对外经贸大学2018年翻译硕士(MTI)(英语口译、英语笔译)招生简章(英语学院)

对外经济贸易大学硕士研究生招生简章对外经济贸易大学是教育部直属的一所规模适度的多科性全国重点大学。

是首批进入国家高等教育“211工程”重点建设的高等院校。

学校现拥有理论经济学、应用经济学、工商管理、法学、统计学5个一级学科博士学位授权点，30余个二级学科博士学位授权点;理论经济学、应用经济学、工商管理、法学、外国语言文学、政治学、公共管理、统计学8个一级学科硕士学位授予点，55个二级学科硕士学位授予点以及工商管理(MBA)、法律(J.M)、翻译、金融、国际商务、保险、资产评估(2014年暂不招生)、公共管理、会计、审计(2014年暂不招生)等10个专业学位。

对外经济贸易大学研究生教育始终坚持党的教育方针，硕士研究生教育重点培养学术与应用结合型人才，博士研究生教育重点培养高级研究与决策型人才。

近年来，我校研究生在国内外专业赛事中屡创佳绩，充分展现了我校研究生专业基础扎实、英语水平高、思维活跃、创新能力强的综合优势。

良好的综合素质，使我校研究生在激烈竞争的人力资源市场上保持整体就业率和就业层次较高的地位。

2014年具体招生规模以教育部文件为准，各专业招生人数视生源情况确定。

欢迎全国优秀考生报考我校。

专业学位的招生简章单列，报考专业学位的考生请查询各个专业学位的招生简章。

一、招生信息发布我校硕士生招生信息均在网上发布，考生可随时登录研究生院网站查询有关信息公告。

考生须自行从教育部研究生招生信息网下载初试成绩通知、复试通知等。

二、报考条件(一)报名参加全国硕士研究生招生考试的人员，须符合下列条件：1、中华人民共和国公民。

2、拥护中国共产党的领导，愿为社会主义现代化建设服务，品德良好，遵纪守法。

3、身体健康状况符合国家和我校规定的体检要求。

4、考生的学历必须符合下列条件之一：(1)国家承认学历的应届本科毕业生(2010年及以前入学，且2014年毕业的国家承认学历的应届本科毕业生);(2)具有国家承认的大学本科毕业学历的人员;(3)获得国家承认的高职高专毕业学历后，满2年或2年以上(从毕业后到2014年9月1日，下同)，达到与大学本科毕业生同等学力，且符合我校根据培养目标对考生提出的具体要求的人员,按本科毕业生同等学力身份报考;(4)国家承认学历的本科结业生和成人高校应届本科毕业生(不含自考生和网络教育学生)，按本科毕业生同等学力身份报考。

上海对外经贸大学2018年攻读学术型硕士学位研究生招生简章上海对外经贸大学（原上海对外贸易学院）创办于1960年，原系国家对外贸易经济合作部直属高等学校，1994年划归上海市领导。

学校于1985年开始招收研究生，1986年经国务院学位委员会批准成为具有硕士学位授予权的大学。

现拥有应用经济学、外国语言文学、工商管理、法学等4个一级学科硕士点；国民经济学、区域经济学、金融学、国际贸易学、产业经济学、统计学、数量经济学、金融工程、保险学、国际经济、国际投资、民商法学、诉讼法学、经济法学、国际法学、知识产权法、世界贸易组织法、马克思主义中国化研究、英语语言文学、法语语言文学、日语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、会计学、企业管理、旅游管理、技术经济及管理、财务管理、审计学、市场营销、商务信息管理、会展经济与管理、人力资源管理、跨国供应链管理、法律硕士（法学）、法律硕士（非法学）、翻译硕士（英语笔译）、翻译硕士（英语笔口译）、国际商务、会计、金融和MBA等共计41个二级硕士学位授予点，其中，应用经济学、工商管理为上海市高原学科；国际贸易学、外国语言学及应用语言学、金融学、企业管理和产业经济学为上海市重点学科。

除了招收统考研究生外，还接受在职人员以研究生毕业同等学力申请硕士学位。

2018年我校拟招收学术型硕士研究生500名左右，我校各学术型招生专业均可接收推免生（各专业实际接收的推免生名额见10月下旬研究生院网站）。

最终招生总人数以国家教育部发展改革委员会正式下达的招生计划文件和生源状况确定。

招生专业目录及各专业拟招生人数详见研究生院网站另行公布的“2018年硕士研究生招生目录及参考书目”和“2018年各专业学制及联系方式”，仅供参考。

一、培养目标培养有社会主义觉悟和爱国情怀，有比较扎实的经济学理论基础和知识结构，有比较强的外语沟通能力，有经贸、管理、金融、法律和人文等多方面的综合素质，能够运用理论研究实践，解决实际问题的复合型和应用型高级人才。

