Interference cancellation in multirate DSCDMA systems

ERTMS/ETCS – Class 1GSM-R InterfacesClass 1 RequirementsREF : SUBSET-093ISSUE : 2.3.0DATE : 10-Oct-2005Company Technical Approval Management approval ALCATELALSTOMANSALDO SIGNALBOMBARDIERINVENSYS RAILSIEMENS1. M ODIFICATION H ISTORYIssue NumberDateSection Number Modification / Description Author0.1.0 (8-Aug-02) Creation based on subset052LK0.1.1 (8-Aug-02) All Minor editorial changes LK0.1.1ec All englishcheck JH0.2.0 (9-Sep-02) 3., 4.2, 4.1, 6.3, 7.2,8.2 Updated after email discussionLK0.3.0 (24-Oct-02) All Updated after FlorencemeetingLK+TS0.4.0 (14-Nov-02) All Updated after LondonmeetingLK0.5.0 (5-Dec-02) 4.2, 5.6.1, 6.2, 7.1,7.3, 9.2 Updated after Berlin meetingLK0.6.0 (12-Dec-02) 3., 6.3., 10.4.3 Email comments included TS+LK2.0.0 (12-Dec-02) Erroneous versionnumber 2.2.0correctedFinal issue LK2.1.0 (28-March-03)3.1.1.1, 6.3.1.3,7.1.1.1, 8.1.1.1 Update acc. to super group commentsLK2.2.0 (28-March-03) - Final version LK2.2.2.31-03-03 Versionnumberchangedfor release to the usersGroupWLH2.2.3 (12-June-03) All Update after Brussels mtg.and GSM-R Op. grp.commentsLK2.2.4 (26-June-03) editorial Draft release to UsersGroupJH2.2.5 - FormalreleaseJH 2.2.5.1 4.2, 6.2, 6.3, new 6.4 Update after Paris mtg. andGSM-R Op. grp. commentsLK2.2.5.2 Various update after further GSM-ROp grp reviewJH2.2.5.3 cleanversion JH 2.2.5.4 6.4 Updated after further GSM-R Op grp requestRB2.2.6 CleanversionRB2.2.6 revA (31-Jan-05) 4.2, 6.3, 6.4, Annex A Proposal for QoS parametervaluesLK2.2.6 revB (14-Feb-05) 6.3, 6.4, Annex A Updated after QoSmeeting#6 BrusselsLK2.2.6 revC (24-Feb-05) 6.3, 6.4, Annex A,Annex B added Updated during BerlinmeetingLK2.2.6 revD (25-Feb-05) 6.2, 6.3.5, 10.3, 10.5.2 Email comments inserted LK2.2.6 revE (6-Apr-05)3.1., 3.2,4.1,5.1,6.3,10.1, 10.3, 10.5, 10.7 Updated after QoSmeeting#7 BrusselsLK2.2.6 revF (25-Apr-05)3.1,4.1,5.1,6.3, 6.4,10.1, 10.3, 10.5, 10.6,10.7Edinburgh meeting TS+LK2.2.6revG (20-May-05)3.1, 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 8.2 Changes according toBrussels meetingLK2.2.6revH (1-Sep-05) 4.1, 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 7.2,10.3, 10.4, 10.5 Comments from SG andEEIGLK2.2.6revI (8-Sep-05) 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 10.4 Zürich meeting PL+LK 2.3.0 (10-Oct-05) update for issue JH2. T ABLE OF C ONTENTS1.M ODIFICATION H ISTORY (2)2.T ABLE OF C ONTENTS (4)3.R EFERENCES (6)3.1Normative Documents (6)3.2Informative Documents (7)4.T ERMS AND DEFINITIONS (8)4.1Abbreviations (8)4.2Definitions (9)5.G ENERAL (10)5.1Scope of this document (10)5.2Introduction (10)6.E ND-TO-END SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO GSM-R NETWORKS (12)6.1Data bearer service requirements (12)6.2Additional services (12)6.3Quality of Service requirements (13)6.3.1General (13)6.3.2Connection establishment delay (14)6.3.3Connection establishment error ratio (14)6.3.4Transfer delay (15)6.3.5Connection loss rate (15)6.3.6Transmission interference (15)6.3.7GSM-R network registration delay (16)6.4Summary of QoS requirements (16)7.R EQUIREMENTS TO FIXED NETWORK INTERFACE (17)7.1Foreword (17)7.2Interface definition (17)7.3Communication signalling procedures (17)8.R EQUIREMENTS TO MOBILE NETWORK INTERFACE (18)8.1Foreword (18)8.2Interface definition (18)9.A NNEX A(I NFORMATIVE) TRANSMISSION INTERFERENCE AND RECOVERY (19)9.1General (19)9.2Transmission interference in relation to HDLC (19)10.A NNEX B(INFORMATIVE)J USTIFICATION OF Q O S PARAMETER VALUES (22)10.1General (22)10.2Connection establishment delay (22)10.3Connection establishment error ratio (22)10.4Transfer delay (23)10.5Connection loss rate (23)10.5.1QoS targets (23)10.5.2Conclusions (24)10.6Transmission interference (24)10.7Network registration delay (26)3. R EFERENCESDocuments3.1 Normative3.1.1.1 This document list incorporates by dated or undated references, provisions from otherpublications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate place in the textand the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequentamendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this document onlywhen incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latestedition of the publication referred to apply.Reference DateTitleU-SRS 02.02 ERTMS/ETCS Class 1; Subset 026; Unisig SRS, version 2.2.2 Subset 037 07.03 ERTMS/ETCS Class 1; Subset 037; EuroRadio FIS; Class1requirements, version 2.2.5EIRENE FRS 10.03 UIC Project EIRENE; Functional Requirements Specification.Version 6.0, CLA111D003EIRENE SRS 10.03 UIC Project EIRENE; System Requirements Specification.Version 14.0, CLA111D004ETS 300011 1992 ISDN; Primary rate user-network interface; Layer 1 specificationand test principlesETS 300102-1 1990 ISDN; User-network interface layer 3; Specification for basiccall controlETS 300125 1991 ISDN; User-network interface data link layer specificationsGSM04.21 12.00 Rate Adaptation on the MS-BSS Interface, v.8.3.0GSM 07.0711.98 ETSI TS 100916; Digital cellular telecommunications system(Phase 2+); AT command set for GSM Mobile Equipment (ME),GSM TS 07.07 version 6.5.0 Release 1997ITU-T V.24 02.00 List of definitions for interchange circuits between data terminalequipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)ITU-T V.25ter 07/97 Serial asynchronous dialling and controlITU-T V.110 02.00 Support of data terminal equipments (DTEs) with V-series typeinterfaces by an integrated services digital network (ISDN) EuroRadio FFFIS 09.03 UIC ERTMS/GSM-R Unisig; Euroradio Interface Group; RadioTransmission FFFIS for Euroradio; A11T6001; version 12O-2475 09.03 UIC ERTMS/GSM-R Operators Group; ERTMS/GSM-R Qualityof Service Test Specification; O-2475; version 1.0Documents3.2 InformativeTitleReference DateEEIG 04E117 12.04 ETCS/GSM-R Quality of Service - Operational Analysis, v0.q(draft)ERQoS 08.04 GSM-R QoS Impact on EuroRadio and ETCS application,Unisig_ALS_ERQoS, v.0104. T ERMS AND DEFINITIONS4.1 AbbreviationsAT ATtention command setATD AT command DialB channel User channel of ISDNB m channel User channel of GSM PLMN on the air interfaceBRI Basic Rate InterfaceByte 1 start bit + 8 data bits + 1 stop bitDCE Data Circuit EquipmentDCD Data Carrier DetectD channel Control channel of ISDND m channel Control channel of GSM PLMN on the air interfaceDTE Data Terminal EquipmenteMLPP enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emptionFIS Functional Interface SpecificationGPRS General Packet Radio Service (a phase 2+ GSM service) GSM-R Global System for Mobile communication/RailwayHDLC High level Data Link ControlISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkMLPP Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption (ISDN service) MOC Mobile Originated CallMS Mobile Station (a GSM entity)Termination/Terminated MT MobileMTC Mobile Terminated CallMTBD Mean Time Between DisturbanceUnitOBU On-BoardPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPRI Primary Rate InterfaceQoS Quality of ServicesRBC Radio Block CentreT TI Duration of Transmission Interference periodT REC Duration of Recovery periodUDI Unrestricted Digital4.2 Definitions4.2.1.1 Definitions for the purpose of this specification are inserted in the respective sections.5. G ENERAL5.1 Scope of this document5.1.1.1 The scope of this document is to specify the Radio Communication Systemrequirements to the GSM-R network services (including fixed side access) andinterfaces and also the pre-requisites to be fulfilled by GSM-R networks and ETCSinfrastructures. Presently the requirements for high-speed lines are covered,requirements for conventional lines may be included in future versions of thisdocument.5.1.1.2 The data transmission part of the communication protocols is fully described in theEuroRadio FIS [Subset 037].5.1.1.3 The Radio Transmission FFFIS for EuroRadio [EuroRadio FFFIS] specifies thephysical, electrical and functional details related to the interfaces.5.1.1.4 All requirements apply to GSM-R unless indicated otherwise .5.2 Introduction5.2.1.1 The definition of the GSM services and associated physical and communicationsignalling protocols on the air interface are fully standardised in the specificationsproduced by the ETSI GSM Technical Committee for the public GSM implementationas well as for the GSM-R. Additionally, some railway specific services are alsospecified in the EIRENE SRS. However, in both cases, not all are required for ERTMSclass 1 system definition.5.2.1.2 The following ETSI GSM phases 1/2/2+ services are required:a) Transparent data bearer serviceb) Enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption (eMLPP).5.2.1.3 Other ETSI GSM phases 1/2/2+ services are not required for Class 1. These are thefollowing :a) GSM supplementary services:• Call forwardingb) General packet radio service (GPRS)5.2.1.4 Other ETSI GSM phases 1/2/2+ services are not required. Examples of these are thefollowing :a) Non-transparent data bearer serviceb) GSM supplementary services:• Line identification•Call waiting and hold• Multiparty•Closed User Group•Advice of charge• Call Barringc) Short message service point to point or cell broadcastd) Voice broadcast servicee) Voice group call service5.2.1.5 The following EIRENE railway specific service [EIRENE SRS] is required:a) Location dependent addressing5.2.1.6 The following EIRENE specific services [EIRENE SRS] are not required :a) Functional addressingb) Enhanced location dependent addressingc) Calling and connected line presentation of functional identitiesd) Emergency callse) Shunting modef) Multiple driver communications6. E ND-TO-END SERVICE REQUIREMENTS TO GSM-RNETWORKS6.1 Data bearer service requirements6.1.1.1 For the transmission of information between OBU and RBC, the EuroRadio protocoluses the bearer services of a GSM-R network. The service provider makes these databearer services available at defined interfaces.6.1.1.2 The data bearer services are described as data access and transfer in the GSMnetwork from Terminal Equipment (TE) on the mobile side (i.e. OBU) to a networkgateway interworking with Public Switched Telephonic Network (PSTN) or IntegratedServices Digital Network (ISDN) on the fixed side (i.e. RBC).6.1.1.3 The following features and attributes of the required bearer service shall be provided:a) Data transfer in circuit switched modeb) Data transfer allowing multiple rate data streams which are rate-adapted[GSM04.21] and [ITU-T V.110]c) Unrestricted Digital Information (UDI) – only supported through ISDN interworking(no analogue modem in the transmission path)d) Radio channel in full ratee) Transfer of data only (no alternate speech/data)f) Transfer in asynchronous transparent modeg) The required data rates are listed in the following table:Bearer service Requirement24. Asynchronous 2.4 kbps T O25. Asynchronous 4.8 kbps T M26. Asynchronous 9.6 kbps T MT: Transparent; M: Mandatory; O: OptionalTable1 GSM-R bearer servicesservices6.2 Additional6.2.1.1 The following supplementary services shall be provided:a) Enhanced multi-level precedence and pre-emption.b) The selection of a particular mobile network shall be possible on-demand.6.2.1.2 The priority value for command control (safety) shall be assigned to according to[EIRENE FRS §10.2] and [EIRENE SRS §10.2].6.2.1.3 The following railway specific service shall be provided by GSM-R networks:a) Location dependent addressing based on the use of short dialling codes inconjunction with cell dependent routing.6.3 Quality of Service requirements6.3.1 General6.3.1.1 As an end-to-end bearer service is used, a restriction of requirements on the servicequality placed on the air interface is not sufficient.6.3.1.2 End-to-end quality of service has to be considered at the service access points.6.3.1.3 The service access points are:•the service access points to the signalling stack for the establishment or release of a physical connection,•the service access points to the data channel.6.3.1.4 The network shall be able to support transparent train-to-trackside and trackside-to-train data communications at speeds up to 500 km/h e.g. in tunnels, cuttings, onelevated structures, at gradients, on bridges and stations.6.3.1.5 The network shall provide a Quality of Service for ETCS data transfer that is at least asgood as listed below1. The parameters are valid for one end-to-end connection for onetrain running under all operational conditions.6.3.1.6 The required QoS parameters shall not depend on network load.6.3.1.7 These performance figures reflect railway operational targets [EEIG 04E117].6.3.1.8 Note: A justification of the performance figures is given by Annex B.6.3.1.9 QoS requirements are specified independently of the method of measurement (refer to[O-2475] for specification of testing).6.3.1.10 Conventional line quality of service requirements may be included in future versions ofthis document. Also the values may not be applied at all locations and times (e.g.discontinuous radio coverage at some locations).6.3.1.11 Given the performance constraints of GSM-R, pre-conditions may be necessary tomeet the railway operational targets of [EEIG 04E117]. If different operational QoStargets are required, then other pre-conditions on ETCS application may be necessary.1 Early experience suggests that GSM-R performance can be better than these parameters suggest, after network optimisation and tuning.Such a case is not covered by this specification and this aspect of ETCS SystemPerformance becomes the responsibility of whoever specifies different operationaltargets.6.3.2 Connection establishment delay6.3.2.1 Connection establishment delay is defined as:Value of elapsed time between the connection establishment request and theindication of successful connection establishment.6.3.2.2 In case of mobile originated calls, the delay is defined between the request bycommand ATD and indication by the later of the two events response CONNECT ortransition of DCD to ON.6.3.2.3 The connection establishment delay of mobile originated calls shall be <8.5s (95%),≤10s (100%).6.3.2.4 Delays>10s shall be evaluated as connection establishment errors.6.3.2.5 The required connection establishment delay shall not depend on user data rate of theasynchronous bearer service.6.3.2.6 The required connection establishment delay is not valid for location dependentaddressing.6.3.3 Connection establishment error ratio6.3.3.1 The Connection establishment error ratio is defined as:Ratio of the number of unsuccessful connection establishment attempts to the totalnumber of connection establishment attempts.6.3.3.2 “Unsuccessful connection establishment attempt” covers all possible types ofconnection establishment errors caused by end-to-end bearer service.6.3.3.3 Connection establishment delays >10s shall be evaluated as connection establishmenterrors.6.3.3.4 The GSM-R networks should be designed in such a way, that at least two consecutiveconnection establishment attempts will be possible (pre-condition on GSM-Rnetworks), e.g. regarding GSM-R radio coverage related to maximal possible trainspeed.6.3.3.5 If the operational QoS targets of [EEIG 04E117] are wanted, then the ETCSinfrastructure should be designed in such a way, that at least two consecutiveconnection establishment attempts will be possible (Recommended pre-condition forETCS infrastructure).6.3.3.6 The connection establishment error ratio of mobile originated calls shall be <10-2 foreach attempt .6.3.3.7 Note: entry into Level 2 is of particular importance; commonly, a time of 40s may berequired in the case the GSM-R mobile station is already registered with the GSM-Rnetwork (see [ERQoS]).6.3.4 Transfer delay6.3.4.1 The end-to-end transfer delay of a user data block is defined as:Value of elapsed time between the request for transfer of a user data block and theindication of successfully transferred end-to-end user data block6.3.4.2 The delay is defined between the delivery of the first bit of the user data block at theservice access point of transmitting side and the receiving of the last bit of the sameuser data block at the service access point of the receiving side.6.3.4.3 The end-to-end transfer delay of a user data block of 30 bytes shall be ≤0.5s (99%).6.3.5 Connection loss rate6.3.5.1 The Connection loss rate is defined as:Number of connections released unintentionally per accumulated connection time.6.3.5.2 The requirements for connection loss rate varies depending on ETCS system variablessuch as T_NVCONTACT and the possible train reactions after connection loss (seesection 10.5).6.3.5.3 If the operational QoS-targets of [EEIG 04E117] are wanted, then the ETCSinfrastructure should be designed in such a way, that at least the following conditionsare fulfilled (Recommended pre-condition for ETCS infrastructure):• T_NVCONTACT ≥ 41s and• M_NVCONTACT different to train trip and• a new MA reach the OBU before standstill.6.3.5.4 If the connection establishment error ratio is <10-2, then the connection loss rate shallbe <10-2/h.6.3.6 Transmission interference6.3.6.1 A transmission interference period T TI is the period during the data transmission phaseof an existing connection in which, caused by the bearer service, no error-freetransmission of user data units of 30 bytes is possible.6.3.6.2 A transmission interference happens, if the received data units of 30 bytes deviatepartially or completely from the associated transmitted data units.6.3.6.3 The transmission interference period shall be < 0.8s (95%), <1s (99%).6.3.6.4 An error-free period T Rec shall follow every transmission interference period to re-transmit user data units in error (e.g. wrong or lost) and user data units waiting to beserved.6.3.6.5 The error-free period shall be >20s (95%), >7s(99%).6.3.7 GSM-R network registration delay6.3.7.1 The GSM-R network registration delay is defined as:Value of elapsed time from the request for registration to indication of successfulregistration by +CREG response.6.3.7.2 The GSM-R network registration delay shall be ≤30s (95%), ≤35s (99%).6.3.7.3 GSM-R network registration delays > 40 s are evaluated as registration errors.6.4 Summary of QoS requirements6.4.1.1 Table 2 contains the summary of QoS requirements at GSM-R interface.QoS Parameter Value (see 6.3) Connection establishment delay of mobile< 8.5s (95%), ≤10s (100%) originated callsConnection establishment error ratio <10-2≤ 0.5s (99%)Maximum end-to-end transfer delay (of 30 bytedata block)Connection loss rate ≤ 10-2 /hTransmission interference period < 0.8s (95%), <1s (99%)Error-free period >20s (95%), >7s(99%)Network registration delay ≤30s (95%), ≤35s (99%), ≤40s (100%)Table 2 Summary of QoS requirements7. R EQUIREMENTS TO FIXED NETWORK INTERFACE7.1 Foreword7.1.1.1 This part of the specification does not define mandatory requirements forinteroperability. It is a preferred solution, in case interchangeability between tracksideRBC and access point to the fixed network is required for a given implementation.7.1.1.2 This section gives only limited information. [EuroRadio FFFIS] must be used for fullcompliance.7.1.1.3 Note: The requirements to fixed network interface refer to a set of ETSI specifications[ETS 300011, ETS 300125, ETS 300102-1]. This set is the basis of conformancerequirements for network terminations. Instead of these specifications updatedspecifications can be referred, if they state that they are compatible with the followingrequirements.7.2 Interfacedefinition7.2.1.1 The ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) shall be provided as specified by [ETS300011].7.2.1.2 The service access point on the fixed network side corresponds with the S2M interfaceat the T-reference point.7.2.1.3 The Basic Rate interface might also be used as an option in some particular cases likeradio infill unit.7.2.1.4 In addition to these interfaces, the V.110 rate adaptation scheme shall be applied tothe user data channel. The RA2, RA1 and RA0 steps are mandatory.7.2.1.5 End-to-end flow control in layer 1 shall not be used.7.3 Communication signalling procedures7.3.1.1 The signalling protocols shall be provided as specified by:a) Link Access Procedure on the D channel [ETS 300125]b) User-network interface layer 3 using Digital Subscriber Signalling [ETS 300102-1]7.3.1.2 ISDN multi-level precedence and pre-emption (MLPP) supplementary service shall beprovided according to the EIRENE specification [EIRENE SRS].7.3.1.3 The SETUP message contains Information Elements including the bearer capabilityand the low layer compatibility (refer to [EuroRadio FFFIS] specifying the Euroradiodata bearer service requirements.8. R EQUIREMENTS TO MOBILE NETWORK INTERFACE8.1 Foreword8.1.1.1 This part of the specification does not define mandatory requirements forinteroperability. It is a preferred solution, in case interchangeability between OBU andMobile Terminal is required for a given implementation.8.1.1.2 This section gives only limited information. [EuroRadio FFFIS] must be used for fullcompliance.definition8.2 Interface8.2.1.1 If an MT2 interface is used at the mobile side, the service access point at the mobilestation corresponds with the R-reference point of the MT2.8.2.1.2 [GSM 07.07] specifies a profile of AT commands and recommends that this profile beused for controlling Mobile Equipment functions and GSM network services through aTerminal Adapter.8.2.1.3 For the mobile termination type MT2 the signalling over the V interface has to be inaccordance with [GSM 07.07], using the V.25ter command set.8.2.1.4 The online command state shall not be used to guarantee interoperability. To avoiddifferent behaviour, it is recommended to enable/disable this escape sequence usingthe appropriate AT command usually referred as ATS2=<manufacturer defined value>.This particular command shall be sent to the mobile terminal as part of its initialisationstring.8.2.1.5 State control using physical circuits is mandatory.8.2.1.6 The V-interface shall conform to recommendation ITU-T V.24. The signals required arespecified in [EuroRadio FFFIS].8.2.1.7 Note that in the case of class 1 mobile originated calls, it is allowed to set the priorityvalue “command control (safety)” at subscription time.8.2.1.8 The call control commands, interface control commands and responses used on the V-interface at the R reference point are specified in [EuroRadio FFFIS].9. A NNEX A(I NFORMATIVE) TRANSMISSION INTERFERENCEAND RECOVERY9.1 General9.1.1.1 The usual QoS parameter used as measure of accuracy of data transmission viatransparent B/B m channels is the bit error rate.9.1.1.2 The QoS parameter relevant for layer 2 accuracy is the HDLC frame error rate.9.1.1.3 It is not possible to define relationships between both rates. The channel behaviour isnot known: error bursts and interruptions of data transmission during radio cellhandover can happen.9.1.1.4 Additionally, statistical distributions of values such as error rates do not accurately mapthe requirements from the ETCS point of view. Transfer of user data is requested inbursts; the transfer delay can be critical for the application. It has to be guaranteed forsome application messages that data can be transferred to the train in a defined timeinterval.9.1.1.5 A model of service behaviour is necessary reflecting all relevant features of GSM-Rnetworks.9.1.1.6 This model can be used as a normative reference for acceptance tests and for networkmaintenance during ETCS operation. It enables the ETCS supplier to demonstrate thecorrect operation of ETCS constituents during conformance testing without thevariations of real world GSM-R networks.9.1.1.7 Transmission interference and recovery is a first approximation of such a servicebehaviour model.9.2 Transmission interference in relation to HDLC9.2.1.1 Transmission interference is characterised by a period in the received data streamduring which the received data units deviate partially or completely from those of thetransmitted data stream. The service user cannot see the causes of transmissioninterference.9.2.1.2 The user data units erroneously transmitted or omitted during the transmissioninterference must be corrected by re-transmission. These re-transmissions result in atime delay and in higher load in the B/B m channel. Therefore, after transmissioninterference a period of error-free transmission, called the recovery period, must follow.9.2.1.3 In the normal data transfer phase after recovery, user data units are transmitted toprovide the data throughput requested by application messages.9.2.1.4 Figure 1 shows a simplified relationship of B/B m channel and HDLC errors: because ofthe selected options for the HDLC protocol (e.g. multi selective reject) the recoveryperiod and the normal data transfer phase are not strictly separated.error-free frameHDLC statecorrupted frameerror-freeChannel stateerroneousFigure 1 B/B m channel and HDLC errors9.2.1.5 Some special cases exist in Figure 1:A Beginning of HDLC frame (corrupted by transmission) is earlier than beginning oftransmission interferenceB Error-free time is not sufficient for transfer of HDLC frameC No HDLC frame is ready for transferD End of corrupted HDLC frame is later than end of transmission interference9.2.1.6 Figure 2 shows as an example the HDLC behaviour in case of transmissioninterference.Figure 2 Event "Transmission interference"9.2.1.7 The sender does not receive an acknowledgement in the case of a corrupted last Iframe of a sequence of I frames. The timer T1 expires and a RR (poll bit set) frame willbe sent.9.2.1.8 After receiving an RR frame with an indication of successful transmission of thepreceding I frame, the lost I frame will be re-transmitted.9.2.1.9 Again the sender does not receive an acknowledgement and requests for thesequence number. Eventually, the transmission is successful but the delivery of userdata will be delayed towards the receiver.9.2.1.10 The occurrence of the above defined event represents a QoS event “Transmissioninterference” at the sender side. The beginning and the end of the transmissioninterference are not exactly known. But the second repetition clearly indicates an event“Transmission interference”:a) The transmission interference time was too long orb) The recovery time was too short.。

