专业英语练习一

制药工程专业英语课后练习题含答案题目一：Drug Substance Manufacturing1.What is Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. It is the process of producing a finished drug product.–B. It is the process of producing the activeingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.–C. It is the process of packaging and labeling a finished drug product.–D. It is the process of performing clinical trials ona drug product.Answer: B. It is the process of producing the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.2.What are the steps involved in Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. Synthesis, isolation, and purification.–B. Packaging, labeling, and testing.–C. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and distribution.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Synthesis, isolation, and purification.3.What is the mn purpose of Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. To produce a finished drug product for human use.–B. To provide the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.–C. To test and validate the safety and efficacy of a drug product.–D. To distribute a drug product to consumers.Answer: B. To provide the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.题目二：Pharmaceutical Formulation1.What is Pharmaceutical Formulation?–A. It is the process of producing a finished drug product.–B. It is the process of selecting and combining ingredients to produce a drug product.–C. It is the process of packaging and labeling a finished drug product.–D. It is the process of performing clinical trials ona drug product.Answer: B. It is the process of selecting and combining ingredients to produce a drug product.2.What are the key considerations in PharmaceuticalFormulation?–A. Safety, efficacy, and stability.–B. Cost, avlability, and taste.–C. Appearance, texture, and smell.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Safety, efficacy, and stability.3.What is the role of excipients in Pharmaceutical Formulation?–A. They are the active ingredients in a drug product.–B. They are the inactive ingredients in a drug product that help to improve its properties.–C. They are the ingredients in a drug product that are responsible for the color and flavor.–D. None of the above.Answer: B. They are the inactive ingredients in a drug product that help to improve its properties.题目三：Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)1.What is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)?–A. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.–B. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the efficacy of pharmaceutical products.–C. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the affordability of pharmaceutical products.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.2.What are the key components of Good Manufacturing Practice(GMP)?–A. Quality control, documentation, and facility design.–B. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and distribution.–C. Cost control, inventory management, and customer service.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Quality control, documentation, and facility design.3.Why is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) important?–A. It helps to ensure the quality and safety ofpharmaceutical products.–B. It helps to reduce the cost of producingpharmaceutical products.–C. It helps to increase the avlability ofpharmaceutical products.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. It helps to ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.总结本文介绍了制药工程专业英语中的几个重要概念和术语，包括Drug Substance Manufacturing（药品物质制造）、Pharmaceutical Formulation（制剂开发）以及Good Manufacturing Practice（良好生产规范）。

《专业英语(自动化)》复习卷A卷一．Put the following words and phrases into English or chinese. (20*1=20)1．电路circuit 2．控制系统Control system 3．元件component 4．电压voltage 5．电流current 6．欧姆定律Ohm’s Low 7．开关switch 8．指针needle 9．螺丝刀Scrow driver 10．引脚pin 11．Strip条纹12．Intergrated circuit集成电路13．chip晶片14．sensor传感器15．maintenance维护16．actuator执行器17．joint关节18．servomotor伺服电机19．telerobot遥控机器人20．gripper夹爪二．C hoose one word from the word list below to fill in the blank in each of thefollowing sentences. (20*1=20)1)Digital 2)analog, 3)positive 4)common 5)a function switch 6)a range switch 7)extended ranges of voltage 8)dc and ac9)current 10) resistanceA multimeter is a general-purpose meter capable of measuring 8 voltage,9 , 10 , and in some cases, decibels. There are two types of meters: 2 using a standard meter movement with a needle (see Fig 3.1(a)), and , with an 1 electronic numerical display (see Fig 3.1(b)).Both types of meters have a 3 (+) jack and a 4 jack (-) for the test leads， 5 to select dc voltage, ac voltage, dc current, ac current, or ohms and 6 for accurate readings. The meters may also have other jacks to measure 7 (1 to 5 kV) and current (up to 10A) there are some variations to the functions used for specific meters.1)Resistance 2)placed across (in parallel) 3)be removed4)in series with 5)mechanical adjust 6)automatic indicator5)properly 8) test leads 9)correct 10)be openedBesides the function and range switches (sometimes they are in a single switch.) The analog meter may have a polarity switch to facilitate reversing the test leads. The needle usually has a screw for 5 to set it to zero and also a zero adjust control to compensate for weakening batteries when measuring 1 . An analog meter can read positive and negative voltage by simply reversing the 8 or moving the polarity switch. A digital meter usually has an 6 for polarity on its display.Meters must be 7connected to a circuit to ensure a 9 reading. A voltmeter is always 2 the circuit or component to be measured. When measuring current, the circuit must 10 and the meter inserted 4 the circuit or component to be measured. When measuring the resistance of a component in a circuit, the voltage to the circuit must 3 and the meter placed in parallel with the component.