passage 7 Zoos in the past and now

贵州省平塘县2024年初中英语毕业考试模拟冲刺卷含答案考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。

选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。

2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。

3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、Every night at 7.00, the garbage man appears on the streets to_______ the garbage that people take out of their houses.A．pick B．hide C．drop D．collect2、Some students go to school ______ foot and others go ______ bus.A．on; by B．by; on C．on; on D．by; by3、– How much will you be paid?-- I don’t do it for money, but for experience. _____, it’s volunteer work.A．However B．Besides C．Finally D．Possibly4、The Reader has been a popular program since last year, there is still something not satisfying.A．though B．until C．if D．unless5、My grandparents live in the countryside. We often go to see ______.A．him B．them C．her D．you6、We've got a bedroom, if you'd like to stay.A．empty B．spare C．available7、Jenny speaks good Chinese. She ________ the Chinese language at Beijing University for a year after she finished university in London.A．studies B．is studying C．studied D．has studied8、--- will the TV play be broadcasted(播出)?---Perhaps it’s reviewed successfully.A．How long; until B．When; until C．How soon; not until D．How often; not until9、---Who is the man under tree?--- He is person who has devoted himself to doing a lot of research on hybrid rice.A．the, the B．an, / C．a, / D．a, the10、Our basketball team won’t win the match _______ we work together.A．if B．since C．while D．unlessⅡ. 完形填空11、In China, almost everyone knows Ma Yun. Ma Yun became one of 1 men in China when his company Alibaba went on the stock（股票)market last year with a value of around £140 billion-the largest public offering in history. 2 amazing thing it is! Here are some stories about him on the way to 3 .Ma made his 4 trip to the US in 1995 and used the Internet 5 the first time. After 6 for “beer”, he saw that no results 7 up about China. Then he searched for “China” and still saw no results. He decided to set up a Chinese website--the seed for Alibaba was sown(播种).Ma said he 8 many times in his life. He failed the College Entrance Examination in China three times and 9 companies offered him jobs, including one at KFC．And he was refused by the famous Harvard University 10 times.Learning English was difficult when Ma was a teenager 10 limited resources. However, he found that he could learn English well by giving tourists free guides around 11 hometown Hangzhou. And he kept it for nine years. Ma said that tourists opened up a new world for him because everything they said and did was so different from 12 he had been taught at school and by his parents.Ma’s hero is Forrest Gump13 never gives up. When he made a speech about his success at Davos(达沃斯论坛)in 2015,Ma said, “Life 14 a box of chocolates because you never know what you are going to get.” 15as Ma does, never give up and you will be successful one day.1．A．rich B．the richest C．most rich D．most richest2．A．How a B．How an C．What a D．What an3．A．success B．succeed C．successful D．successfully4．A．one B．first C．the first D．once5．A．at B．in C．on D．for6．A．search B．searched C．searching D．to search7．A．come B．comes C．came D．coming8．A．refuse B．refused C．was refused D．was refusing9．A．a few B．few C．little D．a little10．A．because B．because of C．as D．so11．A．he B．him C．his D．himself12．A．what B．that C．which D．when13．A．what B．which C．/ D．who14．A．like B．likes C．is liked D．is like15．A．Do B．Doing C．Does D．DidⅢ. 语法填空12、Dear editor,Last week I 1．(visit) our zoo, and I was very surprised 2．(find) hardly anyone there. Zoos are important places .Theyare like living textbooks for young people. They provide homes for many endangered animals and help to educate the public about 3．(care) for them. If we 4．(not support) our zoos, they 5．(not have) enough money to take care of so many fine animals. I urge all of your readers to visit our wonderful zoo soon.Sincerely,Animal FriendⅣ. 阅读理解A13、Carrots are easy to grow and easy to harvest. They taste good. And they contain a lot of carotene( 胡萝卜素). When people think of carrots, they usually say it's a vegetable that is long, thin and orange. But carrots come in many different sizes and shapes. And not all carrots are orange. For example, Paris Market carrots are about five centimetres around. Belgian White carrots are, as their names suggest, white.For the best results, carrots should be grown in sandy soil that does not hold water for a long time. The soil also should have no rocks. To prepare your garden for carrots, dig up the soil, loosen it and turn it over. Then, mix in some plant material. Weather, soil conditions and age will affect the way carrots taste. Experts say warm days, cool nights and a medium soil temperature are the best conditions for growing carrots that taste great.Carrots need time to develop their full sugar content. This gives them their taste. The best way to judge if a carrot is ready to be harvested is by its color. Usually, the brighter the colour, the better the taste.If the ground does freeze in your part of the world, simply cover your carrot garden with a thick layer(层) of leaves or straw. This will prevent the ground from freezing. You can remove the ground cover and harvest the carrots as they are needed.Carrots are one of the world's most popular vegetables. They can be cooked and prepared in many different ways. 1．Carrots are_____________________ .A．long, thin and orange B．of different colours and shapesC．small and round D．orange and white2．Carrots need all the following to grow well EXCEPT____________ .A．sunshine B．sandy soil C．much water D．plant material3．We know from the passage that carrots________________ .A．are very beautiful plants B．are a kind of very delicious fruitC．only grow in warm areas D．are likely to be affected by coldB14、Once a boy went to a palace to ask a wise man what the secret of happiness is. After talking with the boy, the wise man asked the boy to look around the palace and return in two hours. “And , I want to ask you to do something,”saidthe wise man .“As you look around, carry this spoon wit h you without making the oil spill (溢出).”The boy began walking up and down the stairs of the palace, and he kept his eyes on the spoon all the time. After two hours, he returned. “Well,” asked the wise man, “what did you see in my palace?” The boy said th at he had seen nothing.“Then go back and enjoy my wonderful world,” said the wise man. The boy picked up the spoon and began to look around the palace again. This time, he saw many beautiful things in the palace. When he returned, the wise man asked, “but where are the drops of oil I give you?” The boy saw that the oil was gone.“There is only one piece of advice I can give you,” said the wise man. “The secret of happiness is to see all wonders of the world and never to forget the drops of oil on the spoon.”根据短文内容，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出正确选项，并将所选答案涂到答题卡（填在答题卷）的相应位置上。