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) 日记总数： 47 品题数目： 42 访问次数： 15577 acceptance testing 验收测试 accumulated error积累误差 ac-dc-ac frequency converter 交-直-交变频器 ac(alternatingcurrent)electric drive交流电子传动 active attitude stabilization主动姿态稳定 actuator 驱动器,执行机构 adaline 线性适应元daptation layer适应层 adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统 adjoint operator 陪同算子 admissible error容许误差 aggregationmatrix结集矩阵ahp(analytic你好 erarchy process)条理分析法 amplifying element放大环节analog-digital conversion模数转换 ntenna pointing control接收天线指向控制anti-integral windup抗积分饱卷 aperiodic decomposition非周期分解 a posteriori estimate笱楣兰?approximate reasoning类似推理 a priori estimate 先验估计 articulated robot关节型机器人 assignment problem配置问题,分配问题 associative memory model遐想记忆模子 asymptotic stability渐进稳定性 attained pose drift现实位姿漂移 attitude acquisition姿态捕获aocs(attritude and orbit control system)姿态轨道控制系统 attitude angular velocity姿态角速度 attitude disturbance姿态扰动 attitude maneuver 姿态机动 augment ability可扩充性 augmented system增广系统 automatic manual station不用人力-手动操作器 autonomous system自治系统 backlash characteristics间隙特征 base coordinate system基座坐标系bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器 bearing alignment 方位瞄准 bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表 benefit-cost analysis 收入成本分析 bilinear system 双线性系统 biocybernetics 生物控制论 biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法 blind search 盲目搜索 block diagonalization 块对于角化 boltzman mac 你好 ne 玻耳兹曼机 bottom-up development 自下而上开辟 boundary value analysis 界限值分析 brainstorming method 头脑风暴法 breadth-first search 广度优先搜索 cae(computer aided engineering) 计较机匡助工程 cam(computer aided manufacturing) 计较机匡助创造 camflex valve 偏疼旋转阀 canonical state vari able 标准化状况变量capacitive displacementtransducer 电容式位移传感器 capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表 card 计较机匡助研究开辟 cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascadecompensation 串联赔偿 catastrophe theory 突变论 chained aggregation 链式结集 characteristic locus 特征轨迹 chemical propulsion 化学推进classical information pattern 经典信息标准样式 clinical controlsystem 临床控制系统关上 d loop pole 闭环极点关上 d looptransfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析 coarse-finecontrol 粗- 精控制 cobweb model 蜘蛛网模子 coefficient matrix 凳?卣?cognitive science 认知科学 coherent system 枯燥关接洽统 combination decision 组合决定计划 combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表 command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵 compartmental model 房室模子 compatibility 相容性,兼容性 compensating network 赔偿采集 compensation 赔偿,矫正compliance 柔顺, 适应 composite control 组合控制 computable general equilibrium model 可计较普通均衡模子 conditionallyinstability 条件不稳定性connectionism 毗连机制 conservative system 守恒系统 constraint condition 约束条件 consumption function 消费函数 context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete eventhybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混淆系统仿真continuous duty 连续事情制 control accuracy 控制精密度 control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数 controllable canonical form 可控标准型[control]plant 控制对于象,被控对于象 controlling instrument 控制仪表 control moment gyro 控制力矩捻捻转儿 control panel 控制屏,控制盘 control synchro 控制 [式]自整角机 control system synthesis 控制系统综合 control time horizon 控制时程 cooperativegame 互助对于策 coordinability condition 可协调条件coordinationstrategy 协调计谋 corner frequency 迁移转变频率 costate variable 蔡?淞?cost-effectiveness analysis 用度效益分析 coupling ofrbit and attitude 轨道以及姿态耦合 critical damping 临界阻尼 ritical stability 临界稳定性 cross-over frequency 穿越频率,交越频率 current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器 cut-off frequency 截止频率 cyclic remote control 循环遥控 cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人 damped oscillation 阻尼振动 damping ratio 阻尼比 data acquisition 数值采集 data encryption 数值加密 data preprocessing 数值预处理 data processor 数值处理器 dc generator-motor set drive 直流发机电-电动机组传动 d controller 微分控制器 decentralizedstochastic control 分散 rand 控制 decision space 决定计划空间 decisionsupport system 决定计划支持系统 decomposition-aggregation approach 分解结集法 decoupling parameter 解耦参量 deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混淆建模法 delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树 derivative feedback 微分反馈 describingfunction 描写函数 desired value 希望值deterministic automaton 确定性不用人力机 deviation alarm 误差报警器 dfd 数值流图 diagnosticmodel 诊断模子 diagonally dominant matrix 对于角主导矩阵diaphragmpressure gauge 膜片压力表 difference equation model 差分方程模子differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统 differential game⒎侄圆differential pressure level meter 差压液位计 differentialpressure transmitter 差压变送器 differential transformer displacementtransducer 差动变压器式位移传感器 differentiation element 微分环节 digital filer 数码滤波器 digital signal processing 数码旌旗灯号处理 digitizer 数码化仪 dimension transducer 尺度传感器 direct coordination 直接协调 discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统 discretesystem simulation language 离散系统仿真语言 discriminant function 判别函数 displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移波幅传感器dissipative structure 耗扩散局 distributed parameter control system 漫衍参量控制系统 disturbance compensation 扰动赔偿 domain knowledge 范畴常识dominant pole 主导极点 dose-response model 剂量反映模子 dual modulation telemetering system 两重调制遥测系统 dualprinciple 对于偶原理 dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定 duty ratio 负载比 dynamic braking 能耗制动 dynamic characteristics 动态特征 dynamic deviation 动态误差 dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数 dynamic exactness 动它吻合性 dynamic input-outputmodel 动态投入产出模子 econometric model 计量经济模子 economiccybernetics 经济控制论 economic effectiveness 经济效益 economicvaluation 经济评价 economic index 经济指数 economic in dicator 经济指标 eddy current t 你好 ckness meter 电涡流厚度计 effectivenesstheory 效益意见 elasticity of demand 需求弹性 electric actuator 电动执行机构 electric conductancelevelmeter 电导液位计 electricdrive control gear 电动传动控制设备 electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器 electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulicservo vale 电液伺服阀 electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器 electronic batc 你好 ng scale 电子配料秤 electronic belt conveyorscale 电子皮带秤 electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤 emergencystop 异样住手empirical distribution 经验漫衍 endogenous variable 内发生变故量equilibrium growth 均衡增长 equilibrium point 平衡点 equivalence partitioning 等价类区分清晰 error-correction parsing 纠错剖析 estimation theory 估计意见 evaluation technique 评价技术 event chain 事件链evolutionary system 高级演化系统 exogenous variable 外发生变故量 expected characteristics 希望特征 failure diagnosis 妨碍诊断 fast mode 快变模态 feasibility study 可行性研究 feasiblecoordination 可行协调 feasible region 可行域 feature detection 特征检测 feature extraction 特征抽取 feedback compensation 反馈赔偿 feedforward path 前馈通路 field bus 现场总线 finite automaton 有限不用人力机 fip(factory information protocol) 工场信息以及谈 first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑 fixed sequence manipulator 固定挨次机械手 fixed set point control 定值控制 fms(flexiblemanufacturing system) 柔性创造系统 flowsensor/transducer 流量传感器 flow transmitter 流量变送器 forced oscillation 强迫振动 formal language theory 情势语言意见 formal neuron 情势神经元forward path 正向通路 forward reasoning 正向推理 fractal 分形体,分维体frequency converter 变频器 frequency domain modelreduction method 频域模子降阶法 frequency response 频域相应 full order observer 全阶测候器 functional decomposition 功效分解 fes(functional electricalstimulation)功效电刺激 functionalsimularity 功效相仿 fuzzy logic 含糊逻辑 game tree 对于策树 general equilibrium theory 普通均衡意见 generalized least squaresestimation 意义广泛最小二乘估计 generation function 天生函数geomagnetictorque 地磁性矩 geometric similarity 几何相仿 gimbaled wheel 蚣苈global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性 global optimum 全局最优 globe valve 球形阀 goal coordination method 目标协调法 grammatical inference 文法判断 grap 你好 c search 图搜索 gravitygradient torque 重力梯度力矩 group technology 成组技术 guidancesystem 制导系统 gyro drift rate 捻捻转儿漂移率 hall displacementtransducer 霍尔式位移传感器 hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真 harmonious deviation 以及谐误差 harmonious strategy 以及谐计谋 heuristic inference 开导式推理你好 dden oscillation 隐蔽振动你好 erarc 你好 calchart 条理布局图你好 erarc 你好 cal planning 递阶规划你好 erarc你好 calontrol 递阶控制 homomorp 你好 c model 同态系统 horizontal decomposition 横向分解 hormonal control 内排泄控制 hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达 hypercycle theory 超循环意见 i controller 积分控制器 identifiability 可辨识性 idss(intelligent decision support system)智能决定计划支持系统 image recognition 图象辨认 impulse function 冲击函数,电子脉冲函数 incompatibility principle 不相容原理 incrementalmotion control 增量运动控制 index of merit 品质因数 inductiveforce transducer 电感式位移传感器 inductive modeling method 归纳建模法 industrial automation 工业不用人力化 inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏锐器 inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系 inertialwh eel 惯性轮 inference engine 推理机 infinite dimensional system 无限维系统information acquisition 信息采集 infrared gasanalyzer 红外线气体分析器 inherent nonlinearity 本来就有非线性 inherent regulation 本来就有调节 initial deviation 初始误差 injection attitude 入轨姿式input-output model 投入产出模子 instability 不稳定性 instructionlevel language 指令级语言 integral of absolute value of errorcriterion 绝对于误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则 integral performance criterion 积分性能准则 integration instrument 积算摄谱仪 intelligent terminal 智能终端 interactedsystem 互接洽统,关接洽统 interactive prediction approach 互联预估法,关联预估法 intermittent duty 断续事情制ism(interpretivestructure modeling) 诠释布局建模法 invariant embedding principle 不变镶嵌原理 inventory theory 库伦论 inverse nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图 investment decision 投资决定计划 isomorp 你好 c model 同构模子iterative coordination 迭代协调 jet propulsion 喷气推进 job-lot control 分批控制kalman-bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器 knowledgeaccomodation 常识适应knowledge acquisition 常识获取 knowledgessimilation 常识夹杂kbms(knowledge base management system) 常识库管理系统 knowledge representation 常识抒发 lad der diagram 菪瓮?lag-lead compensation 滞后超前赔偿 lagrange duality 拉格朗日对于偶性 laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 large scale system 大系统 lateral in 你好 bition network 侧抑制采集 least cost input 最小成本投入 least squares criterion 最小二乘准则 level switch 物位开关 libration damping 天平动阻尼 limit cycle 极限环 linearizationtechnique 线性化要领 linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动 linear motion valve 直行程阀 linear programming 线性规划 lqr(linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题 oad cell 称重传感器 local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性 local optimum 局部最优 log magnitude-phase diagram 对于数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆 lumped parameter model 集总参量模子 lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理 macro-economic system 宏观经济系统 magnetic dumping 磁卸载 magnetoelastic weig 你好ng cell 磁致弹性称重传感器 magnitude- frequencycharacteristic 幅频特征magnitude margin 幅值裕度 magnitudecale factor 幅值缩尺 man-mac 你好ne coordination 人机协调 manualstation 手动操作器 map(manufacturing automation protocol) 创造不用人力化以及谈 marginal effectiveness 边岸效益mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式 matc 你好 ng criterion 匹配准则 maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计 maximum ove rshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理 mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanismmodel 机理模子 meta-knowledge 元常识 metallurgical automation 冶金不用人力化 minimal realization 最小使成为事实 minimum phase system 最小相位系统 minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计 minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体- 目标相对于运动仿真器 modal aggregation 模态结集 modal transformation 模态变换 mb(model base)模子库model confidence 模子置信度 model fidelity 模子传神度 model reference adaptive control system 模子参考适应控制系统 model verification 模子证验mec(mostconomic control)最经济控制 motion space 可动空间 mtbf(mean time between failures) 均等妨碍距离时间 mttf(mean timeto failures)均等无妨碍时间 multi-attributive utility function 嗍粜孕в 煤??multicriteria 多重判据 multilevel 你好 erarc 你好 cal structure 多级递阶布局 multiloop control 多回路控制 multi- objective decision 多目标决定计划 multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum 你好 erarc 你好 calcontrol 多段递阶控制 multivariable control system 多变量控制系统 myoelectric control 肌电控制 nash optimality 纳什最优性 naturallanguage generation 自然语言天生 nearest- neighbor 这段邻necessitymeasure 肯定是性侧度 negative feedback 负反馈 neural assembly 神经集合 neural network computer 神经采集计较机 nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学 noncoherent system 非枯燥关接洽统 noncooperative game 非互助博弈 nonequilibrium state 非平衡态 nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非枯燥逻辑 nonparametric training 非参量训练nonreversible electric drive 不成逆电气传动 nonsingular perturbation 非奇妙摄动 non-stationaryrandom process 非平稳 rand 历程 nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计 nutation sensor 章动敏锐器 nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据 objective function 目标函数 observability index 可测候指数observable canonical form 可测候标准型 on-line assistance 在线帮忙 on- off control 通断控制 open loop pole 开环极点 operational research model 运筹学模子 optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表 opt imal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术 orbital rendezvous 轨道交会 orbit gyrocompass 轨道捻捻转儿罗经 orbit perturbation 轨道摄动 order parameter 序参量 orientationcontrol 定向控制 oscillating period 振动周期 output predictionmethod 输出预估法 oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overalldesign 总体设计 overlapping decomposition 交叠分解 pade approximation 帕德类似 pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性 passive attitude stabilization 不主动姿态稳定 path repeatability 路径可重复性 pattern primitive 标准样式基元 pr(pattern recognition)标准样式辨认 p control 比例控制器 peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法 periodic duty 周期事情制 perturbation theory 摄动意见 pessimisticvalue 悲观值 phase locus 相轨迹 phase trajectory 相轨迹hase lead 相位超前 photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句布局文法 physical symbol system 物理符号系统 piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器 playbackrobot 示教再现式机器人 plc(programmable logic controller)可编步伐逻辑控制器 plug braking 反接制动 plug valve 旋塞阀 pneumaticactuator 气动执行机构 point-to-point control 点位控制 polar robot 极坐标型机器人 pole assignment 极点配置 pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消 polynom ial input 多项式输入 portfolio theory 投资配搭意见 pose overshoot 位姿过调量 position measuring instrument 位置丈量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器 positive feedback 正反馈 power system automation 电力系统不用人力化 predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表 pressure transmitter 压力变送器 price coordination 价格协调 primal coordination 主协调 primary frequency zone 主频区 pca(principal component analysis)主成份分析法principlef turnpike 通途原理 process- oriented simulation 面向历程的仿真production budget 生产预算 production rule 孕育发生式法则 profitforecast 利润预测 pert(program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 步伐设定操作器 proportionalcontrol 比例控制 proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器 protocol engineering 以及谈工程pseudo random sequence 伪 rand 序列 pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速度增量控制 pulse duration 电子脉冲持续时间 pulse frequency modulation control system 电子脉冲调频控制系统 pulse width modulation controlsystem 电子脉冲调宽控制系统 pwm inverter 脉宽调制逆变器 pushdown automaton 下推不用人力机 qc(quality control)质量管理 quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标 quali tative physical model 定性物理模子quantized noise 量化噪声 quasilinear characteristics 准线性特征 queuing theory 列队论 radio frequency sensor 射频敏锐器 ramp function 斜坡函数 random disturbance rand 扰动 random process rand 历程 rateintegrating gyro 速度积分捻捻转儿 ratio station 比率操作器 reactionwheel control 反效用轮控制realizability 可以使成为事实性,能使成为事实性 eal time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野 rectangularrobot 直角坐标型机器人 recursive estimation 递推估计 reducedorder observer 降阶测候器 redundant information 冗余信息 reentrycontrol 再入控制 regenerative braking 回馈制动,再生制动 regionalplanning model 地区范围规划模子 regulating device 调节装载 relationalalgebra 关系代数 relay characteristic 继电器特征 remote manipulator 遥控操作器 remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器 rendezvo 目前世界上最强大的国家 nd docking 交会以及对于接 resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 esolution principle 归结原理 resource allocation 资源分配responsecurve 相应曲线 return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratiomatrix 回比矩阵 reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动 revoluterobot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewritingrule 重写法则 rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 riskdecision 危害分析 robotics 机器人学 robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝丈量仪 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计otameter 浮子流量计,转子流量计 rotary eccentric plug valve 偏疼旋转阀 rotary motionvalve 角行程阀 rotating transformer 旋转变压器 routh approximation method 劳思类似判据 routing problem 肪段侍?sampled-data control system 采样控制系统 sampling controlsystem 采样控制系统 saturation characteristics 饱以及特征 scalarlyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数 scara(selective complianceassembly robot arm) 最简单的面关节型机器人 scenario analysis method 情景分析法 scene analysis 物景分析 self- operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统 self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制 semantic network 语义采集 semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真 sensing element 敏锐元件 sensitivity analysis 活络度分析sensory control 觉得控制 sequentialdecomposition 挨次分解 sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制,随动控制servomotor 伺服马达 settling time 过渡时间 short term planning 短期计划shorttime horizon coordination 短时程协调 signal detection and estimation 旌旗灯号检测以及估计 signal reconstruction 旌旗灯号重构 simulated interrupt 仿真中断 simulation block diagram 仿真框图 simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度 single axle table 单轴转台 single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度捻捻转儿 single levelprocess 单级历程 single value nonlinearity 单值非线性 singularattractor 奇妙吸引子 singular perturbation 奇妙摄动 slave dsystem 受役系统 slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统 socio-cybernetics 社会形态控制论 socioeconomic system 社会形态经济系统软体 psychology 软件生理学 solar array pointing control 日头帆板指向控制 solenoid valve 电磁阀 speed control system 魉傧低spin axis 自旋轴 stability criterion 稳定性判据 stabilitylimit 稳定极限 stabilization 镇定,稳定 stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决定计划意见 state equation model 状况方程模子 state space description 状况空间描写 static characteristics curve 静态特征曲线 station accuracy 定点精密度stationary random process 平稳 rand 历程 statistical analysis 统计分析 statistic pattern recognition 统计标准样式辨认 steady state deviation 稳态误差steadystate error coefficient 稳态误差系数 step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数 stepwise refinement 慢慢精化 stochasticfinite automaton rand 有限不用人力机 strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器 strategic function 计谋函数 strongly coupled system 狂詈舷低?subjective probability 主观频率 supervised training 喽窖??supervisory computer control system 计较机监控系统 sustainedoscillation 矜持振动 swirlmeter 旋进流量计 switc 你好 ng point 切换点 symbolic processing 符号处理 synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性syntactic analysis 句法分析 system assessment 系统评价 systemhomomorp 你好sm 系统同态 system isomorp 你好 sm 系统同构 system engineering 系统工程target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器 task cycle 功课周期 teac 你好 ng programming 示教编程 telemetering system ofrequency division type 频分遥测系统 teleological system 目的系统 temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库 theoremproving 定理证实 therapy model 治疗模子 t 你好ckness meter 厚度计 three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定 three state controller 三位控制器 thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统 time constant 时间常数 time-invariant system 定常系统,非时变系统 time schedule controller 时序控制器 time-sharing control 分时控制 time-varying parameter 时变参量 top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑布局 tqc(total quality control)全面质量管理 tracking error 跟踪误差 trade-off analysis 权衡分析 transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法 transient deviation 瞬态误差 transient process 过渡历程 transition diagram 转移图 transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表 trend analysis 趋向分析 triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统 turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计 turing mac 你好 ne 剂榛?two-time scale system 双时标系统 ultrasonic levelmeter??镂患?unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动 unbiasedestimation 无偏估计 uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性 uninterrupted duty 不间断事情制,长期事情制 unit circle 单位圆 unit testing 单位测试 unsupervised learing 非监视进修upperlevel problem 较高等级问题 urban planning 城市规划 utility function 效用函数 value engineering 价值工程 variable gain 可变增益,可变放大系数 variable structure control system 变布局控制 vectorlyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数 velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数 velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解 vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器 viscousdamping 粘性阻尼 voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortexprecession flowmeter 旋进流量计 vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计 wb(way base) 要领库 weig 你好 ng cell 称重传感器 weightingfactor 权因数weighting method 加权法 w 你好 ttaker-shannon samplingtheorem 惠特克-喷鼻农采样定理 wiener filtering 维纳滤波 work stationfor computer aided design 计较机匡助设计事情站 w-plane w 最简单的面 zero-based budget 零基预算 zero-input response 零输入相应 zero-stateresponse 零状况相应 zero sum game model 零以及对于策模子2022 年 07 月 31 日历史上的今天：ipad2 怎么贴膜好吧,我还是入了 iPad2 2022-06-26 斗破苍穹快眼看书 2斗破苍穹 22 下载 20 11-06-26特殊声明：1：资料来源于互联网，版权归属原作者2：资料内容属于网络意见，与本账号立场无关3 ：如有侵权，请告知，即将删除。

