作用B．过量的粉加入FeCl3、FeCl2、CuCl2的混合溶液中，充分反应后所得溶液中的阳离子主要是Fe2+ C．光导纤维非常细，导光能力非常强，能同时传输大量信息，光导纤维是由硅晶体制成的D．工业制备硫酸的尾气中，常含有SO2等有害气体，如果直接排入大气，可能形成光化学烟雾A．将钠投入到足量水中B．将钠用铝箔包好并刺一些小孔，再放人足量的水中C．将钠放入足量稀硫酸中D．将钠放入足量稀盐酸中11、在实验室中，对下列事故或药品的处理正确的是( )A、有大量的氯气泄漏时，用肥皂水浸湿软布蒙面，并迅速离开现场B、金属钠着火燃烧时，用泡沫灭火器灭火C、少量浓硫酸沾在皮肤上，立即用氢氧化钠溶液冲洗D、含硫酸的废液倒入水槽，用水冲入下水道12、下列实验现象描述正确的是（）A．红热的铜丝在氯气中燃烧，产生棕色的烟B．碘水中加入少量汽油振荡，静置后上层颜色变浅，下层颜色变为紫色C．往溴水中加入碘化钠溶液，溴水变为无色D．氢气在Cl2中燃烧产生白色的烟13、下列叙述中，正确的是( )A．H2SO4的摩尔质量是98B．等质量的O2和O3中所含的氧原子数相同C．等物质的量的CO与CO2中所含碳原子数之比为2︰7D．将98g H2SO4溶解于500mL水中，所得溶液中硫酸的物质的量浓度为2 mol/L14、下列离子方程式正确的是( )A．氯气通入水中：Cl2+ H2O=2H+ + Cl- +ClO-B．Ba(OH)2和MgSO4溶液混合：Ba2++ SO42-= BaSO4↓C．钠与水反应：Na + 2H2O = Na+ + 2OH- + H2↑D．CaCO3和与稀盐酸反应：CaCO3+2H+ = Ca2+ +CO2 ↑+ H2O15、下列解释中，不科学的是（）A．长期盛放NaOH溶液的试剂瓶不易打开，是因为NaOH与瓶中的CO2反应导致瓶内气体减少，形成“负压”的缘故B．“水滴石穿”主要是溶解了CO2的雨水与CaCO3长期作用生成了可溶性Ca(HCO3)2的缘故C．严格地讲，“通风橱”是一种不负责任的防污染手段，因为实验产生的有害气体并没有被消除D．“雨后彩虹”与“海市蜃楼”都是自然界的光学现象，与胶体的性质有关16、设N A代表阿伏加德罗常数的值，下列说法不正确的是（）A．阿伏加德罗常数N A是0.012kg l2c中所含的原子数B．2g氢气所含氢原子数目为N AC．标况下，22.4LNH3所含的分子数目为N AD．1 L1mol/L NaCl溶液中所含有的Na+离子数目为N A17、在无色强酸性溶液中，下列各组离子能够大量共存的是.( )A．Cl -、Na+、NO3-、Ca2+B．NH4+、HCO3-、Cl-、K+C．K+、Ba2+、Cl-、SO42-D．Cu2+、NH4+、I-、Cl-18、向NaAlO2溶液中持续通入一种气体，开始时产生沉淀，随后沉淀又逐渐溶解，该气体是（）A．NO2B．CO2C．NH3D．CO19、几种微粒具有相同的核电荷数，则可说明（）A．可能属于同一种元素B．一定是同一种元素C．彼此之间一定是同位素D．核外电子个数一定相等20、两个体积相同的容器，一个盛有一氧化碳，另一个盛有氧气、氢气、氮气的混合气体。