外研版九年级英语上册Module 12 达标测试卷一、单项选择。

(每小题2分，共20分)1. —What kind of books do you like best?—I like books ____ are about science and technology.A. whoB. whomC. whichD. /2. Playing computer games too much is ____ your eyes. You'd better not do that.A. good atB. good forC. harmful toD. useful to3. —Would you please ____ what you said?—Sure. I asked you to have a rest. It's too hot today.A. repeatB. spellC. reviewD. show4. He never feels ____ though he lives a poor life.A. uselessB. hopefulC. hopelessD. useful5. —If there are ____ people driving, there will be ____ air pollution.—Yes, and the air will be fresher.A. fewer; lessB. less; fewerC. fewer; fewerD. less ; less6. The workers can ____ the waste things ____ something useful.A. make; intoB. make; inC. change; intoD. change; to7. We should learn English well ____ we can tell Chinese to the world.A. such thatB. such asC. so thatD. even though8. It's no use ____ at the old man because he is deaf.A. shoutB. shoutingC. to shoutD. shouted9. Please ____ the lights when you leave the room. Be a greener person.A. turn offB. turn onC. turn upD. turn down10. —Shall we have an outdoor graduation party after the exam?—____ I think everyone will love it.A. Good idea.B. No way.C. Enjoy yourself.D. The same to you.二、完形填空。

中考英语动物词汇单选题80题1. We saw many ______ in the zoo.A. monkeyB. monkeysC. monkeiesD. monkeyes答案：B。

monkey 的复数形式是monkeys，A 选项是单数形式，C、D 选项复数形式错误，所以选B。

2. The ______ has a long tail.A. pandaB. catC. dogD. rabbit答案：B。

猫有长尾巴，A 熊猫、C 狗、D 兔子通常尾巴不长，所以选B。

3. Which animal is black and white?A. TigerB. LionC. ZebraD. Elephant答案：C。

斑马是黑白相间的，A 老虎、B 狮子、D 大象不是黑白相间的，所以选C。

4. I like ______ best. They are so cute.A. ducksB. chickensC. sheepD. pigs答案：A。

duck 鸭子，通常被认为可爱，B 鸡、C 绵羊、D 猪相对来说不太常被形容为可爱，所以选A。

5. My sister has a pet ______.A. fishB. birdC. mouseD. snake答案：B。

bird 鸟常作为宠物，A 鱼一般在鱼缸里，C 老鼠不太作为宠物，D 蛇也不常作为宠物，所以选B。

6. The dog always ______ around the park in the morning.A. runsB. runC. runningD. to run答案：A。

本题考查动词第三人称单数形式。

主语“the dog”是第三人称单数，动词要用第三人称单数形式，“run”的第三人称单数形式是“runs”，B 选项“run”是原形，C 选项“running”是现在分词，D 选项“to run”是动词不定式，均不符合主语的人称和数。