频谱效率频谱效率Spectral efficiency、Spectrum efficiency是指在数位通信系统中的限制下,可以传送的资料总量;在有限的波下,物理层通信协议可以达到的使用效率有一定的限度;➢链路频谱效率数字通信系统的链路频谱效率Link spectral efficiency的单位是. 1/4～～1/5 ～+ ～～最大8 最大1/5通常通常+最大通常8最大通常～ 11 8 ～1/5 ～+ ～ 11 8 ～光纤用数位电视TV38 6 1Spectral efficiencySpectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the that can be transmitted over a given in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the protocol, and sometimes by the the protocol.Link spectral efficiencyThe link spectral efficiency of a digital communication system is measured in It is the useful information rate excluding or divided by the in hertz of a or a . Alternatively, the spectral efficiency may be measured in in bit/symbol, which is equivalent to bits per bpcu, implying that the net bit rate is divided by the modulation rate or line code pulse rate.Link spectral efficiency is typically used to analyse the efficiency of a method or , sometimes in combination with a FEC code and other physical layer overhead. In the latter case, a "bit" refers to a user data bit; FEC overhead is always excluded.The modulation efficiency in bit/s is the including any error-correcting code divided by the bandwidth.Example 1: A transmission technique using one of bandwidth to transmit 1,000 bits per second has a modulation efficiency of 1 bit/s/Hz.Example 2: A modem for the telephone network can transfer 56,000 bit/s downstream and 48,000 bit/s upstream over an analog telephone network. Due to filtering in the telephone exchange, the frequency range is limited to between 300 hertz and 3,400 hertz, corresponding to a bandwidth of 3,400 300 = 3,100 hertz. The spectral efficiency or modulation efficiency is 56,000/3,100 = bit/s/Hz downstream, and 48,000/3,100 = bit/s/Hz upstream.An upper bound for the attainable modulation efficiency is given by the or as follows: For a signaling alphabet with M alternative symbols, each symbol represents N= log2M bits. N is the modulation efficiency measured in bit/symbol or bpcu. In the case of or with a baseband bandwidth or upper cut-off frequency B, the can not exceed 2B symbols/s in view to avoid . Thus, the spectral efficiency can not exceed 2N bit/s/Hz in the baseband transmission case. In the passband transmission case, a signal with passband bandwidth W can be converted to an equivalent baseband signal using or a , with upper cut-off frequency W/2. If double-sideband modulation schemes such as QAM, ASK, PSK or OFDM are used, this results in a maximum symbol rate of W symbols/s, and in that the modulation efficiency can not exceed N bit/s/Hz. If digital is used, the passband signal with bandwidth W corresponds to a baseband message signal with baseband bandwidth W, resulting in a maximum symbol rate of 2W and an attainable modulation efficiency of 2N bit/s/Hz.Example 3:An 16QAM modem has an alphabet size of M= 16 alternative symbols, with N = 4 bit/symbol or bpcu. Since QAM is a form of double sideband passband transmission, the spectral efficiency cannot exceed N = 4 bit/s/Hz.Example 4:The 8-level vestigial sideband modulation scheme used in the gives N=3 bit/symbol or bpcu. Since it can be described as nearly single-side band, the modulation efficiency is close to 2N= 6 bit/s/Hz. In practice, ATSC transfers a gross bit rate of 32 Mbit/s over a 6 MHz wide channel, resulting in a modulation efficiency of 32/6 = bit/s/Hz.Example 5:The downlink of a modem uses a pulse-amplitude modulation with 128 signal levels, resulting in N= 7 bit/symbol. Since the transmitted signal before passband filtering can be considered as baseband transmission, the spectral efficiency cannot exceed 2N = 14 bit/s/Hz over the full baseband channel 0 to 4 kHz. As seen above, a higher spectral efficiency is achieved if we consider the smaller passband bandwidth.If a code is used, the spectral efficiency is reduced from the uncoded modulation efficiency figure.Example 6:If a forward error correction FEC code with 1/2 is added, meaning that the encoder input bit rate is one half the encoder output rate, the spectral efficiency is 50% of the modulation efficiency. In exchange for this reduction in spectral efficiency, FEC usually reduces the , and typically enables operation at a lower SNR.An upper bound for the spectral efficiency possible without in a channel with a certain SNR, if ideal error coding and modulation is assumed, is given by the . Example 7:If the SNR is 1 times expressed as a ratio, corresponding to 0 , the link spectral efficiency can not exceed 1 bit/s/Hz for error-free detection assuming an ideal error-correcting code according to Shannon-Hartley regardless of the modulation and coding.Note that the the amount of application layer useful information is normally lower than the used in the above calculations, because of packet retransmissions, higher protocol layer overhead, flow control, congestion avoidance, etc. On the other hand, a data compression scheme, such as the or compression used in telephone modems, may however give higher goodput if the transferred data is not already efficiently compressed.The link spectral efficiency of a wireless telephony link may also be expressed as the maximum number of simultaneous calls over 1 MHz frequency spectrum in erlangs per megahertz, or /MHz. This measure is also affected by the source coding data compression scheme. It may be applied to analog as well asdigital transmission.In wireless networks, the link spectral efficiency can be somewhat misleading, as larger values are not necessarily more efficient in their overall use of radio spectrum. In a wireless network, high link spectral efficiency may result in high sensitivity to co-channel interference crosstalk, which affects the capacity. For example, in a network with frequency reuse, and reduce the spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz but substantially lower the requiredsignal-to-noise ratio in comparison to non-spread spectrum techniques. This can allow for much denser geographical frequency reuse that compensates for the lower link spectral efficiency, resulting in approximately the same capacity the same number of simultaneous phone calls over the same bandwidth, using the same number of base station transmitters. As discussed below, a more relevant measure for wireless networks would be system spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz per unit area. However, in closed communication links such as telephone lines and cable TV networks, and in noise-limited wireless communication system where co-channel interference is not a factor, the largest link spectral efficiency that can be supported by the available SNR is generally used.System spectral efficiency or area spectral efficiencyIn digital , the system spectral efficiency or area spectral efficiency is typically measured in bit/s/Hz per unit area, bit/s/Hz per , or bit/s/Hz per site. It is a measure of the quantity of users or services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency bandwidth in a defined geographic area. It may for example be defined as the maximum or , summed over all users in the system, divided by the channel bandwidth. This measure is affected not only by the single user transmission technique, but also by schemes and techniques utilized. It can be substantially improved by dynamic . If it is defined as a measure of the maximum goodput, retransmissions due to co-channel interference and collisions are excluded. Higher-layer protocol overhead above the sublayer is normally neglected.Example 8:In a cellular system based on FDMA with a FCA cellplan using a of 4, each base station has access to 1/4 of the total available frequency spectrum. Thus, the maximum possible system spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz per site is 1/4 of the link spectral efficiency. Each base station may be divided into 3 cells by means of 3 sector antennas, also known as a 4/12 reuse pattern. Then each cell has access to 1/12 of the available spectrum, and the system spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz per cell or bit/s/Hz per sector is 1/12 of the link spectral efficiency.The system spectral efficiency of a may also be expressed as the maximum number of simultaneous phone calls per area unit over 1 MHz frequency spectrum in /MHz per cell, E/MHz per sector, E/MHz per site, or E/MHz/m2. This measure is also affected by the source coding data compression scheme. It may be used in analog cellular networks as well.Low link spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz does not necessarily mean that an encoding scheme is inefficient from a system spectral efficiency point of view. As an example, consider , which is not a particularly spectral efficient encoding scheme when considering a single channel or single user. However, the fact that one can "layer" multiple channels on the same frequency band means that the system spectrum utilization for a multi-channel CDMA system can be very good. Example 9:In the 3G cellular system, every phone call is compressed to a maximum of 8,500 bit/s the useful bitrate, and spread out over a 5 MHz wide frequency channel. This corresponds to a link throughput of only 8,500/5,000,000 = bit/s/Hz. Let us assume that 100 simultaneous non-silent simultaneous calls are possible in the same cell. makes it possible to have as low a frequency reuse factor as 1, if each base station is divided into 3 cells by means of 3 directional sector antennas. This corresponds to a system spectrum efficiency of over 1 × 100 × = bit/s/Hz per cell or sector.The spectral efficiency can be improved by techniques such as efficient fixed or dynamic , , and .A combined and system spectral efficiency measure is the .Comparison tableExamples of numerical spectral efficiency values of some common communication systems can be found in the table below.Spectral efficiency of common communication systems.Service Standard LaunchedyearR percarrierMbit/sB percarrierMHzLinkspectralefficiencyR/Bbit/s/HzTypical1/KSystemspectralefficiencyApprox.R/B/Kbit/s/Hz persitecellular 198117cellular 198317cellular 1991× 8timeslots=1913in 1999cellular1991× 3timeslots=1913in 1999in1997 1× voice200Max. per per 1 fully0 mobilemobile loaded+2003 Max.: ; Typ.: ;Max.: ; Typ.: ; 13HS +Max.: ; Typ.: ;Max.: ; Typ.: ;13cellular FDD2001 Max.: per mobile; 5 Max.: permobile;1cellular 1x PD2002 Max.: per mobile;Max.: permobile;1fully loaded cellular 1×EV -DO 2002Max.:permobile;Max.: permobile;1averag e loaded sectorFixed2004 9620 , ,7, ...14cellular2007Max.: 21 per mobile; 5Max.: permobile;12005 Max.: per carrier; Max.: percarrier;12009 Max.: per mobile;20 Max.: permobile; 1Max.: ; 200Max.: 54; 20 Max.: ;133200 7 Max.: ; 20 Max.: ; 13199 8 4 timeslots =199 5 to to 15towith 1995to to 1 to 1997Max.: ;Typ.: ;8Max.: ;Typ.: ;15with 1996Max.: ;Typ.: ;8Max.: ;Typ.: ;1Max.:;Typ.:;2007to 11 8 to 15towith 2007to 11 8 to 1 tomode 38 6 N/A N/A downlink 12 N/A N/A 1999N/A 14。

IMPULSE NOISE CANCELLATION IN MULTICARRIER TRANSMISSION Fatma Abdelkefi,Abraham Gabay,Pierre DuhamelLSS SUPELEC,F-91192GIF sur YVETTE Cedex FranceENST,Dept.TSI,46rue Barrault,75634Paris Cedex13,FranceABSTRACTA parallel between Reed Solomon codes in the complexfield and multicarrier transmission using OFDM isfirst presented.This shows that when the signal is sent over some channel composed of Gaussian plus impulse noise,the impulse noise can be removed by a procedure similar to channel decoding,using information car-ried by the”syndrome”.These results arefirst derived in a simple situation(oversampled DMT,additive channel),which is merely of theoretical interest.Several extensions are then provided in or-der to increase the practical usefulness of the method.Simulations combining classical convolutive codes with the above mentioned approach are provided.1.INTRODUCTIONThe main idea behind OFDM is to split the transmitted data se-quence into parallel symbol sequences.This structure allows the use of a very simple equalization scheme when the signal is sent over multipath propagation channels.In fact,intersymbol in-terference(ISI)can be avoided when a guard interval(IG)is imple-mented between each block of time domain samples to be transmit-ted.However,some carriers can be strongly attenuated,then it is necessary to incorporate a powerful channel coder combined with frequency and time interleaving.In this way,close coded bits are not likely to fall simultaneously in a spectral null.Therefore,the coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex(COFDM)tech-nique has become extremely popular in many applications,such as broadcasting,ADSL modems,Local area Networks(HiperLAN2). However,in some of these applications,it is well known that chan-nel noise is not only made from measurement(Gaussian)noise,but also encompasses some large bursts of errors.In this case,we propose to use the OFDM modulator as some specific impulse noise canceller,the structure of which is well suited to the nature of the problem(i.e.a single impulse shows up as a single error),rather than counting on the classical chan-nel coder to solve the problem.Practically,of course,both type of codes will have to cooperate,in order to process both Gaussian and impulse noise.Note that the proposed approach makes use of techniques that are similar to previous papers by Wolf[1]and Redinbo[2].The contributions of this paper are:(i)RS decoding in the complex field is easily applied in OFDM system,(ii)they can be extended in the sense that the pilot tones can be seen as additional syndromes, (iii)the method still holds when ISI is present,(iv)a combination of classical and complex codes is efficient under the presence of Gaussian plus impulse noise.2.TRANSMISSION SCHEME AND CONNECTION WITHSPECTRAL CODES2.1.Discrete model of OFDM systemA binary message is coded and mapped to a sequence of complex data stream which belong to a given constellation.The OFDM system splits the initial data stream(to be transmitted at rate)into substreams,each one being transmitted over its own carrier.All symbols emitted during the same duration constitute an OFDM symbol[3].The orthogonality property between carriers ensures the perfect recon-struction of the emitted symbols at the receiver.A discrete model of the OFDM system is easily obtained by computing samples of the signal to be sent onto the channel during one OFDM symbol.i.e.,(the sampling period).Moreover,if one considers the simple multi-carrier system where the prototypefilter is a rectangular pulse of duration,modulated with spacing between carriers equal to ,these samples are computed as:which is exactly the inverse discrete Fourier Transform(IDFT)of the sequence enlarged by zeroes.In the following,we assume that,a positive integer.At the receiver the Analog to Digital Converter(ADC)sam-ples the signal,at rate and a DFT is performed.Therefore, the received signal is converted into the frequency domain, where is given by the following equation:where is the length Fourier transform of the noise sequence (see Fig.1)2.2.Channel model and capacityFirst assuming a memoryless channel,each emitted sample is mod-ified by the channel according towhere is additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)with zero mean and variance and is the impulse noise.The impulse noise is an additive disturbance that arises pri-marly from the switching electric equipment[4].In the following, the impulse noise is modeled as in[5]as:where stands for a Bernoulli process,an i.i.d.sequence of ze-roes and ones with,and is a complex white Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance such as. Note that this model assumes the presence of a large interleaver, so that bursts of errors can be scattered along time,resulting in independent noise sequences.Under this model,the probability density of the channel noise can be expressed aswhere is the Gaussian density with mean and variance.This expression allows to compute the capacity of this chan-nel,in order to estimate the impact of a given impulse noise on the capacity of a Gaussian channel.Practically,this capacity has been computed by an iterative procedure proposed by Blahut and Arimoto[6]applicable to arbitrary discrete memoryless channels.Fig.2depicts the capacity of the“Gaussian plus Bernoulli Gaus-sian”channel in bits per second normalized by the bandwidth of the channel(W),as a function of P for several values of,, .We note that,even for somewhat large values of ,the capacity of the channel is approximately similar to that of the AWGN channel.For example,if,and P=1,then the capacity of the“Gaussian plus Bernoulli plus Bernoulli Gaussian”channel is,which is approximately the same value as for the AWGN channel.If then we transmit at most 3.3bits/s/Hz that means that we lost only0.7bit per second/Hz, this decrease of capacity being due to the impulse error.However, if no specific procedure is used in an OFDM system,it is unlikely that such similar performances can be obtained:consider the case of a64QAM constellation emitted over64subbands.Each im-pulse drastically impairs384bits at a time,and it can be stated that the OFDM demodulator acts as an impulsive noise ampli-fier...This is clearly in favor of a processing taking into account the specific nature of the impulsive noise and the OFDM system.2.3.Spectral codesWe have seen above that implementing an OFDM modulation is similar to adding consecutive null symbols at the input of the block to be modulated.Since the zeroes emitted through a“Gaussian plus Bernoulli Gaussian”channel are not recovered after demodu-lation,a question arises:to have performance similar to the ones of AWGN channel,is it possible to remove the impulse error with the sole knowledge that some of the demodulator input should be null?The similarity between OFDM modulator and RS codes can be used at that point,following the work by Blahut.It has been shown in[7],that the ideas of spectral coding theory can be translated in the frequency domain,i.e.over the complexfield.Reed Solomon codes can be defined[7]as follow:Definition1Let F contain an element of order M.The(M,M-2t) Reed Solomon block length M with symbols in F is the set of all vectors c whose spectrum(in F)satisfies:where.This is described briefly as an(M,M-2t) Reed Solomon code over F.The spectrum of a Reed Solomon codeword lives in the samefield as the code word.Then,to form a Reed Solomon code,a block of ()consecutive spectral components are chosen as parity frequen-cies,(to be set to zero)and the remaining are information symbols. Marshall[8]has shown that conventional decoding algorithm for finitefield cyclic codes could be employed for real and complex numbers.The basic remark that we have used in this work is that a dis-crete sequence of complex numbers containing()consecutive zeroes are transmitted over the OFDM system,therefore,the out-put of the OFDM modulator can be considered as a Reed Solomon codeword(their spectrum contains consecutive zeroes).After trans-mission over“Gaussian plus Bernoulli Gaussian”channel,the DFT of the received discrete time sequence no longer has()zeroes, and this is due only to the channel.Hence,the OFDM modulator can be seen as a complex-valued RS code,the correction capacity is given by:BCH Bound1if(2t consecutive frequencies belong to)then ().where is the set of the()zeroes.However,strictly speaking,there are more than er-rors if one uses our channel model:all samples are polluted by noise.Therefore,we concentrate on the removal of the sole im-pulse noise,considering the Gaussian component as background noise.The classical decoding techniques have to be adapted to the presence of this background noise.3.DECODING ALGORITHMThe procedure is as follows:choose a classical decoding algo-rithm,adapt it to the presence of the background noise,and correct the estimated errors.Redinbo[2]recently presented a decoding procedure for real number constructed in the discrete Fourier trans-form(DFT)domain.In our work,performed simultaneously in the context of joint source and channel coding[9],the basic algorithm was different,since we used a modified Peterson-Gorenstein-Zierler algorithm to locate and correct“impulse errors”,based only on a syndrome evaluation(the()consecutive zeroes that one should observe at the output of the OFDM modulator in the absence of noise).After transmission,the corresponding received components ofwill no longer be null(Fig.1)where if the DFT of the impulse noise,and that of the background noise.At the receiver,the correction of impulse noise must operate on the syndromes which are given by:.There are two contributions in these terms:one is the Fourier transform of the Gaussian background noise,hence is still Gaus-sian,and the other one is a sum of Fourier transforms of impulses, hence is a sum of complex sinusoids,the frequencies of which cor-respond to the localization of the errors.The decoding problem is thus the estimation of the number of sinusoids,together with their frequencies and amplitudes,polluted by Gaussian noise.The two main differences with classical signal processing situations are(i) that the number of samples is orders of magnitude smaller than usual,(ii)that one has the knowledge that the frequencies take in-teger values.The decoding algorithm works in three steps:(i)estimate the number of impulse errors(ii)seek the error locations and(iii) correct the errors.Classically,the procedure isfinished at this step. We have added a control step,which is able to carefully estimate whether the decoding procedure has worked correctly.In this way, we are able to begin a truncated enumeration of all possible er-ror localizations(the most sensitive part of the algorithm)among the most likely ones...This truncated enumeration is necessary be-cause of the presence of the background noise which introduces some fuzziness in the computations.4.EXTENSIONSThe procedure just described cannot be applied as such in OFDM system,since the zeroes do not correspond to a part of the spec-trum which is actually available(analog shapingfilters are here to limit the bandwidth).Only a small number of these zeroes can be practically used.However,in many cases,pilot tones are emitted, for synchronization or channel estimation purposes.These pilot tones consist in known symbols that are emitted,scattered among the information ones.We outline below that a procedure similar to that of the RS decoding can be used in this situation.This is easily understood by combining situations in which:(i)()consecutive symbols are known(and not null),(ii)the pilot symbols are uniformly dis-tributed,and(iii)when the pilot symbols are uniformly distributed and a channel is considered in addition to the“Gaussian plus Bernoulli Gaussian”channel.Two extensions are trivial,and will not be detailed due to lack of space:if the emitted symbols are known(rather than zero),theextension consists in subtracting the known value.The restof the algorithm remains unchanged.if the OFDM system goes through a channel with ISI,oneuses the classical cyclic prefix procedure,which transformsthe ISI channel to a set of parallel multiplicative constants.If this channel is known(which is assumed),divide by thecorrect constant,and the algorithm explained above applieswith minimal modifications.The only point which is more tricky is the extension when the pilot tones are scattered among the symbols.A special case when the pilot tones are regularly spaced can be deduced from the Hartmann-Tzeng theorem[10]:Theorem1Suppose that thefield F contains an element of order and locate the syndromes in blocks of size.Then the error correction capacity of the code is upper bounded by if.This theorem is easily used in a special case,whenand blocks have size.So no loss in error correction capacity occurs because then correction capacity is.Therefore, decoding can be performed in the same way as already explained.5.SIMULATIONSDue to short space,the simulations concentrate on the efficiency of the impulse noise cancellation.The BER curves,and the com-bination with classical coders will be presented in greater details in a forthcoming paper.Afirst simulation is concerned with the plain,initial algorithmusing only the consecutive null carriers,and the straightforwardanalogy between OFDM systems and BCH codes.The total num-ber of carriers is65,the number of zeroes is12,the probabilityof impulsive noise,and4QAM symbols are emitted.One can observe on Fig.3,where we plot1/EQM(dB),that the RS code in the complex domain has met the expectations, since after decoding,the EQM between the emitted and received symbols closely follows the curve containing the Gaussian noise only.The second simulation is reminiscent of the HiperLan2stan-dard,although we do not claim at present any practical usefulnessin this context.The number of carriers is and the guard interval has length samples.This second curve also plots the1/EQM(dB),but in a situation containing a mixture of all ex-tensions we have developed:Among the carriers,carri-ers are null-carriers.Among the remaining,,arefixed pilots carrying known4QAM symbols while subcarriers,convey the information.The zeroes and the pilot symbols are uniformly dis-tributed.Low-level Gaussian noise samples with variance are added to each position independently,modeling the background noise.We also included a channel C,which is a realization of the typical channel Model A specified by Hiperlan2.For this simula-tion,the parameter of the Bernoulli sequence is and the variance of the impulse noise.The algorithm also shows good behavior under these circum-stances,since curve after correction of the impulse noise is only marginally different from the curve obtained with Gaussian noise only(see Fig.4).Fig.5,shows the performances in terms of BER,under thesame conditions as those explained for Fig.4.The improvement interms of EQM clearly also shows in terms of BER.Note that thissimulation was not containing any classical channel coder.Thequestion which remains to be answered concerns the amount of re-dundancy which has to be assigned to the RS code in the complex field(if the inherent one using the pilot tones is not sufficient)com-pared to that which is devoted to the classical convolutive code.6.CONCLUSIONIn this paper we have described a procedure for removing impulse noise in OFDM system.Implementing a digital OFDM modulator often requires working with an oversampled version of the emit-ted analog signal,this is functionally similar to add null consec-utive symbols to the block to be transmitted.The impulse error-correcting procedure is based on the relationship between Fourier transform and Reed Solomon codes defined over thefield of com-plex numbers.A suitably modified Peterson-Gorenstein-Zierler was examined as an alternative for determining impulse error lo-cation.This procedure can also be applied when pilot symbol are uniformly distributed in the output of the OFDM modulator.Many extensions are under consideration,in order to increase the practi-cal usefulness of this approach.AcknowledgmentsContributions of O.Rioul,who introduced us to BCH codes in the reals,and F.Alberge,for help in the manuscript and numerous discussions are great fully acknowledged.Channel P/S S/PDAC ADCN-1I(n)c(n)r(n)Y(n)DFT IDFT Y 0Y SY M-1II 0N-1MMFig.1.OFDM systemFig.2.The “Gaussian plus Bernoulli Gaussian ”channelcapacityFig.3.Distortion performance when we consider a “Gaussian plus Bernoulli Gaussian ”channel,and consecutive syndrome locationsFig.4.Distortion performance when we consider a channel C,scattered null carriers and pilots tonesFig.5.BER performance when we consider a channel C,scattered null carriers and pilots tones7.REFERENCES[1]Jack Keil Wolf,“Redundancy,the discrete fourier transform,and impulse noise cancellation,”IEEE m.,vol.31,no.3,March 1983.[2]G.Robert Redinbo,“Decoding real block codes:Activitydetection,wiener estimation,”IEEE Trans.Inf.Theory ,vol.46,no.2,March 2000.[3]Heidi Steendam and Marc Moeneclaey,“Analysisand optimization of the performance of OFDM on frequency-selective time-selective fading channels,”IEEE ,vol.47,no.12,December 1999.[4]J.G.Proakis,Digital Communication ,New York,mcgraw-hill edition,1989.[5]Monisha Ghosh,“Analysis of the Effect of Impulse Noiseon Multicarrier and Single Carrier QAM Systems,”IEEE ,vol.44,February 1996.[6]Richard E.Blahut,“Computation of channel capacity andrate-distortion functions,”IEEE m.Theory ,vol.IT-18(4),pp.460–473,1972.[7]Richard.E.Blahut,Algebraic Methods for Signal Processingand Communications Coding ,Signal Processing and Digital Filtering ,C.S Burrus ed.Spring-Verlag:New York,1992.[8]T.G.Marshall,“Decoding of Real-Number Error-CorrectionCodes,”in Proc of GLOBECOM 83,San Diego,Nov 1983.[9]Abraham Gabay,“Spectral Interpolation Coder for ImpulseNoise Cancellation over a Binary Symmetric Channel,”EU-SIPCO ,2000.[10] C.R.P.Hartmann,“Generalizations of the BCH Bound,”In-form And Control ,,no.20,pp.489–498,1972.。