三.Read the following passage and answer the questions.（5*8=40）RobotsRobots produce mechanical motion that,in most cases,results in manipulation or locomotion.For example,industrial robots manipulate parts or tools to perform manufacturing tasks such as material handing,welding,spray painting,or assembly;automated guided vehicles are used for transporting materials in factories and warehouses.Telerobots provide astronauts with large mainipulators for remotely performing spacecraft maintenance.Robots perform repetitive,high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fatigue.Robots on this automobile assembly line weld body parts together.The General Motors corporation uses about 16,000 robots to weld,assemble,and paint automobiles.Walking robots explore active volcanoes.Mechanical characteristics for robots include degrees of freedom of movement,size and shape of the operatingspace,stiffness and strength of the structure ,lifting capacity,velocity ,and acceleration under load.Performance measures include repeatability and accuracy of positioning,speed,and freedom from vibration.A robot is made up of sensors,actuators,and computatlonal elements(a microprocessor).Actuators for moving joints of a robot are usually electric servomotors.In the past ,larger robots were built with hydraulic actuation due to their high payload capacity and ability to work in explosion-prone environments.In the 1990s,there was a trend by the major manufacturers to use electric actuators in most of their industrial robots.A robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.1.What industrial robots can do for people?Industrial robots manipulate parts or tools to perform manufacturing tasks such as material handing,welding,spray painting,or assembly;automated guided vehicles are used for transporting materials in factories and warehouses.2.What are the advantages of robots?igue.Robots perform repetitive,high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fat3. What parts are made up of the robot?A robot is made up of sensors,actuators,and computatlonal elements(a microprocessor).4．What does t he term “reprogrammable” impl y?The term “reprogrammable”implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.5.Why are robots widely used over the past two decades?Because robots can perform certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.四.Read the following passage and t ranslate the underlined phrases and sentences into Chinese.（5*4=20）Classification of Robots1.Industrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. 2.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.3.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. 4.The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.5.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.1. 工业机器人在尺寸、形状、轴的数量、自由度、设计构型等方面广泛的变化。

上海交通大学网络教育学院医学院分院大学英语（专科1）课程练习册答案专业：公共事业管理、护理学、检验技术层次：专科Revision Exercise 1Part I Vocabulary and StructureSection ADirections: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1.They provide information on methods to improve the ________ of trainingprograms for older workers, including helping older workers to find productive employment.A.formationB.efficiencyC.selectionD.dignity2.I remember Chapman was ________ when I told him we might make a milliondollars a year.A.amazedB.exclaimedC.shockedD.stunned3.On seeing the wounded soldier, Lucy quickly folded her arms round him, thenjust as quickly pulled back to ________ his swollen (肿的) nose and mouth.A.monitorB.recognizeC.inspectD.reveal4.Drinking a cup of hot water should help to ________ the pain in the short term,but, if it persists, you should see a doctor as soon as possible.A.fortifyB.shiftC.wrapD.relieve5.If people are made aware that the better the service, the more they earn, then itreally is an ________ to work hard and perform well.A.incentiveB.atmospheremunityD.gratitude6. A personal friend of an artist may have a real ________ in writing criticism (批评), as he may learn about the artistic intentions which are not explained to others.A.advantageB.observationC.backgroundD.privacy7.They saw a great deal of each other, but, because Diana was so much youngerand usually just one of a party, no one who saw them together ever ________ she was a girlfriend.A.revealedB.suspectedC.proceededD.stretched8.But it is ________ that publishers, to stay in business, need to bring out a largenumber of titles (选题) every year.A.spontaneousB.boringC.elementaryD.evident9.We had decided that our last day would be spent ________ one of the manyactivities which the hotel offered to arrange.A.consolidatingB.samplingC.proceedingD.selecting10.If you don't read, then ________ you will forget how to read.A.mysteriouslyB.unfortunatelyC.positivelyD.eventually11.Young pilots should ________ doing too many new things in one flight; i.e. donot fly a new type of aircraft on an unfamiliar airfield.A.avoidB.manageC.decreaseD.deny12.The overall length of gas pipeline was planned to reach 300,000 km - enough to________ to the moon and