北京化工大学2006——2007学年第一学期《材料导论I》期末考试试卷课程代码M S E 2 0 2 1 T班级：姓名：学号：分数：题号一二三四五六七总分得分I. What do the following abbreviations of materials and unit cells stand for? Translate all abbreviations into Chinese. At least 10-point questions should be completed. (12 points)1. Names of materials: TP, PMC, MMC, CMC (4points)2. Names of equipment: SEM, TEM, SPM, DSC (4points)3. Names of unit cells: bcc, fcc, cph, sc (4points)II. Choose the BEST TERM to match the definition (15pts).A)Allotropic materialB)AmorphousC)AnionD)Atomic packing factor (APF)E)CationF)Coordination numberG)CreepH)CrystallineI)Electron affinityJ)ElectronegativityK)Engineering materialsL)Factor of safetyM)Interstitial solid solution N)InterstitialcyO)Long-range-order materials P)MonomerQ)NeutronsR)PolymerS)Polymorphic materialT)ProtonU)Short-range-order materials V)Smart materialsW)Substitutional solid solution X)V acancyY)V an de waals forcesZ)Yield1. A chainlike molecule made up of smaller molecular units.2. A material exists in two or more crystal structures. After changing from one crystal structure into another, the material can reverse the phenomenon and return to its previous crystal structure.3. A point defect is produced by the presence of an extra atom in a void, the space between normal lattice positions.4. A solid solution in which the impurity atoms take up sites in the lattice structure that are normally unfilled or unoccupied by the pure (solvent) atoms.5. A term referring to a variety of liquids and solids that have the ability at a predetermined condition to sense stresses and respond to alter their properties.6.An ion with a positive charge.7.One basic form of solid possesses an ordered, three-dimensional, geometric arrangement that repeats itself.8.The degree to which an atom attracts electrons.9.The forces that produce secondary (or weak) bonds.10.The materials have the structures in which the orderly arrangement of atoms extends throughoutthe entire material, forming a regular gridlike lattice or pattern.11.The ratio of the volume of atoms present in a crystal (unit cell) to the volume of the unit cell.12.The ratio of ultimate strength to allowable stress.13.The term implies that a material plastically deforms or flows very slowly under load as a function of time.14.The term is used to describe how many atoms are touching each other in a group of coordinated atoms.15.Uncharged particles in the nucleus with a mass nearly equal to the proton’s mass.III. Choose the correct answer to the following questions (35points)1. The method used during design and manufacturing to determine the impact of a product or system on the environment.A)Life cycle analysisB)Life cycle inventoryC)Systems approachD)Characterization2. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the atom?A)It has 6 protons in its nucleus.B)It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus.C)It has 6 electrons orbiting the nucleusD)Its atomic number is 63. A useful tool that is used to study the crystal structures of solids by measuring the angles of electrons glancing off material specimens.A)Electron microscopeB)Optical microscopeC)X-ray diffraction (XRD)D)Differential thermal analysis (DTA)4. A field that involves the generation and application of knowledge relating to the composition, structure and processing of materials to their properties and use.A)Engineering Materials TechnologyB)Materials EngineeringC)Materials ScienceD)Materials Science And Engineering5. The results obtained from fatigue tests are recorded on semilog or log-log paper to produce ______ diagrams.A) σ-εB) s-NC) τ-γD) T-θ6. Which of the following is the type of bond holding Na +and Cl-ions in NaCl?A)Ionic bondB)Covalent bondC)Hydrogen bondD)Metallic bond7. What factor in materials selection usually dominates the final choice?A)RecyclabilityB)CostC)ProcessibilityD)Properties of materials8. Which stage of the materials cycle is the most difficult for manufacturers to develop a full materials cycle?A)Extracting raw materialsB)Manufacturing engineered materialsC)Service of products and systemsD)Recycling/disposal materials9. How many space lattices (Bravais lattices) can atoms form in seven crystal systems?A) 3B) 4C)8D)1410. ____________ is a measure of heat flow through a material. It relates heat flow (the flow of heat energy per unit area, per unit time) to the temperature gradient, causing the heat to flow.A)Heat capacityB)Specific heatC)Thermal conductivityD)Coefficient of thermal expansion11. Which concept of the materials cycle has been LEAST AFFECTED by recent trends?A) Concern for the entire cycle that includes effects of harmful by-products and unrecycled old productsB) Ability to design materials to meet ever-increasing demands of technology rather than use “off-the shelf” materials.C) Need for a more highly educated workforce to support new manufacturing techniques.D) Desire to achieve the maximum properties from any given materials.12. ___________ crystal system has mutually perpendicular axes (α=β=γ=90°) but unequal lattice parameters, among which the z-intercept is larger than the x- or y- intercepts (c>a=b).A)CubicB)HexagonalC)MonoclinicD)Tetragonal13. _____________represents the energy per unit volume of a material required to produce fracture under static conditions.A)Modulus of elasticityB)Modulus of toughnessC)Modulus of resilienceD)Modulus of rigidity14. The key word in describing covalent bonding is ___________.A)TransferringB)SharingC)SwappingD)Swarming15. Vickers hardness numbers are a measure of the size of the penetration made by ______ with different loads.A)10-mm steel ballB)tungsten carbide sphereC)diamond pyramid indentorD)diamond cone indentor16. involves transforming gases, liquids, and solid elements by chemical and physical means, where atoms and molecules are combined to form solid materials.A)AnalysisB)ProcessingC)SynthesisD)Wroughting17. Which term describes the behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition?A)MaterialB)PropertyC)AutomationD)Synthesis18. _______ is the maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.A)Fatigue limitB)Fatigue ratioC)Fatigue strengthD)Endurance ratio19. The electronic configuration of carbon is _________.A)1s22s22p2B)1s22s22p63s23p5C)1s22s22p63s2D)1s22s22p63s23p620. Which of the following symbol is used to specify a family of directions in a crystal structure?A)<>B)( )C)[ ]D){ }21. A concept that places recycling at the beginning or design stage of the materials cycle to ensure that waste going into municipal landfills will be minimized.A)Design for assemblyB)Design for disassemblyC)Green manufacturingD)Just-in-time techniques22. Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water?A)Ionic bondB)Covalent bondC)Hydrogen bondD)Metallic bond23. The maximum number of electrons in the M energy level is ____________.A) 2B)8C)18D)3224. Which statement of elements is NOT correct?A)An element is a substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number.B)The atoms of an element all contain the same number of protonsC)The atoms of an element all contain the same numbers of neutronsD)An element is a substance that cannot be broken down any further by chemical reaction25. A type of harness test that compares a material’s hardness to some 10 known minerals arranged in order of hardness.A)Scleroscope (HSc) testB)Mohs testC)Brinell hardness testD)Rockwell Hardness test26. Another name for an electron shell is _________A)QuantumB)Principal energy levelC)Energy stateD)orbital27. ____________ is the maximum stress developed in a material during a tensile test.A)Off-set yield strengthB)Fatigue strengthC)Tensile strengthD)Yield strength28. ________ is a homogeneous mixture of chemically distinct substances that forms a phase. The components (substances) lose their individual identities.A)AlloyB)SoluteC)SolutionD)Solvent29. The following compounds are all unsaturated hydrocarbons except________A)AcetyleneB)AlkenesC)AlkynesD)Methane30. Which is NOT the name of the recently discovered carbon structure that resembles a soccer ball?A)BuckyballB)C-60C)FullereneD)Graphite31. Protons and neutrons are known as _________A)ElectronsB)NeutrinosC)NucleonsD)Quarks32. The following statement of inert gases is right except________A)Inert gases are also called noble gases.B)Inert gases are mostly inactive.C)Inert gases do not get involved in making compounds with other elements.D)Inert gases have their outer energy levels incompletely full of valence electrons.33. What are (or is) not the conditions on which the substitutional solid solution form?A) The solute atoms and the solvent atoms are of similar size. Specifically, the size of their atoms do not differ by more than 15%B) The interstitial atoms are sufficiently smallC) The electron configurations of the solute atoms and the solvent atoms are comparableD) The solute atoms and the solvent atoms have a common crystalline structure34. Which statement of elastic modulus is NOT correct?A)Elastic modulus is also known as Young’s modulus.B)The higher the magnitude of elastic modulus the weaker the interatomic bonding forces.C)Elastic modulus is the constant of proportionality in Hooke’s law.D)Elastic modulus can be measured graphically in the elastic region of the stress-strain diagram.35. The coordination number for the atoms in the fcc unit cell is ____________.A) 2B) 6C)8D)12IV Fill in the following blanks according to the basic concepts. (10points)1. The atomic number is equal to the number of in a nucleus.2. ___________ is used to describe the basic building block or basic geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal.3. Periodic table is divided into eight vertical columns known as A) _______________ and seven horizontal rows known as B)______________. All elements with the same C)_______ number have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell. It is the D)___________ electrons that take part in chemical reactions and determine the chemical properties of the elements.4. The two categories of crystal imperfections are A)__________ and B)_________.5. A metallic consisting of metal elements and other elements is named as .6. In impact testing of metals, metals will experience __________ (ductile/brittle) failures with a much greater absorption of energy above the critical temperature.V. True or false questions. If you think the statement is true, write the letter “T”; otherwise, write the letter “F”. At least 10 questions should be completed. (15 points, 1 point/Q)1. All elements are not readily available to use.2. Plastic deformation is recoverable while elastic deformation is irrecoverable.3. Ferrous metals include iron and alloys of at least 50% iron.4. The thermal conductivity of materials has a varied relationship to temperature.5. Isotopes are atoms of an element that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.6. The material from which turbine blades are fabricated must possess low creep resistance.7. The ionization potential decreases as the atomic numbers of the elements increase in a given periodic group.8. All materials do not have endurance limit.9. Substances with high specific heat values do not change their temperature appreciably.10. All materials have a distinct ductile to brittle transition temperature.11. The strict definition of oxidation is the addition of oxygen to an element or a compound.12. In corrosion, removal part of the material is caused generally by some mechanical forces, while in wear, the only driving force is chemical reactions.13. Electrochemistry includes the studies of chemical reactions that produce electricity and of how electricity can be used to cause chemical reactions.14. In primary cells, when the reaction ends, the cells can be recharged.15. In the two cooling curves (A and B) shown in Figure 1, A is for pure metals and B for general glass.Figure 1VI. Give a simple answer to the following questions. At least 10-point questions should be completed. (20 points)1.Determine the miller indices for the rectangular plane pointed with an arrow in the unit cell shown in Figure 2, indicating the determination procedures. (3points)c=1a=1b=1Figure 22.How many parameters are needed to describe a unit cell adequately? What are they? (2points)3.What is phase diagram? Name the three variables needed to specify the conditions of equilibrium for a particular system. (3points)4.What is the family of materials composed of? (3points)5.Which properties rank highest in importance when selecting materials for many applications? What tests can provide the most useful information on such properties for material selection? (2points)6.Write out the chemical reactions for the electrolysis of water. (4points)7.Write out the Gibbs phase rule, and specify the meaning of the symbols in it. (3points)VII. Complex questions. At least 10-point questions should be completed. (20 points)1.Draw the tensile tress-strain diagrams for brittle and ductile materials, respectively. 1) Labelplastic region & elastic region; 2) Discuss how to distinguish ductile materials from brittle materials according to three different mechanical properties obtained from tensile stress-strain diagrams? 3) Determine graphically 0.2 percent offset yield strength in the stress-strain diagram.(10 points)2.Figure 3 shows Cu-Ni phase diagram. Describe the phenomena can be observed in the systemalong with the decrease in temperature from X to Y; Label the solidus line and liquidus line. How to calculate the contents of liquid and solid phase at point 3? How to calculate the compositions of liquid and solid phase at T3? (10 points)Figure 3。