辽宁省沈阳市法库县2023-2024学年八年级下学期期末英语试题一、阅读理解Each country has many kind people. They volunteer to take care of others. For example, some high school and university students in the US often spend many hours as volunteers in hospitals or old people’s homes. They read books for the people or they just visit them and play games with them or listen to their problems.Other young volunteers go and work in the homes of the sick people. They clean up their houses or do the shopping. For boys without fathers there is an organization called “Big Brothers”. University students and other people take these boys to play baseball games and help them get to know things that boys usually learn from their fathers.Each city has a lot of clubs where boys and girls can go to play games or take part in other activities. Some of these clubs show movies or have short trips to the mountains. Most of these clubs use a lot of high school and university students as volunteers because they can understand the problems of these boys and girls more easily. Volunteers believe that bringing happiness to others is among the happiest things in the world.1．Which place is not mentioned about volunteering in the US?A．Sick people’s homes.B．Hospitals.C．Old people’s homes.D．Zoos.2．What is “Big Brothers”?A．It’s the name of a club.B．It’s the name of a movie.C．It’s the home for children without brothers.D．It’s an organization for boys without fathers.3．High school and university volunteers ________.A．can understand the problem childrenB．have more free time to relax themselvesC．are too young to understand the childrenD．help the young children teach themselves4．What do volunteers believe?A．The happiest people in the world are in the clubs.B．Bringing happiness to others can make them happy.C．The happiest thing in the world is to make oneself happy.D．The happiest thing in the world is to make more money.Thang-ga is a special kind of painting. It started from the Tang Dynasty. Thang-ga paintings have attracted public’s attention in recent years. At the same time, the Chinese government has also tried hard to protect the culture.Thang-ga paintings were developed in the 7th century in the Tibetan area. The paintings are colourful and the paints used in Thang-ga paintings are different from those in other paintings. Because of the special environment of the Tibetan Plateau (高地) and the excellent painting skills, the colours of Thang-ga paintings look special. The paints in Thang-ga paintings in the past were made from minerals, including gold, silver, as well as some plants. Since they were made by hand, the beautiful colours could last for hundreds of years.However, with the development of machines, people now use cheaper and more easily-made chemicals to make paints. The traditional paints in Thang-ga paintings needed too much work and there were many secret methods. Later people stopped making the paints and forgot about them. So the skills were almost lost.5．Which of the following about the colours of paints in Thang-ga paintings is NOT true?A．They were different from other paints.B．They were made by hand.C．They may be made from gold.D．They could last for several months.6．What can we know from the passage?A．Plants can’t be used to make paints in Thang-ga paintings.B．The Chinese government cares about Thang-ga paintings.C．Thang-ga paintings were developed in the 17th century.D．People can make Thang-ga paintings easily nowadays.7．What does the underlined word “minerals” mean?A．Something strange.B．Something made by hand.C．Something cheap.D．Something in nature.8．What is the best title for this passage?A．Thang-ga paintingsB．Tibetan paintersC．The history of Tang DynastyD．How to protect Thang-ga paintingsI spend a lot of time interviewing people, and watching their body language is part of my job.First impressions are important. As they say, “You only get one chance to make a first impression.” Shaking hands firmly (坚定地) is important—people don’t like it if your hand feels like a cold fish. Eye contact is also important—you should often look at the interviewer in the eye, but don’t make him or her feel strange.Remember to use good body language after you sit down, too.You should look interested and sit up straight. If you sit in a lazy way, you will give the interviewer a very bad impression. You should show respect and interest by smiling and nodding your head when the interviewer speaks. Also, try not to hold your arms across your chest (胸部) . It will make you look bored and nervous.Make sure your face and body are turned towards the interviewer. If you are turned away from him or her, the interviewer might think you are getting ready to run out of the door!Finally, don’t shake your legs. This is impolite and makes you look nervous. If you use good body language and the right gestures, you will appearable, confident, friendly and honest. 9．People usually get ________ chance (s) to make the first impressionA．one B．two C．three D．four10．Holding your arms across your chest will make you look ________.A．lazy and boredB．annoyed and unhappyC．happy and confidentD．bored and nervous11．If you are turned away from the interviewer, she/he might think that ________.A．you are ready to leaveB．you feel strangeC．you are ready to listenD．you don’t like her /him12．What does the underlined word “impolite” mean in Chinese?A．无聊的B．不礼貌的C．不友好的D．