back.A.hoverB.stretchC.limpD.expose13.Burns can be caused when skin that isn't used to the sun is ________ to shortbursts of strong sunlight.A.exposedB.snappedC.wrinkledD.revealed14.Mr. Trump would not ________ details of his plan for a new factory to makemobile phones in China.A.exposeB.revealC.indicateD.enclose15.Every man has moved into position and must remain silent and unobserved untilthe ________ moment.A.painfulB.emotionalC.criticalD.favorite16.Have you __________ enough time to do quality work and meet the company’sstandards?A.brought aboutB.leaned onC.taken overD.put in17.The boss told his secretary to __________ his order without delay.A.hold upB.talk overC.carry outD.set aside18.The enemy warned us that they were going to __________the peace talk.A.result inB.stick toC.break offD.depend on19.Our city has many buildings which __________ those found in the West.A.possessB.resembleC.accumulateD.locateE.are being made of20.Although Emily Dickinson is now a well-known American poet, only seven ofher poems __________ while she was alive.A.printedB.to be writtenC.declaredD.were published21. I'd like to ________ that students should be allowed more time for independent study.A. proposeB. commandC. arrangeD. steer22. We know that drinking, smoking, and overwork ________ risks to our health, but most of us seem to accept them.A. spoilB. involveC. accumulateD. seal23. On a ________ day, our professor works in the lab from 9 A.M. to 11 P.M.A. followingB. typicalC. previousD. diligent24. Although this law does not actually ________ the possession of weapons whose use is illegal, it is clearly moving in that direction.A. prohibitB. allowC. stopD. promote25. People are clearing the snow from the road ____________ they can walk safely.A. lestB. in spite ofC. sinceD. so thatSection BDirections：Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one that is not correct.26．Efforts to make English the official language is gaining strength throughout theA B C DUnited States.27．I came to the course with an extreme limited knowledge of writing forA B Cpublication, but now I can write with more ease.D28．In science, the results of an experiment are not generally accepted until they hadA B Cbeen repeated in other laboratories.D29．A visa is a stamp putting in your passport to show you have been givenA Bpermission by a foreign government to enter its country.C D30．He was one of greatest scientists the world has ever known, yet if I had to talkA Babout Albert. Einstein in a single world, I would choose simplicityC DPart II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the best answer to each question based on the passage.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the followingThe last few days before Christmas passed quickly and it was soon Christmas Eve. That night when everyone went to bed, Bunny couldn't sleep. He still couldn't think of what he wanted his special Christmas present to be. He wondered how Santa would know what to bring him if he didn't know himself. As he was sitting up in bed, Bunny heard a big noise on the roof and a sound downstairs. It was Santa Claus, he realized. Bunny jumped out of bed and raced down the hall to the stairs hoping to catch a glimpse of the old fellow before Santa departed for his next stop. By the time Bunny reached the bottom of the stairs, though, everything was again silent. Brightly wrapped presents were piled under the Christmas tree, but Santa was gone. A little disappointed, Bunny turned to climb back upstairs when he heard a cry. "Hello," said Bunny. "Is somebody there?" He was answered by another cry. Bunny looked around the big pile of presents to see what was making the noise. Right under the tree was a funny looking brown animal with big feet and mournful eyes. Bunny might have mistaken the creature for a dog, if it hadn't been for the antlers (鹿角) on his head. "Are you a reindeer?" asked Bunny. "Yes," replied the brown creature with antlers, "my name is Ralph." "And you were pulling Santa's sled?" "I was until I got air-sick," replied Ralph, "Santa had to leave me here and go on with the other seven reindeer." "Isn't it a bit unusual for a reindeer to get air-sick. I mean, isn't flying what reindeer are famous for?" "I'm afraid that I've always had a sensitive (敏感的) stomach when it comes to flying," replied Ralph. "But everyone expected me to pull Santa's sled, so when it was my turn I gave it a try. I'm afraid I just wasn't cut out for the job. Now I'm stuck here and I don't know how to get back to the North Pole." "Well, if you like, you can stay with us as a friend," said Bunny. As he made the offer, Bunny suddenly realized the special present he wanted from Santa was a new friend!31. Why couldn't Bunny fall asleep on Christmas Eve?A．He was looking forward to seeing his special present.B．He wanted to take a look at Santa when he came at n ight.C．He was disturbed by a noise on the roof of his house.D．