北京化工大学-电子材料导论复习题北京化工大学-电子材料复习题电子材料概论1、简述什么是结构电子材料,什么是功能电子材料?(p2)答：能承受压力和重力，并能保持尺寸和大部分力学性质（强度、硬度及韧性）稳定的材料，称为结构电子材料。

功能电子材料是指除强度性能外，还有其他特殊功能，或能实现光、电、磁、热力等不同形式的交互作用和转换的非结构材料。

2、什么是理想表面?什么是实际表面?一般情况下表面厚度大约是多少?(26~27)答：理想表面是为分析问题的方便而设定的一种理想的表面结构。

在自然界中存在的表面称为实际表面。

几十到数百纳米。

第一章导电材料1、电阻率最低的前三种元素是什么?其电阻率各是多少(20度时)?(57)答：银1.62μΩ.cm铜1.72μΩ.cm金2.40μΩ.cm2、硅碳膜的三层结构各起什么作用(102)答：在底层主要含有是SiO2和C,其SiO2和基体玻璃相形成Si-O 键，增加了硅炭膜对基体的附着力；中间层为主要导电层，与纯碳膜的结构和性能类似；最外层为保护层，主要含有SiO2和少量的sic。

3、蒸发金属膜的主要制作过程(103)答：金属膜电阻器是用以鉻硅系为主要成分的合金粉真空蒸发而成，制造时用酒精把合金粉调成糊状涂在钨丝的蒸发器上，在低于5×10-3PA的真空度下加热蒸发在陶瓷基体上淀积出金属膜。