没有信心的Some animals are so tiny that you can not see them clearly. Others are huge. All of them are interesting. Let’s have a look at some of them.The hippo (河马) is the third largest land animal. It is a little smaller but heavier than the rhinoceros (犀牛). The elephant is the biggest animal on land. The adult frog will eat any other animal which is smaller than itself, including insects and even other frogs. But it doesn’t like eating grass or leaves. Many frogs are small, but the largest frogs are the Goliath frogs. They have the similar size of sheep! Parrots are beautiful and clever. They have the feather with beautiful colors. They can live for 40 years and even up to 100 years. They like talking very much and some of them can tell funny jokes. Bees live and work in large groups. They do not have ears, but they have a good sense of smell. They work all the time.13．Which animal is the second largest on land?A．The elephant.B．The hippo.C．The rhinoceros.D．The adult frog.14．What can we know about adult frogs?A．They are animals that eat only meat.B．They are animals that eat only plants.C．All of them are very small in size.D．They don’t eat frogs of the same kind.15．What can we learn about parrots from the passage?A．They are beautiful but stupid.B．They are not colorful at all.C．They live a very short life.D．They may bring you much joy.16．Why did the writer write this passage?A．To compare four kinds of different animals.B．To let us realize the importance of some animals.C．To ask us to protect wild animals.D．To introduce some facts about animals.The word “cartoon” came form Italian. It first referred to the picture before an actual (真实的) drawing on the wall. 17 Since the 1840s, it has also come to mean any drawing that is humorous (幽默的) or showing an opinion. It usually appears in a newspaper and magazine, with or without a short text.18 People of all ages especially young children enjoy all kinds of cartoons in newspapers and magazines, or television and at the movies. Cartoons not only show their life, but help form it. 19 They have offered ideas to plays, movies and television series and so on. Names or words form cartoon series have also come into modern languages.Many cartoonists (漫画家) draw with special pens. Some use the computers. Surely, computers are especially effective for the making of animated (栩栩如生的) cartoons. 20 People especially children like cartoons because they show and make the life colorful.A．This helps us to enjoy more lively cartoons.B．They have set the style for clothing, food, manner and many other things.C．In the mid-19th century, it came into English.D．Today cartoons are a part of the daily lives of most people.E．You can find a lot of cartoons in the newspaper or magazines二、完形填空Li Ping is a middle school student. He is now studying in Grade 8 in a middle school in Guangzhou, Guangdong. He had lots of 21 when he was little. But as time goes by, there is only one dream till in his mind.Li Ping says when he was a child, he heard about rockets and spaceships.22 , he didn’t know what they were. Later, he started to know that scientists make23 to carry people and things into space. From then on, he became very interested in24 . He is always dreaming that he can fly to space to 25 the Earth one day.In school, Li Ping learned that the first man flew into space in 1961, and later, more 26 travelled into space successfully. He knew that not 27 could travel into space. More 28 , if he can fly to space, he must be trained specially.Li Ping knows it’s not 29 to make his dream come true, but he decides to try his best. He says, “I’ve had this dream for many years. It brings me a lot of happiness and always makes me study 30 . Even if it doesn’t come true in the end, I won’t be sorry.”21．A．jobs B．dreams C．friends D．teachers 22．A．Such as B．Of course C．At first D．At least 23．A．trains B．bikes C．cars D．rockets 24．A．space B．ship C．planet D．plane 25．A．take in B．look after C．help with D．look at 26．A．writers B．people C．astronauts D．children 27．A．everybody B．anybody C．somebody D．nobody 28．A．importantly B．hardly C．strongly D．luckily 29．A．strange B．easy C．difficult D．expensive 30．A．easier B．better C．louder D．harder三、短文填空语法填空What is a teacher? Well, for a long time, I think a teacher is just someone who teaches. But it was not until I met my music teacher that I realized my understanding was too simple.When I 31 (one) arrived at my music class at school, I had almost no knowledge of how 32 (play) the flute. I couldn’t get the basic notes (音符) right. It seemed like a dream for me to give a show in front of the school. 33 , my music teacher, Mr. Nevola, guided me to work towards my dreams.He spent a lot of time in finding the right flute book for me and spent more time 34 (teach) me. When I was unable to remember the notes, 35 taught me the skill: FACE. F-“fa”; A –“la”; C –“do”; E –“mi”. This way I can remember the notes much 36 (quickly) than before.He also tried to make music class fun. We played games that helped develop our sense of rhythm (节感) and shared some favorite music 37 (piece) on certain days. We talked about the music background from all over the world and learned 38 the development of music in the US.Thanks to Mr. Nevola, I 39 (true) fell in love with the flute. After six months, I was able to blow seven notes in one breath. While this might not seem like 40 huge success, I am still proud of it and thankful to Mr. Nevola who helped me make it happen.四、任务型阅读阅读短文，然后根据内容回答问题。

