[0859]《跨文化交际》第1批[填空题]10. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：10. agreements[填空题]9. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：9. gender[填空题]8. Edward Hall alerts us to the invisible aspects of culture and nonverbal communication, which he calls as " language” and "hidden dimension”.参考答案：8. silent[填空题]7. People from cultures schedule several activities at the same time, and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered.参考答案：7. P-time[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5. Beauty is only _____ deep.参考答案：5. skin[填空题]4. Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：4. intercultural[填空题]3. There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurting others _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：3. due[填空题]2. The purpose of the greeting is to ______ social contact, not to transfer information.参考答案：4. establish[填空题]1. In daily verbal communication, there are many _____ ways one must observe in order to maintain smooth cross-cultural interaction.参考答案：1. routine[判断题]10. High uncertainty and anxiety hinder effective intercultural communication to a different extent.参考答案：正确[判断题]9. The Eastern view of the universe is characteristically dualistic, materialistic, and lifeless while the Western view is profoundly holistic, dynamic, and spiritual.参考答案：错误[判断题]8. Due to the cultural differences, interpreting in intercultural encounters is possible but difficult.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. Cultural differences can generate positive impacts on negotiation as people can learn from each other.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.参考答案：正确[判断题]1) 5. Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. "Dragon” means the same to the Westerners as "龙” to the Chinese.参考答案：错误[判断题]3. Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty must be considered as fishingfor compliments.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politenessis ` achieved may vary significantly.参考答案：正确[判断题]1. All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.参考答案：错误第2批[论述题]Define the following terms:1. Nonverbal communication2. Body language/Kinesics3. world view4. the Judeo-Christian tradition5. knowledge6. stereotype参考答案：1. Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2. Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.3. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing natural philosophy; fundamental existential and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics4. Judeo?Christian (sometimes written as Judaeo?Christian) refers to a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity. It is a common term in American cultural and political rhetoric.5. Knowledge is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject; (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information; or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation.6. A stereotype or "stereotypes" is a commonly held public belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions.第3批[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. culture shock3. gender4. stereotype5. body language参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in theexchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. The main cause of cultu re shock is displacement from our "home” culture. This lack of common experiences and familiar surroundings creates varying degrees of consequences.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.Stereotype is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guides our behavior toward a particular group of people. There are a number of reasons that stereotypes, as a form of classification, hamper intercultural communication.5.Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.[论述题]Analyze the following cases，and then answer the given questions.Case 1How would you explain the Director's behavior toward Katherine? How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o` clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang` office at the exactly ten o` clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down. Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished hisconversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation. Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director` s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Case 2Why does Jay refuse to ask his professor or classmen to clarify the directions for his paper?Jay is having difficulty in writing a paper for his communication class, because he's not sure what the professor wants. When he mentions this to his friend Ellen, she suggests he ask the professor or a classmen to clarify directions. Jay refuses, saying "I can figure it out on my own”.参考答案：2. In this case, Jay's unwillingness to ask others for help in understanding his assignment is a sign of his masculine emphasis on independence. As some scholars point out rather humorously, men invariably resist asking directions when they are lost in the road while women do not hesitate to ask strangers for help. What we have discussed about gender identity help us understand this difference. Because women initially develop identity within the first relationships have an undertone of danger-they could jeopardize independence. So Jay's refusal to ask others for help reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Unless Ellen realizes this difference between them, Jay's behavior will continue to baffle her.)[填空题]10.One of the most fundamental ways culture shapes our being is throughexplicit and implicit ________ about our relationship to the nature of the universe and to the non-human natural world.参考答案：10. teachings[填空题]9. Native speakers need to admit that difficulty in understanding _______ also occurs among native speakers and reminds non-native speakers to be open about explanations given.参考答案：9. humor[填空题]8. The American _______ is to conduct business in an efficient manner,while compromises may be part of the outcome.参考答案：8. n orm[填空题]7. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to ________in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：7. misunderstanding[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5.Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案： 5. intercultural[填空题]pliments and compliment responses are an _______ part of daily verbal communication.参考答案：4. essential[填空题]3. Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：3. breakdown[填空题]2. When communicating with each other, each person ___________ and sends messages, and in turn receives and decodes messages.参考答案：2. encodes[填空题]1.Intercultural competence requires sufficient knowledge, suitable _______, and skilled actions.