4、镍铬薄膜的主要特点(105)答：电阻温度系数小、稳定性高、噪声电平小、可制作的阻值范围宽，使用的温度范围宽而高5、镍铬薄膜的主要制作方法(105)答：采用电阻式真空蒸发法，将镍鉻合金丝、薄板条或粉挂在或涂敷在蒸发器上在真空度高于6×10-3pa,用电加热至1500度左右进行蒸发。

6、在NiCr薄膜中掺入氧可以改善的是(110)答：不仅可以提高NiCr薄膜的电阻值，而且可以降低电阻温度系数和提高稳定性7、热处理对TaSi薄膜的影响(121)答：热处理对TaSi薄膜的电阻率有较大的影响，随着热处理温度升高，薄膜的电阻率减小，逐渐趋于平坦。

班级：北京化工大学 2005——2006 学年第一学期《化工原理》期末考试试卷姓名：学号：分数：一、填空（20 分）1. 用等式形式写出表压、绝对压力与大气压三者的关系为表压与真空度的二者的关系为。

2. 流体在圆形直管中作层流流动时，平均流速为管中心处最大流速的__ _倍。

此时，直管阻力与流速的__ _次方成正比。

完全湍流区时，直管阻力与流速的__ __ 次方成正比。

3. 离心泵将一个低位敞口水池中的水送至敞口高位水槽中，如果改输送密度为800kg/m 3其它物性与水相同的溶液，则流量(填“不变”、“变大”、“减小”)，扬程 ，功率。

4. 列管式换热器常用的三种消除热应力的热补偿方式是、。

、5. 板式塔气液两相的接触工况有状态状态及状态三种。

6. 设计板式精馏塔时，若增大回流比，则所需理论板数将将。

，操作费用7. q 线方程的表达式为，其物理意义为。

过热蒸汽进料时，q 0（填>，< 或＝）；若为汽液混合物进料，其中汽:液=2:3（摩尔比），则 q= 。

二、简答题（20分，说明：从5道小题中任选4题回答）1．写出实际流体的静力学方程及在流动过程中的柏努利方程。

并说明两者的关系。

2．请示意画出离心泵的特性曲线。

并说明离心泵的工作点。

列出至少两种流量调节方法。

3．套管换热器中，管内为湍流流动的冷空气被加热，管外为饱和水蒸汽冷凝，设壁阻及两侧垢阻可忽略不计，问换热器的总传热系数与哪侧的对流传热系数接近？内管的壁温与哪侧流体的主体温度接近？并进行简要的分析。

4．说明精馏塔进行全回流操作时的特点。

包括回流比大小、操作线方程及理论板数特点。

5．请解释精馏塔设计时，最小回流比的物理意义。

并说明，若操作中的精馏塔所采用的回流比小于最小回流比时，精馏塔是否能正常操作？若能操作，其产品浓度x D、x W将如何变化？三、（20分）如图所示，用离心泵将常温水由水池送往一常压高位槽中，已知两液面高度差为15m，所有管子规格均为⎫ 54 ⋅ 2mm，全部管路阻力的当量长度为100m（未包括管道进、出口能量损失）。

材料导论_北京化工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.MSE involves the generation and application of knowledge relating _____ totheir _______ and uses, having interdisciplinary and multidisciplinarycharacteristics.答案:Composition, structure, and processing of materials, properties2. A concept that place recycling at the beginning or design stage of thematerials cycle to ensure that waste going into municipal landfills will beminimized.答案:Design for disassembly3.If there are components in the center of each face in addition to those at thecorners of the cube, then the unit cell is called.答案:Face Centered Cubic4.Which one typically has the largest thermal expansion?答案:Polymer5.Metals are good conductors of both_______________.答案:Electricity and heat6.The fiber reinforcement becomes more effective, when ____答案:the fiber length is larger than critical fiber length7.The hollow parts such as tanks can be produced by _______答案:Filament Winding8.Which one is the expression for the rule of mixture?答案:Ec=EmVm+EfVf9.________ experiment is carried out outside of the organism, usually in a testtube or petri dish.答案:In vitro10.Nanomaterials are generally defined as any particulate material with the sizeof __ nm in at least one dimension.答案:1-10011.The properties of crosslinked hydrogels depend on .答案:Crosslinking Density12.The cost of a finished piece includes _______.答案:The cost of raw materialsAny expense incurred during fabrication13.What are the characters of stiff materials?答案:High Bonding Energy within the MaterialHigh Elastic Modulus14.How to increase transition temperature range of brittle to ductile?答案:Increase grain sizeAdding certain elementsStrain hardening15.What are the factors influencing creep resistance of polycrystalline materials?答案:TemperatureStructures like Grain Types16.Sintering is a heat treatment applied to a powder compact toimpart _____________答案:IntegrityStrength17.LLDPE and LDPE have lower density than HDPE, because ______.答案:LLDPE and LDPE contains branchesHDPE is primarily a linear polymerThe formation of side branches will reduce the packing efficiency18. is an elastomer having physical cross-links in the “network” structure.答案:SISSBS19.Ceramics have the excellent properties as following:答案:Corrosion resistanceExtreme hardness20.Which can be selected as matrix materials for composites?答案:PolymerCeramicMetal21.The reinforcing effect of carbon black in tires is the result of the ______ of itsparticles.答案:Uniform DistributionGood adhesive bonding with the rubber molecules22.The additives used in polymer nanocomposites can be _____答案:NanofibersNanotubesNanoparticlesNanoclays23.Why fiberglass-reinforced composites are used extensively.答案:These composites have relatively high specific strengths.Glass fibers are very inexpensive to produce.They are chemically inert in a wide variety of environments.24.Materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist betweenthe structures and properties of materials.答案:正确25.Tensile strength can be estimated from the hardness reading.答案:正确26.Natural rubber usually is much stronger and harder than vulcanized rubber.答案:错误27.The modulus of crystalline polymers is higher than the modulus of anamorphous polymer答案:正确28.Viscoelasticity is a combination of elasticity and viscosity答案:正确29.Ceramics are crystalline compounds that combine metallic and nonmetallicelements.答案:正确30.Traditional ceramic materials include clays, refractories, glass, cement andabrasives.答案:正确31. A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which comefrom metals, ceramics, and polymers.答案:正确32.Carbon-carbon composite is based on carbon fibers答案:正确33.Surface erosion could be characterized as zero order release.答案:正确。