On the Effect of Cancellation Order in Successive Interference Cancellation for CDMA SystemsKiran Puttegowda, Gautam Verma, Soshant Bali, R. Michael Buehrer Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111 {kiran, vgautam, sbali, buehrer}@AbstractIn this paper we study the effect of cancellation order on bit error rate (BER) performance of a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system employing a linear Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) receiver in both an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and a Rayliegh fading channel. Four different ordering schemes are studied. We show that changing the cancellation order can lead to a significant change in the BER performance.1IntroductionIn the past decade code division multiple access (CDMA) has gained immense popularity as a multiple access scheme. One of the shortcomings of the conventional matched filter receiver is its inability to exploit the full potential of CDMA due to the fact that it treats Multiple Access Interference (MAI) as Gaussian noise [1]. Multi-user detection has been proposed as a technique to improve the capacity of CDMA systems [2] [3] [4]. Unlike conventional matched filter receivers, multi-user detectors use knowledge of MAI to reduce the effect of MAI before making bit decisions, thus leading to a better performance. Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) is a multi-user detection technique in which signals are detected sequentially based on the perceived reliability of the signal [5] [6] [7] [8]. The most reliable signal is detected first, the signal is regenerated and cancelled from the aggregate received signal. The resulting signal is used to detect the next most reliable signal and this process is continued until all the signals have been detected. The order in which signals are detected is dependent on the perceived reliability of the signals. Themost common form of SIC receiver uses the average received signal power of the user as a measure of reliability of the signal [9] [10]. The strongest received signal is detected first followed by the next strongest signal and so on. Other schemes order the signals based on the output of the matched filters. The user with the largest matched filter output is considered to be the most reliable. In one of the schemes the received signal is passed through the matched filter once and the order is determined based on these outputs. This scheme performs ordering once each symbol. A third scheme performs ordering after each cancellation. In this scheme the received signal is passed through the matched filter after each signal is detected and cancelled to determine the next strongest user. This scheme is the most computationally complex scheme, followed by ordering after each bit, and average power ordering is the simplest of the schemes. For the sake of comparison we also consider random ordering. In this contribution we present a comparitive study of the performance of these ordering schemes in both an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel as well as a Rayleigh fading channel to determine the most effective ordering technique. The effect of the ordering schemes on multiple stages of cancellation is also presented.2System SchemesModelandOrderingThe system model consists of a CDMA system with K active transmitters communicating with a common base station. The signal received from user k can be expressed as Sk (t) = 2Pk bk (t)ak (t) cos(2πfc t + φk ) (1)where; Pk bk (t) ak (t) fc φk = = = = = Received power of k th user Data signal of k th user Spreading signature of k th user Carrier frequency Random phase of k th userKFor j = 1 to K { 1. determine Zj,m = τj ) cos(2πfc t + φj )dt 2. ˆj,m = sgn(Zj,m ) b ˆ 3. Sj (t) = ˆj,m aj (t) b ˆ 4. r(t) = r(t) − Sj (t) Sk (t − τk ) + n(t)k=1 1 T mT +τj (m−1)T +τjr(t)aj (t −The received signal can then be represented as r(t) = where; n(t) τk = Additive White Gaussian Noise = Delay of the k th user (2) }In a successive interference cancellation receiver, users are detected in succession and the detected user’s signal component is cancelled from the aggregate received signal. Thus, the received signal after k cancellations can be expressed as rk (t) = r(t) −∞ k−1ˆ Si (t − τi )i=1(3)ˆ Sk (t) =m=−∞ˆ b 2Pk ˆk,m pT (t−mT )ak (t) cos(2πfc t+φk ) (4)This scheme is effective because the signal with the highest power will usually be the most reliable signal and canceling it first means removing the most multiple-access interference, improving subsequent detection. Average power ordering is also relatively simple to implement. Under conditions of perfect power control this scheme will be less effective because the received powers of all the users will be equal. In this situation the signal detected first will have performance similar to the matched filter receiver while the signal detected last will have the best performance since most of the MAI will have been cancelled from it. Ordering can also be based on the short term average power. This is the same as long term average power in an AWGN channel, but in a fading channel ordering based on short term average power will provide significant performance advantages over long term averaging as we will see.and the decision statistic from signal k is2.2Zk,m = 1 TmT +τk (m−1)T +τkOrdering every symbolrk (t)ak (t−τk ) cos(2πfc t+φk )dt(5) Four ordering schemes for detection and cancellation in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel are considered. For AWGN channel Pk = 1 and φk = 0 in the system model given in Equation 1. For rayleigh channel Pk is a raleigh random variable and φk is uniformly distributed. These schemes are described belowIn this scheme the order of detection will be recomputed every symbol. The order of detection is based upon decreasing matched filter outputs. The algorithm for this scheme is presented below. L = Set of users indexed from 1 to K • for all j ∈ L determine Zj,m = τj ) cos(2πfc t + φj )dt • while L = φ do { 1. find i ∈ L such that |Zi,m | > |Zl,m | for all l ∈ L, l = i ˜ 2. Zi,m = r(t)am (t − τj )dt ˜ 3. ˆi,m = sgn(Zi,m ) b ˆ b 4. Si (t) = ˆi,m ai (t) ˆ 5. r(t) = r(t) − Si (t)1 T mT +τj (m−1)T +τjr(t)aj (t −2.1Average power orderingIn average power ordering the users are cancelled in the order of decreasing average received signal power i.e., the user with the highest average power is detected first and so on. In perfect power control the long term average powers of all users are equal. In such a case the order is fixed but arbitrary. The algorithm for this scheme with users indexed in descending order of their signal powers is presented below:6. Remove i from set L } It is anticipated that this scheme will provide better performance than odering based on average power because additional information (MAI and noise) from the matched filter outputs is used. The drawback of this particular scheme is the increased computational complexity as compared to ordering based on average power since the order must be recomputed every symbol.2.4Random ordering2.3Ordering after each cancellationIn this scheme the order of decoding of the user bits is recomputed after each interference cancellation. The difference between this scheme and the previous scheme is that in the previous scheme once the order is computed for a bit sequence it does not change during that symbol, where as in this scheme the order is changed after each detection and cancellation. The algorithm for this scheme is presented below: L = Set of users indexed from 1 to K while L = φ do { 1. for all j ∈ L determine Zj,m = τj ) cos(2πfc t + φj )dt1 T mT +τj (m−1)T +τjAs the name suggests, in random ordering scheme user signal components are detected and cancelled in random order for each message bit. The order of decoding is different for every transmitted bit sequence. This odering scheme is considered for comparison purposes. This scheme should not be too effective under imperfect power control conditions where each user component contribute unequally to the received signal. However under perfect power control conditions this scheme should provide better performance for some users. In fixed ordering one user will get bad (equal to matched filter) performance. In random ordering, all users will achieve a performance equal to the average performance.3Simulation Resultsr(t)aj (t −2. find i ∈ L such that |Zi,m | > |Zl,m | for all l ∈ L, l = i 3. ˆi,m = sgn(Zi,m ) b ˆ 4. Si (t) = ˆi,m ai (t) b ˆ 5. r(t) = r(t) − Si (t) 6. remove i from set L } It is anticipated that this scheme will provide the best performance when compared to the schemes mentioned above. By detecting the highest matched filter output after each cancellation we determine the most reliable bit as we proceed through the cancellations. The most up-to-date information is used for reliability estimation. This gives better performance than reordering after each message bit which does not use that updated information. The drawback of this scheme is that the computational complexity is the highest among all the schemes.The performance of each of these interference cancellation schemes was simulated for an asynchronous system with the signals sampled one time per chip. Random spreading sequences with a processing gain of 31 for each user are used. Signals are assumed to be Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulated. A single stage and multiple stages of cancellation is considered separately. These simulations are done assuming hard bit decisions i.e., the decoded bits are used to regenerate the transmitted signals for the purpose of cancellation rather than matched filter outputs. Hard decision performed better than linear cancellation scheme. But the relative performance of each of the ordering schemes remained the same in both the channels. Hence only hard decision based detector results are presented. The performance also degrades due to an increase in Multiple Access Interference by additional users. But the relative performance of each scheme was found to remain the same. So simulations were done for only 20 user system. For comparison the matched filter output is plotted as an upper bound and single user BPSK plotted as a lower bound for the performance curves. Figure 1 shows the bit error rate versus signal-tonoise ratio for all four schemes for 20 users in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. As discussed previously, the average power ordering schemes proves to be ineffective under perfect power control conditions. Random ordering scheme performs similar to average power ordering, although the distribution of BER is better in this case. This is because average power provides no basis for reliability since all have equal power. Reordering after each bit performsthe single stage cancellation.Figure 1: Average BER versus Eb /No for AWGN channel with perfect power control (one stage cancellation, 20 users, processing gain = 31)Figure 3: Average BER versus Eb /No for Rayleigh Fading with Perfect Channel Estimation (one stage cancellation, 20 users, processing gain = 31)better than the above two schemes because reliability information is contained in the matched filter outputs which determine the cancellation order. Reordering after each cancellation gives the best performance as expected since this scheme provides us with the most reliable ordering of bits. Cancellation changes the reliability and thus reordering provides updated information.Figure 2: Average BER versus Eb /No for AWGN channel with perfect power control (two stage cancellation, 20 users, processing gain = 31)Figure 2 shows the same set of curves for two stages of cancellation. The relative performance is the same. But the effect of ordering is not as pronounced as inFigure 3 presents the bit error rate versus signalto-noise ratio for all the four schemes for 20 users in a Rayleigh fading channel assuming perfect channel estimation. In the simulations for short term average power, the recieved signals are reordered based on average power in every 1000 symbols received. Long term average power considers all the symbols recieved. The plot for the matched filter performance is the upper bound and the single user BPSK performance curve provides a lower bound for the performance. Reordering after each cancellation again gives the best performance. As expected reordering after each bit gives an intermediate performance but its performance improves relative to long-term average power and random ordering. Short term average power is same as the long term average power in an AWGN channel. However in a fading channel with equal average power, long term and short term average powers are different. The plot for reordering based on short term channel power provides performance equivalent to reordering after each cancellation. Similar to the AWGN case, long term average power provides no means of discriminating between signals. On the contrary short term average power does. Additionally, it would seem that short term average power dominates reliability and since it does not change after cancellation, reordering after every cancellation provides no additional benefit. Note that reordering each symbol using matched filter outputs performs worse than short term average power ordering. The channel fading (short term average power) dominates performance and thus re-liability. Using this as the ordering metric with perfect channel estimation provides better reliability than matched filter outputs which also contain information on multiple access interference and noise.after each cancellation.References[1] M. B. Pursley, “Performance evaluation for phase-coded spread-spectrum multiple-access communication-Part I: System analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Communications., vol. COM-25, pp. 795–799, August 1997. [2] A. Duel-Hallen, J. Holtzman, and Z. Zvonar, “Multiuser detection for CDMA systems,” IEEE Pers. Commun., vol. 2, pp. 46–58, April 1995. [3] S. Moshavi, “Multi-user detection for DS-CDMA communications,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 34, pp. 124–137, October 1996. [4] S. Verdu, Multiuser Detection. universal press, 1998.Figure 4: Average BER versus Eb /No for Rayleigh Fading with Perfect Channel Estimation (two stage cancellation, 20 users, processing gain = 31) Figure 4 shows the performance curves for two stages of cancellation for the schemes in a rayleigh fading channel. We find that ordering based on long term average power performed slightly worse than the other schemes. We can also observe that ordering scheme does not provide much improvements over additional stages of cancellation.[5] C. Y. Yoon, R. Kohno, and H. Imai, “A spread spectrum mutiaccess system with cochannel interference cancellation for multipath fading channels,” IEEE Journal on select Areas Communications, vol. 11, pp. 1067–1075, Sept 1993. [6] A. L. C. Hui and K. B. Letaief, “Successive Interference Cancellation for Multiuser Asynchronous DS/CDMA Detectors in Multipath Fading Links,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 46, pp. 380–391, March 1998. [7] A. Viterbi, “Very low rate convolutional codes for maximum theoretical performance of spreadspectrum multiple-access channels,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun, vol. 8, pp. 641–649, May 1990. [8] R. M. Buehrer, “Equal BER Performance in Linear Successive Interference Cancellation for CDMA Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 35, January 2001. [9] P. Patel and J. Holtzman, “Analysis of a simple successive interference cancellation scheme in a DS/CDMA system,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun, vol. 12, pp. 796–807, June 1994. [10] Y.-N. Lin and D. W. Lin, “On optimal power distribution for successive interference cancellation (SIC) for wideband CDMA,” in Proceedings of IEEE Third Workshop on signal Processing advances in Wireless Communications., 2001.4ConclusionsThe effect of cancellation order in SIC receivers was studied. Four methods of determining cancellation order were investigated in both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. The effect of ordering was also studied in a multi stage cancellation system. Reordering the user components after each cancellation was found to provide the best performance in both channels and substantial gains in AWGN channels. However, short term average power ordering was just as effective as reordering each cancellation in a Rayleigh fading channel. Reordering each symbol with less computational complexity than reordering after each cancellation was found to perform better than ordering based on average power in AWGN channels. In a fading channel with perfect channel estimates, reordering based on short term average power was found to outperform ordering each symbol and was comparable to reordering。

数字通信中的多抽样率信号处理中英⽂翻译（部分）Multirate Signal Processing Concepts in Digital CommunicationsBojan VrceljIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofDoctor of PhilosophyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, California2004 (Submitted June 2, 2003)AbstractMultirate systems are building blocks commonly used in digital signal processing (DSP). Their function is to alter the rate of the discrete-time signals, which is achieved by adding or deleting a portion of the signal samples. Multirate systems play a central role in many areas of signal processing, such as filter bank theory and multiresolution theory. They are essential in various standard signal processing techniques such as signal analysis, denoising, compression and so forth. During the last decade, however, they have increasingly found applications in new and emerging areas of signal processing, as well as in several neighboring disciplines such as digital communications.The main contribution of this thesis is aimed towards better understanding of multirate systems and their use in modern communication systems. To this end, we first study a property of linear systems appearing in certain multirate structures. This property is called biorthogonal partnership and represents a terminology introduced recently to address a need for a descriptive term for such class of filters. In the thesis we especially focus on the extensions of this simple idea to the case of vector signals (MIMO biorthogonal partners) and to accommodate for nonintegral decimation ratios (fractional biorthogonal partners).Some of the main results developed here pertain to a better understanding of the biorthogonal partner relationship. These include the conditions for the existence of stable and of finite impulse response (FIR) biorthogonal partners. A major result that we establish states that under some generally mild conditions, MIMO and fractional biorthogonal partners exist. Moreover, when they exist, FIR solutions are not unique. We develop the parameterization of FIR solutions, which makes the search for the best partner in a given application analytically tractable. This proves very useful in the central application of biorthogonal partners, namely, channel equalization in digital communications with signal oversampling at the receiver. Sampling the received signal at a rate higher than that defined by the transmitter provides some flexibility in the design of the equalizer. A good channel equalizer in this context is one that helps neutralize the distortion on the signal introduced by the channel propagation but not at the expense of amplifying the channel noise. This presents the rationale behind the partner design problem which is formulated and solved. Theperformance of such equalizers is then compared to several other equalization methods by computer simulations. These findings point to the conclusion that the communication system performance can be improved at the expense of an increased implementational cost of the receiver.While the multirate DSP in the aforementioned communication systems serves to provide additional degrees of freedom in the design of the receiver, another important class of multirate structures is used at the transmitter side in order to introduce the redundancy in the data stream. This redundancy generally serves to facilitate the equalization process by forcing certain structure on the transmitted signal. If the channel is unknown, this procedure helps to identify it; if the channel is ill-conditioned, additional redundancy helpsVavoid severe noise amplification at the receiver, and so forth. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on this second group of multirate systems, derive some of their properties and introduce certain improvements of the communication systems in question.We first consider the transmission systems that introduce the redundancy in the form of a cyclic prefix. The examples of such systems include the discrete multitone (DMT) and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The cyclic prefix insertion helps to effectively divide the channel in a certain number of nonoverlaping frequency bands. We study the problem of signal precoding in such systems that serves to adjust the signal properties in order to fully take advantage of the channel and noise properties across different bands. Our ultimate goal is to improve the overall system performance by minimizing the noise power at the receiver. The special case of our general solution corresponds to the white channel noise and the best precoder under these circumstances simply performs the optimal power allocation.Finally, we study a different class of communication systems with induced signal redundancy, namely, the multiuser systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA). We specifically focus on the special class of CDMA systems called `a mutually orthogonal usercode receiver' (AMOUR). These systems use the transmission redundancy to facilitate the user separation at the receiver regardless of the (different) communication channels. While the method also guarantees the existence of the zero-forcing equalizers irrespective of the channel zero locations, the performance of these equalizers can be further improved by exploiting the inherent flexibility in their design. Weshow how to find the best equalizer from the class of zero-forcing solutions and then increase the size of this class by employing alternative sampling strategies at the receiver. Our method retains the separability properties of AMOUR systems while improving their robustness in the noisy environment.Chapter 1 IntroductionThe theory of multirate digital signal processing (DSP) has traditionally been applied to the contexts of filter banks [61], [13], [50] and wavelets [31], [72]. These play a very important role in signal decomposition, analysis, modeling and reconstruction. Many areas of signal processing would be hard to envision without the use of digital filter banks. This is especially true for audio, video and image compression, digital audio processing, signal denoising, adaptive and statistical signal processing. However, multirate DSP has recently found increasing application in digital communications as well. Multirate building blocks are the crucial ingredient in many modern communication systems, for example, the discrete multitone (DMT), digital subscriber line (DSL) and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems as well as general filter bank precoders, just to name a few. The interested reader is referred to numerous references on these subjects, such as [7]-[9], [17]-[18], [27], [30], [49], [64], [89], etc.This thesis presents a contribution to further understanding of multirate systems and their significance in digital communications. To that end, we introduce some new signal processing concepts and investigate their properties. We also consider some important problems in communications especially those that can be formulated using the multirate methodology. In this introductory chapter, we give a brief overview of the multirate systems and introduce some identities, notations and terminology that will prove useful in the rest of the thesis. Every attempt is made to make the present text as self-contained as possible and the introduction is meant to primarily serve this purpose. While some parts of the thesis, especially those that cover the theory of biorthogonal partners and their extensions provide a rather extensive treatment of the concepts, the material regarding the applications of the multirate theory in communication systems should be viewed as a contribution to a better understanding and by no means the exhaustive treatment of such systems. For a more comprehensive coverage the reader is referred to a range of extensive texts on the subject, for example, [71], [18], [19], [39], [38], [53], etc.1.1 Multirate systems 1.1.1 Basic building blocks The signals of interest in digital signal processing are discrete sequences of real or complex numbers denoted by x(n), y(n), etc. The sequence x(n) is often obtained by sampling a continuous-time signal x c(t). The majority of natural signals (like the audio signal reaching our ears or the optical signal reaching our eyes) are continuous-time. However, in order to facilitate their processing using DSP techniques, they need to be sampled and converted to digital signals. This conversion also includes signal quantization, i.e.,discretization in amplitude, however in practice it is safe to assume that the amplitude of x(n) can be any real or complexSignal processing analysis is often simplified by considering the frequency domain representation of signals and systems. Commonly used alternative representations of x(n) are its z-transform X (z) and the discrete-time Fourier transform X (O'). The z-transform is defined as X(z) = E _.x(n)z-"', and X (e j") is nothing but X(z) evaluated on the unit circle z = e3".Multirate DSP systems are usually composed of three basic building blocks, operating on a discrete-time signal x(n). Those are the linear time invariant (LTI) filter, the decimator and the expander. An LTI filter, like the one shown in Fig.1.1, is characterized by its impulse response h(n), or equivalently by its z-transform (also called the transfer function) H(z). Examples of the M-fold decimator and expander for M = 2 are shown in Fig.1.2. The rate of the signal at the output of an expander is M times higher than the rate at its input, while the converse is true for decimators. That is why the systems containing expanders and decimators are called `multirate' systems. Fig.1.2 demonstrates the behavior of the decimator andthe expander in both the time and the frequency domains.XE(z) = [X (z)]IM XD(z) = [X (z)]iM = X(z M)1 M-1 1 j2 k =M E X(z e n a)k=0for M-fold expander, and (1.1)for M-fold decimator. (1.2)The systems shown in Figs.1.1 and 1.2 operate on scalar signals and thus are called single input-single output (SISO) systems. The extensions to the case of vector signals are ratherstraightforward: the decimation and the expansion are performed on each element separately. The corresponding vector sequence decimators/expanders are denoted within square boxes in block diagrams. In Fig.1.3 this is demonstrated for vector expanders. The LTI systems operating on vector signals are called multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) systems and they are characterized by a (possibly rectangular) matrix transfer function H(z).1.1.2 Some multirate definitions and identitiesThe vector signals are sometimes obtained from the corresponding scalar signals by blocking. Conversely, the scalar signals can be recovered from the vector signals by unblocking. The blocking/unblocking operations can be defined using the delay or the advance chains [61], thus leading to two similar definitions. One way of defining these operations is shown in Fig.1.4, while the other is obtained trivially by switching the delay and the advance operators. Instead of drawing the complete delay/advance chain structure, we often use the simplified block notation as in Fig.1.4. It is usually clear from the context which of the two definitions数字通信中的多抽样率信号处理Bojan Vrcelj博⼠学位论⽂加州技术学会Pasadena, 加州2004 (委托于2003.6.2)摘要多抽样率系统普遍是被运⽤在处理数字信号⽅⾯。

信息元素功能性定义作者：李欣目录目录 (1)信息元素功能性定义 (11)1 核心网信息元素 (11)1.1 CN Information elements (11)1.2 CN Domain System Information (11)1.3 CN Information info (11)1.4 IMEI (11)1.5 IMSI (GSM-MAP) (11)1.6 Intra Domain NAS Node Selector (11)1.7 Location Area Identification (12)1.8 NAS message (12)1.9 NAS system information (GSM-MAP) (12)1.10 Paging record type identifier (12)1.11 PLMN identity (12)1.12 PLMN Type (12)1.13 P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) (12)1.14 RAB identity (12)1.15 Routing Area Code (12)1.16 Routing Area Identification (13)1.17 TMSI (GSM-MAP) (13)2 UTRAN 移动信息元素 (13)2.1 Cell Access Restriction (13)2.2 Cell identity (13)2.3 Cell selection and re-selection info for SIB3/4 (13)2.4 Cell selection and re-selection info for SIB11/12 (13)2.5 Mapping Info (14)2.6 URA identity (14)3 UE 信息元素 (14)3.1 Activation time (14)3.2 Capability Update Requirement (14)3.3 Cell update cause (15)3.4 Ciphering Algorithm (15)3.5 Ciphering mode info (15)3.6 CN domain specific DRX cycle length coefficient (15)3.7 CPCH Parameters (15)3.8 C-RNTI (15)3.9 DRAC system information (15)3.10 Void (16)3.11 Establishment cause (16)3.12 Expiration Time Factor (16)3.13 Failure cause (16)3.14 Failure cause and error information (16)3.15 Initial UE identity (16)3.16 Integrity check info (16)3.17 Integrity protection activation info (17)3.18 Integrity protection Algorithm (17)3.19 Integrity protection mode info (17)3.20 Maximum bit rate (17)3.21 Measurement capability (17)3.22 Paging cause (17)3.23 Paging record (17)3.24 PDCP capability (17)3.25 Physical channel capability (18)3.26 Protocol error cause (18)3.27 Protocol error indicator (18)3.28 RB timer indicator (18)3.29 Redirection info (18)3.30 Re-establishment timer (18)3.31 Rejection cause (18)3.32 Release cause (18)3.33 RF capability FDD (19)3.34 RLC capability (19)3.35 RLC re-establish indicator (19)3.36 RRC transaction identifier (19)3.37 Security capability (19)3.38 START (19)3.39 Transmission probability (19)3.40 Transport channel capability (20)3.41 UE multi-mode/multi-RAT capability (20)3.42 UE radio access capability (20)3.43 UE Timers and Constants in connected mode (21)3.44 UE Timers and Constants in idle mode (21)3.45 UE positioning capability (21)3.46 URA update cause (21)3.47 U-RNTI (21)3.48 U-RNTI Short (21)3.49 UTRAN DRX cycle length coefficient (21)3.50 Wait time (21)3.51 UE Specific Behavior Information 1 idle (21)3.52 UE Specific Behavior Information 1 interRAT (22)4 无线承载信息元素 (22)4.0 Default configuration identity (22)4.1 Downlink RLC STATUS info (22)4.2 PDCP info (22)4.3 PDCP SN info (22)4.4 Polling info (22)4.5 Predefined configuration identity (23)4.6 Predefined configuration value tag (23)4.7 Predefined RB configuration (23)4.8 RAB info (23)4.9 RAB info Post (23)4.10 RAB information for setup (23)4.11 RAB information to reconfigure (24)4.12 NAS Synchronization indicator (24)4.13 RB activation time info (24)4.14 RB COUNT-C MSB information (24)4.15 RB COUNT-C information (24)4.16 RB identity (24)4.17 RB information to be affected (24)4.18 RB information to reconfigure (25)4.19 RB information to release (25)4.20 RB information to setup (25)4.21 RB mapping info (25)4.22 RB with PDCP information (25)4.23 RLC info (25)4.24 Signaling RB information to setup (26)4.25 Transmission RLC Discard (26)5 传输信道信息元素 (26)5.1 Added or Reconfigured DL TrCH information (26)5.2 Added or Reconfigured UL TrCH information (27)5.3 CPCH set ID (27)5.4 Deleted DL TrCH information (27)5.5 Deleted UL TrCH information (27)5.6 DL Transport channel information common for all transport channels (27)5.7 DRAC Static Information (27)5.8 Power Offset Information (28)5.9 Predefined TrCH configuration (28)5.10 Quality Target (28)5.11 Semi-static Transport Format Information (28)5.12 TFCI Field 2 Information (28)5.13 TFCS Explicit Configuration (28)5.14 TFCS Information for DSCH (TFCI range method) (29)5.15 TFCS Reconfiguration/Addition Information (29)5.16 TFCS Removal Information (29)5.17 Void (29)5.18 Transport channel identity (29)5.19 Transport Format Combination (TFC) (29)5.20 Transport Format Combination Set (29)5.21 Transport Format Combination Set Identity (29)5.22 Transport Format Combination Subset (29)5.23 Transport Format Set (29)5.24 UL Transport channel information common for all transport channels (30)6 物理信道信息元素 (30)6.1 AC-to-ASC mapping (30)6.2 AICH Info (30)6.3 AICH Power offset (30)6.4 Allocation period info (30)6.5 Alpha (30)6.6 ASC Setting (30)6.7 Void (31)6.8 CCTrCH power control info (31)6.9 Cell parameters Id (31)6.10 Common timeslot info (31)6.11 Constant value (31)6.12 CPCH persistence levels (31)6.13 CPCH set info (31)6.14 CPCH Status Indication mode (31)6.15 CSICH Power offset (32)6.16 Default DPCH Offset Value (32)6.17 Downlink channelisation codes (32)6.18 Downlink DPCH info common for all RL (32)6.19 Downlink DPCH info common for all RL Post (32)6.20 Downlink DPCH info common for all RL Pre (32)6.21 Downlink DPCH info for each RL (32)6.22 Downlink DPCH info for each RL Post (33)6.23 Downlink DPCH power control information (33)6.24 Downlink information common for all radio links (33)6.25 Downlink information common for all radio links Post (33)6.26 Downlink information common for all radio links Pre (33)6.27 Downlink information for each radio link (33)6.28 Downlink information for each radio link Post (33)6.29 Void (33)6.30 Downlink PDSCH information (33)6.31 Downlink rate matching restriction information (34)6.32 Downlink Timeslots and Codes (34)6.33 DPCH compressed mode info (34)6.34 DPCH Compressed Mode Status Info (34)6.35 Dynamic persistence level (34)6.36 Frequency info (34)6.37 Individual timeslot info (35)6.38 Individual Timeslot interference (35)6.39 Maximum allowed UL TX power (35)6.40 Void (35)6.41 Midamble shift and burst type (35)6.42 PDSCH Capacity Allocation info (35)6.43 PDSCH code mapping (36)6.44 PDSCH info (36)6.45 PDSCH Power Control info (36)6.46 PDSCH system information (36)6.47 PDSCH with SHO DCH Info (36)6.48 Persistence scaling factors (36)6.49 PICH Info (36)6.50 PICH Power offset (37)6.51 PRACH Channelisation Code List (37)6.52 PRACH info (for RACH) (37)6.53 PRACH partitioning (37)6.54 PRACH power offset (37)6.55 PRACH system information list (37)6.56 Predefined PhyCH configuration (38)6.57 Primary CCPCH info (38)6.58 Primary CCPCH info post (38)6.59 Primary CCPCH TX Power (38)6.60 Primary CPICH info (38)6.61 Primary CPICH Tx power (38)6.62 Primary CPICH usage for channel estimation (38)6.63 PUSCH info (38)6.64 PUSCH Capacity Allocation info (38)6.65 PUSCH power control info (39)6.66 PUSCH system information (39)6.67 RACH transmission parameters (39)6.68 Radio link addition information (39)6.69 Radio link removal information (39)6.70 SCCPCH Information for FACH (39)6.71 Secondary CCPCH info (39)6.72 Secondary CCPCH system information (40)6.73 Secondary CPICH info (40)6.74 Secondary scrambling code (40)6.75 SFN Time info (40)6.76 SSDT cell identity (40)6.77 SSDT information (40)6.78 STTD indicator (40)6.79 TDD open loop power control (41)6.80 TFC Control duration (41)6.81 TFCI Combining Indicator (41)6.82 TGPSI (41)6.83 Time info (41)6.84 Timeslot number (41)6.85 TPC combination index (41)6.86 TSTD indicator (41)6.87 TX Diversity Mode (41)6.88 Uplink DPCH info (41)6.89 Uplink DPCH info Post (42)6.90 Uplink DPCH info Pre (42)6.91 Uplink DPCH power control info (42)6.92 Uplink DPCH power control info Post (42)6.93 Uplink DPCH power control info Pre (42)6.94 Uplink Timeslots and Codes (42)6.95 Uplink Timing Advance (42)6.96 Uplink Timing Advance Control (43)7 测量信息元素 (43)7.1 Additional measurements list (43)7.2 Cell info (43)7.3 Cell measured results (43)7.4 Cell measurement event results (44)7.5 Cell reporting quantities (44)7.6 Cell synchronization information (44)7.7 Event results (44)7.8 FACH measurement occasion info (45)7.9 Filter coefficient (45)7.10 HCS Cell re-selection information (45)7.11 HCS neighboring cell information (45)7.12 HCS Serving cell information (45)7.13 Inter-frequency cell info list (46)7.14 Inter-frequency event identity (46)7.15 Inter-frequency measured results list (46)7.16 Inter-frequency measurement (46)7.17 Inter-frequency measurement event results (47)7.18 Inter-frequency measurement quantity (47)7.19 Inter-frequency measurement reporting criteria (47)7.20 Inter-frequency measurement system information (47)7.21 Inter-frequency reporting quantity (47)7.22 Inter-frequency SET UPDATE (48)7.23 Inter-RAT cell info list (48)7.24 Inter-RAT event identity (48)7.25 Inter-RAT info (48)7.26 Inter-RAT measured results list (48)7.27 Inter-RAT measurement (49)7.28 Inter-RAT measurement event results (49)7.29 Inter-RAT measurement quantity (49)7.30 Inter-RAT measurement reporting criteria (49)7.31 Inter-RAT measurement system information (50)7.32 Inter-RAT reporting quantity (50)7.33 Intra-frequency cell info list (50)7.34 Intra-frequency event identity (50)7.35 Intra-frequency measured results list (50)7.36 Intra-frequency measurement (50)7.37 Intra-frequency measurement event results (51)7.38 Intra-frequency measurement quantity (51)7.39 Intra-frequency measurement reporting criteria (51)7.40 Intra-frequency measurement system information (51)7.41 Intra-frequency reporting quantity (52)7.42 Intra-frequency reporting quantity for RACH reporting (52)7.43 Maximum number of reported cells on RACH (52)7.44 Measured results (52)7.45 Measured results on RACH (52)7.46 Measurement Command (52)7.47 Measurement control system information (53)7.48 Measurement Identity (53)7.49 Measurement reporting mode (53)7.50 Measurement Type (53)7.51 Measurement validity (53)7.52 Observed time difference to GSM cell (53)7.53 Periodical reporting criteria (53)7.54 Primary CCPCH RSCP info (54)7.55 Quality measured results list (54)7.56 Quality measurement (54)7.57 Quality measurement event results (54)7.58 Quality measurement reporting criteria (54)7.59 Quality reporting quantity (54)7.60 Reference time difference to cell (54)7.61 Reporting Cell Status (55)7.62 Reporting information for state CELL_DCH (55)7.63 SFN-SFN observed time difference (55)7.64 Time to trigger (55)7.65 Timeslot ISCP info (55)7.66 Traffic volume event identity (55)7.67 Traffic volume measured results list (55)7.68 Traffic volume measurement (55)7.69 Traffic volume measurement event results (56)7.70 Traffic volume measurement object (56)7.71 Traffic volume measurement quantity (56)7.72 Traffic volume measurement reporting criteria (56)7.73 Traffic volume measurement system information (56)7.74 Traffic volume reporting quantity (56)7.75 UE internal event identity (56)7.76 UE internal measured results (57)7.77 UE internal measurement (57)7.78 UE internal measurement event results (57)7.79 UE internal measurement quantity (57)7.80 UE internal measurement reporting criteria (57)7.81 Void (58)7.82 UE Internal reporting quantity (58)7.83 UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 (58)7.84 UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 (58)7.85 UE Transmitted Power info (58)7.86 UE positioning Ciphering info (58)7.87 UE positioning Error (58)7.88 UE positioning GPS acquisition assistance (59)7.89 UE positioning GPS almanac (59)7.90 UE positioning GPS assistance data (59)7.91 UE positioning GPS DGPS corrections (59)7.92 UE positioning GPS ionospheric model (59)7.93 UE positioning GPS measured results (59)7.94 UE positioning GPS navigation model (60)7.95 UE positioning GPS real-time integrity (60)7.96 UE positioning GPS reference time (60)7.97 UE positioning GPS UTC model (61)7.98 UE positioning IPDL parameters (61)7.99 UE positioning measured results (61)7.100 UE positioning measurement (61)7.101 UE positioning measurement event results (61)7.102 Void (62)7.103 UE positioning OTDOA assistance data for UE-assisted (62)7.104 Void (62)7.105 UE positioning OTDOA measured results (62)7.106 UE positioning OTDOA neighbor cell info (62)7.107 UE positioning OTDOA quality (63)7.108 UE positioning OTDOA reference cell info (63)7.109 UE positioning position estimate info (64)7.110 UE positioning reporting criteria (64)7.111 UE positioning reporting quantity (64)7.112 T ADV info (65)8 其它信息元素 (65)8.1 BCCH modification info (65)8.2 BSIC (65)8.3 CBS DRX Level 1 information (65)8.4 Cell Value tag (65)8.5 Inter-RAT change failure (65)8.6 Inter-RAT handover failure (66)8.7 Inter-RAT UE radio access capability (66)8.8 Void (66)8.9 MIB Value tag (66)8.10 PLMN Value tag (66)8.11 Predefined configuration identity and value tag (66)8.12 Protocol error information (66)8.13 References to other system information blocks (66)8.14 References to other system information blocks and scheduling blocks (67)8.15 Rplmn information (67)8.16 Scheduling information (67)8.17 SEG COUNT (67)8.18 Segment index (67)8.19 SIB data fixed (67)8.20 SIB data variable (67)8.21 SIB type (67)8.22 SIB type SIBs only (67)9 ANSI-41 Information elements (68)10 Multiplicity values and type constraint values (68)信息元素功能性定义消息是由多个信息元素组合而成，信息元素根据其功能的不同划分为：核心网域信息元素、UTRAN 移动信息元素、UE 信息元素、无线承载信息元素、传输信道信息元素、物理信道信息元素和测量信息元素。