He was thinking what present to ask from Santa.32. Why did Bunny feel disappointed?A. Santa left before he could have a look at him.B. Santa didn't bring the special present he wanted.C. Everything was silent and there was no sign of Santa coming.D.There was a pile of presents under the Christmas tree but nothing for him.33. What do we learn about reindeer from the passage?A. They make big noises while they are flying.B. They look like dogs except for the antlers.C.They are all especially good at pulling sleds.D. They suffer stomachaches when they take to the air.34. Why didn't Ralph go with the other seven reindeer?A. He got stuck in the chimney.B. Bunny asked him to stay.C. He was air-sick.D. He didn't know how to get back to the North Pole.35. This passage seems to tell us that ________.A. Santa knows what present a child wants without even being toldB.reindeer are hired to bring presents to children on Christmas EveC. if a child stays awake on Christmas Eve, he could catch a glimpse of SantaD. parents take great care when choosing Christmas presents for their children Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:A study suggests that dirty air can reduce lung development. Researchers at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles published their work in the "New England Journal of Medicine". About one thousand seven hundred children from different communities in Southern California took part in the study. The scientists tested the children every year for eight years, starting at age ten. They say this is the longest study ever done on air pollution and the health of children. The scientists found that children who lived in areas with the dirtiest air were five times more likely to grow up with weak lungs. Many were using less than eighty percent of normal lung strength to breathe. The damage from dirty air was as bad as that found in children with parents who smoke. Children with reduced lung power may suffer more severe effects from a common cold, for example. But the researchers express greater concerns about long-term effects. They say adults normally begin to lose one percent of their lung power each year after age twenty. The doctors note that weak lung activity is the second leading cause of early deaths among adults. The first is smoking. By the time people are eighteen, their lungs are fully developed, or close to it. The doctors say it is impossible to recover from any damage. Researchers say they are still not sure how air pollution affects lung development. They believe that pollution affects the tiny air spaces where oxygen and carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) are exchanged. Arden Pope is an economics professor at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Professor Pope wrote a commentary about the study. He noted that air quality in Southern California has improved since the study began in the early nineteen-nineties. Clean-air laws have reduced pollution from vehicles, industry and other causes. But dirty air is still aproblem in areas of California and other places. Professor Pope says continued effortsto improve air quality are likely to provide additional improvements in health.36. A study done by researchers at the University of Southern California indicatesthat ________.A. 1,700 children from Southern California have weak lung activitiesB. children in Southern California use less lung strength to breatheC. air pollution may affect the growth of children's lungsD.80 percent of children in Southern California suffer from air pollution37. According to the article, children living in dirty airA. may lose eighty percent of their normal lung strengthB. may suffer more severe effects from a common coldC. were five times more likely to catch a common coldD. were unlikely to recover from any lung damage38. Why do the researchers express greater concern about the long-term effects of airpollution on children?A. They begin to lose 1% of their lung power each year after 20.B. They do not show any signs of lung damage when they are young.C. They may suffer early death when they grow up.D.They cannot expect to have their lungs fully developed at 18.39. What do we learn from the passage about the air in Southern California?A. It is unlikely to improve in the near future.B. It is free of pollution from vehicles and industry.C. It is as dirty as it was before.D. It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s.40. Professor Pope believes that ________.A. improvement in air quality will provide further health benefitsB. clean-air laws should be passed to reduce air pollution in CaliforniaC. further studies should be done to find out how dirty air affects lungdevelopmentD.air pollution does even greater harm to children's health than their parents'smokingPassage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:M ore than a thousand trains in the United States have names, most of them showing rank or importance, speed, geographical areas or famous men. Some train names are romantic, such as Adventureland,Sunset, and Argonaut; others use the names of birds, animals, trees, and flowers, even an insect (the Frisco Road’s Firefly). But in all history only four passenger trains have ever been named directly for American women: Pocahontas, Ann Rutledge, Kate Shelly, and Nellie Bly.N ote the word ―directly‖. In 1892 a horse called Nancy Hanks, probably named for Abraham Lincoln’s mother, set a new world’s racing record —a mile in 2.04 minutes. because the name stood for speed and grace, the Central of Georgia Railway gave it to a new passenger engine. A speed recorder showed that the train covered a mile in 39 seconds.And on January 8, 1893, the Nancy Hanks made its first round trip in regular service between Atlanta and Savannah, with J. Green Freeney being the engineer.T he Nancy Hanks lasted only seven months because, folklore has it, it was too costly, too progressive, too fast, and too dangerous. In August 1893, the Nancy