第一讲 名词(2016年新版)

第一讲名词（一）概念和分类：1．专有名词：如：China, the Great Wall2．普通名词：（分四种）：（1）个体名词：pen, doctor（2）集体名词：family, class（3）物质名词：water, paper（4）抽象名词：work, time（二）名词的数：构成复数名词的规则如下：1、pen----pens, coat----coats2、class----classes, box----boxes3、factory----factories4、days5、tomato----tomatoes, piano---pianos6、knife----knives, wolf---wolves注：man----men, child----children, sheep----sheep.例题1 paper是可数名词吗？一张纸怎么说？例题2 radio的复数形式是radioes吗？例题3 汉译英：（1）两个美国人（2）三个英国人（3）许多中国人例题4 I’ll tell you a good news这名话对吗？例题5 “玛丽的头发”和“教室的窗户”，这两个词组怎么译？例题 6 “今天的报纸”和“五分钟的步行”怎样用英语表示？练习I.在下列名词中哪些是不可数名词？foot, sheep, family, tea, wife, rice, zoo, piece, man, boot, fox, bread, enemy, horse, work, tomato, day, homework, ink, piano, valley, mountain, watch, thief, tooth, milk, air, cow, bus, meat, monkey, gas, rubbish, key, photo, blood, meeting, music, month, fishII. 写出下列名词的复数形式：1．jeep, cock, coat, hand, group2．valley, monkey, library, baby, country3．potato, tomato, hero, radio, photo4．leaf, life, thief, knife, shelf5．bus, glass, brush, pencil-box, watch6．foot, tooth, boot, child, policeman7．sheep, handkerchief, German, Japanese, FrenchmanIII. 将下列句子变为复数形式：1．This is a wolf.2．It’s an interesting story.3．Is there a piano in the room?4．That sheep is fat.5．What a nice child he is!6．What color is that coat?7．There is a fox under a tree.8．Whose bookshelf is this?9．Is that a sheep or a goat?10. It’s a beautiful city, isn’t it?IV．翻译下列词组：1．汤姆的父母亲 2. 学生们的书桌 3. 昨天的报纸4. 我叔叔的屋子5. 一张世界地图6.中国的首都7. 两杯茶8. 两双鞋子9.儿童节10.书的封面V.选择正确答案:1.How many desks and chairs _______there in yourclassroom? (is, are)2.I know ______ Russia. (a few, a little)3．How ______ is this jacket? (many, much)4．Who gave you some _______ yesterday evening?(advice, advices)5. I’m sorry, I have ______ ink in my pen.(little, few)6.English ______ not easy for me to learn.(are, is)7.We have made quite ______ American friends. (a little, afew)8.He has just had ________. (two breads, two pieces ofbread)9.I don’t think physics ________ more difficult thanChinese.(are, is)10.There ________ a lot of rice in the bag.（is, are）11.There are ________ sheep in the field. (a little, a few)VI. 判断下列句子哪句是正确的:1.他们是德国人还是日本人?A.Are they Germen or Japanese?B.Are they Germans or Japanese?2.我有许多钱。

第一课时（名词）一、名词（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词（一）名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。

可数名词包括个体名词（表示一类人或物的个体。

如：boy, desk, cat, window）和集体名词（由若干个体组成的集合体。

如：family, class, police）。

不可数名词包括物质名词（表示无法分为个体的实物。

如：water, paper, silk, money）和抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。

如：work, happiness, music, difficulty, housework）专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。

如：Tom, the Great Wall, the Spring Festival, France, the United States）（二）名词的数1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：（1）一般情况下,在词尾加s；eg：book——books, dog——dogs, pen——pens,boy——boys（2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.eg：beach—beaches, brush—brushes, bus—buses, box—boxes（es读音为〔iz〕（3）以―辅音字母＋y‖结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.eg. city——cities, family——families,（注：以―元音字母+y‖结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s. eg boys, holidays, days）（4）以元音字母o结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：①加eg：tomato—tomatoes, potato—potatoes②结尾是两个元音字母的加s, eg.zoo—zoos, radio——radios③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s, eg：piano—pianos④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s,eg. photo（photograph）——photos, kilo（kilogram）kilos⑤zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加eg：zeros／zeroes（5）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.eg：wife——wives, leaf-leaves, half——halves,knife—knives, thief——thieves（res读音为[vz]妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife--wives; calf---calves; knife----knives;追得贼狼满街跑, thief---thieves; wolf----wolves碰倒架子丧己命, shelf---shelves; self---selves; life----lives手帕树叶半空飘. leaf----leaves half----halves（6）有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。

第一章名词（一）一、名词的定义名词是指人和物的词。

如：John约翰boy男孩meat肉table桌子park公园London伦敦peace和平courage勇气二、名词的数★名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

（注：所有的液体和胶状物都是不可数名词。

）小学常见不可数名词：juice果汁tea茶water水milk牛奶soup汤meat肉rice米饭bread面包chocolate巧克力hair头发paper纸money钱weather天气homework作业work工作love爱fish鱼肉chicken鸡肉duck鸭肉room空间★（一）可数名词可数名词可分为单数和复数两种形式。

名词复数形式的规则变化表情况改法例词口诀一般情况+s girl—girls book—bookss,x,ch,sh结尾+es bus—buses box—boxesbrush—brushes watch—watches“辅音+y”结尾变y为i+es family—families baby—babies“元音+y”结尾+s day—days monkey—monkeyso结尾一般+s特殊+esradio—radios photo—photostomato—tomatoes potato—potatoeshero—heroes Negro—Negroes黑人和英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆。

