Ethic1.GIPS 初始5年，而后每年+1保存至少10年记录。
2.must promote the integrity and viability of the global capital markets for theultimate benefit of society. 是原则不是standard。
3.Standard V diligence and resonable basis 可以使用第三方研报，但要定期对研报提供者进行考察。
4.Portfolio valuations must use fair market values for periods on or after 1 January2011.5.Standard III(C)–Suitability of the CFA Institute Standards of ProfessionalConduct requires that when members and candidates are in an advisory relationship with a client, they must judge the suitability of investments in the context of the client’s total portfolio.6. a personal bankruptcy does not necessarily constitute a violation of StandardI(D). If the circumstances of the bankruptcy involved fraudulent or deceitful business conduct, then failing to disclose it may constitute a violation of the Standards.7. A composite must include all actual, fee-paying, discretionary portfoliosmanaged in accordance with the same investment mandate, objective, or strategy.Quantitative methodsHypothesis testCOefficient=S/X拔The variance of the number of yearly increases over the next 10 years is σ2=np(1 −p)binomial randomThe position of the first quintile is found with the following formula:Ly= (n+ 1) × (y/100),.Free trade areas(FTA) are one of the most prevalent forms of regional integration in which all barriers to the flow of goods and services among members have been eliminated. However, each country maintains its own polices against non-members.A customs union extends the FTA by not only allowing free movement of goods and services among members but also creating a common trade policy against non-members.The common market is the next level of economic integration that incorporates all aspects of the customs union and extends it by allowing free movement of factors of production among members.Economics求谁的弹性，谁就是分母We can expand Equation 5 algebraically by noting that the percentage change in any variable x is simply the change in x (∆x) divided by the level of x. So, we can rewrite Equation 5, using a few simple steps, asE>1ELASTIC E<1 inelastic求谁的弹性，谁就是分母In summary, own-price elasticity of demand is likely to be greater (i.e., more sensitive) for items that have many close substitutes, occupy a large portion of the total budget (House), are seen to be optional instead of necessary, or have longer adjustment times. Obviously, not all these characteristics operate in the same direction for all goods, so elasticity is likely to be a complex result of these and other characteristics. In the end, the actual elasticity of demand for a particular good turns out to be an empirical fact that can be learned only from careful observation and, often, sophisticated statistical analysis.Market structureShifts in the aggregate demand curveShifts in the SR aggregate supply curve•●Easy fiscal policy/tight monetary policy: If taxes are cut or government spendingrises, the expansionary fiscal policy will lead to a rise in aggregate output. If this is accompanied by a reduction in money supply to offset the fiscal expansion, then interest rates will rise and have a negative effect on private sector demand.We have higher output and higher interest rates, and government spending will be a larger proportion of overall national income.●Tight fiscal policy/easy monetary policy: If a fiscal contraction is accompanied byexpansionary monetary policy and low interest rates, then the private sector will be stimulated and will rise as a share of GDP, while the public sector will shrink.●Easy monetary policy/easy fiscal policy: If both fiscal and monetary policy areeasy, then the joint impact will be highly expansionary—leading to a rise in aggregate demand, lower interest rates (at least if the monetary impact is larger), and growing private and public sectors.●Tight monetary policy/tight fiscal policy: Interest rates rise (at least if themonetary impact on interest rates is larger) and reduce private demand. At the same time, higher taxes and falling government spending lead to a drop in aggregate demand from both public and private sectors.Trade surplus X>MTrade dificit X <M•Empl oyed: The number of people with a job. This figure normally does not include people working in the informal sector (e.g., unlicensed cab drivers, illegal workers, etc.).Labor force: The number of people who either have a job or are actively looking for a job. This number excludes retirees, children, stay-at-home parents, full-time students, and other categories of people who are neither employed nor actively seeking employment.Unemployed: P eople who are actively seeking employment but are currently without a job. Some special subcategories include:Long-term unemployed: People who have been out of work for a long time (more than three to four months in many countries) but are still looking for a job. Frictionally unemployed: they are “between jobs,” and those new entrants or re-entrants into the labor force who have not yet found work. Frictional unemployment is short-term and transitory in natureUnemployment rate: The ratio of unemployed to labor force.Activity ratio(or participation ratio): The ratio of labor force to total population of working age (i.e., those between 16 and 64 years of age).Underemployed: A person who has a job but has the qualifications to work at a significantly higher-paying job.Discouraged worker:Discouraged workers are statistically outside the labor force (similar to children and retirees), which means they are not counted in the officialunemployment rate.•Equal weighting 1/nPrice weightingMarket-Capitalization WeightingFinancial report周转天数Money marketyield 360=FV-PV/PV*(360/days) Bond equivalent yield =FV-PV/PV*(365/days)天Discount basis yield =FV-Pv/FV*(360/days)Under US GAAP, material items that are unusual or infrequent and that are both as of reporting periods beginning after 15 December 2015 are shown as part of a company’s continuing operations but are presented separately.Fixed incomeMoneyDur = AnnModDur ×PV Full永续麦考利回流的时间ModDur =1/1+r*麦考林久期收益率变动1%，债券价格变动的% R 是期间利率。