Hanks made its last run, with engineer Freeney at the controls of his ―Little Girl Blue‖. Maybe, as Freeney’s son put it, the train died because it was ―too popular‖. Thus ―the fastest train on the earth‖, as it was named, died young. The horse it was named for lived nearly thirty years, until 1915, and was buried about three miles out of Lexington, Kentucky.41. According to this passage, all the following have been used for a name of a trainEXCEPT ________?A. a geographical locationB. a popular songC. an insectD. a famous man42. The following statements about the horse are true EXCEPT ________.A. it could run a mile in less than 2 minutesB. it was probably named for Abraham Lincoln’s motherC. it set a new world record for racing speedD.it was named Nancy Hanks43. The pronoun ―it‖ (line3, para. 2) refers to ________.A. the name, Nancy HanksB. the horse, Nancy HanksC. the train, Nancy HanksD．the speed of Nancy Hanks44. Information about the reason for the train’s death comes from ________.A. history booksB. records of train tickets sold in 1893C. a record kept by the railroadD. stories that people tell each other45. The other name given by the engineer to the train was ________.A. Frisco Road’s FireflyB. Little Girl BlueC. J. Green FreeneyD.GeorgiaPassage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:It’s not difficult to figure out the connection between the heart and Valentine’s Day (情人节). The heart, after all, was thought in ancient times to be the source of all emotions. It later came to be associated only with emotion of love. (Today, we know that the heart is, basically, the pump that keeps blood flowing through our bodies.)I t’s not clear when the valentine heart shape became the symbol for the heart (we all know the heart isn’t really shaped like that). Some scholars speculate that the heart symbol as we use it to signify romance or love came from early attempts by people todraw an organ they’d never seen. Anyway, here are some of the other valentine symbols and their origins:●Red roses were said to be the favorite flower of Venus, the Roman goddess of love; also, red is a color that suggests strong feelings.●Lase (花边) has long been used to make women’s handkerchief. Hundreds of years ago, if a woman dropped her handkerchief, a man might pick it up for her. Sometimes, if she had her eye on the right man, a woman might intentionally dropher handkerchief to encourage him. So people began to think of romance when they thought of lace.●Love knots (结) have a number of circles with no beginning and no end. A symbol of everlasting love, love knots were made from ribbon or drawn on paper.●Lovebirds, colorful birds found in Africa, are so named because they sit closely together in pairs — like sweethearts do! Doves are symbols of loyalty and love, because they become couples for life and share the care of their babies.46. The word ―speculate‖ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.A. supposeB. disagreeC. questionD. expect47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.A .it is easy to determine the relationship between the heart and Valentine’sDay.B. the heart became connected with all emotions before it was a sign of loveC. people in ancient times drew the heart based on their observation.D. the color of red is associated with strong emotions48. According to the passage, women used ________ to encourage men to declaretheir love.A. red rosesB. love laceC. love knotsD. lovebirds49. According to the passage, for lifelong love, the most probable picture a manwould send to the girl he loves is that of ________.A. a roseB. a handkerchiefC. a love knotD. a bird50. The best title for this passage is ________.A. Gifts for LoversB. Marriage CustomsC.A Holiday of LoveD Symbols of LovePart III Translation1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1. Language learning is a process of accumulating.语言学习是知识积累的过程。

英语专业四级词汇语法与阅读模拟练习一一. GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY (15MIN)1.____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been2.____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain3. The millions of calculations involved, ____by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had they been doneB. they had been doneC. having been doneD. they were done4. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happened5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Although she wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was very young, ____she was twenty-five.A. her first real success did not come untilB. her real first success came until notC. since her first real success did not come untilD. not until her first real success7. You should know better than____ your little sister at home by herself.A. to leaveB. leavingC. to have leftD. left8. As the train will not leave until one hour later, we ____grab a bite at the snack bar.A. may wellB. just as wellC. might as wellD. as well9. She resorted to ____ when she had no money to buy foods for her children.A. have stolenB. stealC. stoleD. stealing10. The boy has admitted to ____ the window while playing football yesterday.A. breakingB. having been brokenC. breakD. be breaking11. Betty advised me to label our luggage carefully in case it gets ____in transit.A. misusedB. mishandledC. mistakenD. mislaid12.