参考答案：1. motivations[单选题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.A：TB：F参考答案：B第4批[判断题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.参考答案：正确[判断题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.参考答案：正确[判断题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.参考答案：错误[判断题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.参考答案：错误[判断题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.参考答案：正确[论述题]Analyze the following casesCase 1Why did the two Korean interpreters continue to study the Chinese female teachers` trousers?In 1987, a delegation consisting of four Chinese English experts went to Pingyong Foreign Language University to train faculty to be top-level simultaneous interpreters for the 13th International Youth Festival. Of the four experts, two were men and two were women. The two men were dressed in suits with ties and the two women were typically dressed in trousers and their typical business clothes. An authority from Pingyong Foreign Language University and two Korean interpreters greeted them at the Pingyong Railway Station. Surprisingly, while exchanging a few formal remarks, the two interpreters` eyes consistently observed the two Chinese female teachers' trousers. The younger teacher, sensed something and repeatedly checked their trousers and shoes to see if they were dirty or marked. About half an hour later, they arrived at the hotel where they would be staying during their mission. The two interpreters showed eachof them to their rooms to give them an opportunity to freshen up before the formal introductions. In a couple of minutes, the four Chinese teachers gathered in one of the rooms, where the head of the university and the two interpreters introduced themselves further and briefed them on the training program. While talking, the two interpreters seemed to continue to study the two female teachers` trousers. At first, they thought that the Korean interpreters were too embarrassed to look straight in the eyes of a woman. Later this assumption was proved wrong. The four Chinese teachers remained a bit puzzled and did not know what was going on…Case 2Could you explain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria without waiting for him？After graduating from Beijing International Studies University, Chen Liang pursued an MA program at a university in Boston, the U.S. Early in the program, he made friends with some of the American friends, Dick, asked Chen to join him in the university cafeteria. On their way they ran into Dick's girlfriend, Lisa, who was on her way to a lecture. Walking shoulder to shoulder, Dick and Lisa carried on an intimate conversation, as if they hadn't seen each other for ages. Meanwhile, Chen Liang was walking behind them, not taking part in the conversation. When they were nearing the cafeteria Lisa said she had to leave for the lecture. Dick turned away and walked off toward the cafeteria. When Dick looked up, he saw Chen waking into the cafeteria. Dick was puzzled as to why Chen didn't wait for him, and went to the cafeteria alone.参考答案：1. Comment: this is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people. In addition, Westerners are goodtimekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules. However, Chinese view appointment in a more flexible manner. They are more causal about commitments. This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the roof of Katherine` s unhappiness. Since the Director made a ten o` clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption. However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher. When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry.2. Suggested answer:In public, the norms of expressing one's feeling and affections toward the opposite sex vary across culture. In Asia and some countries around the Mediterranean Sea, it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public, but not between the opposite sexes, especially in front of the friends. Chen left because he felt awkward witnessing them hugging and kissing. This shows that Dick knows nothing about the natural response of the Chinese to certain behaviors. Similarly, Chen Liang's behavior shows that he is also in the dark about American behaviors.[填空题]9. In broad terms, nonverbal communication covers four areas: timelanguage (temporal language or chronemics), space language (spatial language or proxemics), language(body movement orkinesics), and paralanguage (voice modulation).参考答案：9. body[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. economic globalization3. gender4. linear time5. intercultural communication competence参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.No country is the dominant economic force in the world. Economic expansion in globalization has resulted in multinational corporations participating in joint ventures, licensing agreements and other international business arrangements.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.The West views time either as an arrow or as a moving river that comes from a distant place in the past and goes to an equally distant place in the future. In this linear view of time, history is goal-directed and gradually progressing in a certain direction.5.Intercultural communication competence (ICC competence) is the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviors to elicit a desired response in a specific environment.[判断题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.参考答案：正确[判断题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.参考答案：错误[填空题]10.According to researchers, there are two primary influences ongender : family communication, particularly betweenmothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.参考答案：10. socialization[填空题]8. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：8. agreements[填空题]7. To develop ________means being able to see things from the point ofview of others so that we can better know and adjust to the other people.参考答案：7. empathy[填空题]6. We need to understand what is ordinarily done in a _______ in order to understand and laugh at messages that are the " out of the ordinary”.参考答案：6. culture[填空题]5.A term in one language does not necessarily have a ______ in the other language.参考答案：5. counterpart[填空题]4.There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurtingothers _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：4. due[填空题]３．Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：3. intercultural[填空题]２．Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：2. breakdown[填空题]1.Intercultural communication occurs whenever there is communication between people from different cultural ______________.参考答案：1. backgrounds。
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