Unit 5 Wild animals测试卷（A卷基础篇）【译林版】学校：__________班级：__________姓名：_________ 考号：___________本试卷共分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，第Ⅰ卷为客观题；第Ⅱ卷为主观题；满分为100分，考试时间为100分钟。

请同学们将【答案】写在答题卡上，务必注意你的书写。

第I卷（客观题共55分）Ⅰ.单项选择（15）1.Mrs Smith will write a report animals in danger for the club newsletter.A.onB.atC.ofD.in2.It’s time for people to to protect animals.A.take actionB.catch actionC.take actsD.catch cats3.—What do you think of ?—As the king of the animal world, it is strong and brave.A.pandaB.monkeyC.wolfD.lion4.Elephants are our friends. Hunters should stop killing elephants and their ivory.A.sellingB.to sellC.buyingD.to buy5.—I heard I got a “D” in the test yesterday. It’s hard to believe.—It be true because Mrs Lee said everyone passed it.A.mayB.must notC.cannotD.should not6.We should do something the animals in danger.A.to protectB.protectC.protectingD.protected7.The number of the students getting because each family has fewer children than before.A.are; fewer and fewerB.are; more and moreC.is; larger and largerD.is; smaller and smaller8.（2019常州期末）Wang Junkai is popular among teenagers his hard work and happy smile.A.becauseB.because ofC.insteadD.instead of9.Jane wanted an evening job that would allow her to her son during the day.A.look atB.look throughC.look afterD.look around10.This morning, Su Ning got up late. , he missed the early bus and was late for class.A.As a resultB.For exampleC.At leastD.As usual11.Su Fang agreed fast food for her health and it made her parents very happy.A.to eatB.eatingC.not eatingD.not to eat12.—Dear, shall we buy a washing machine?—Good idea. That will us a lot of trouble. We’ll have more free time for hobbies.A.takeB.costC.spendD.save13.—Did your cousin invite you to join the trip?—Yes. But I didn’t it.A.receiveB.getC.acceptD.reach14.Linda likes reading very much because reading can bring her .A.happyB.unhappinessC.unhappyD.happiness15.（2019苏州中考）Amon his ship in a big storm when a giant fish came out of the sea.A.will sailB.is sailingC.was sailingD.has sailedII.完形填空（10分）Many people like to keep dogs as their pets. But do you know dogs were wild animals long long ago? People in Europe first (16) wild dogs about (17) years ago. But these first “dogs”(18) what we have now. They might look like small wolves. These dogs often came close to people to steal some food. Some of the young dogs were adopted（收养）by people and (19) with them.People believed these (20) were a help to them in many ways. They helped them to hunt. They could smell and hear danger (21) people could. They helped keep people (22) on cold nights. So it was (23) to keep the dogs.Now, there are many different kinds of dogs. (24) they may look quite unlike each other. Dog trainers think there are more than 400 different kinds in the world. The number keeps getting bigger with new kinds.Dogs do a lot for us. Dogs were our friends in the past, and now they re still our friends. We should (25) them when they have problems because they are really our friends. We should feel lucky to have them as our friends.16.A.played B.ate C.trained D.killed17.A.ten thousand B.ten thousands C.ten thousands of D.ten thousand of18.A.didn’t like B.weren’t like C.weren’t alike D.looked like19.A.grew up B.made up C.put up D.came up20.A.children B.foxes C.cats D.dogs21.A.when B.after C.before D.as soon as22.A.cool B.warm C.hot D.cold23.A.hard B.interesting C.easy eful24.A.So B.If C.Because D.But25.A.hurt B.kill C.help D.huntⅢ.阅读理解（25）AThink of the animal world. and a group of colorful wild animals will spring to mind: a parrot’s rainbow feathers or the showy scales of sea fish. But, many mammals(哺乳动物) on the planet e in only two colors: black and white. Spend some time exploring what science has discovered about these animals’ appearances, and you’ll see that basic black and white isn’t so basic at all.The panda’s white body helps it hide in snowy areas. The arms and legs are black, helping it hide in forests. The markings on its head are not used to hide, but to municate. Black ears can act as a warning to enemies.Depending on the species, black skunks(臭鼬) may wear white spots that act as covering or white stripes that signal enemies to be aware of their smelly spray, which causes no real harm to its victims, but it makes them unfortable.Zebras’ thin coats make them more vulnerable than longhaired animals to biting flies that carry disease, but the coats stripes prevent flies from landing on them, for reasons that scientists are still studying. Further, their attractiveness to flies increases with stripe width. No two zebras’ stripes are exactly the same.26.According to the passage, which of the following sentences is TRUE?A. The panda’s white parts help it hide against snow.B. Both white spots and white stripes help skunks kill their victims.C. Zebras with wider stripes are less attractive to flies.D. Scientists have already known all the secrets about the stripes.27.What does the underlined word “vulnerable” mean?A. Being easily landed.B. Being easily attracted.C. Being easily discovered.D. Being easily attacked.28.Which could be the best title of the passage?A. Why Animal Stripes e in Different ShapesB. Why So Many Animals Wear BlackandWhite CoatsC. How Wild Animals Protect Themselves from EnemiesD. How Black and White Bee Basic Colors in Animal WorldB（2020江苏南通如东实验中学期中）The red kangarooThe red kangaroo（袋鼠）is a famous special Australian animal. It moves by jumping on its long hind（后面的）legs. One jump may be 9 meters long and up to 3 meters high. Its heavy, long tail helps it keep balance.We can find the red kangaroo mainly in the dry grassland of Australia. It usually travels in small groups. Each group has 210 kangaroos.When a red baby kangaroo is born, it is only a few centimetres long. After being born, it crawls（爬行）through the mother’s fur（毛皮）to her pouch（育儿袋）. In hard times, the mother kangaroo can stop the baby from being born till there is enough grass for her to eat.The mother feeds the baby with milk from her body. The joey will spend about two hundred and forty days in the pouch.Kangaroos can live for up to 20 years. A kangaroo never stops growing bigger, so an old kangaroo can be very large. There are probably millions of kangaroos of all types in Australia.29.Kangaroos jump on their .A.front legsB.hind legsC.tailsD.pouches30. A kangaroo can jump as high as meters.A.9B.10C.3D.2031.From the passage, we can see that red kangaroos .A.don’t like to live in groupse their front legs to keep balanceC.can live for up to 30 yearsD.are used to（习惯于）living in dry grasslands in AustraliaCWhen my son, Justin, was 4, he found a caterpillar（毛毛虫）and put it in a jar. Each day he fed it fresh grass and leaves. In a few weeks, the caterpillar was fat and ready to go to sleep. One morning we found the caterpillar was in a cocoon（茧）.He took me to his room. The cocoon had bee clear and we could see wings inside. A few days later, a beautiful black moth（蛾子）broke free from its cocoon and began to lay eggs（产卵）on the grass. Justin was excited. He knew a moth or butterfly was about to be born.The next day, Justin decided to set the moth free. He took the jar outside, opened it, and the little moth flew out. It circled（盘旋）the yard twice, came back, and landed（降落）on Justin’s arm. Justin picked it up, threw it in the air, and it came back. He tried over and over to set it free, but each time it would return to his arm. After a few return flights（飞行）to his arm, the moth finally flew off into the tall grass.I believe the moth, like a person, was afraid to leave what it was fortable with. It wanted to stay with something familiar（熟悉的）, and was afraid to move on and experience（经历）new things. I was once like that little moth. I was once afraid to move. But if I hadn’t moved, I wouldn’t have been able to watch my wonderful son experience the cycle of life.32.What did Justin find and put in a jar?A.A moth.B.A butterfly.C.A caterpillar.D.A cocoon.33.Why did the moth e back to Justin again and again?A.Because it was afraid to leave a familiar place.B.Because it was too tired to moved on.C.Because it couldn’t find the tall grass.D.Because it loved Justin and didn’t want to leave.34.Which of the following sentences is TRUE?A.Justin’s mother didn’t let him feed any pets.B.The moth wasn’t afraid to leave what it was fortable with.C.Justin’s house was too small for the moth to live in.D.The moth flew away in the end.35.What does the writer want to tell us?A.If we move on, we will not feel scared.B.Everyone will experience the cycle of life.C.It’s not necessary to leave a fortable place.D.We should be brave ad try new things.第II卷（主观题共45分）Ⅳ.词汇运用（10）（一）根据汉语提示、首字母提示或句意，写出句中所缺单词。