频谱效率频谱效率（Spectral efficiency、Spectrum efficiency）是指在数位通信系统中的限制下，可以传送的资料总量。

在有限的波下，物理层通信协议可以达到的使用效率有一定的限度。

链路频谱效率数字通信系统的链路频谱效率（Link spectral efficiency）的单位是 //，或(bit/s)/Hz（较少用，但更准确）。

其定义为净比特率（有用信息速率，不包括纠错码）或最大吞吐量除以通信信道或数据链路的带宽（单位：赫兹）。

调制效率定义为净比特率（包括纠错码）除以带宽。

频谱效率通常被用于分析数字调制方式的效率，有时也考虑（forward error correction, FEC）和其他物理层开销。

在后一种情况下，1个“比特”特指一个用户比特，FEC的开销总是不包括在内的。

例1：1kHz带宽中可以传送毎秒1000bit的技术，其频谱效率或调制效率均为1 bit/s/Hz。

例2：电话网的调制解调器在模拟电话网上以56,000 bit/s的下行速率和48,000 bit/s的上行速率传输。

经由电话交换机的滤波，频率限制在300Hz到3,400Hz 之间，带宽相应为 3400 ? 300 = 3100 Hz 。

频谱效率或调制效率为 56,000/3,100 = bit/s/Hz（下行）、48,000/3,100 = bit/s/Hz（上行）。

使用FEC 的架空调变方式可达到最大的频谱效率可以利用标本化定理来求得，信号的字母表(计算机科学)利用符号数量M来组合、各符号使用 N = log2 M bit来表示。

此情况下频谱效率若不使用编码间干涉的话，无法超过2N bit/s/Hz 的效率。

举例来说，符号种类有8种、每个各有3bit 的话，频谱效率最高不超过6 bit/s/Hz。

在使用前向错误更正编码的情形时频谱效率会降低。

比如说使用1/2编码率的FEC时，编码长度会变为倍，频谱效率会降低50%。

通信工程专业英语词汇动态范围: Dynamic range频率偏值: Frequency offset符号率: Symbol rate码域功率：code domain power频分多址: Frequency Division Multiple Access码分多址：Code Division Multiple Access时分多址：Time Division Multiple Access沃什码：Walsh code误码率：Bit Error Rate，BER帧误码率：Frame Error Rate，FER循环冗余码：Cyclic Redundancy Code,CRC时序分析: timing analyze门限：threshold非同步模式：Asynchronous Mode同步模式: Synchronous Mode邻道功率：ACP D―― Adjacent Channel Power先进移动电话业务：AMPS———Advanced Mobile Phone Service组织协会：ANSI —-—American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准局BPT --- British Post and Telecommunication Standard 英国邮政与电信标准CCIR -——International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT ——- International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee国际/电报咨询委员会CEPT —-—Conference of European Post and Telecommunication Administrations欧洲邮电行政会议EIA --—Electronic Engineers Association 电子工业协会美ETSI -——European Telecommunication Standards Institute欧洲电信标准委员会FCC --- Federal Communications Commission联邦通信委员会美IEC -—- International Electrotechnics Committee国际电工委员会IEE -——Institution of Electrical Engineers电气工程师协会英IEEE——- Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers，INC电气与电子工程师协会美ITU --- International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟联合国MPT --—Ministry of Post and telecommunications邮政与电信部英TIA —-—Telecommunications Industries Association电信工业协会美WARC —-- World Administrative Radio Conference世界无线电行政大会ZVEI -—- Zentralverband der Electechnischen Industrie电气工业中央协会德ACP --—Adjacent Channel Power邻道功率AMPS ———Advanced Mobile Phone Institute先进移动电话业务APOC —-—Advanced Paging Operator Code先进寻呼操作码AVL —-- Average Voice Level平均话音电平BSC --- Base Site Controller基站控制器CDMA —-- Code Division Mulitiple Code码分多址CDPD -—- Cellular Digital Packet Data蜂窝分组数据系统CSC -—- Cell Site Controllor小区控制器DCCH -——Digital Control Channel数字控制信道DECT --—Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications数字增强无绳电话EDACS ———Enhanced Digital Access Communications System加强的数字接入通信系统ERMES ———European Telecommunications Standards Institute欧洲无线电信息系统ESN --- Electronics Serial Number电子串号FDR --- Frequency Domain Reflectometry频域反射计FLEX -——Flexible Paging System可变速寻呼系统FOCC —-- Forward Control Channel前向控制信道FVC -——Forward Voice Channel前向话音信道GSC ——- Golay Sequential Coding格雷码GSM -——Global System for Mobile Communications全球移动通信系统IBASIC ———Instrument BASIC仪器BASIC语言IDC —-—Instantaneous Deviation Control瞬时频偏控制IMSI —-- International Mobile Station Identify国际移动台识别号码LNA —-—Low Noise Amplifier低噪声放大器LPF/HPF —-—Low/High Pass Filter低通/高通滤波器LSB/USB —-—Lower/Upper Side Band下/上边带MCC —-—Mobile Country Code移动业务国家号码MCS -—- Mobile Control Station移动控制站MIN —-- Mobile Identification Number移动识别码MNC —-—Mobile Network Code移动电话网号码MSC —-—Mobile Switching Center移动交换中心MSIN -——Mobile Station Identification Number移动台识别码MTSO —-—Mobile Telephone Switching Office移动电话交换局NMSI ———National Mobile Station Identify国内移动台识别号码NMT —-- Nordic Mobile Telephone北欧移动电话系统OTP --- One Time Programmable一次性编程PDC -—- Personal Digital Cellular个人数字蜂窝系统PHS ——- Personal Handy-Phone System个人手持电话系统PSTN —-- Public Switching Telephone Network公用交换电话网RECC —-—Reverse Control Channel反向控制信道RVC -——Reverse Voice Channel反向话音信道RSSI —-—Receiced Signal Strength Indicator接收信号场强指示SCC -——Signalling Channel Controller信令信道控制器SCM -—- Station Class Mark移动台级别标志SID —-- Syste Indentification Number系统识别号TACS -—- Total Access Communications System全选址通信系统TDMA -—- Time Division Multiple Access时分多址UUT -——Under Unit Test被测单元VCC --- Voice Channel Controller话音信道控制器VSWR ———Voltages Standing Wave Ratio电压驻波比1997年,爱立信公司向ETSI（欧洲电信标准委员会）提出了EDGE的可行性研究方案，并在同年得到认可。