贸大考研复试班-对外经济贸易大学英语口译专硕考研复试经验分享对外经济贸易大学是教育部直属、国家“211工程”重点建设高校，外语学科创立于1951年，历史悠久，现有10个语种，英语学科是全校最重要和最有影响的学科之一，隶属于英语学院。

英语学院拥有语言文学系、翻译学系、商务英语学系和专用学系，设立了理论语言学研究所、英美文学研究所、翻译研究所、英语国别文化研究所、国际商务英语研究所、国际语言服务与管理研究所、国际财经新闻研究中心、跨文化商务沟通研究所（在建）共8个研究所。

专业介绍英语笔口译旨在通过2年的学习与训练，培养学生具有扎实的英汉双语表达基本功、较宽广的商务基本理论与知识和较强的口译实践能力，能胜任较高层次的各类商务会谈和口译工作。

招生人数与考试科目复试内容1. 正常批次复试时间一般在4月，复试名单及具体复试要求将在我校研究生院主页上公布，请考生自行查询并下载相关材料。

2. 我校将根据教育部有关考生进入复试的基本要求，结合本年度招生计划和生源质量情况，确定我校复试分数线。

通过复试线的报考“量化投资”和其他方向的考生均需参加复试（通过“量化投资”提前招生的考生除外）。

3. 正常批次复试为差额复试，复试人数一般为计划招生规模的120%左右。

具体复试方式以及初试、复试成绩所占权重由学院根据学科专业特点及生源状况确定。

4. “量化投资”方向考生正常批次复试将比其他方向的复试提前几天进行，复试未通过考生可以继续参加其他方向的复试，复试合格的同学仍有可能被录取。

5. 正常批次复试不合格的考生不予录取。

6. 正常批次复试在报到时进行报考资格审查。

不符合报考资格条件的考生不得参加复试。

对于考生申报虚假材料、考试作弊及其它违反考试纪律的行为，我校将通知其所在单位，按教育部《关于违反研究生入学考试规定行为的暂行处理办法》进行严肃处理。

历年复试分数线参考书目复试经验一、专业课准备最好问下目标院校研招办考研复试的专业课采用笔试+面试结合的方式考查。

【贸大考研辅导班】贸大英语学院英语口译专硕考研科目参考书考研大纲考研分数线报录比考研经验一、贸大英语学院简介-启道一、学院概况对外经济贸易大学是教育部直属、国家“211工程”重点建设高校，外语学科创立于1951年，历史悠久，现有10个语种，英语学科是全校最重要和最有影响的学科之一，隶属于英语学院。

英语学院拥有语言文学系、翻译学系、商务英语学系和专用学系，设立了理论语言学研究所、应用语言学研究所、英美文学研究所、翻译研究所、英语国别文化研究所、商务英语研究所、国际语言服务与管理研究所、文化资本与跨文化研究中心、财经新闻研究中心、商务英语与跨文化研究中心(对外经济贸易大学重点研究基地)等12个研究所。

学院每年在校本科生有640人，每年招收研究生160人，研究生教育是1978年国家批准的第一批硕士点，已有近40年的历史。

目前，拥有外国语言文学硕士学位授权一级学科，设有英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学，翻译硕士专业学位三个二级硕士点和商务外语研究二级博士点。

此外，还招收本科及硕士留学生100人。

60多年来，英语专业一直致力于培养高素质、国际化的复合型人才，在外交部、商务部、驻外使领馆、联合国等国家重要部门、国际组织和金融机构以及国有、合资等各大企业中担任重要职务。

我院毕业生一直以扎实的英语技能和较高的综合素质赢得社会的广泛认可，历年来就业率高达98%以上。

近年来，我院各专业的学生在各类比赛中表现出众，英语专业四、八级考试保持着95%以上的通过率;大学英语四、六级考试成绩一直名列前茅;参加全国大学生英语知识竞赛、北京市大学生英语比赛、“CCTV杯”、“21世纪杯”、“外研杯”、全国各类翻译大赛等各类英语演讲、辩论翻译大赛成绩优异。