高考观点态度题的常见词汇一、高考观点态度题常见词汇示例。

1. 积极类。

- approving（赞成的）：表示对某事或某人持认可、赞同的态度。

例如：The author's approving tone towards the new policy can be seen throughout the passage.（在整篇文章中都能看出作者对新政策的赞成态度。

）- positive（积极的）：积极乐观的态度。

例如：His positive attitude towards life inspired many people.（他对生活的积极态度激励了很多人。

）- favorable（有利的；赞成的）：可以形容对事物有利的情况或者表示赞成的态度。

如：The public has a favorable opinion of this environmental protection project.（公众对这个环保项目持赞成意见。

）2. 消极类。

- negative（消极的；否定的）：表达负面的、否定的态度。

例如：The negative comments on the movie showed that it didn't meet the audience's expectations.（对这部电影的负面评论表明它没有达到观众的期望。

）- critical（批评的）：强调批评、挑剔的态度。

如：The critical remarks in the report pointed out the problems in the company's management.（报告中的批评性言论指出了公司管理中的问题。

）- disapproving（不赞成的）：与approving相反，不认可、不赞同某事或某人。

例如：She gave a disapproving look when she heard his rude words.（当她听到他粗鲁的话时，她露出了不赞成的神情。

2023年湖北省鄂州市中考英语真题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单项选择1．—I’m going to travel next month.—________!A．Bad luck B．Well done C．Have a great time D．Sure 2．—Mum, where is my father? I want to give ________ a gift.—Oh, he is out.A．me B．your C．him D．her 3．—How do you usually go to Wuhan from here?—By high-speed train. It ________ me only 20 minutes to get there.A．spends B．pays C．costs D．takes 4．—Tom always reads for an hour every day.—That’s a good ________.A．habit B．dream C．time D．wish 5．—Is Julie as tall as you?—No, she isn’t. She’s ________ than me.A．tall B．taller C．tallest D．the tallest 6．—What language ________ in Germany?—Most people speak German, but many can speak English, too.A．speak B．is spoken C．is speaking D．speaks 7．—_________ I take photos here?—Sorry, you can’t. It’s not allowed in the museum.A．Must B．Need C．Can D．Will 8．— What do you think of Ezhou, Li Ming?— It ________ a lot since we started to build Huahu Airport.A．changed B．has changed C．changes D．is changing 9．—How was your camping in Sifeng Mountain last weekend?—It was great. We ________ our tents on the top of the mountain and enjoyed ourselves.A．put up B．put off C．put on D．put away 10．—Could you tell me ________ get something to eat?—Sure. There’s a restaurant down the street.A．what I can B．what can I C．where can I D．where I can二、完形填空We can’t remember clearly since when we started to take our mobiles to a dinner table.Weibo or WeChat, waiting to be “liked”. Then we check our mobiles from time to time duringmeal.Does that sound 14 to you? Do you do that often? If not, how do you 15 when others do that when having dinner with you?A recent study suggests that what we are 16 to doing is not so good. Spending time taking photos of 17 makes the food less pleasant. To test this, some researchers did an experiment. Some people were asked to take photos before they could enjoy food. As a result, it showed that the more photos they 18 , the less delicious the food seemed to them. So, why not stop taking photos and just enjoy the food in front of you?Besides the scientific result, there are also some other 19 influences of taking photos of food before meals. After 20 the photos onto the Internet, one will not be able to control himself and check his mobile many times. “Does everyone like my photos? I hope a lot of people like 21 !” It seems that your mobile secretly calls your name all the time, even when you are 22 real people.So, next time you 23 with your family or friends, how about not taking photos of food? Let the food be delicious as it is, and 24 your life with people around you. Trust me, it will be a 25 time.11．A．when B．until C．since D．because 12．A．books B．mobiles C．cameras D．watches 13．A．when B．how C．what D．whether 14．A．new B．similar C．kind D．lucky 15．A．do B．hope C．feel D．say 16．A．allowed B．used C．supposed D．expected 17．A．friends B．family C．food D．people18．A ．tookB ．takeC ．have takenD ．are taking 19．A ．badB ．goodC ．smallD ．large 20．A ．takingB ．postingC ．throwingD ．giving 21．A ．themB ．itC ．meD ．us 22．A ．aroundB ．toC ．fromD ．with 23．A ．eat outB ．set outC ．come upD ．have fun 24．A ．treatB ．avoidC ．talkD ．share 25．A ．busyB ．hardC ．wonderfulD ．safe三、阅读单选26．If you take the beach tour, you will pay ________.A ．30 yuanB ．40 yuanC ．50 yuanD ．70 yuan27．Which is NOT mentioned on A Green City?A ．Telephone.B ．Time.C ．Place.D ．Price.28．You can join the City Football Club on ________.A ．TuesdayB ．MondayC ．SundayD ．