Access Link Control Application Part接入链路控制应用部分ALCAP Access Point Name接入点名称APN Access Preamble接入前缀AP Access Service Class接入服务级别ASC Access service class接入业务类ASC Access Stratum接入层AS Accounting计费分配（归属环境，服务网络Acknowledged Mode确认模式AM Acknowledged mode data确认方式数据AMD Acknowledgement证实、确认ACK Acquisition Indication捕获指示AI Acquisition Indication Channel捕获指示信道AICH Acquisition Indicator捕获指示AI Acquisition Indicator Channel接入指示信道AICH ACTIVE State激活状态Adaptive MultiRate自适应多速率AMR Adaptive MultiRate (speech codec)适配多速率AMR Adaptive Multirate Codec自适应多速率编解码器AMR Address Translation and Mapping Function地址翻译和匹配功能Addressing of Managed Entities管理实体寻址Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio相邻信道干扰率ACIR Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio邻道泄漏功率比ACLR Adjacent Channel Power Ratio邻道功率比ACPR Adjacent Channel Selectivity邻近信道选择性ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity邻道选择ACS Administration of the SGSN - MSC/VLR AssociaSGSN - MSC/VLR关系管理Admission and load control准入和负载控制Admission Control Function允许控制功能Advanced Addressing高级寻址Air Interface User Data空中接口用户数据Algebraic code excitation linear prediction代数码激励线性预测ACELP Allowable PLMN允许接入PLMNAlternate procedures可变通规程American National Standard Institute美国国家标准组织ANSI Amplitude limitation for normalization归一化限幅AMR-Adaptive Multi-Rate codec自适应多速率编解码器Area Coverage Probability区域覆盖概率Associated Control Channel相关控制信道ACCH Association of Radio Industries and Business无线产品工商联合会（日）ARIB Attenuator衰减器Audit trail mechanism审计跟踪机制Authentication and Authorization Function鉴权和授权功能Authentication triplet/quintuple鉴权三元组/五元组Authentication vector鉴权矢量Automatic Establishment of Roaming Relations漫游关系的自动建立Autonomous Swap自动交换Average transmit power平均发射功率Average Transmitter Power Per Traffic Channe每业务信道平均发射功率Bandwidth on demand按需求分配带宽BoD baseline capabilities基线能力Baseline Implementation Capabilities基线实施能力Bearer IP service承载IP业务Best effort QoS最低限度服务质量，尽力而为的Best effort service最低限度业务Block error rate块误码率BLER Broadband signaling system #7宽带7号信令系统BB SS7 Broadcast channel (logical channel)广播信道 （逻辑信道）BCCH Broadcast channel (transport channel)广播信道 （传输信道）BCH Broadcast control functional entity广播控制功能实体BCFE Broadcast/Multicast Control protocol广播/多播控制协议BMC Burn-in room老化房Call Deflection呼叫偏转CD Camp on a cell驻扎于一个小区Capability Class能力类型Capacitance coupling电容耦合Card session板卡对话CDR redirection（including multi-redirectionCDR 重定向Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier/Iden小区无线网络临时标识C-RNTI Cell Selection and Reselection小区选择和再选择Channel assignment indication channel信道分配指示信道CA-ICH Channel estimation信道估计Channel Identifier（AAL2）通道标识CID channel rotation correction信道纠偏/去信道衰落channelization mode信道化模式Chargeable Event可计费事件Charging Data Collection Function计费数据收集功能Charging Gateway Functionality计费网关功能CGF China wireless telecommunications standard g中国无线电信标准组CWTS Ciphering Algorithm加密算法Ciphering Function加密功能Ciphering key密钥CK Circuit Service电路业务CS Class-A mode of operation （A GSM GPRS MS caA类工作方式 (for GPRS)或A类手Class-B mode of operation B类工作方式 (for GPRS)或B类手Class-C mode of operation C类工作方式 (for GPRS)或C类手Code acquisition码询问Code Division Multiple Access码分多址接入CDMA Code Division Multiple Address Testbed码分多址测试床Code division test bed, EU research project码分测试床CODIT Code tracking码跟踪Coherence bandwidth相干带宽Coherence detection相干检测Coherence time相干时间Collision detection indication channel冲突检测指示信道CD-ICHCombined GPRS / IMSI attach联合GPRS / IMSI附着Combined GPRS / IMSI Attach Procedure联合GPRS/IMSI 附着规程Combined Hard Handover and SRNS Relocation P联合硬切换和SRNS重定位规程Combined Inter SGSN RA/LA Update联合SGSN 间路由区/位置区更新Combined RA/LA update联合路由区/位置区更新Combined RA/LA Updating联合路由区/位置区更新Common Channel公用信道Common Object Request Broker Architecture公共对象请求代理结构CORBA Common Part Convergence Sublayer公共部分汇聚子层CPCS Common transport channel公共传输信道CCH Communication bypath通信旁路CCBS Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber用户忙呼叫结束,指忙用户呼叫完Compressed mode measurement procedure压缩模式测量规程Compression Function压缩功能Conducting cable导线Conformance Test遵从性测试Connected Mode已连接模式Connection Frame Number连接帧号CFN Connection mode连接模式Constant bandwidth恒定带宽CW Continuous Wave (unmodulated signal)持续波（未调制信号）/连续波（Control Radio Network Controller控制无线控制器CRNC Controlling RNC控制RNC CRNC Conversational service对话业务Cordless Telephony System - Fixed Part无绳电话系统-固定部分CTS-FP Core Network核心网络CN Corner effect角落效应Corporate code企业码Corporate personalization企业个体化CPCH status indication channel CPCH 状态指示信道CSICH Cross-talking串话Cryptographic Checksum密码校验和CS mode of operation (for UMTS MS)电路域工作方式 (for UMTS)CS Paging电路域寻呼CTS licence exempt frequencies CTS许可证免除载频CTS operator procedure for enrolment of CTS-无绳电话系统-固定部分登记运营CTS-MS originated calls无绳电话系统移动台发起呼叫CTS-MS terminated calls无绳电话系统移动台结束呼叫Cumulative distribution function累积分配功能CDF Current eaqualization output device均流输出装置Current LSA当前 LSACurrent-limiting impedance限流电阻Data Integrity Procedure数据一致性规程De-personalization去个人化De-pilot pattern去导频图案Decapsulation解封装Decision feedback决策反馈DFDedicated control functional entity专用控制功能实体DCFE Dedicated File专用文件DF Dedicated NBAP专用NBAP D-NBAP Dedicated Physical Channel专用物理信道DPCH Delay locked loop时延锁定环Delay spread时延扩展Delete Subscriber Data Procedure删除用户数据规程Delivered QoS交付服务质量Despreading解扩Destination user目的地用户Diagnostic Test诊断测试Digital enhanced cordless telephone数字增强型无绳电话DECT Digital Signature数字签名Direct sequence spreading spectrum-code divi直接序列扩频-码分多址DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Acces直接序列码分多址接入DS-CDMA Discontinuous Reception非连续性接收DRX Discontinuous Transmission非连续性发射DTX Distribution service信息分发业务Diversity Handover分集切换DHO Domain Name Server Function域名服务器功能Doppler spread多普勒扩频Downlink下行DL Downlink Tunnel下行隧道Drift RNS漂浮RNS,漂移网络控制器DRNC DRX cycle DRX周期Dust granule灰尘颗粒Dust-proof plastic tape防尘橡胶条Dynamic Allocation of Radio Resources无线资源动态分配Dynamic channel allocation动态信道分配DCA Dynamic PDP Addresses动态 PDP地址EDGE Compact EDGE 压缩Electromagenetic wave radiation电磁波辐射Electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽Elementary File基础文件EF Elementary procedure基本规程EP embedded IP内嵌IP核EMC conformance specification EMC遵从规格Encapsulation function封装功能Encrypted connection加密连接Encryption and algorithm management加密和算法管理Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution GSM演进增强数据速率EDGE Enhanced full rate speech codec增强型全速率语音编解码器EFR Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-empt增强型多层优先和抢占业务eMLPP Enrolment of CTS-FP无绳电话系统-固定部分登记Enrolment of CTS-MS无绳电话系统-移动台登记Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power全向有效辐射功率EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power等价同性辐射功率EIRPError concealment of lost frames失帧错误隐藏Error Vector aMplitude误差矢量幅度EVM Essential UE Requirement (Conditional)用户设备基本要求（有条件的）Essential UE Requirement (Unconditional)用户设备基本要求（无条件的）Exception procedures例外规程Exclusive access排他性（唯一）接入Explicit Call Transfer直接呼叫转移，显式呼叫转移ECT Explicit Diversity Gain (dB)显分集增益(dB)External PDN Address Allocation外部PDN地址分配Extra SDU delivery probability额外业务数据单元发送概率fading factor衰落因子Fast Uplink Signaling Channel快速上行信令信道FAUSCH File identifier文件标识First despreading预解扩Fixed Network User Rate固定网用户速率Floating point C-Code浮点C码Forward Access Channel前向接入信道FACH Forward error control前向差错控制Frame Error Rate误帧率FER Frame protocol帧协议FP Fraud Information Gathering System (FIG)虚假消息收集FIG Freedom Of Mobile multimedia Access FOMA移动电话FOMA Future radio wideband multiple access system未来无线宽带多址系统FRAMES Gateway GPRS Support Node网关GPRS支持节点GGSN Gateway Location Register网关位置寄存器GLR Gateway MSC关口MSC GMSC General Packet Radio Service（System）通用分组无线业务（系统）GPRS Generic Frequency List (GFL)通用载频列表Geographical routing地理选路GLObal NAvigation Satellite System全球导航卫星系统GLONASS Global Positioning System全球定位系统GPS GPRS attach when the MS is already IMSI-atta已IMSI附着的移动台GPRS附着GPRS Mobile IP Interworking GPRS 移动 IP 互通GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane GPRS 隧道协议用户面部分GTP-U Granularity period粒度周期Group call area组呼叫区域Group call initiator组呼（叫）发起方Group Call Register群组呼叫寄存器GCR Group identification (group ID)组标识Groupwise serial interference cancellation组系列干扰取消GSIC Guaranteed service可保证业务Handoff Gain/Loss (dB)切换增益/损耗Hard decision硬判决Hard handover硬切换Heartbeat detection circuit心跳检测电路Heartbeat path心跳路径Home Environment归属环境Home Environment Value Added Service Provide归属环境增值业务提供商HE-VASP Hot Billing热计费（实时计费）ID-1 SIM带ID的SIM 卡Identity Check Procedures身份检查规程IMEI check violation IMEI校验违规Immediate Service Termination (IST)即时业务终止IST Implementation capability实施能力INACTIVE State非激活状态Incompatible Encryption不兼容加密Independent Transmit Clock独立传输时钟ITC Information Data Rate信息数据速率Initial Convergence Time初始汇聚时间Initial paging information初始寻呼信息Initial paging occasion初始寻呼时机Insert Subscriber Data Procedure插入用户数据规程Insulation washer绝缘垫片Integrity key一致性密钥IKInter PLMN handover PLMN间切换Inter SGSN Intersystem Change SGSN间系统间变化Inter system handover系统间切换Inter-cell handover小区间切换Inter-path interference路径间干扰IPI inter-PLMN backbone network PLMN间骨干网Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update SGSN 间路由区更新Inter-symbol interference符号间干扰、码间干扰ISI Interactive service交互业务Intercept invocation截收/拦截激活Intercept of calls placed on HOLD (call wait呼叫保持（呼叫等待和多方业务Intercept of forwarding calls前转呼叫截收/拦截Intercept product截收/拦截产品Intercept related information截收/拦截相关信息intercept target截收/拦截目标Interception Area截收/拦截域IA Interference cancellation干扰抵消IC Interference rejection combining干扰拒绝合并IRC Interference Signal Code Power干扰信号码功率ISCP International mobile telephony国际移动电话业务Internet engineering task force因特网工程任务组IETF Intra SGSN Intersystem Change SGSN内系统间变化intra-PLMN backbone network PLMN内骨干网Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update SGSN 内路由区更新IP over ATM基于ATM的IP传输IPoA IRP Information Service IRP 信息业务IRP Solution Set IRP 解决方案集Joint Detection联合检测JDJoint Predistortion联合预矫正JPKey identification密钥标识Key pair密钥对Law enforcement agency合法拦截/截收实施机构LEA Lawful Interception合法截收Layer Functions分层功能Link budget链路预算Link level performance链路级性能Load factor负载因子local code本地码Local service本地业务Localized Service Area本地化业务区域LSA Localized service area support in active mod活动模式下本地化业务区域支持Localized service area support in idle mode空闲模式下本地化业务区域支持Location Dependent Interception与位置相关截收拦截Location Measurement Unit位置统计单元LMU Location Registration位置注册LR Location services位置业务LCS Logical Link Establishment Function逻辑链路建立功能Logical Link Maintenance Functions逻辑链路维护功能Logical Link Management Function逻辑链路管理功能Logical Link Release Function逻辑链路释放功能Logical Model逻辑模型Logical O&M逻辑操作维护Loose coupling松散耦合Low Bitrate Multimedia Telephony Service低比特率多媒体电话业务low-speed access and TransCoder Module低速接入及码变换模块TCM LSA exclusive access cell本地化业务区域唯一接入小区LSA only access LSA （本地化业务区域）唯一接LSA preferential access cell本地化业务区域优先接入小区LSA Priority LSA 优先级Macro cell宏蜂窝Macro diversity handover宏分集切换Malicious Reconfiguration of the GPRS DeviceGPRS设备恶意重配置Managed entities被管理的实体Management Information Model管理信息模型MIM Mandatory storage必要存储Mandatory UE Requirement必要用户设备要求Manufacturer-Dependent State与生产商相关状态Master File主文件MF Matched filter匹配滤波器、匹配过滤器MF Maximum likelihood sequence detection最大可能序列检测、最大或然序MLSD Maximum output power最大输出功率Maximum peak power最大峰值功率Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dBm)最大总发射功率Maximum Transmitter Power Per Traffic Channe每业务信道最大发射功率Mean bit rate平均比特速率Mean transit delay平均传输时延Measurement package（统计）测量包Measurement schedule（统计）测量进程安排Measurement task（统计）测量任务Measurement types（统计）测量类型Medium Access Control媒质接入控制MAC Medium Access Control-Common公共介质接入控制MAC-C Medium Access Control-Dedicated专用介质接入控制MAC-D Message Authentication Code信息鉴权码Message Screening Function消息过滤功能Message transfer part (broadband)消息传输部分－（宽带）MTP3b messaging service消息业务Minimum mean square error最小均方差MMSEMM Information Procedure移动性管理信息规程Mobile IP移动IP MIP Mobile Number Portability移动号码可携带性MNP Mobile-Originated Short Message移动起始短消息SM MO Mobile-originated SMS Transfer移动始发短消息业务转发Mobile-Terminated Short Message移动终结短消息SM MT Mobile-terminated SMS （MT SMS) Transfer移动终结短消息业务转发Mobility Management States移动性管理状态Mobility Management Timer Functions移动性管理定时器功能Modelling of measurement jobs（统计）测量任务建模Motion picture experts group动画专家组MPEG Movable floor活动地板MS Information Procedure移动台信息规程MS Network Capability移动台网络能力MS Radio Access Capability移动台无线接入能力MSC Basic Configuration MSC 基本配置MSBMulti mode terminal多模式终端Multicast service多播业务，多点传送业务Multimode and multimedia TDMA多模和多媒体 TDMAMultimode terminal多模终端Multipath多径Multipath selection多径提携、多径选择Multiple access interference多接入干扰MAI Multirate ACELP多速率ACELP MR-ACELP Multiuser detection多用户检测MUD Name Binding名称匹配，名字限定Narrowband Telephony Service窄带电话业务Near-far interference远近干扰Negotiated QoS协商业务质量Negotiation phase协商阶段Network Access Control Functions网络接入控制功能Network configuration evaluation网络配置评估Network Determined User Busy (condition)网络决定用户忙（条件）NDUB Network dimensioning网络规模Network Interworking网络互通Network operation modes I网络运营模式INetwork operator specific services网络运营商特有业务Network subset code网络子集码No Artefacts in Residual Noise残留噪音中无膺象No Degradation in Clean Speech无纯语音降级No Speech Clipping and no Reduction in Intel话音无剪切及话音可辩识性无降Node availability notification节点可用通知Node B3G 基站NodeB Application Part NodeB应用部分NBAP Noise Suppression噪音抑制Noise Suppression for the AMR Codec AMR编解码器噪音抑制Nomadic Operating Mode流动运营模式Non-Access Stratum非接入层NAS Non-pilot symbol非导频位、非导频符号Non-realtime Multimedia Messaging Service非实时多媒体消息业务Non-volatile memory非易失存储器Normal call or operation普通呼叫或运营Normal procedure正常规程Numbering Plan Identification编号方案标识NPID Octet Stream Protocol八位位组流协议One Stop Billing一次性（一站式）帐单Open Identification of MS (authentication re移动台开放标识（鉴权重试）Open loop power control开环功率控制Open Service Architecture开放的业务体系结构OSA Oppurtunity Driven Multiple Access机会驱动的多址接入ODMA Optimal Routing最佳路由Optional storage可选存储Optional UE Requirement用户设备可选要求Orthogonal factor正交因子Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex正交频分复用OFDM Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor正交可变扩频因子OVSF Out-band带外Outage损耗（停工期）Outstanding Alarm突出告警P-TMSI Reallocation Procedure P-TMSI 再分配规程P-TMSI Signature P-TMSI 签名Packed encoding rules分组编码规则PER Packet Data Protocol（信息）包数据协议PDP Packet data protocol分组数据协议PDP Packet Data Protocol States分组数据协议状态Packet Domain Access Interfaces分组域接入界面Packet Domain Core Network Nodes分组域核心网节点Packet Domain PLMN Backbone Networks分组域PLMN骨干网Packet Routing and Transfer Functions分组路由和转发功能Packet switched paging procedures分组交换寻呼规程Packet Switched Service分组交换业务PS Packet Terminal Adaptation Function分组终端适配功能Packet transfer mode（信息）包传送模式Packet-TMSI分组TMSI P-TMSI Padding填充Page indicator寻呼指示（器）PI Paging and notification control function ent寻呼和通知控制功能实体PNFE Paging Block Periodicity寻呼块周期Paging Co-ordination寻呼协商（或寻呼协调）Paging Co-ordination for GPRS GPRS 寻呼协商Paging DRX cycle寻呼DRX周期Paging indicator channel寻呼指示信道PICH Paging Message Receiving Occasion寻呼消息接收时机Paket Data Convergence Protocol分组数据汇聚层协议PDCP Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code并行卷积码PCCC Parallel interference cancellation并行干扰抵消PIC Path loss路径损耗PU Payload unit有效负载单元、净负载单元,有效PDP Context Activation PDP 上下文激活PDP context activation procedure PDP上下文激活规程PDP Context Deactivation PDP 上下文去激活PDP context deactivation procedure PDP上下文去激活规程PDP Context Modification PDP 上下文修改PDP context modification procedure PDP上下文修改规程PDP Context Preservation PDP 上下文保留PDP context preservation procedure PDP上下文预留规程Peak bit rate峰值比特速率Periodic RA Update Timer Function定时路由区更新定时器功能Personal communication systems个人通信系统PCS Personal digital cellular个人数字蜂窝PDC Personal Service Environment个人业务环境Physical channel data stream物理信道数据流Physical Common Packet Channel公共分组物理信道PCPCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel物理下行共享信道PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel下行共享物理信道PDSCH Physical random access channel物理随机接入信道PRACH Physical shared channel物理共享信道PSCH Pico cell微微蜂窝Pilot pollution导频污染Pilot signal导频信号Plug-in SIM插入式SIM 卡PN-offset planning PN-偏差规划point-to-multipoint service点对多点业务Pole capacity极点容量Ported number转网号码Porting process转网过程Power Control Preamble功率控制前缀PCP Pre-defined virtual connection预定义虚拟连接PVC Pre-paging预寻呼Predictive service可预计业务Preferential access优先接入Primary Common Control Physical Channel主公共控制信道P-CCPCH Primary Common Pilot Channel主公共导频信道P-CPICH Processing Gain处理增益Propagation models传播模型PS mode of operation (for UMTS MS)分组域工作方式 (for UMTS)PS/CS mode of operation (for UMTS MS)分组域/电路域工作方式 (for U Pseudo-range伪范围Public impedance coupling公共阻抗耦合Pulse shaping脉冲形状Pulverized paint易粉化的涂料Purge Function清除功能QoS profile业务质量概况QoS Profile Negotiated协商的服务质量QoS session业务质量对话期Radio Access Bearer无线接入承载RAB Radio Access Network Application Part无线接入网络应用部分RANAP Radio Bearer无线承载RB Radio link addition无线链路增加Radio link controller无线链路控制器Radio link removal无线链路清除Radio Link Set无线链路集Radio Network Controller无线网络控制器Radio Network System无线网络系统RNS Radio Network System Application Part无线网络系统应用部分RNSAP Radio Network Temporary Identifier无线网络临时标识RNTI Radio Priority Levels无线优先级别Radio Resource Functionality无线资源功能Radio Resource Management无线资源管理RRM RAKE combination RAKE合并RAKE receiver RAKE 接收机RAN application part RAN应用部分RANAP Real time实时RT received signal code power接收信号码功率RSCP Received Signal Code Power接收信码功率RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator接收信号强度指示/接收信号场强Receiver Antenna Gain (dBi)接收天线增益Receiver Noise Figure (dB)接收机噪音系数Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)接收机灵敏度Receiving Entity接收实体Recipient network接收网络Record pointer记录指针Reference configuration参考配置Regional Subscription区域签约Regionally Provided Service地区性业务Registration Area注册区域Registration Function登记功能Relay Function中继功能Relay/Seed Gateway中继/种子网关Relaylink中继链路Reliabilty and availability可靠性和可用性Renewable card续值卡Repeater转发器、中继器、直放站Reriodic RA updates定期路由区更新Residual error rate残余误码率、剩余差错率Resource access资源接入Resource availability资源可获得性Resource unit资源单元RU Reverse Link反向链路Rising edge active上跳沿有效RNS application part RNS应用部分RNSAP Roll-off factor滚动因子Root Relay根中继Routing Area Update路由区更新RAU Routing Function选路功能RRC Connection无线资源控制连接RRC State Machine无线资源状态机Saturation interval饱和区间SDU error probability业务数据单元误码概率SDU loss probability业务数据单元丢失概率SDU misdelivery probability业务数据单元误传送概率SDU transfer delay业务数据单元传输时延SDU transfer rate业务数据单传输速率Secondary Common Control Physical Channel辅助公共控制物理信道、“从”SCCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel从公共控制信道S-CCPCH Secondary Common Pilot Channel从公共导频信道S-CPICH Secondary Synchronization Code从同步码Sector扇区Secured Packet安全包Security audit trail reports安全审计跟踪报告Security Header安全包头Security management object model安全管理对象模型Security measurement Object Model安全统计对象模型Security object classes安全对象类型Seed种子Segmentation And Reassembly分段和重组、分割重组SAR Selection mechanism选择机制Selective RA Update选择性路由区更新Sequence Number, Sequence-number序列号、顺序号码、序号SN Service accessibility performance业务可接入特性Service Announcements业务通知Service Area Identity服务区识别Service bit rate业务比特速率Service Capabilities业务能力Service category业务类别Service Continuity and Provision of VHE via业务连续性以及通过GSM/UMTS提Service delay业务时延Service Execution Environment业务执行环境Service Implementation Capabilities业务执行能力service integrity performance业务一致特性service operability performance业务可操作特性Service Request Procedure业务请求规程Service retainability performance业务可保持特性Service specific co-ordination function特定业务协调功能SSCF Service specific connection oriented protoco面向连接的特定业务协议SSCOP Service Specific Segmentation And Reassembly特定业务拆装子层SSSAR Service-less UE无业务用户设备Serving Mobile Location Center服务移动位置中心SMLC Serving RNC服务RNC SRNC Serving RNS Relocation Procedures服务RNS重定位规程Settlement结算Shannon capacity limit仙农容量限制Shared Resources Module共享资源模块SRM Short Message Mobile Originated短消息发送功能SMMO Short Message Mobile Terminated短消息接收功能SMMT Short Message Service Centre短消息（业务）中心SMSC Signal-Interference Ratio信干比SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio信干比SIR Signal-to-noise ratio信噪比SNR Signaling ATM adaptation layer for network t网络-网络信令ATM 适配层SAAL-NNI Signaling ATM adaptation layer for user to n用户-网络接口信令ATM 适配层SAAL-UNI Signaling radio bearer信令无线承载SRB Signaling Virtual Connection信令虚拟连接SVC Signals Transfer Board信号转接板WSTB Silence indicator静默指示SID Simple control transmission protocol简单控制传输协议SCTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol简单邮件传输（送）协议SMTP Simultaneous use of services业务的同时使用Site Selection Diversity TPC基站选择发射分集SSDT Site Selection Diversity Transmission位置选择分集发射SSDT SMS Advanced Cell Broadcast短消息业务高级小区广播Soft Blocking软阻塞Soft Handover软切换SHO Space division duplex空分双工SDD Space Time Transmit Diversity空间-时间发射分集STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity空时发分集STTD Spectral efficiency频谱效率Spectrum allocation频谱分配Spectrum efficiency频谱有效性Speech Path Delay话音路径延迟Spreading扩频Spreading and modulation扩频和调制Spreading code扩频码Spreading Frequency Multi-path composite Acc扩频多路复合接入SSMA SS7 ISUP Tunnelling7号信令系统ISUP隧道ITUN State Changed Event Report状态变更事件报告State Transitions状态迁移Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Procedur无状态地址自动配置规程Static PDP address静态 PDP地址Step步进Storage card存储卡Store-and-forward存储并转发Subscribed QoS预订的服务质量Subscriber Management Function用户管理功能Subscription checking for Basic Services基本业务预定检查Subscription checking for Supplementary Serv补充（附加）业务预定检查Successive interference cancellation连续干扰取消SIC Suitable Cell适合小区Supervision PlugBoard监控接插板XSPB Support of Localized Service Area本地化业务区域支持SoLSA Support of Private Numbering Plan专用编号支持方案SPNP Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter声表面波滤波器Switched transmit diversity分集分组发送STTD Synchronous Transport Mode-1同步传输模式-1STM-1 System frame number系统帧号SFN System Frame Number系统帧号计数器SFN System information block系统消息块SIB Tandem Free Operation免（无）二次编解码操作TFO Target channel type field目标信道类域TCTF Technical specification(s)技术规范TS Telecommunication technology commission (Jap电信技术委员会（日本）TTC Telecommunications Technology Association (K电信技术协会（韩国）TTA Text telephony service文本电话业务TFO call免（无）二次编解码操作的呼叫The Shared InterWorking Function共享互通功能SIWF Time division CDMA, combined TDMA and CDMA时分码分多址TD/CDMA Time Division Duplex时分双工TDDTSTD Time Switched Transmit Diversity时间交换发射分集/时间切换发分Toolkit工具包Transit delay传输时延Transmission Convergence传输汇聚Transmission power control传输功率控制TPC Transmission Time Interval发射时间间隔、发送时间间隔、TTI Transmit adaptive antennas发送适配天线TxAA Transmit Format Combined Indicator发送格式组合指示TFCI Transmit Power Control发送功率控制TPC Transmitter Antenna Gain (dBi)发射天线增益Transparent mode透明模式TRTransport Block传输块Transport Block Set传输块集Transport format传输格式TF Transport Format Combination传输格式组合TFC Transport Format Combination Indicator传输格式组合指示TFCI Transport Format Combination Set传输格式组合集TFCS Transport Format Indicator传输格式指示TFI Transport Format Set传输格式集TFS Tunnel End Point Identifier隧道端点标识TEID Tunnelling Function隧道功能Tunnelling of non-GSM signaling Messages Fun非-GSM信令消息隧道功能Turning point probability转向点概率UE用户设备，用户终端UE Capability用户设备能力UE Service Capabilities用户设备业务能力UMTS Open Service UMTS 开放业务UMTS Subscriber identity module UMTS用户识别卡USIM UMTS Terrestrial radio access (ETSI)UMTS 陆地无线接入UTRA UMTS Terrestrial radio access network UMTS 陆地无线接入网UTRAN UMTS to GSM Inter SGSN Change UMTS to GSM SGSN间变化Unacknowledged Mode非确认模式UM Unconstrained Delay Data非强制时延数据Unencrypted connection未加密连接UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System/U通用移动通讯系统/通用移动电信Universal resource locator通用资源定位器URL Universal Terrestrial radio access (3GPP)全球陆地无线接入UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network全球陆地无线接入网UTRAN Unsecured Acknowledgement不安全确认Unstructured Supplementary Service Data未结构化补充（附加）业务数据USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USS非结构化附加业务数据增强Uplink shared channel上行共享信道USCH Uplink Tunnel上行隧道User Data and GMM/SM signaling Confidentiali用户数据和GMM/SM信令机密性User Determined User Busy (condition)用户决定用户忙（条件）UDUB User Identity Confidentiality用户身份机密性User Plane用户平面UP User procedure for enrolment of CTS-FP无绳电话系统-固定部分登记用户User Registration Area用户注册域URA UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identifier UTRAN无线网络临时标识U-RNTI UTRAN Registration Area UTRAN 登记区URA UTRAN Registration Area Identity UTRAN 登记区识别Valid LSA合法LSAValid path有效径Variable bit rate service可变比特速率业务Videotelephony视频电话voice broadcast call语音广播呼叫Voice Broadcast Service语音广播业务VBSVoice group call语音组呼叫Voice Group Call Service语音群组呼叫业务VGCS Voice over IP基于IP的语音VoIP Voltage wave shape distortion电压波形失真Warrant reference number许可参照数（截收）Wideband Telephony Services宽带电话业务Wireless video无线视频Work Station工作站WS Zero Forcing迫零准则ZF无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The process of apportioning charges无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Adjacent channel interference ratio无线（WCDMA）Adjacent channel leakage ratio, cau无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The purpose of admission control is无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A PLMN which is not in the list of 无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The average transmitter output powe无线（WCDMA）The mean of the total transmitted p无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Capabilities that are required for 无线（WCDMA）Set of Implementation capabilities,无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The lowest of all QoS traffic class无线（WCDMA）A service model which provides mini无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）burn-in无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The UE is in idle mode and has comp无线（WCDMA）A piece of information which indica无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A link between the card and the ext无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The C-RNTI is a UE identifier allo无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）An activity utilising telecommunica无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A GSM GPRS MS can operate in one of无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A Channel not dedicated to a specif无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Common Part无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Connected mode is the state of User无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The type of association between two无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A role an RNC can take with respect无线（WCDMA）An interactive service which provid无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）An architectural term relating to t无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Code which when combined with the n无线（WCDMA）Allows a corporate customer to pers无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Frequency band that may be allocate无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The process of deactivating the per无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）。