北京化工大学2011——2012学年第一学期《高分子材料基础理论》期末考试试卷班级：姓名：学号：分数：一、选择题（多项选择，每题2分，共20分）1 下列聚合物中，碳链聚合物有( )。

A 聚氯乙烯 B聚酰胺 C 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 D 聚碳酸酯2 常用高聚物结晶度的测试方法有（）。

A 扫描电镜B 差示扫描量热仪DSC C 热膨胀计D X射线衍射3 下列聚合物中，单根高分子链柔顺性最大的是( )。

A 聚氯乙烯B 聚丙烯(全同)C 聚二甲基硅氧烷D 聚苯乙烯4 下列高聚物中本体（不加添加剂）透明的聚合物有（）。

A 聚丙烯B 聚氯乙烯C 聚碳酸酯D 聚乙烯5 高分子的远程结构主要包括（）。

A 单体单元的化学组成B 高分子的大小C 高分子的形状D 高分子的构象6 下列有关高聚物分子量及分子量分布对材料性能的影响，描述正确的有（）。

A 分子量增大，材料的表观粘度增大B 分子量增大，材料的拉伸强度增大C 分子量分布较宽，对改善材料的加工性能有利D 分子量增大，材料的流动性增加7 在挤出和注射成型前必须要进行严格干燥的高聚物有（）A 聚乙烯B 聚氯乙烯C 尼龙D 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯8 能提高高分子材料强度的措施包括（）。

A 交联B 降低结晶度C 添加增塑剂D 添加玻璃纤维9 从分子运动观点分析，下列高聚物中抗蠕变能力最强的是( )A 聚苯醚B 聚四氟乙烯C 聚氯乙烯D 聚乙烯10 高聚物的零切粘度越高，说明其( )A 分子间作用力越小B 分子链越柔顺C 分子链越刚硬或者分子间作用力越大D 表观粘度对温度越敏感二填空题（每空1分，共25分)1.高分子化合物是指分子量很高，并由（ 1 ）连接的一类化合物，分子量通常高达（ 2 ），高分子英文表述为（ 3 ）。

2.根据聚合反应机理，聚合反应可分为两大类，大分子链瞬时形成，延长反应时间对分子量影响不大的聚合反应是（ 4 ）；延长反应时间能提高聚合物分子量的聚合反应是（ 5 ）。

一、填空题 每空2分 共30分1. Si和Ge的导带中 等能面是旋转椭球面 根据回旋共振实验结果得到 Si的导带极小值位于布里渊区的_[100]___方向上 而Ge的导带极小值位于布里渊区的___[111]_方向上。

2. 按照半导体中杂质原子在半导体晶体中所处的位置 半导体中的杂质可以分为_______间隙式杂质___和____替位式杂质______两种。

3. 浅能级杂质的电离能可以用类氢模型计算 设Ge的电子有效质量为0.12m0 相对介电常数为16 则Ge中施主杂质的电离能为_____0.0064____eV。

4. 室温下 k0T/q=0.025V 已知Si的电子迁移率为1400cm2/(V·S) 则该材料中的电子扩散系数为_______35cm2/s___。

5. 如果价带中的电子满足玻耳兹曼分布 则价带中的空穴浓度表达式为_Nvexp[(Ev-EF)/k0T]____ 室温时 半导体Si中掺入Al 掺杂浓度为NA Al已基本全部电离 在此条件下 该半导体的电中性条件为____p0=NA____ 费米能级为VAVNNTkEln0 。

6. 电阻率为5.0Ω·cm的n型Si 其载流子浓度为1015cm-3 则其电子迁移率为_____1250cm2/(vs)______。

7. pn结电容有两个来源 根据其来源 分别是 __势垒电容___和__扩散电容_____。

8. pn结加反向偏压时 流过pn结的电流比由扩散理论得到的理论值要大 而且随反向偏压的增加而缓慢增加 除扩散电流外 该电流还包括___势垒区的产生电流___。

9. n型Si掺杂浓度为1015cm-3 其功函数为4.31eV 电子亲和势为4.15eV 镍的功函数为4.50eV 则镍与该n型Si紧密接触后 半导体一边的电子势垒高度为___0.19__eV 金属一边的电子势垒高度为____0.35__eV二、简答题 每题5分 共20分1. 说明长声学波对载流子产生散射的机制。

北京大学化学学院考试专用纸《普通化学》_05_级期终考试姓名：学号：院系：班级: 考试时间：2006年12月09 日命题教师：普通化学期末试卷（地空，05级，2006.01.09）学号：姓名：一.选择填空（每小题中，A、B、C三个选项，只有一个应选，将结果填入题二．放射性核素的衰变为一级反应。

人体内含有18%的C和0.2%的Ｋ，其中14C 和40K 为两种主要体内放射形核素。

已知天然条件下，12C和14C的原子数之比为1012:1.2, 且14C的半衰期为5730年，40K的天然丰度为0.0118% ，半衰期为1.26⨯109年。

问体重为75公斤的人死亡1年后体内残留的14C和40K的原子个数分别为多少？该人死亡１万年后，其体内剩余的14C和40K的原子个数分别为多少？若某核分析技术可探测到10个14C原子，则可判定的尸体的最多年限为多少年（12分）三．看图回答问题：(20分)(1)写出由两电对IO3-/I2，I2/I-组成的氧化还原反应的方程式；(2)当pH为a、b、c时分别指出所写反应进行的方向；(3)计算上面所写反应的平衡常数Kθ和ΔGθ(298K时)(4)计算pH=b时的b值。