Saturday(Li Fang is the first prize winner of the Third English Speech Contest for Junior High Students.A journalist of the China Students’ Post is interviewing her.)Journalist: Congratulations on your success!Li Fang: Thanks. It’s really a great honor for me.Journalist: Please tell us what you’ve done to develop your English skills.Li Fang: Well, my way is to keep practicing. You know practice makes perfect. It’s very important to take every opportunity to practice speaking English in and out of class. Journalist: I guess you keep an English diary, don’t you?Li Fang: Yes, I do. I keep it in order to develop my writing skills.Journalist: How do you improve your listening and reading skills?Li Fang: I often listen to English broadcasts and watch English TV programs in my spare time. And I like to read English stories and newspapers. I read either the China Students’ Post or the 21st Century before I go to bed.Journalist: You’re a very good language learner indeed. What do you want to be when you grow up, Li Fang?Li Fang: My dream is either to be a diplomat or to be a teacher of English.Journalist: Good for you! I hope your dream will come true. Nice talking to you.Li Fang: Thank you, and I enjoyed talking to you, too.29．Li Fang won the ________ prize in the Third English Speech Contest.A．first B．second C．third D．fourth30．Li Fang improves her writing skills by ________.A．practicing speaking English B．listening to English broadcastsC．keeping an English diary D．reading the China Students’ Post31．Li Fang ________ in her spare time.A．listens to English broadcasts B．writes English storiesC．watches English movies D．watches Chinese TV programs32．Li Fang wants to be ________.A．a journalist B．a language learner C．a broadcast host D．an Englishteacher(Niu performs on the stage)When the other models appeared on the stage, the audience（观众）cheered and clapped.Then it was Niu’s turn. The audience suddenly became silent. However, after four or five seconds, Niu clearly heard someone next to the stage say in admiration, “So cool!”Niu Yu, 24, became a shining star at Shanghai Fashion Week for her confidence, even though she was wearing a prosthetic leg. When Niu was only 11, she unluckily lost her right leg during the Wenchuan Earthquake.Niu has won lots of praise. This gives those who have prejudice（偏见）against the disabled a hit on the nose. “I was touched by something they said. They said the traditional view was that sports were for people with healthy legs, but sports should be a kind of spirit. Even though I have lost a leg, I still deeply love sports and will do so forever,” Niu said. Actually, Niu first drew the public’s attention when she completed a marathon—a 42.195-kilometer race in 2018, which was held in Wenchuan to mark the tenth anniversary （周年纪念）of the earthquake.Now, Niu works as a photographer and has more than 960,000followers on social platforms, such as Douyin. “I feel I have a social responsibility to bridge the disabled and the public. Showing my life to the public can allow them to better understand our group and can also tell other disabled people that our society is more tolerant（宽容）than they imagined,” she explained.33．What is Niu Yu now?A．A sports star.B．A singer.C．A model.D．A photographer. 34．The audience suddenly ________ when NiuYu appeared on the stage.A．cheered B．clapped C．became silent D．laughed 35．How old was Niu Yu when she lost her right leg?A．24 years old.B．11 years old.C．10 years old.D．4 years old. 36．What does the underlined word “followers” mean in Paragraph 4?A．Fans.B．Dancers.C．Photos.D．Learners. 37．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A．Niu Yu became a shining star for her confidence.B．Niu Yu has over 960,000 followers on social platforms.C．Niu Yu first drew the public’s attention in the marathon in 2018.D．Niu Yu thinks sports are for people with healthy legs.四、其他Hongze Lake is in the west of Jiangsu Province. It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China.38 It was a small group of shallow（浅的）lakes in the past, and known as Fuling Lake. In the Tang Dynasty, it got the name Hongze Lake. As time went by, the small lakes finally turned into Hongze Lake.There are many kinds of fishes in Hongze Lake. 39 Reeds（芦苇）almost cover the whole lake. And the large-area reeds may even prevent boats from getting through.In the northwest of Hongze Lake, there is a nature reserve. It is Hongze Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve. It was first built on July 1, 1985. The reserve has an area of 49,365 hectares（公顷）. It is home to many birds. There are swans, cranes and other national first and second-class rare and protected birds here. 40 Every year, a lot of tourists come here to watch these birds and many wildlife lovers come to take photos.A．And it lives in Hongze Lake.B．Hongze Lake is also famous for its plants.C．It offers these birds homes to live.D．Hongze Lake has a long history.五、多任务混合阅读阅读下列材料，根据其内容完成阅读任务。