____money, she is quite rich. However, this does not mean that she is happy.A. ConcerningB. As toC. In terms ofD. In the light of13. A well written composition ____good choice of words and clear organization among other things.A. calls forB. calls onC. calls upD. calls off14. It is ____with the customer not to let the shop assistants guess what she really likes and wants until the last moment.A. in her honorB. on her honorC. a point of honorD. an honor15. This house will probably come on the ____next month.A. fairB. marketC. shopD. store16. George was introduced to ____activities at a young age, when she was hire to act as a lookout for drug dealers.A. illegalB. lawfulC. faithfulD. peaceful17. An institution that properly carries the name university is a more comprehensive and complex institution than any other kind of higher education____.A. settlementB. establishmentC. constructionD. structure18. People’s status in society is frequently ____by how much they own.A. measuredB. examinedC. testedD. questioned19. Jack is so ____to his appearance that he never has his clothes pressed.A. adverseB. anonymousC. indifferentD. casual20. There is an increasing ____to make movies describing violence.A. strengthB. directionC. traditionD. trend21. Outside my office window there is a fire ____ on the right.A. escapeB. ladderC. stepsD. stairs22. I ____with the Browns during my stay in New York City.A. put inB. put downC. put onD. put up23. Operations which left patients ____ and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A. exhaustedB. unhealthyC. upsetD. fearful24. Farmers are allowed to grow small gardens of their own and they sell their vegetables ____ the black market.A. onB. atC. inD. for25. The electric fan does not work because of the ____of service.A. pauseB. breakC. interruptionD. breakdown二. READING COMPREHENSION (25MIN)Passage 1Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber（海参）. All living creature，especially human beings，have their peculiarities，but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that，among other eccentricities（怪癖），eats mud，feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets（美食家）？For some fifty million years，despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted（维持生活）on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet，under rocks in shallow water，or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores，it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present. Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors，ranging from black to reddish brown to sand color and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber shaped-hence their name-and because they are typically rock inhabitants，this shape，combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators（食肉动物）and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites，eating day and night，sea cucumbers have the capacity tobecome quiescent（静止）and live at a low metabolic（代谢）rate-feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods，so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs，when attacked，it squirts（喷出）all its internal organs into water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate（取出内脏）and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched；it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.1. According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumbers important？A. It helps them to digest their food.B. It helps them to protect themselves from danger.C. It makes it easier for them to move through the mud.D. It makes them attractive to fish.2. The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses______.A. the reproduction of sea cucumbersB. the food sources of sea cucumbersC. the eating habits of sea cucumbersD. threats to sea cucumbers' existence3. What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber？A. They are very sensitive to surrounding stimuli.B. They are almost useless.C. They require group cooperation.D. They are similar to those of most sea creatures.4. Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water？A. A touchB. FoodC. Unusually warm waterD. Pollution.Passage2Municipal sewage is of relatively recent origin as a pollutant. It was first brought to public attention in the 19th century by a London physician who showed that the city's cholera（霍乱）outbreak had been caused by just one contaminated well. Even though the contamination of drinking water by disease germs has been nearly eliminated in this country, hundreds of communities are still discharging raw sewage into streams and rivers. When we consider that this sewage contains effluents（污水）from toilets, hospitals, laundries, industrial plants, etc., then the potential of the pollutants as a health hazard is apparent.The problem of municipal sewage disposal is complicated by the fact that, years ago, most cities combined their storm and waste disposal sewers（下水道）. Many of these combined systems work well, but others cannot cope with sudden heavy rains. When such storms occur, water mixed with sewage may flood and disable treatment plants unless bypassed, untreated, into a stream. In either case, the people may have little protection for several days from these wastes that may contain disease germs. Even if adequately treated to eliminate the health hazard, sewage is aesthetically undesirable because of odors and colors produced. Detergents（清洁剂）have posed a particular disposal problem. Although there is no indication that they are injurious to health, they can causefoaming, which can clog（阻塞）treatment plants and, at the least, spoil the scenic beauty of streams. Rural and