Negroes and heroes like eatingtomatoes and potatoes.f或fe结尾变f/fe为v+es wife—wives knife—knives 秋风瑟瑟，树叶飘落，狼老婆从架子上拿了一把小刀去抓贼。

leaf（树叶）wolf（狼）wife（妻子）shelf（架子）knife（刀子）thief（小偷）部分单词单复同形Chinese,Japanese,deer,fish,sheep 中日不变英法变，其余s跟后面。

第一讲名词知识讲解（一)名词1.概念：名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。

它们可以是：人的名字Li Ming, Tom 地方名称China, London 职业称呼teacher, doctor 物品名称pencil, dictionary 抽象概念history, grammar2.名词的分类专有名词&普通名词可数名词&不可数名词1）专有名词表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。

【注】专有名词第一个字母要大写如：Mary，Beijing，Americans, English，May, Saturday…2）普通名词除专有名词外，其它都属于普通名词。

如：boy，classroom，book, bag, aunt, family, juice, milk, age, childhood…随堂练习一：分类，专有名词（√）or 普通名词（×）Saturday, tea, Zhanghua, rain, West Lake，enemy, computer, beauty,Mrs. Green，weather, peace, ice-cream, Russians,3）可数名词（countable noun）可以分清个体，以数目来计算的，有复数形式。

如：book, girl, ruler, room, apple, box, bus, watch, day, zoo…4）不可数名词（uncountable noun）不可以分清个体，不能以数目来计算，只有单数形式。

如: water, milk, coffee, tea, rice, bread, work, study, love随堂练习二：可数名词（√）or 不可数名词（×）boy, knife, peace, potato, wind, tomato, hero, music, pleasure, map, radio, 【注】既可以当可数名词又可以当不可数名词：glass 玻璃杯，眼镜玻璃paper 报纸，试卷纸张time 次数，时代orange 橘子橙色【重要】可数名词的复数形式1）规则变化：①一般情况在词尾加-s：desk→desks ；day→days；girl→girls②以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es：bus →buses；box→boxes；watch→watches③以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为I再加-es：family→families factory→factories party→parties④以f或fe 结尾的词变f或fe为v再加-es: knife→knives; life→lives; wife→wives; half→halves随堂练习三：写出下列名词的复数形式：1.house ________2. village _______3. map __________4. orange _________5. bag ___________6. dish __________7. family ___________8. boy ___________9. monkey __________ 10. box __________ 11. knife __________ 12. class __________ 13. factory _________ 14. leaf__________ 15. dictionary __________ 16. watch _________【注】不规则变化：①以o结尾加-es：potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes hero→heroes Negro →Negroes…②字母a变e: man→men, woman→women, Frenchman→Frenchmen, policeman-policemen…③字母oo变ee: tooth→teeth, foot→feet, goose→geese…④单复数同形：sheep→sheep, deer→deer, fish→fish Chinese-Chinese, Japanese →Japanese⑤其他：child→children, mouse→mice, medium →media, basis →bases…4.不同国籍的人的复数形式：1）加-s: Australian Australians Russian Russians Italian Italians Greek Greeks American Americans Indian Indians Canadian Canadians2)变a为e：Englishman Englishmen Frenchman Frenchmen3）单复数同形：Chinese Chinese Japanese Japanese秘诀：中日不变英法变，其他S加后面随堂练习四：写出下列名词的复数形式：1.match __________2. man _________3. German __________4. tomato _________5. policeman ________6. kilo __________7. human _________8. potato ___________9. Chinese __________ 10. shelf __________ 11. Japanese _______ 12. American________13. life ___________ 14. tooth __________ 15. wife ___________ 16. foot ___________17. knife __________ 18. sheep __________ 19. half ___________ 20.key_____________ 一，名词单复数专项练习1.There are two__________ over there. (watch)2.l can see a __________and two __________ standing there. (man, woman)3.There are two baskets of__________ on the floor. (apple)4.How many __________can you see? (radio)5.There are more and more __________ drivers in Shanghai now. (woman)6.Give me some __________, please. (water)8. I have two____________ (knife)9. There are many ___________ here. (box)10. There are many ___________ on the road. (bus)11. A few ___________ are drawing on the wall. (boy)12. The ______________ are playing football now. (child)13. Please take two _______________ for me. (photo)14. I like the red ________________.(tomato)15. Would you please clean your _____________ now? (tooth)16. Do you want some ___________? (milk)17. There are ten ___________________in our school. (woman teacher)强化练习：一、单项选择( )1. The __ in our yard are very beautiful.A. clothB. waterC. flowers( )2. Tom is one of the Chinese _____ in our school.A. boyB. boysC. boies( )3. A cat has four ____ , doesn't it?A. footsB. feetC. feets( )4. There are three ____ and five _____ in the room.A. American, Japanese B Americans, Japanese C. American, Janpaneses ( )5. Can you see nine ____ in the picture?A. fishB. bookC. horse( )6. The _____ has two______.A. boy; watchB. boy; watchesC. boys; watch( )7. The _____ are flying back to their country.A. GermanyB. GermanysC. Germans( )8. The girl brushes her _____ every day before he goes to bed.A. toothsB. teethC. teeths( )9.I saw many _____ in the street.A. peoplesB.peopleC.people’s第二讲名词所有格讲解一，定义：有些名词可以加“’s”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格如：a teacher’s book。