动物的现在与过去英语作文From the depths of the ancient forests to the vast expanses of the savannah, the animal kingdom has always been a testament to the marvels of evolution and adaptation. The majestic elephants that roam the plains, the agile cheetahs that sprint across the grasslands, and the serene whales that glide through the oceans, all have their own stories to tell about the past and the present.Once, the world was a different place, teeming with species that have since vanished into the annals of history. The mighty dinosaurs, with their colossal frames and thunderous roars, ruled the earth before their sudden disappearance. Now, their descendants, the birds, continue to fill the skies with their melodic songs and vibrant plumage.The present is a time of coexistence and interdependence. Animals have adapted to the changing world, learning tothrive in new environments and alongside human societies. The urban fox, a clever survivor, navigates the concrete jungle with the same grace as its ancestors did the wild. Meanwhile, the polar bear, a symbol of the Arctic, faces new challenges as climate change alters its icy home.Yet, despite the resilience of these creatures, thefuture is uncertain. Habitat loss, poaching, and pollution threaten the delicate balance of ecosystems. The plight of the rhinoceros, with its dwindling numbers due to the demandfor its horn, is a stark reminder of the fragility of our natural world.As we look to the past, we learn from the mistakes and successes of our ancestors in their interactions with the animal kingdom. The present is a call to action, urging us to protect and preserve the biodiversity that enriches our planet. The future, in turn, is a canvas for us to paint a picture of harmony, where humans and animals can coexist in a world that is as rich and diverse as the one that has come before.。

历史与发展类1.The Development of MuseumsReading Passage 3 has six paragraphs,A—F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B—E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number,i—vii,in boxes 27—30 on your answer sheet.【A】The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As one writer observes: ‘Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real’. Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look — and some still do — much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the scientific researcher.【B】Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as an intolerable vulgarization, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.【C】In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted ‘theming’ as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environments in Burgers’ Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.【D】Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artefactsand facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.【E】It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more ‘real’, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.【F】Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishing and other contents of the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.•27Paragraph B•28Paragraph C•29Paragraph D•30Paragraph E2.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itReading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs,A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter,A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.【A】According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth;and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.【B】Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.【C】Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year.Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.【D】In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clockswas a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.【E】The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.【F】The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.【G】To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.【H】Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using3.MAKING EVERY DROP COUNTReading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,A-H.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H from the list of headings below.Write the correct number,i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.【A】The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.【B】During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40 % of the world’s food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.【C】Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems.【D】The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health.Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes — often with little warning or compensation — to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20 % of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers* are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.【E】At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority — ensuring ‘some for all,’ instead of ‘more for some’. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted, and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully the pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.【F】Fortunately— and unexpectedly — the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new water infrastructures has diminished over the past two decades. Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen.【G】What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons* ofwater to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) — almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980.【H】On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.*underground stores of water*1 gallon: 4.546 litres•14Paragraph A•15Paragraph C•16Paragraph D•17Paragraph E•18Paragraph F•19Paragraph G•20Paragraph H4.Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs,A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter,A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.【A】The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.【B】So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.【C】One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’【D】Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.【E】One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the livesrecorded — at least in film fiction — have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.【F】And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.【G】The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.【H】Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.【I】Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television—as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories—early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.【J】And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again—that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.1 the location of the first cinema2 how cinema came to focus on stories3 the speed with which cinema has changed4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures5 the attraction of actors in films5.NumerationComplete each sentence with the correct ending A-G, below.Write the correct letter,A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.One of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one,two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean,Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachundtachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hundteontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of item。