此时反应的K为多少?(5)所写反应中，如起始的介质为1 mol∙dm-3 HF (Ka=3.5×10-4) 则反应的方向如何？(6)在图中用斜线条画出IO3―、I―的共同稳定区。

(7)已知pH>a时，金属阳离子A2+就会生成A(OH)2沉淀，根据图中的数据，求A(OH)2的K SP。

四．利用过量无色的Cu(NH3)2+、NH3混合溶液与O2发生反应生成有色的Cu(NH3)42+的方法，可以测量N2、O2混合气体中O2的含量。

取一体积为8.00dm3的容器使其充满N2、O2混合气（压力为101kPa，温度为250C），然后向其中加入500cm3的Cu(NH3)2+、NH3混合液。

经过不断的摇晃、振荡，使液气充分混合反应后，用比色法测得Cu(NH3)42+的浓度为2.10⨯10-3mol∙dm-3。

北京化工大学2005——2006学年第一学期《材料导论I》期末考试试卷-A班级：姓名：学号：分数：题号一二三四五六七总分得分I. Choose the BEST TERM to match the definition and translate the selected term into Chinese (20pts).A)Atomic packing factor (APF)B)CharacterizationC)Coordination numberD)CreepE)Design for assemblyF)Design for disassemblyG)Differential thermal analysisH)Electron microscopeI)Electron affinityJ)ElectronegativityK)ElectronsL)Ferrous metalsM)HardnessN)Ionization potentialO)IsotopeP)Life Cycle AnalysisQ)Life Cycle Inventory R)Long-range-order materials S)MixtureT)Modulus of resilienceU)Modulus of toughnessV)NeutronsW)Non-ferrous metalsX)Optical microscopeY)ProtonZ)Short-range-order materials AA)SolutionBB)Space latticeCC)V oid fractionDD)ToughnessEE)Unit cellFF)V alence electronsGG)X-ray diffractionHH)Yield1. A concept that places emphasis on designed products that lead themselves to easy assembly by robots and other automated equipment.2. A material that has no fixed composition and contains more than one phase. The components (substances) keep their individual identities.3. A measure of a material’s resistance to penetration (local plastic deformation) or scratching.4. A technique produces temperature patterns that can be interpreted to obtain information about the various structural changes that solids undergo as a result of the application of different external forces.5. A useful tool that is used to study the crystal structures of solids by measuring the angles of electrons glancing off material specimens.6. An instrument provides magnification of about 2000× and is relatively low-cost.7. A measure of the attraction between the electron and the nucleus.8. The energy required to remove a valence electron from an atom.9. The materials have the structures in which the order of atoms is limited to an atom’s nearest neighboring atoms.10. A measure of the energy per unit volume that material can absorb without plastic deformation.11.The method used during design and manufacturing to determine the impact of a product or system on the environment.12.The ratio of the volume of atoms present in a crystal (unit cell) to the volume of the unit cell.13.The small particles that occupy the outmost ring or shell from the nucleus, and control the chemical properties of an element.14.The term implies that a material plastically deforms or flows very slowly under load as a function of time.15.The term is described by saying that atoms of an element that contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.16.The term is used to describe how many atoms are touching each other in a group of coordinated atoms.17.The term that allows the identification and analysis of unique properties of a material’s microstructure as well as macrostructural properties, which focuses more on structure and composition.18.The term that includes iron and alloys of at least 50% iron.19.The term that is used to describe the larger pattern of atoms in a single crystal, which resulted from repeating the basic building block or basic geometric arrangement of atoms in all three dimensions. 20.A particle of matter that carries a positive electrical charge equivalent to the negative charge on an electron.II. Choose the correct answer(s) to the following questions (25points)1.Which of the following statement about the diffusion of atoms, molecules or ions is NOT correct?A)The rate of diffusion will decrease with an increase in temperature.B) A lattice structure that contains loosely packed atoms (less dense) will offer greater resistance to diffusing atoms than one whose structure contains tightly packed atoms.C)The stronger the bonding forces between the atoms the more difficult for the atoms to diffuse.D)Smaller permeating atoms stand better chance of diffusion through a structure of larger atoms.2. A field that deals with developing, preparing, modifying, and applying materials to a specific need.A)Engineering Materials TechnologyB)Materials EngineeringC)Materials ScienceD)Materials Science And Engineering3.Which of the following statement about hydrogen bonding is NOT correct?A)symmetrical charge distributionB)static electrical attraction between positive and negative chargesC)an attraction force between adjacent charges with opposite signsD)the strongest of the secondary bonding4.Which statement is MOST TRUE about materials technology?A)Existing specifications and laws make it easy to introduce new materials in fields such asbuilding construction and commercial aircraft.B)Materials Science and engineering usually follows the lead of developments in othertechnologiesC)Industry and the consumer are quick to accept new materials and processes innovationsD)Developments in materials science and engineering have allowed for innovations in most othertechnologies.5._______________ is the maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of stress cycles without fracture.A)Fatigue limitB)Fatigue ratioC)Fatigue strengthD)Endurance ratio6.Which is not an obstacle to acceptance of new engineering materials and processes?A)Time-consuming approach to gain sufficient experienceB)Concern for keeping up with one’s competitionC)Lack of experience by designers and fabricatorsD)Need for compromise between favorable properties and cost7.Among the following properties, temperatures have the greatest effect on ________.A)ductilityB)impact strengthC)hardnessD)strength8.Which term describes well-defined methods for solving specific problems, such as those used to develop an approach to materials selection?A)JITB)DesignC)AlgorithmD)CIM9.What factor in materials selection usually dominates the final choice?A)Properties of materialsB)AvailabilityC)ProcessibilityD)Cost10.Four quantum numbers characterize an electron as to its size, shape, and spatial orientation. The number of energy states for each orbital is determined by ________.A)The principal quantum numberB)The second quantum numberC)The third quantum numberD)The fourth quantum number11.Which stage of the materials cycle is the most difficult for manufacturers to develop a full materials cycle?A)Extracting raw materialsB)Manufacturing engineered materialsC)Service of products and systemsD)Recycling/disposal materials12.The maximum number of electrons in the N energy level is ____________.A) 2B)8C)18D)3213.___________ is a dynamic testing.A) Hardness testB) Impact testC) Tensile testD) Tensile creep test14. Brinell hardness numbers are a measure of the size of the penetration made by ______ with different loads.A)10-mm steel ballB)diamond pyramid indentorC)diamond cone indentorD)tungsten carbide sphere15.Inert gases can also be called ____________.A)Noble gasesB)ActiveC)Group 5 elementsD)Stable16.Which of the following statement about the thermal conductivity is NOT correct?A)Thermal conductivity of materials has a varied relationship to temperature.B)Oriented polymers have much lower conductivities than unoriented polymers.C)Incorporation of element to metals reduces the thermal conductivity.D)Metals have comparatively high thermal conductivities while polymers have rather low values.17.What is the CN for a bcc unit cell?A) 5B)8C)12D)2418. The results obtained from torsion test can be plotted as a ____________ diagram.A) σ-εB) s-NC) τ-γD) T-θ19.