二、师资队伍英语学院师资力量雄厚，张培基等一大批蜚声海内外的英语名师都曾经在此工作，近年来又引进了一批在国内外有影响的中青年学者。

学院现有教师100余人，其中博士生导师7名，教授16名，博士72名，硕士生导师70余名，60%具有副教授以上职称，90%的教师曾在国外留学或进修过。

外交学院翻译硕士英语口译考研信息整体复习经验经验指导1、抓住重点，快速复习2、建立框架，系统复习3、明确背诵，精确记忆4、区分主次，结合热点5、模拟训练，名师批阅6、押题模考，一战封侯一、2017年外交学院英语口译MTI考研参考书、招生信息、复试真题、录取就业信息★英语系：055102英语口译（专业学位）招生人数：40(20）含推免英语口译学费：20000元/年学制：两年1.★考试科目：①101政治②211翻译硕士英语③357英语翻译基础④448汉语写作与百科知识2.★参考书：1-《三级、二级笔译实务和综合能力》2-《英语翻译二级笔译》外研社出版3-《星火英语专业八级词汇周计划》4-《英语专业八级改错》5-《星火英语专业八级报刊阅读五大题源》6-《星火专业八级写作》7-武峰《12天突破英汉翻译》《英汉翻译教程新说》8-《翻译硕士英语真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社9-《汉语写作与百科知识真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社10-《汉语写作与百科知识》天津科技翻译出版社★★★育明教育宋宋老师解析：1.扩招：从2014年开始扩招，分数线350分左右，2015年345分。

外交学院翻译硕士难度较大，但是就业形势不错，不建议跨专业的考生报考。

1.外院侧重考时政类的东西，所以说关注时政是很关键的。

抽时间可以去看看比较新的东西，如政府工作报告、CHINA DAILY上的热词，新闻热点之类的。

推荐几个app：BBC NEWS、CHINA DAILY、环球时报、百度知道、有道词典。

前三个就是新闻，翻译累了可以看看，而且可以尝试视译。

百度知道上有很多新词的解释，自己平常遇到不懂的也可以随手查一下2.★招收同等学力：①所学专业与报考专业相同或相近；②在国家核心期刊上以第一作者身份发表过两篇以上（含两篇）与所报专业相关的学术论文；③具有大学英语六级证书或大学英语六级成绩达到550分以上。

以同等学力报考者通过初试后，须加试两门本科专业基础课，加试科目在通知复试时公布。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研朝鲜语口译不知道自己能不能考上，也在犹豫自己是否有写经验贴的资格。

不过还是希望自己的经历能给学弟学妹们提供借鉴，也算是我能尽到的绵薄之力吧。

我是2010级应届的韩国语专业本科生。

经贸大真是虐了我好几遍啊！大学之前，英语综合能力比较强，大学学了外语，作为男生，我一直特别坚定，要走翻译这条路。

大一的时候不知道在哪儿看到经贸大有中韩同传专业，所以那个时候就疯狂的想要考取。

可后来听说那是针对韩国人的，心灰意冷，就放弃了，打算考广外的研究生。

大三作为交换生，留学一年，快回国的时候看到了贸大去年居然开了同传专业！一万只草泥马啊！所以当机立断，准备经贸大。

回国之后，正当我打算一心一意复习考研的时候，身边发生了太多让我始料未及的事情，以至于我根本没有办法静下心来安心复习。

废话太多了，大家不愿意看的，可以直接跳过。

我进入主题：1.政治我高中是文科生，但从高中开始就对政治极其厌恶。

我不知道马克思和我搞翻译有什么关系，我也很同情，那些可怜的理工科学生，明明抱着一颗赤子之心，要搞研究，要钻学术的，万一栽在这门和自己毫无关联的学科上，将是一种什么样的心情。

所以，毫不夸张，考研之前，我政治加起来看了不过10个小时。

我把这次考验百分之50的宝，都压在了政治上，成败就在这一门上。

因此，想不栽在政治上的文科生门，我强烈建议报班学习。

从冲刺班开始学习，考前一个月开始复习政治完全来得及。

千万不要指望政治会给你多么大的奇迹，没有任何价值，用心复习专业课才是王道。

复习的时候，不要去拿着大纲摇头晃脑背诵，而是考研班的讲义要烂熟于胸，关注热点，时政，每一个专题总结一种答题的模式，遇到改革开放怎么答，遇到评价毛泽东怎么答，这就是大题的思路。

选择题要大量做，巩固基础知识。

不要相信几套卷几套卷，没有任何意义。

对于文科生来说，上了考场你就会发现，其实考研命题人出题的思路就是，在大家都能猜到的，可能出现的热点问题上，让你在了解基础知识的情况下，答案言之有理即可，拿到卷子后，根本不会出现不会的情况，或是一个字都答不上来。

育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。

对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。