Access Link Control Application Part接入链路控制应用部分ALCAP Access Point Name接入点名称APN Access Preamble接入前缀AP Access Service Class接入服务级别ASC Access service class接入业务类ASC Access Stratum接入层AS Accounting计费分配（归属环境，服务网络Acknowledged Mode确认模式AM Acknowledged mode data确认方式数据AMD Acknowledgement证实、确认ACK Acquisition Indication捕获指示AI Acquisition Indication Channel捕获指示信道AICH Acquisition Indicator捕获指示AI Acquisition Indicator Channel接入指示信道AICH ACTIVE State激活状态Adaptive MultiRate自适应多速率AMR Adaptive MultiRate (speech codec)适配多速率AMR Adaptive Multirate Codec自适应多速率编解码器AMR Address Translation and Mapping Function地址翻译和匹配功能Addressing of Managed Entities管理实体寻址Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio相邻信道干扰率ACIR Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio邻道泄漏功率比ACLR Adjacent Channel Power Ratio邻道功率比ACPR Adjacent Channel Selectivity邻近信道选择性ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity邻道选择ACS Administration of the SGSN - MSC/VLR AssociaSGSN - MSC/VLR关系管理Admission and load control准入和负载控制Admission Control Function允许控制功能Advanced Addressing高级寻址Air Interface User Data空中接口用户数据Algebraic code excitation linear prediction代数码激励线性预测ACELP Allowable PLMN允许接入PLMNAlternate procedures可变通规程American National Standard Institute美国国家标准组织ANSI Amplitude limitation for normalization归一化限幅AMR-Adaptive Multi-Rate codec自适应多速率编解码器Area Coverage Probability区域覆盖概率Associated Control Channel相关控制信道ACCH Association of Radio Industries and Business无线产品工商联合会（日）ARIB Attenuator衰减器Audit trail mechanism审计跟踪机制Authentication and Authorization Function鉴权和授权功能Authentication triplet/quintuple鉴权三元组/五元组Authentication vector鉴权矢量Automatic Establishment of Roaming Relations漫游关系的自动建立Autonomous Swap自动交换Average transmit power平均发射功率Average Transmitter Power Per Traffic Channe每业务信道平均发射功率Bandwidth on demand按需求分配带宽BoD baseline capabilities基线能力Baseline Implementation Capabilities基线实施能力Bearer IP service承载IP业务Best effort QoS最低限度服务质量，尽力而为的Best effort service最低限度业务Block error rate块误码率BLER Broadband signaling system #7宽带7号信令系统BB SS7 Broadcast channel (logical channel)广播信道 （逻辑信道）BCCH Broadcast channel (transport channel)广播信道 （传输信道）BCH Broadcast control functional entity广播控制功能实体BCFE Broadcast/Multicast Control protocol广播/多播控制协议BMC Burn-in room老化房Call Deflection呼叫偏转CD Camp on a cell驻扎于一个小区Capability Class能力类型Capacitance coupling电容耦合Card session板卡对话CDR redirection（including multi-redirectionCDR 重定向Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier/Iden小区无线网络临时标识C-RNTI Cell Selection and Reselection小区选择和再选择Channel assignment indication channel信道分配指示信道CA-ICH Channel estimation信道估计Channel Identifier（AAL2）通道标识CID channel rotation correction信道纠偏/去信道衰落channelization mode信道化模式Chargeable Event可计费事件Charging Data Collection Function计费数据收集功能Charging Gateway Functionality计费网关功能CGF China wireless telecommunications standard g中国无线电信标准组CWTS Ciphering Algorithm加密算法Ciphering Function加密功能Ciphering key密钥CK Circuit Service电路业务CS Class-A mode of operation （A GSM GPRS MS caA类工作方式 (for GPRS)或A类手Class-B mode of operation B类工作方式 (for GPRS)或B类手Class-C mode of operation C类工作方式 (for GPRS)或C类手Code acquisition码询问Code Division Multiple Access码分多址接入CDMA Code Division Multiple Address Testbed码分多址测试床Code division test bed, EU research project码分测试床CODIT Code tracking码跟踪Coherence bandwidth相干带宽Coherence detection相干检测Coherence time相干时间Collision detection indication channel冲突检测指示信道CD-ICHCombined GPRS / IMSI attach联合GPRS / IMSI附着Combined GPRS / IMSI Attach Procedure联合GPRS/IMSI 附着规程Combined Hard Handover and SRNS Relocation P联合硬切换和SRNS重定位规程Combined Inter SGSN RA/LA Update联合SGSN 间路由区/位置区更新Combined RA/LA update联合路由区/位置区更新Combined RA/LA Updating联合路由区/位置区更新Common Channel公用信道Common Object Request Broker Architecture公共对象请求代理结构CORBA Common Part Convergence Sublayer公共部分汇聚子层CPCS Common transport channel公共传输信道CCH Communication bypath通信旁路CCBS Completion of Calls to Busy Subscriber用户忙呼叫结束,指忙用户呼叫完Compressed mode measurement procedure压缩模式测量规程Compression Function压缩功能Conducting cable导线Conformance Test遵从性测试Connected Mode已连接模式Connection Frame Number连接帧号CFN Connection mode连接模式Constant bandwidth恒定带宽CW Continuous Wave (unmodulated signal)持续波（未调制信号）/连续波（Control Radio Network Controller控制无线控制器CRNC Controlling RNC控制RNC CRNC Conversational service对话业务Cordless Telephony System - Fixed Part无绳电话系统-固定部分CTS-FP Core Network核心网络CN Corner effect角落效应Corporate code企业码Corporate personalization企业个体化CPCH status indication channel CPCH 状态指示信道CSICH Cross-talking串话Cryptographic Checksum密码校验和CS mode of operation (for UMTS MS)电路域工作方式 (for UMTS)CS Paging电路域寻呼CTS licence exempt frequencies CTS许可证免除载频CTS operator procedure for enrolment of CTS-无绳电话系统-固定部分登记运营CTS-MS originated calls无绳电话系统移动台发起呼叫CTS-MS terminated calls无绳电话系统移动台结束呼叫Cumulative distribution function累积分配功能CDF Current eaqualization output device均流输出装置Current LSA当前 LSACurrent-limiting impedance限流电阻Data Integrity Procedure数据一致性规程De-personalization去个人化De-pilot pattern去导频图案Decapsulation解封装Decision feedback决策反馈DFDedicated control functional entity专用控制功能实体DCFE Dedicated File专用文件DF Dedicated NBAP专用NBAP D-NBAP Dedicated Physical Channel专用物理信道DPCH Delay locked loop时延锁定环Delay spread时延扩展Delete Subscriber Data Procedure删除用户数据规程Delivered QoS交付服务质量Despreading解扩Destination user目的地用户Diagnostic Test诊断测试Digital enhanced cordless telephone数字增强型无绳电话DECT Digital Signature数字签名Direct sequence spreading spectrum-code divi直接序列扩频-码分多址DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Acces直接序列码分多址接入DS-CDMA Discontinuous Reception非连续性接收DRX Discontinuous Transmission非连续性发射DTX Distribution service信息分发业务Diversity Handover分集切换DHO Domain Name Server Function域名服务器功能Doppler spread多普勒扩频Downlink下行DL Downlink Tunnel下行隧道Drift RNS漂浮RNS,漂移网络控制器DRNC DRX cycle DRX周期Dust granule灰尘颗粒Dust-proof plastic tape防尘橡胶条Dynamic Allocation of Radio Resources无线资源动态分配Dynamic channel allocation动态信道分配DCA Dynamic PDP Addresses动态 PDP地址EDGE Compact EDGE 压缩Electromagenetic wave radiation电磁波辐射Electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽Elementary File基础文件EF Elementary procedure基本规程EP embedded IP内嵌IP核EMC conformance specification EMC遵从规格Encapsulation function封装功能Encrypted connection加密连接Encryption and algorithm management加密和算法管理Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution GSM演进增强数据速率EDGE Enhanced full rate speech codec增强型全速率语音编解码器EFR Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-empt增强型多层优先和抢占业务eMLPP Enrolment of CTS-FP无绳电话系统-固定部分登记Enrolment of CTS-MS无绳电话系统-移动台登记Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power全向有效辐射功率EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power等价同性辐射功率EIRPError concealment of lost frames失帧错误隐藏Error Vector aMplitude误差矢量幅度EVM Essential UE Requirement (Conditional)用户设备基本要求（有条件的）Essential UE Requirement (Unconditional)用户设备基本要求（无条件的）Exception procedures例外规程Exclusive access排他性（唯一）接入Explicit Call Transfer直接呼叫转移，显式呼叫转移ECT Explicit Diversity Gain (dB)显分集增益(dB)External PDN Address Allocation外部PDN地址分配Extra SDU delivery probability额外业务数据单元发送概率fading factor衰落因子Fast Uplink Signaling Channel快速上行信令信道FAUSCH File identifier文件标识First despreading预解扩Fixed Network User Rate固定网用户速率Floating point C-Code浮点C码Forward Access Channel前向接入信道FACH Forward error control前向差错控制Frame Error Rate误帧率FER Frame protocol帧协议FP Fraud Information Gathering System (FIG)虚假消息收集FIG Freedom Of Mobile multimedia Access FOMA移动电话FOMA Future radio wideband multiple access system未来无线宽带多址系统FRAMES Gateway GPRS Support Node网关GPRS支持节点GGSN Gateway Location Register网关位置寄存器GLR Gateway MSC关口MSC GMSC General Packet Radio Service（System）通用分组无线业务（系统）GPRS Generic Frequency List (GFL)通用载频列表Geographical routing地理选路GLObal NAvigation Satellite System全球导航卫星系统GLONASS Global Positioning System全球定位系统GPS GPRS attach when the MS is already IMSI-atta已IMSI附着的移动台GPRS附着GPRS Mobile IP Interworking GPRS 移动 IP 互通GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane GPRS 隧道协议用户面部分GTP-U Granularity period粒度周期Group call area组呼叫区域Group call initiator组呼（叫）发起方Group Call Register群组呼叫寄存器GCR Group identification (group ID)组标识Groupwise serial interference cancellation组系列干扰取消GSIC Guaranteed service可保证业务Handoff Gain/Loss (dB)切换增益/损耗Hard decision硬判决Hard handover硬切换Heartbeat detection circuit心跳检测电路Heartbeat path心跳路径Home Environment归属环境Home Environment Value Added Service Provide归属环境增值业务提供商HE-VASP Hot Billing热计费（实时计费）ID-1 SIM带ID的SIM 卡Identity Check Procedures身份检查规程IMEI check violation IMEI校验违规Immediate Service Termination (IST)即时业务终止IST Implementation capability实施能力INACTIVE State非激活状态Incompatible Encryption不兼容加密Independent Transmit Clock独立传输时钟ITC Information Data Rate信息数据速率Initial Convergence Time初始汇聚时间Initial paging information初始寻呼信息Initial paging occasion初始寻呼时机Insert Subscriber Data Procedure插入用户数据规程Insulation washer绝缘垫片Integrity key一致性密钥IKInter PLMN handover PLMN间切换Inter SGSN Intersystem Change SGSN间系统间变化Inter system handover系统间切换Inter-cell handover小区间切换Inter-path interference路径间干扰IPI inter-PLMN backbone network PLMN间骨干网Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update SGSN 间路由区更新Inter-symbol interference符号间干扰、码间干扰ISI Interactive service交互业务Intercept invocation截收/拦截激活Intercept of calls placed on HOLD (call wait呼叫保持（呼叫等待和多方业务Intercept of forwarding calls前转呼叫截收/拦截Intercept product截收/拦截产品Intercept related information截收/拦截相关信息intercept target截收/拦截目标Interception Area截收/拦截域IA Interference cancellation干扰抵消IC Interference rejection combining干扰拒绝合并IRC Interference Signal Code Power干扰信号码功率ISCP International mobile telephony国际移动电话业务Internet engineering task force因特网工程任务组IETF Intra SGSN Intersystem Change SGSN内系统间变化intra-PLMN backbone network PLMN内骨干网Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update SGSN 内路由区更新IP over ATM基于ATM的IP传输IPoA IRP Information Service IRP 信息业务IRP Solution Set IRP 解决方案集Joint Detection联合检测JDJoint Predistortion联合预矫正JPKey identification密钥标识Key pair密钥对Law enforcement agency合法拦截/截收实施机构LEA Lawful Interception合法截收Layer Functions分层功能Link budget链路预算Link level performance链路级性能Load factor负载因子local code本地码Local service本地业务Localized Service Area本地化业务区域LSA Localized service area support in active mod活动模式下本地化业务区域支持Localized service area support in idle mode空闲模式下本地化业务区域支持Location Dependent Interception与位置相关截收拦截Location Measurement Unit位置统计单元LMU Location Registration位置注册LR Location services位置业务LCS Logical Link Establishment Function逻辑链路建立功能Logical Link Maintenance Functions逻辑链路维护功能Logical Link Management Function逻辑链路管理功能Logical Link Release Function逻辑链路释放功能Logical Model逻辑模型Logical O&M逻辑操作维护Loose coupling松散耦合Low Bitrate Multimedia Telephony Service低比特率多媒体电话业务low-speed access and TransCoder Module低速接入及码变换模块TCM LSA exclusive access cell本地化业务区域唯一接入小区LSA only access LSA （本地化业务区域）唯一接LSA preferential access cell本地化业务区域优先接入小区LSA Priority LSA 优先级Macro cell宏蜂窝Macro diversity handover宏分集切换Malicious Reconfiguration of the GPRS DeviceGPRS设备恶意重配置Managed entities被管理的实体Management Information Model管理信息模型MIM Mandatory storage必要存储Mandatory UE Requirement必要用户设备要求Manufacturer-Dependent State与生产商相关状态Master File主文件MF Matched filter匹配滤波器、匹配过滤器MF Maximum likelihood sequence detection最大可能序列检测、最大或然序M LSD Maximum output power最大输出功率Maximum peak power最大峰值功率Maximum Total Transmitter Power (dBm)最大总发射功率Maximum Transmitter Power Per Traffic Channe每业务信道最大发射功率Mean bit rate平均比特速率Mean transit delay平均传输时延Measurement package（统计）测量包Measurement schedule（统计）测量进程安排Measurement task（统计）测量任务Measurement types（统计）测量类型Medium Access Control媒质接入控制MAC Medium Access Control-Common公共介质接入控制MAC-C Medium Access Control-Dedicated专用介质接入控制MAC-D Message Authentication Code信息鉴权码Message Screening Function消息过滤功能Message transfer part (broadband)消息传输部分－（宽带）MTP3b messaging service消息业务Minimum mean square error最小均方差MMSEMM Information Procedure移动性管理信息规程Mobile IP移动IP MIP Mobile Number Portability移动号码可携带性MNP Mobile-Originated Short Message移动起始短消息SM MO Mobile-originated SMS Transfer移动始发短消息业务转发Mobile-Terminated Short Message移动终结短消息SM MT Mobile-terminated SMS （MT SMS) Transfer移动终结短消息业务转发Mobility Management States移动性管理状态Mobility Management Timer Functions移动性管理定时器功能Modelling of measurement jobs（统计）测量任务建模Motion picture experts group动画专家组MPEG Movable floor活动地板MS Information Procedure移动台信息规程MS Network Capability移动台网络能力MS Radio Access Capability移动台无线接入能力MSC Basic Configuration MSC 基本配置MSBMulti mode terminal多模式终端Multicast service多播业务，多点传送业务Multimode and multimedia TDMA多模和多媒体 TDMAMultimode terminal多模终端Multipath多径Multipath selection多径提携、多径选择Multiple access interference多接入干扰MAI Multirate ACELP多速率ACELP MR-ACELP Multiuser detection多用户检测MUD Name Binding名称匹配，名字限定Narrowband Telephony Service窄带电话业务Near-far interference远近干扰Negotiated QoS协商业务质量Negotiation phase协商阶段Network Access Control Functions网络接入控制功能Network configuration evaluation网络配置评估Network Determined User Busy (condition)网络决定用户忙（条件）NDUB Network dimensioning网络规模Network Interworking网络互通Network operation modes I网络运营模式INetwork operator specific services网络运营商特有业务Network subset code网络子集码No Artefacts in Residual Noise残留噪音中无膺象No Degradation in Clean Speech无纯语音降级No Speech Clipping and no Reduction in Intel话音无剪切及话音可辩识性无降Node availability notification节点可用通知Node B3G 基站NodeB Application Part NodeB应用部分NBAP Noise Suppression噪音抑制Noise Suppression for the AMR Codec AMR编解码器噪音抑制Nomadic Operating Mode流动运营模式Non-Access Stratum非接入层NAS Non-pilot symbol非导频位、非导频符号Non-realtime Multimedia Messaging Service非实时多媒体消息业务Non-volatile memory非易失存储器Normal call or operation普通呼叫或运营Normal procedure正常规程Numbering Plan Identification编号方案标识NPID Octet Stream Protocol八位位组流协议One Stop Billing一次性（一站式）帐单Open Identification of MS (authentication re移动台开放标识（鉴权重试）Open loop power control开环功率控制Open Service Architecture开放的业务体系结构OSA Oppurtunity Driven Multiple Access机会驱动的多址接入ODMA Optimal Routing最佳路由Optional storage可选存储Optional UE Requirement用户设备可选要求Orthogonal factor正交因子Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex正交频分复用OFDM Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor正交可变扩频因子OVSF Out-band带外Outage损耗（停工期）Outstanding Alarm突出告警P-TMSI Reallocation Procedure P-TMSI 再分配规程P-TMSI Signature P-TMSI 签名Packed encoding rules分组编码规则PER Packet Data Protocol（信息）包数据协议PDP Packet data protocol分组数据协议PDP Packet Data Protocol States分组数据协议状态Packet Domain Access Interfaces分组域接入界面Packet Domain Core Network Nodes分组域核心网节点Packet Domain PLMN Backbone Networks分组域PLMN骨干网Packet Routing and Transfer Functions分组路由和转发功能Packet switched paging procedures分组交换寻呼规程Packet Switched Service分组交换业务PS Packet Terminal Adaptation Function分组终端适配功能Packet transfer mode（信息）包传送模式Packet-TMSI分组TMSI P-TMSI Padding填充Page indicator寻呼指示（器）PI Paging and notification control function ent寻呼和通知控制功能实体PNFE Paging Block Periodicity寻呼块周期Paging Co-ordination寻呼协商（或寻呼协调）Paging Co-ordination for GPRS GPRS 寻呼协商Paging DRX cycle寻呼DRX周期Paging indicator channel寻呼指示信道PICH Paging Message Receiving Occasion寻呼消息接收时机Paket Data Convergence Protocol分组数据汇聚层协议PDCP Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code并行卷积码PCCC Parallel interference cancellation并行干扰抵消PIC Path loss路径损耗PU Payload unit有效负载单元、净负载单元,有效PDP Context Activation PDP 上下文激活PDP context activation procedure PDP上下文激活规程PDP Context Deactivation PDP 上下文去激活PDP context deactivation procedure PDP上下文去激活规程PDP Context Modification PDP 上下文修改PDP context modification procedure PDP上下文修改规程PDP Context Preservation PDP 上下文保留PDP context preservation procedure PDP上下文预留规程Peak bit rate峰值比特速率Periodic RA Update Timer Function定时路由区更新定时器功能Personal communication systems个人通信系统PCS Personal digital cellular个人数字蜂窝PDC Personal Service Environment个人业务环境Physical channel data stream物理信道数据流Physical Common Packet Channel公共分组物理信道PCPCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel物理下行共享信道PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel下行共享物理信道PDSCH Physical random access channel物理随机接入信道PRACH Physical shared channel物理共享信道PSCH Pico cell微微蜂窝Pilot pollution导频污染Pilot signal导频信号Plug-in SIM插入式SIM 卡PN-offset planning PN-偏差规划point-to-multipoint service点对多点业务Pole capacity极点容量Ported number转网号码Porting process转网过程Power Control Preamble功率控制前缀PCP Pre-defined virtual connection预定义虚拟连接PVC Pre-paging预寻呼Predictive service可预计业务Preferential access优先接入Primary Common Control Physical Channel主公共控制信道P-CCPCH Primary Common Pilot Channel主公共导频信道P-CPICH Processing Gain处理增益Propagation models传播模型PS mode of operation (for UMTS MS)分组域工作方式 (for UMTS)PS/CS mode of operation (for UMTS MS)分组域/电路域工作方式 (for U Pseudo-range伪范围Public impedance coupling公共阻抗耦合Pulse shaping脉冲形状Pulverized paint易粉化的涂料Purge Function清除功能QoS profile业务质量概况QoS Profile Negotiated协商的服务质量QoS session业务质量对话期Radio Access Bearer无线接入承载RAB Radio Access Network Application Part无线接入网络应用部分RANAP Radio Bearer无线承载RB Radio link addition无线链路增加Radio link controller无线链路控制器Radio link removal无线链路清除Radio Link Set无线链路集Radio Network Controller无线网络控制器Radio Network System无线网络系统RNS Radio Network System Application Part无线网络系统应用部分RNSAP Radio Network Temporary Identifier无线网络临时标识RNTI Radio Priority Levels无线优先级别Radio Resource Functionality无线资源功能Radio Resource Management无线资源管理RRM RAKE combination RAKE合并RAKE receiver RAKE 接收机RAN application part RAN应用部分RANAP Real time实时RT received signal code power接收信号码功率RSCP Received Signal Code Power接收信码功率RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator接收信号强度指示/接收信号场强Receiver Antenna Gain (dBi)接收天线增益Receiver Noise Figure (dB)接收机噪音系数Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)接收机灵敏度Receiving Entity接收实体Recipient network接收网络Record pointer记录指针Reference configuration参考配置Regional Subscription区域签约Regionally Provided Service地区性业务Registration Area注册区域Registration Function登记功能Relay Function中继功能Relay/Seed Gateway中继/种子网关Relaylink中继链路Reliabilty and availability可靠性和可用性Renewable card续值卡Repeater转发器、中继器、直放站Reriodic RA updates定期路由区更新Residual error rate残余误码率、剩余差错率Resource access资源接入Resource availability资源可获得性Resource unit资源单元RU Reverse Link反向链路Rising edge active上跳沿有效RNS application part RNS应用部分RNSAP Roll-off factor滚动因子Root Relay根中继Routing Area Update路由区更新RAU Routing Function选路功能RRC Connection无线资源控制连接RRC State Machine无线资源状态机Saturation interval饱和区间SDU error probability业务数据单元误码概率SDU loss probability业务数据单元丢失概率SDU misdelivery probability业务数据单元误传送概率SDU transfer delay业务数据单元传输时延SDU transfer rate业务数据单传输速率Secondary Common Control Physical Channel辅助公共控制物理信道、“从”S CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel从公共控制信道S-CCPCH Secondary Common Pilot Channel从公共导频信道S-CPICH Secondary Synchronization Code从同步码Sector扇区Secured Packet安全包Security audit trail reports安全审计跟踪报告Security Header安全包头Security management object model安全管理对象模型Security measurement Object Model安全统计对象模型Security object classes安全对象类型Seed种子Segmentation And Reassembly分段和重组、分割重组SAR Selection mechanism选择机制Selective RA Update选择性路由区更新Sequence Number, Sequence-number序列号、顺序号码、序号SN Service accessibility performance业务可接入特性Service Announcements业务通知Service Area Identity服务区识别Service bit rate业务比特速率Service Capabilities业务能力Service category业务类别Service Continuity and Provision of VHE via业务连续性以及通过GSM/UMTS提Service delay业务时延Service Execution Environment业务执行环境Service Implementation Capabilities业务执行能力service integrity performance业务一致特性service operability performance业务可操作特性Service Request Procedure业务请求规程Service retainability performance业务可保持特性Service specific co-ordination function特定业务协调功能SSCF Service specific connection oriented protoco面向连接的特定业务协议SSCOP Service Specific Segmentation And Reassembly特定业务拆装子层SSSAR Service-less UE无业务用户设备Serving Mobile Location Center服务移动位置中心SMLC Serving RNC服务RNC SRNC Serving RNS Relocation Procedures服务RNS重定位规程Settlement结算Shannon capacity limit仙农容量限制Shared Resources Module共享资源模块SRM Short Message Mobile Originated短消息发送功能SMMO Short Message Mobile Terminated短消息接收功能SMMT Short Message Service Centre短消息（业务）中心SMSC Signal-Interference Ratio信干比SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio信干比SIR Signal-to-noise ratio信噪比SNR Signaling ATM adaptation layer for network t网络-网络信令ATM 适配层SAAL-NNI Signaling ATM adaptation layer for user to n用户-网络接口信令ATM 适配层SAAL-UNI Signaling radio bearer信令无线承载SRB Signaling Virtual Connection信令虚拟连接SVC Signals Transfer Board信号转接板WSTB Silence indicator静默指示SID Simple control transmission protocol简单控制传输协议SCTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol简单邮件传输（送）协议SMTP Simultaneous use of services业务的同时使用Site Selection Diversity TPC基站选择发射分集SSDT Site Selection Diversity Transmission位置选择分集发射SSDT SMS Advanced Cell Broadcast短消息业务高级小区广播Soft Blocking软阻塞Soft Handover软切换SHO Space division duplex空分双工SDD Space Time Transmit Diversity空间-时间发射分集STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity空时发分集STTD Spectral efficiency频谱效率Spectrum allocation频谱分配Spectrum efficiency频谱有效性Speech Path Delay话音路径延迟Spreading扩频Spreading and modulation扩频和调制Spreading code扩频码Spreading Frequency Multi-path composite Acc扩频多路复合接入SSMA SS7 ISUP Tunnelling7号信令系统ISUP隧道ITUN State Changed Event Report状态变更事件报告State Transitions状态迁移Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Procedur无状态地址自动配置规程Static PDP address静态 PDP地址Step步进Storage card存储卡Store-and-forward存储并转发Subscribed QoS预订的服务质量Subscriber Management Function用户管理功能Subscription checking for Basic Services基本业务预定检查Subscription checking for Supplementary Serv补充（附加）业务预定检查Successive interference cancellation连续干扰取消SIC Suitable Cell适合小区Supervision PlugBoard监控接插板XSPB Support of Localized Service Area本地化业务区域支持SoLSA Support of Private Numbering Plan专用编号支持方案SPNP Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter声表面波滤波器Switched transmit diversity分集分组发送STTD Synchronous Transport Mode-1同步传输模式-1STM-1 System frame number系统帧号SFN System Frame Number系统帧号计数器SFN System information block系统消息块SIB Tandem Free Operation免（无）二次编解码操作TFO Target channel type field目标信道类域TCTF Technical specification(s)技术规范TS Telecommunication technology commission (Jap电信技术委员会（日本）TTC Telecommunications Technology Association (K电信技术协会（韩国）TTA Text telephony service文本电话业务TFO call免（无）二次编解码操作的呼叫The Shared InterWorking Function共享互通功能SIWF Time division CDMA, combined TDMA and CDMA时分码分多址TD/CDMA Time Division Duplex时分双工TDDTSTD Time Switched Transmit Diversity时间交换发射分集/时间切换发分Toolkit工具包Transit delay传输时延Transmission Convergence传输汇聚Transmission power control传输功率控制TPC Transmission Time Interval发射时间间隔、发送时间间隔、T TI Transmit adaptive antennas发送适配天线TxAA Transmit Format Combined Indicator发送格式组合指示TFCI Transmit Power Control发送功率控制TPC Transmitter Antenna Gain (dBi)发射天线增益Transparent mode透明模式TRTransport Block传输块Transport Block Set传输块集Transport format传输格式TF Transport Format Combination传输格式组合TFC Transport Format Combination Indicator传输格式组合指示TFCI Transport Format Combination Set传输格式组合集TFCS Transport Format Indicator传输格式指示TFI Transport Format Set传输格式集TFS Tunnel End Point Identifier隧道端点标识TEID Tunnelling Function隧道功能Tunnelling of non-GSM signaling Messages Fun非-GSM信令消息隧道功能Turning point probability转向点概率UE用户设备，用户终端UE Capability用户设备能力UE Service Capabilities用户设备业务能力UMTS Open Service UMTS 开放业务UMTS Subscriber identity module UMTS用户识别卡USIM UMTS Terrestrial radio access (ETSI)UMTS 陆地无线接入UTRA UMTS Terrestrial radio access network UMTS 陆地无线接入网UTRAN UMTS to GSM Inter SGSN Change UMTS to GSM SGSN间变化Unacknowledged Mode非确认模式UM Unconstrained Delay Data非强制时延数据Unencrypted connection未加密连接UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System/U通用移动通讯系统/通用移动电信Universal resource locator通用资源定位器URL Universal Terrestrial radio access (3GPP)全球陆地无线接入UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network全球陆地无线接入网UTRAN Unsecured Acknowledgement不安全确认Unstructured Supplementary Service Data未结构化补充（附加）业务数据U SSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USS非结构化附加业务数据增强Uplink shared channel上行共享信道USCH Uplink Tunnel上行隧道User Data and GMM/SM signaling Confidentiali用户数据和GMM/SM信令机密性User Determined User Busy (condition)用户决定用户忙（条件）UDUB User Identity Confidentiality用户身份机密性User Plane用户平面UP User procedure for enrolment of CTS-FP无绳电话系统-固定部分登记用户User Registration Area用户注册域URA UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identifier UTRAN无线网络临时标识U-RNTI UTRAN Registration Area UTRAN 登记区URA UTRAN Registration Area Identity UTRAN 登记区识别Valid LSA合法LSAValid path有效径Variable bit rate service可变比特速率业务Videotelephony视频电话voice broadcast call语音广播呼叫Voice Broadcast Service语音广播业务VBSVoice group call语音组呼叫Voice Group Call Service语音群组呼叫业务VGCS Voice over IP基于IP的语音VoIP Voltage wave shape distortion电压波形失真Warrant reference number许可参照数（截收）Wideband Telephony Services宽带电话业务Wireless video无线视频Work Station工作站WS Zero Forcing迫零准则ZF无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The process of apportioning charges无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Adjacent channel interference ratio无线（WCDMA）Adjacent channel leakage ratio, cau无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The purpose of admission control is无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A PLMN which is not in the list of 无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The average transmitter output powe无线（WCDMA）The mean of the total transmitted p无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Capabilities that are required for 无线（WCDMA）Set of Implementation capabilities,无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The lowest of all QoS traffic class无线（WCDMA）A service model which provides mini无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）burn-in无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The UE is in idle mode and has comp无线（WCDMA）A piece of information which indica无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A link between the card and the ext无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The C-RNTI is a UE identifier allo无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）An activity utilising telecommunica无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A GSM GPRS MS can operate in one of无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A Channel not dedicated to a specif无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Common Part无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Connected mode is the state of User无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The type of association between two无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）A role an RNC can take with respect无线（WCDMA）An interactive service which provid无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）An architectural term relating to t无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Code which when combined with the n无线（WCDMA）Allows a corporate customer to pers无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）Frequency band that may be allocate无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）The process of deactivating the per无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）无线（WCDMA）。