suburban residents should be aware that septic tanks and cesspools（粪坑）are a potential source of pollution to ground water supplies. This is especially true in the suburban areas with a high population density and with no municipal sewage disposal and treatment system available. In some areas, sewage disposal is accomplished by cesspools. Soil research is furnishing guidelines for more effective and safer use of systems such as these.5. This passage is concerned primarily with the _____.A. problems of waste disposalB. dangers of drinking from wellsC. turbidity of polluted waterD. outbreak of cholera6. The author mentions the London cholera epidemic to _____A. prove that the city refused to deal with pollutionB. prove that medical science once knew little about pollutionC. introduce the idea of contaminated water suppliesD. recall a historical fact7. In densely populated suburban areas, a danger exits from _____ .A. streams that do not flow directly to open bodies of waterB. cesspools and septic tanks that contaminate water suppliesC. storm and waste disposal sewers that have been combinedD. the undesirable odors of sewage8. In developing the main point, the author makes use of _____ .A. scientific argumentsB. convincing testimonyC. common sense observationsD. analogyPassage3California is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another. People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles.In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska) Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles. California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death V alley, are not lakes at all: they are dried-up lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined.9. Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States?A. Lake Tulainyo.B. Mojave desert.C. Death Valley.D. The Salton Sea.10. Where is the highest point in the United States located?A. Lake Tahoe.B. Sierra Nevada.C. Mount Whitney.D. Alaska.11. How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney?A. About 3 miles.B. Only 100 miles.C. 282 feet.D. 14,494 feet.12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a radius of about 100 miles of Bakersfield?A. The Pacific Ocean.B. San Joaquin Valley.C. Mojave Desert.D. Oregon and Washington.13. Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and contrast?A. The highest lake in California is Lake Tulainyo.B. It is possible to go surfing and snow skiing in some parts of California without having to travel long distance.C. Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, Mojave Desert and the Pacific Ocean all lie within a radius of about 100 miles.D. Owens Lake, in Death Valley, is not really a lake at all.Passage4Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions（离子）in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particles, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds such as the Mistral, Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity indoors from carpets（地毯）or clothing made of man-made fibres, or from TV sets, duplicators(复印机) or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea or even mental disturbance.Animals are also affected, particularly before earthquakes, snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation（冬眠）, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California. Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close to waterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionisers（离子器）: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors（批评者）, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observing the effects on themselves, o r on others, of a negative rich or poorenvironment. After all it is debatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.14. What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?A.They think they are insane.B.They feel rather bad-tempered and short-fussed.C.They become violently sick.D.They are too tired to do anything.15. In accordance with the passage, static electricity can be caused by___.ing home-made electrical goods.B.wearing clothes made of natural materials.C.walking on artificial floor coverings.D.copying TV programs on a computer.16. A high negative ion count is likely to be found___.A.near a pound with a water pump.B.close to a slow-flowing river.C.high in some barren mountains.D.by a rotating water sprinkler.17. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?A.Ionisers.B.Air-conditioners.C.Exhaust-fansD.V acuum pumps.18. Some scientists believe that___.A.watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending on seismography.B.the unusual behavior of animals cannot be trusted.C.neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable.D.earthquake is unanticipated.。