___________ crystal system has three axes (a1, a2 and a3) in the x-y plane 120° apart and a fourth axis (z) at 90° to the x-y plane. The intercepts along the three axes in the horizontal plane are equal in length, but the fourth intercept, labeled c, is of a different length.A) CubicB) HexagonalC) MonoclinicD) Tetragonal20.The key word in describing ionic bonding is ___________.A)TransferringB)SharingC)SwappingD)Swarmingler indices for crystal directions are expressed in ____ with no commas separating the numbers.A)<>B)( )C)[ ]D){ }22.Which statement of elastic modulus is NOT correct?A)Elastic modulus is also known as Young’s modulus.B)The higher the magnitude of elastic modulus the stiffer the material.C)Elastic modulus can be measured graphically in the elastic region of the stress-strain diagram.D)The higher the magnitude of elastic modulus the weaker the interatomic bonding forces.23.In the design of machine parts and structural members, ____________ must be taken into consideration to ensure that a machine part is safe for operation under normal operating conditions.A)allowable stressB)design stressC)factor of safetyD)safe stress24. _________ is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly one gram of a material by exactly one degree (1℃or 1K).A) Heat capacityB) Specific heatC) Thermal conductivityD) Coefficient of thermal expansion25._________ is the name of the recently discovered carbon structure that resembles a soccer ball.A)DiamondB)GraphiteC)FullereneD)NanotubeIII. Choose a correct word or phrase according to the basic concepts and write it in the space provided. (10points)1.The term _____ describes behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition.2.The elements can be classified broadly into three basic groupings, i.e.: A) ________, metalloids, andB) _____________ because they have certain common properties.3.The four states in which matter exists include A) ________, B) _______, C) _____, and plasma.4.The family of materials is composed of A) ____, B) _____, C) ____, D _____, and other materials.5.In the periodic table, the horizontal rows are called A) _____ whilst the vertical columns are calledB) ____.6.Crystal defects can be classified into A)_____ defects, B)_____ defects, and C)______ defects.7. A)_______, B)______ and C)______tests can provide the most useful information on mechanical properties for material selection.8. A)_______ deformation is irrecoverable while B) _______ deformation is recoverable.IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. (10points)alkanes, alkenes, amorphous, allotropic, crystalline, interstitial, interstitialcy, Mohs test, polymorphic, Scleroscope (HSc) test, substitutional, torsional yield strength, ultimate torsional strength, vacancy.1.Solids occur in two basic forms A)____________ and B) ____________.2.A)____________ materials, after changing to one crystal structure, can reverse the phenomenon and return to its previous crystal structure; B)___________ materials do not possess this reverse phenomenon.3.___________ is produced by the presence of an extra atom in a void.4._______ is the absence of an atom at a lattice site in the otherwise regular crystal.5.In a _____________ solid solution, the impurity atoms take up sites in the lattice structure that are normally unfilled or unoccupied by the pure (solvent) atoms.6.In a _____________ solid solution, the solute atoms replace some of the solvent atoms in a crystal structure of the solvent.7.___________ is a type of hardness test that compares a material’s hardness to some 10 known minerals arranged in order of hardness.8.______________ is the maximum torsional stress occurring at the outer surface of the circular rod when subjected to a torsional stress.9. ___________ is a type of hardness test that measures the rebound of a small weight bounced off the surface of the material.10._______, also known as saturated hydrocarbons (HCs), are a series of related compounds thatcontain only single bonds.V. True or false questions. If you think the statement is true, write the letter “T”; otherwise, write the letter “F” (15points)1.Two electrons can exist in the same orbital if they have the same spins.2.The ionization potential increase as the atomic numbers of the elements increase in a given periodic group.3. A material exhibits an endurance limit, which means that the material can be cycled continuously without fracturing at any stress below the endurance limit.4.Six parameters are needed to describe a crystal system, including three angles and three lattice parameters.5.Solid tend to deform in the direction along the planes that are the most closely packed.6.In an interstitial solid solution, the solute atoms and the solvent atoms are of similar size.7.Steelmaking is made possible because of the formation of a substitutional solid solution.8.Grain boundaries improve movement of dislocations through a solid.9.The fatigue failures have occurred under such conditions when the stresses developed were below the ultimate stress and frequently below the yield strength.10.Insulating materials have high thermal conductivities and low thermal resistance.11.Not all materials produce stress-strain diagrams on which there is a clear indication of the start of yield as the load is increased. In such case, off set yield strength is expressed as the elastic limit.12.When a piece of material is subjected to a load, it will deform in the direction of the load only.13.Designers must consider creep strength as a basis for a structural design when a part is subjected to a sustained load in service.14.Mechanical properties rank highest in importance when selecting materials for many applications.15. In impact testing of metals, metals will experience ductile failures with much greater absorption of energy below the critical temperature.VI. Give a simple answer to the following questions (10points)1.How many crystal systems are there? How many patterns can atoms form with these crystal systems? What are the three types of unit cell that atoms form with cubic crystal system? (Note: full spelling and abbreviation are required for each type) (3points)2.What are the two methods of measuring ductility? Use formula to express the corresponding methods and indicate the meaning of each symbol in the formula. Explain how the value of ductility can be used to distinguish a ductile material from a brittle material. (3points)3.What thermal effects does a metal rod exhibit when it is heated deliberately? What are the corresponding properties for describing the effects? (3points)4.What are the two factors that should be considered in creep forming? (1points)VII. Complex questions. (10points)pare the thermal expansion of ceramics, metals and polymers using the symbol “<” or “>”. For example: The hardness of ceramics is greater than metals. Thus, the comparison is expressed as ceramics > metals. (2pts)Thermal expansion: A)From the above comparison, B)______________ have the lowest CTE and C)____________ have the weakest bonding forces among the aforementioned materials.2.Determine the miller indices of the crystal direction for the line passing through point A with coordinates 2/3, 1, 0 and the origin of the unit cell shown in Figure 1 (4pts)zyxFig. 1 A cubic unit cell3.Figure 2 is a stress-strain diagram. 1) Label A) tensile strength, B) yield strength, C) plastic region, D) elastic region, E) Modulus of elasticity; 2) Is this stress-strain diagram for a ductile material or a brittle material? Give two reasons to support your answer. (4 points)Fig. 2 A stress-strain diagram。