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-893x.2017.12.012引用格式:赖剑强.用于通信系统的干扰对消电路设计与实现[J].电讯技术,2017,57(12):1415-1421.[LAI Jianqiang.Design and implementa⁃tion of interference cancellation circuit for communication systems[J].Telecommunication Engineering,2017,57(12):1415-1421.]用于通信系统的干扰对消电路设计与实现*赖剑强**(中国西南电子技术研究所,成都610036)摘　要:针对通信设备应用的复杂化和对在复杂电磁环境下工作的设备电磁兼容性提出的更高要求,通过分析对消技术的基本原理,提出了一种模拟电路和数字电路相结合的干扰对消技术,并研制出了基于该技术的干扰对消原理样机㊂对该样机的单机测试和系统联试结果表明,该对消技术具备点频干扰和噪声干扰的抑制能力,对消收敛时间小于100ms,对消比大于43dB,适合在窄带通信中应用并可推广到其他领域㊂该成果正逐步在实际工程中得到运用㊂关键词:通信系统;对消技术;干扰噪声;对消比中图分类号:TN973 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-893X(2017)12-1415-07Design and Implementation of InterferenceCancellation Circuit for Communication SystemsLAI Jianqiang(Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology,Chengdu610036,China) Abstract:For the increasingly complicated applications of communication system and higher electromagnet⁃ic compatibility requirements for equipment under complex electromagnetic environment,an interference cancellation technology based on the mixed analog and digital circuit is proposed.After the principle anal⁃ysis,an elementary prototype for interference cancellation is developed and tested.The corresponding ex⁃perimental results indicate that point frequency and noise interference can be suppressed with a conver⁃gence time less than100ms and a cancellation ratio greater than43dB.The cancellation technology is suitable for narrowband communications and also worth spreading to other areas.It has been applied in practical engineering.Key words:communication system;cancellation technology;interference noise;cancellation ratio1　引　言随着电子装备在各个工程领域的多样化㊁复杂化,各个设备工作带来的电磁兼容问题愈发凸显,特别是在复杂电磁环境中,需要在高灵敏度下工作的系统,例如远距离无线通信系统㊁雷达㊁微弱信号探测器等特别容易受到与有用信号在频谱上重叠的电磁噪声干扰,该干扰可能来自外界,也可能来自自身平台㊂常规无线通信系统接收和发射不在同一频段或者两者在时间上不交叠,以避免发射对接收造成影响,显然这种系统的频谱利用率不高,业务量受到限制㊂如果能够解决本机发射对接收的干扰,就能实现同时同频的全双工通信,理论上可以将业务传输效率提高一倍[1-3]㊂基于软件定义无线电(Software Defined Radio, SDR)发展起来的认知无线电(Cognitive Radio,CR)㊃5141㊃第57卷第12期2017年12月电讯技术Telecommunication Engineering Vol.57,No.12 December,2017***收稿日期:2017-08-14;修回日期:2017-10-23 Received date:2017-08-14;Revised date:2017-10-23通信作者:LJQ6601@ Corresponding author:LJQ6601@技术,由于不能对通信频带进行严格限制,射频前端不再需要包含射频滤波器㊁多级低噪放㊁混频器㊁低通滤波等复杂而稳定性又不太高的模拟射频电路,取而代之的是对接收信号进行简单放大后直接射频采样,在数字域完成所有的处理功能[4]㊂然而需要考虑的一个关键问题是接收信号的模数(Analog to Digital,AD)转换器件必须具有高采样率㊁高动态范围㊂通常天线会接收到包含多种强度多种频谱的混合信号,在这种环境下要求高动态范围,就需要使用主动对消技术抑制不需要的信号,然后再进行AD 转换㊂以上三种情况分别是常规系统间电磁干扰问题㊁系统应用扩展问题㊁新技术发展问题,这几种情况归结在一起都涉及到信号去干扰问题㊂对消技术用于解决干扰信号与有用信号在电磁频谱上有重叠的消除干扰问题,而这种干扰通常使用常规滤波等手段是无法实现的㊂将去干扰问题从干扰信号和有用信号两个方面看,很容易想到两种不同的解决思路:一种是根据事先知道的有用信号的部分信息,直接从混合信号中提取有用信号的完整信息或需要的信息,而不用关心干扰信号的情况,称为信号提取技术;另一种是通过某种途径得到与干扰信号等幅反相的信号并与原信号进行叠加合成,将不需要的干扰信号抵消掉,剩下的便是有用信号,这种方法关心的重点是干扰信号的特性及其消除方法,称为干扰对消技术㊂两种信号分离技术的目的相同而采用的手段和研究的对象则完全不同㊂通过采集与进入通信接收信道中干扰信号的同源信号,然后对其进行幅度和相位的调整,与混入有用信号中的干扰信号进行叠加合成,在理论上可以抑制有用信号中的干扰信号且不对有用信号产生明显影响或带来新的干扰,这就是干扰对消技术的基础框架㊂干扰对消技术是抗干扰技术的一个分支,通常用于与有用信号同频或同址干扰的场景,是在不能通过滤波等简单手段达到抑制干扰的情况下,诞生的一种抗干扰技术㊂干扰对消技术经历了较长时间的研究,但由于其技术难度较大,在实际工程应用偏少,目前的研究和应用在通信㊁雷达等领域相对较多[5-10]㊂基于国防装备和民用工业对对消的应用需求,本文研究了一种射频干扰对消技术,从理论上解释电磁对消现象并从对消基本原理入手,研究并设计了对消电路及基于该电路的原理样机,对样机进行了测试,得出了具有实际应用价值的结果,可为对消技术的后续研究和产品化提供指导㊂2摇对消技术基本原理对消的概念在射频研究领域可解释为两个幅度相等㊁相位相差180°的电磁信号相互叠加合成,叠加后的结果为两个信号相互湮没,其能量以其他形式耗散掉,从而达到消除信号的目的㊂这里的叠加实际上是两组电磁波中方向相反的电场分量和磁场分量各自相互抵消的过程㊂在自由空间中,电磁波具有相互垂直的电场分量和磁场分量,它们位于垂直于传播方向的平面内㊂图1给出了理想介质中幅度相等㊁相位反相的两均匀平面波的电场分量和磁场分量,当它们在空间上相遇,会产生两者电场和磁场的重合,其表现形式就是电场分量及磁场分量均相互抵消,对外不再显示出两个对消信号频率电磁波的特性,通常转换为热量或其他形式的能量耗散掉㊂图1　两均匀平面波电场及磁场相互抵消示意图Fig.1Cancelling of the electric field andmagnetic field in two uniform plane waves对消技术主要有两种方式:一种是模拟对消,即通过对干扰信号进行采样,然后对采样信号进行射频调整,将调整后的信号与混入通信系统中的干扰信号进行对消;另外一种是数字对消,即数字信号处理的方式,通过对采样的干扰信号进行特征分析,然后经数字信号处理的过程消除通信系统中的干扰信号㊂考虑到工程运用的实际情况和技术难度,对消的应用前期采用模拟对消的方案较多;当今由于可编程器件的发展及滤波器相关算法的成熟,数字对消技术在其应用灵活性能㊁可靠性㊁硬件体积等方面逐渐显示出其强大的优势㊂对消的性能指标衡量方法通常有三种[11]:对消比 考核被对消信号(一般为干扰信号)在对消实施前后的削弱程度,用dB表示,它是一个相对值㊂一般具有实用价值的对消系统要求对消比达到20dB以上㊂对消残余 考核实施对消后干扰信号的强弱,用dBm或dBm/Hz表示,它是一个绝对值㊂对于不同的应用需求,根据有用信号的强弱,对消残余的要求差异较大㊂㊃6141㊃电讯技术 2017年系统处理增益 考核实施对消前后,系统输出端的信噪比与输入端信噪比的比值,用dB 表示,表示对消电路对信噪比的改善程度㊂这三种对对消效果的评价在本质上是一致的,只是关心的重点不同而已㊂在实际情况下,两个相互对消的射频信号无法完全满足幅度相等㊁相位相差180°的理想条件,总会存在一定的幅度和相位偏差,这种偏差会带来对消不完全,造成对消残余,也就存在对消比的概念㊂假设当上述幅度偏差为ΔA ,相位偏差为ΔP ,则射频对消比CR 可表示为CR =-10lg 1+(10ΔA20)2-2cos ΔP ×10ΔA []20㊂(1)通过上述表达式可得到如图2所示的几种典型对消比情况下幅度偏差和相位偏差的关系曲线㊂由图可见,在对消比要求不高的情况下,对消信号与被对消信号的幅度和相位偏差要求较为宽松;但当需要较高的对消比时,则对信号的偏差要求特别严格,如图中给出的当对消比要求为50dB 时,幅度偏差要求控制在0.0275dB 以内,相位偏差要求控制在0.1812°以内,如此高的精度已经超出常规测试仪器的测量误差,这也是对消电路设计的难点所在㊂图2　对消比与幅度偏差和相位偏差的关系Fig.2The relationship between cancel ratio andamplitude deviation &phase deviation为了对射频对消效果进行直观评价,通常采用以下方式来定义对消比:CR =10lg P r P æèçöø÷i ㊂(2)式中:P i ㊁P r 分别表示输入的被对消信号功率和对消完成后输出的残余信号功率,均以W 为单位表示,在有效对消的情况下P r <P i ㊂对于一个高对消比的系统,由于电路工作带来的自身温度变化㊁外界环境变化㊁器件老化衰退等引起的电路参数的少许漂移足以引起对消效果的严重恶化,所以通常情况下要求对消系统能够进行自动控制,构成自适应系统㊂最典型的方法是采用负反馈回路,电路可以根据对消结果实时调整电路参数,以长时间稳定保持良好对消效果㊂3　对消电路形式对消电路的任务是根据被对消信号(干扰信号)的特征信息生成对消信号,并对两个信号进行叠加,以消除或降低被对消信号的强度,同时不带入新的干扰信号,以达到将进入系统的干扰抑制到规定要求的目的㊂对消信号可以由对消电路自己携带的信号源产生,也可以是通过采样被对消信号的同源信号经调整后产生,如果条件许可,一般以第二种方式设计电路更为方便㊂图3给出了一个用于消除无线接收机中干扰信号的同源干扰对消系统,其中的核心部分为对消信号生成电路,可以是模拟电路㊁数字电路或者两者的结合㊂图3　典型的同源干扰对消系统Fig.3A tipycal homologous interference cancellation system3.1　模拟对消电路模拟射频对消的基本原理可用图4框图表示㊂干扰信号由干扰源发射后其部分T i 经某种途径混入通信信号S 中,采集部分干扰信号T c 引出一条支路对其做幅度和相位调整,然后将调整后的信号T c ′与混有干扰信号的通信信号S +T i 进行叠加合成㊂由于合成后的信号中既有通信信号S 又包含了由于对消不完全的残余信号r ,所以可对该信号进行取样并进行相关检测㊂为了只检测残余信号而忽略有用信号,需要引入原始干扰信号作为信号检测的本振源T l ,检测结果作为幅/相调整的依据㊂这样就建立了一个能够自适应调整电路参数的负反馈环路,最终使得残余信号足够小,得到较为纯净的通信信号㊂由于幅/相调整电路可以根据对残余信号检测结果作实时调整,该电路可以长时间保持稳定的对消比㊂㊃7141㊃第57卷赖剑强:用于通信系统的干扰对消电路设计与实现第12期图4　模拟射频对消原理框图Fig.4Functional diagram of analog RF cancellation原理框图中核心部分为由幅相调整器㊁对消合成器㊁相关检测器和自适应控制电路构成的负反馈环路㊂信号检测的准确度决定了幅/相调整控制信号的准确度,从而也就决定了输出残余信号的强弱,即决定对消比的关键㊂为了驱动整个系统的运行,控制电路中驻入了自适应对消控制算法,并可根据实际应用的需求进行算法调整,确保系统准确高效工作㊂相关检测和幅/相调整的性能是算法准确收敛的保证,任何一者出现问题或准确度不够将会导致虚假收敛或长时间无法收敛㊂从图中可以看到,决定对消效果的因素有相关检测精度㊁控制精度以及幅/相调整精度㊂3.2　数字对消电路相比于模拟电路,数字对消电路的特点在于使用了数字自适应滤波器技术,对消信号的调整在数字域完成,避免了模拟电路稳定性差㊁电路形式复杂㊁体积重量大等缺点,而主要的工作转移到了自适应滤波器及其算法性能上了㊂前人的研究认为,如果噪声信号是一个广义平稳随机过程,则自适应滤波器可以采用横向滤波器实现[12]㊂图5是一个采用横向自适应滤波器的数字对消电路原理框图㊂图5　数字对消原理框图Fig.5Functional diagram of digital cancellation最小均方(Least Mean Square,LMS)算法由于其结构简单㊁不需要计算相关函数㊁不需要对矩阵求逆运算等优点适用作为图5所示的滤波器算法㊂该算法属于随机梯度算法中的一种㊂LMS 算法作为线性自适应滤波算法,主要包括两个过程:一是滤波过程,计算线性滤波器输出信号对输入信号的响应,比较输出结果与期望响应得到误差估计;二是自适应过程,根据误差估计自动调整滤波器控制参数㊂实际上这两个过程构成了一个反馈环路,使得自适应过程得以实现㊂一个M 阶的横向滤波器结构如图6所示,输入向量被逐级延时单元分成M 组信号元素,每组信号对应一个权值元素,所有权值元素构成一个M 阶抽头权值向量㊂所有的参数都可以通过矩阵的形式表达,经LMS 算法迭代计算后得到一个对期望信号的估计,当迭代足够多次后,对于广义平稳随机过程,得到的估计可以看作该过程的维纳解㊂在一个较短暂的时间内,通信系统的干扰信号可以看作广义平稳随机过程㊂图6　M 阶横向滤波器结构Fig.6Structure of M -order transversal filter在滤波器运行过程中,期望信号作为判断滤波器输出的标准必须参与运算,主要目的是得到滤波输出的误差信号,以作为权值向量的控制参考㊂运用最小均方自适应算法,可以得到抽头权值向量的迭代方程的复数形式为w (n +1)=w (n )+2ηu (n )e *(n )㊂(7)式中:e *(n )=d (n )-w H (n )u (n ),w H (n )表示转置共轭㊂迭代开始时抽头权值向量定义了一组猜测初始值w (0),如果有先验值则使用先验值作为初始值,没有则用全0作为初始值㊂方程等式右边第二项代表了本次迭代对抽头权值向量w (n )估计的调整,η为步进因子,它决定了自适应迭代过程的速度㊂步进因子越大自适应过程的速度越块,但算法得到的稳态解与维纳解的差别越大,可导致算法的失调㊂因此,对η的选择需要综合考虑算法的稳定收敛与计算时间的消耗㊂图7给出了使用最小均方算法得到的一个受噪声污染的周期为1/3㊁幅值为1的正弦波信号的去噪结果㊂其中滤波器为128阶,离散信号长度为10150,步进因子为0.0015,噪声干扰信号为高斯白噪声序列(标准正态分布的伪随机序列),抽头权值向量用全0作为初始计算值㊂㊃8141㊃ 电讯技术 2017年(a)期望信号(b)含噪信号(c)滤波输出(d)误差强度图7　采用最小均方算法滤波计算结果Fig.7Filtered result based on minimum mean square algorithm由计算结果可知,自适应滤波器很好地抑制了信号中的噪声干扰,去噪后的信号中起伏比较大的地方表明误差信号较为剧烈,这与算法的步进因子㊁迭代次数及滤波器阶数均相关㊂由于每次计算的噪声信号为伪随机数,所以各次计算的结果均不相同,误差强度直接体现了计算结果的好坏㊂通过多次计算后统计发现,随着迭代次数的增加误差强度会呈现出近似周期性的极大值,这也反映了计算的自适应过程㊂对于一个对消系统,对消比越高则要求的残余信号越小,对相关检测的精度要求就越高,对消算法的收敛门限设置就得足够严格,同时就会带来反馈回路更难收敛,循环运算次数越多,时间消耗也就越大,并且在对消完成后由于外界条件和内部器件参数变化导致触发系统重启反馈运算的概率也就越大㊂因此,在工程应用中应该根据实际的需求,在对消比和资源消耗上权衡考虑㊂4摇原理样机测试前文分析的模拟对消电路和数字对消电路是两种实现干扰对消的技术途径,各有其技术特点㊂模拟对消电路原理简单,技术难度较小,电路实现容易,但在稳定性上有一定的缺点,为了克服电路间干扰以实现精确收敛,往往功能电路体积重量较大㊂数字电路的核心电路采用常用的集成可编程芯片(如FPGA 或DSP)为基础,通过软件在数字域进行计算,处理方式灵活多变,在芯片硬件资源足够的情况下,对消电路的性能主要体现在软件能力上,往往对硬件的依赖程度很小,这也可缩短开发周期,便于调试优化,但数字对消电路在射频前端AD 转换的动态范围要求较高,实现有一定难度㊂为了克服两种对消电路的缺点,我们研究了一种数模混合对消电路,该电路以图4所示的模拟电路为构架,在负反馈的运算及对对消信号调整量的控制上采用数字控制的方式㊂图8是控制电路的结构框图,其中FPGA 接收来自相关检测器的反馈信号,并将该反馈信号送入DSP 作为算法运算的依据,DSP 运算收敛后将结果通过FPGA 送给幅/相调整器,实现对对消信号的调整㊂图8　对消控制电路结构Fig.8Control circuit of canceller㊃9141㊃第57卷赖剑强:用于通信系统的干扰对消电路设计与实现第12期整个对消电路工作在超短波频段的一定带宽内,电路以点频的方式工作,针对常规窄带通信模式的干扰消除特别有效㊂对于跳频等抗干扰通信模式,对对消系统的运算时间要求较为严格,一般只要对消收敛算法的时间小于每一跳的稳定时间的1/10,例如一个500hop/s的通信模式,则要求每一个频点收敛时间在0.2ms以内,这需要硬件具有高速计算能力以及算法的高运行效率的支持㊂4.1　单机测试我们对研制的干扰对消原理样机进行了实验室测试,通过信号源发射单载波信号以及发射加性高斯白噪声(Additive White Gaussian Noise,AWGN)信号两种情况,以某超短波频点f1为例,得到的测试结果如图9所示㊂图9(a)㊁(b)是以干扰信号为单载波时进行射频对消的结果,干扰信号强度由-10.4dBm被对消到了-75.8dBm,对消比达到了65.4dB;图9(c)㊁(d)是以干扰信号为加性高斯白噪声时进行射频对消的结果,在对消前,噪声功率谱密度为-101.7dBm/Hz,对消运行后,噪声信号被削弱到了-160.6dBm/Hz,对消比达到了58.9dB㊂通过计算机监测对消算法开始到对消稳定后的时间差,多次测试得到对消收敛时间在48~93ms之间㊂(a)单载波对消前的信号强度(b)单载波对消后的信号强度(c)噪声对消前的功率谱密度(d)噪声对消后的功率谱密度图9　干扰对消原理样机典型测试结果Fig.9Typical test results of the interference cancellation principle prototype4.2　系统测试基于以上测试结果,将该干扰对消原理样机在某机载平台综合通信系统上进行了验证性测试,测试框图如图10所示㊂测试系统中各个支路衰减器衰减量以及噪声源输出信号强度均来源于该机载平台的实际参数㊂为了尽可能模拟真实环境,在采样端口将有用信号叠加在噪声信号中㊂测试中,将AM或FM话音信号与AWGN干扰信号混合,然后经过干扰对消样机,再送入综合通信系统,在干扰对消原理样机工作和不工作的情况下,调节射频话音信号输入强度,保持不同情况下通信系统输出话音信号信纳比为固定值10㊂干扰对消工作和不工作时,在达到相同的输出信纳比情况下,射频话音信号的强度差可间接视作原理样机的对消能力,即对消比㊂图10　干扰对消原理样机在通信系统中测试框图Fig.10Test diagram of the interference cancellationprinciple prototype in a communication system ㊃0241㊃电讯技术 2017年在设备可工作频带范围内随机抽取了典型代表点进行测试,测试中保证话音电台发射的话音信号的载波与噪声源发射的具有一定带宽的AWGN信号在频谱上是重合的㊂在抽取的6个代表频点中,测试得到对消比最大值为46dB,最小值为43dB㊂这与单机测试的结果有一定差距,主要原因是由于测试环境本身引入的额外干扰,而干扰对消样机尚不具备处理外加不可预知的干扰信号的能力,这也是该项技术以后需要改进的方向㊂5摇结束语根据射频对消的基本原理,本文对干扰对消电路进行了研究,分析了模拟和数字两类电路的特点,设计并研制出了一种数模混合的对消原理样机,对其进行了单机测试和综合通信系统联机验证测试,到了如下结果:对消电路具备点频干扰和噪声干扰抑制的能力;对消收敛时间较短,普遍可控制在100ms以内;噪声干扰对消比达到43dB以上,具有较好的对消能力㊂测试结果验证了本文研究的干扰对消电路的正确性和有效性,在通信系统中具有较高的应用价值,能显著提高电磁噪声干扰情况下的接收机性能㊂样机的收敛时间在数十ms量级,适合常规模式窄带通信应用,但对于高速跳频等抗干扰通信模式,还需要进一步缩短收敛时间㊂该技术不仅适用于通信系统,在电子对抗㊁信号探测㊁雷达㊁医疗检测等领域均具有普遍借鉴意义和潜在应用价值㊂参考文献:[1]　ELSAYED A,ELTAWIL 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射频共模抗扰度英文English:"Radiofrequency common mode rejection, often abbreviated as RF CMRR, refers to the ability of a system or device to reject unwanted signals or interference that appear simultaneously on both signal lines or conductors. It is a crucial parameter in electronic systems, especially in communication and instrumentation applications, where signal integrity is essential. RF CMRR is typically expressed in decibels (dB) and is calculated as the ratio of the desired signal to the unwanted common-mode signal. Higher RF CMRR values indicate better rejection of common-mode interference, leading to improved performance and reliability of the system. Achieving high RF CMRR involves various design techniques, including proper grounding, shielding, and balanced signal routing, as well as the use of differential amplifiers and filters to attenuate common-mode signals. Moreover, careful attention to component selection and layout plays a significant role in optimizing RF CMRR. Overall, RF CMRR is a fundamental aspect of ensuring the accurate transmission and reception of radiofrequency signals while minimizing interference and noise."中文翻译:"射频共模抗扰度，通常简称为RF CMRR，指的是系统或设备拒绝同时出现在信号线或导体上的不需要的信号或干扰的能力。

Digital Signal Processing and FilterDesignDigital Signal Processing (DSP) and filter design are integral components of modern communication systems, biomedical devices, audio processing, and numerous other applications. They play a crucial role in shaping the performance and functionality of these systems. At its core, DSP involves the manipulation of signals to extract meaningful information or enhance specific characteristics. Filter design, a subset of DSP, focuses on designing systems that selectively pass or reject certain frequencies within a signal. One perspective to consider is the importance of DSP and filter design in improving signal quality. In communication systems, for instance, DSP techniques such as equalization and noise reduction are employed to enhance the clarity and reliability of transmitted signals, especially in environments prone to interference. Filters, whether they are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-stop, are designed to attenuate unwanted frequencies, ensuring that the desired information remains intact. This aspect is particularly critical in applications like wireless communication, where signal integrity directly impacts the user experience. Another perspective revolves around therole of DSP and filters in medical devices and biomedical signal processing. In fields such as electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), and medical imaging, accurate signal processing is vital for diagnosis and monitoring. Filters are utilized to remove noise artifacts and isolate relevant physiological information, enabling healthcare professionals to make informed decisions. Moreover, advancements in DSP have facilitated the development of sophisticated medical devices capable of real-time monitoring and analysis, significantly improving patient care and outcomes. From an engineering standpoint, the design and implementation of DSP algorithms and filters pose interesting challenges. Engineers must consider factors such as computational complexity, latency, and resource constraints while ensuring optimal performance. Additionally, the choice of filter type and specifications depends on the application requirements, necessitating a thorough understanding of signal characteristics and system dynamics. The iterative nature of the design process often involves trade-offsbetween competing objectives, highlighting the need for a systematic andmethodical approach. Furthermore, the evolution of DSP and filter design isclosely tied to technological advancements and research innovation. Over the years, significant progress has been made in areas such as adaptive filtering, multirate signal processing, and digital filter optimization techniques. These developments have led to more efficient algorithms, improved hardware implementations, andnovel applications across various domains. As technology continues to evolve,there is a constant push for further innovation, driven by the demand for higher performance, lower power consumption, and greater flexibility. In addition to technical considerations, ethical and societal implications also come into play when discussing DSP and filter design. For instance, in the context of digital audio processing, the use of algorithms for noise cancellation or enhancement raises questions about privacy and consent. Similarly, in biomedical signal processing, issues related to data security, patient confidentiality, and the responsible use of technology need to be addressed. Engineers and researchers have a responsibility to uphold ethical standards and ensure that their workcontributes positively to society while minimizing potential harm. Lastly, it's essential to acknowledge the interdisciplinary nature of DSP and filter design, which draws upon concepts from mathematics, physics, computer science, andelectrical engineering. Collaborative efforts between experts from differentfields are often necessary to tackle complex problems and push the boundaries of innovation. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange, we can harness the full potential of DSP and filter design to address current challenges and pave the way for future advancements. In conclusion, DSP andfilter design play a vital role in shaping modern technology across various applications. From improving signal quality in communication systems tofacilitating medical diagnosis and treatment, the impact of DSP is profound andfar-reaching. Engineers and researchers continue to push the boundaries of innovation, driven by the pursuit of improved performance, efficiency, and functionality. However, it's essential to consider not only the technical aspects but also the ethical and societal implications of these advancements, ensuringthat they benefit humanity as a whole.。