北京化工大学2006——2007学年第一学期《科技英语》期末考试试卷课程代码M A T 2 0 2 0 T班级：姓名：学号：分数：题号一二三四五总分得分I. For the following words or phrases, please give their meanings in Chinese (16 pts).proper subset______________ normal distribution ______________dependent variable__________ conformal transformation__________recursion formula___________ greatest lower bound _____________abstract algebra____________ impossible event ________________II. Translate the following words into English (16 pts).泛函分析_________________ 凸曲线_____________________定积分____________________ 有序基_____________________特解_____________________ 概率空间___________________分形几何_________________ 三角函数___________________III. In this part there are five mathematical questions, each with four suggested answers, circle the one that you think is the best answer. (20 pts)1. In the rectangular coordinate system below (Fig. 1), the coordinates of points A and B are shown. If the dotted lines represent a second pair of coordinate axes with origin at A, and if the scale is the same on both pair of axes, what are the coordinates of point B with respect to the second pair of axes?(A) (-33,88) (B) (33,48) (C) (33,-48) (D) (97,88)(Fig. 1) (Fig. 2)2. The figure above (Fig. 2) shows the lengths of the sides of an equiangular polygon. What is the area of the polygon?(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 93.If a solid pyramid has 4 vertices and 4 faces, how many edges does the pyramid have?(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 64. The numbers in a table are arranged in 10 rows and 4 columns such that one number is placed at the intersection of each row and column. How many numbers are contained in the table?(A) 40 (B) 14 (C) 104 (D)410 5. If the perimeter of a triangle is 18, then the length of one of the sides CANNOT be(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 9IV . Translate the following sentences into English (20pts).1一个复值序列收敛当且仅当它的实部和虚部分别(separately)收敛.2. 如果差商以某个确定的值（definite value ）为极限,那么这个极限称为f 在x 的导数,记作f ’(x) .3. 微分方程根据未知量是单变量函数或多变量函数分成两个主题(heading):常微分方程和偏微分方程.4. 线性空间V 的一组元素S 称为相关的,如果在S 中存在有限个不同的元素,例如12,,,k x x x L ,和相应的一组不全为零的数（scale ）12,,,k c c c L ,使得1ki i i c x O ==∑成立.V. Translate the following passages into Chinese (28 pts.).1. Mathematicians study conceptions and propositions. Axioms, postulates(公设), definitions and theorems are all propositions. Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. Formulas, figures and charts are full of different symbols. Some of the best known symbols of mathematics are the Arabic numerals and the signs of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and equality.2. Finite dimensional vector spaces have three kinds of properties: linear properties, metric properties, and geometric properties. We will study vector spaces that have an inner product, a generalization of the usual dot product on finite dimensional vector spaces. The geometric properties of these spaces follow from the notion of angle which is implicit in the definition for inner product.3. We introduce vectors within a three-dimensional coordinate system. Just as the coordinate plane is the natural place to study functions of a single variable, coordinate space is the place to study functions of two variables (or more). We establish coordinates in space by adding a third axis that measures distance above and below the xy-plane. This axis is designated the z-axis, and the standard unit vector parallel to it pointing in the positive direction is denoted by K.We will show how to use calculus to study the paths, velocities, and accelerations of moving bodies. As we go along, we see how our work answers the standard questions about the paths and motions of planets and satellites. In the final section, we use our new vector calculus to derive Kepler’s laws of planetary motion fro Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation.。