专业英语八级（听力）练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION B INTERVIEWDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.听力原文：W: Today I’d like to welcome Edward Fox, a seasoned real estate agent, who is going to talk to us about buying a house. Hello, Edward.M: Hello.W: Now Edward, for most people buying a house is a major life event, and probably the single most expensive item they are ever likely to buy. What precautions do they have to take before a real purchase? Can you give some suggestions?M: You are right in saying buying a house costs a lot. But as to me, the most important thing to consider before buying any property is the location.W: Location?M: Right. Because it is where you plan to spend a large part of your life. Or, indeed, the rest of your life in some circumstances. (1) Therefore, consider the type of life you enjoy leading. If you are a very sociable person who enjoys nightclubs and discos, you may consider something close to a city. Anyway, a city is convenient for all types of nightlife.W: Then, for those who seek a quiet life, do you recommend a house in the countryside?M: Well, countryside is a tranquil place. However, do remember that proximity to the place of work also counts. Indeed, we spend most of our life at work, and you don’t want to have to spend two or more hours every day traveling to work, do you? Therefore, transport is of the utmost importance. (2) City suburbs, however, are often conveniently located for commuting to work, or for shopping, without being in the heart of a busy city.W: But houses in the suburbs are far more expensive than those in cities.M: They seem to be. But actually houses located in cities can often exceed the price of suburban houses. So cheek out the prices. You may be surprised.W: Really?(1) So we should consider our places of work and personalities in choosing the location. Is that so?M: I’m afraid you have to take family into consideration as well. You may prefer a house that is away from a busy street or main road. (1) And, of course, remember that children have to attend school: is there a good school in the area, or would your children have to travel a long distance to get to school? Therefore, if you have children, or you plan to have children, location is a very important factor. And, of course, remember that a family influences the size of the property.W: Oh, I see. How many types of houses can we choose?M: There are various types of houses. The first is called detached houses, which stand alone, and are not joined by another building. (3) Then there are semi-detached houses, which are the most common. This is because they are, in fact, two houses joined together, and therefore take up lessspace. And there are town houses, too, which are many houses joined together to form a hmg row. But don’t think that town houses are less expensive than semi-detached houses. They rarely are. This is because they are usually built in cities where the price of property is very expensive.W: Then what about old houses? (4) They must be cheaper than new ones.M: (4) Maybe they are. But if the house is too old, you may be faced with expensive repairs and renovation bills. So have a house thoroughly checked by a professional surveyer before you decide to buy. But then again there are things you can look for yourself. Things such as the condition of the woodwork, especially doors and windows that can be expensive to replace. But more importantly make sure all the fixtures and fittings, things such as cupboards, sinks, taps and bath tubs arc all in good working order because replacing kitchens and bathrooms can he very costly.W: I agree. It’s economical to buy old houses only when they are in good condition. By the way, a lot of property has a garden attached to it. Do you think it’s a good choice?M: It’s true that a lot of property has a garden. If you enjoy gardening, that’s fine. But if you don’t enjoy gardening then you may prefer a small garden, as opposed to a big one. But even if you do enjoy gardening it is important to remember that gardens take up a lot of your time. (5) So keeping a garden in good order may be veU difficult if you work long hours.W: You are quite right. Any other suggestions?M: One final thing is the general feel of the place. Does it have a good atmosphere? And most important of all, would you feel comfortable living there?W: Edward, I never knew I had to consider so many things while buying a house. Thank you very much for talking with us.M: My pleasure.1．According to Edward, in deciding the location of a house, people should consider all the following EXCEPTA．the type of life they enjoy.B．the price of the house.C．the distance between the house and the place of work.D．the school their children can attend.正确答案：B 涉及知识点：听力2．Which of the following is an ideal place for quiet people to live in?A．City.B．Downtown.C．Countryside.D．Suburb.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：听力3．According to the interview, ______ are the most common type of houses.A．detached housesB．semi-detached housesC．town housesD．old houses正确答案：B 涉及知识点：听力4．What does Edward think of old houses compared to new ones?A．They are definitely cheaper.B．They are too old to live in.C．They may be cheaper but repairs and renovation cost much.D．They need to he checked professionally from time to time.正确答案：C 涉及知识点：听力5．Edward shows ______ when talking about gardens attached to houses.A．disapprovalB．excitementC．uncertaintyD．indifference正确答案：A 涉及知识点：听力SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTDirections: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.听力原文：Foreign pilots are to be drafted into Chinese airlines to relieve the shortage of qualified flyers. CAAC statistics show that about 11, 000 pilots are employed to fly more than 770 aircraft operated by the major Chinese commercial airlines, which industry experts consider as inadequate to cope with the rocketing demand for passenger services. Around 145 new aircraft will be delivered for operation this year in China, and the new planes alone will push aircraft numbers beyond the capacity of training schools to supply new pilots. (6) Industry experts estimate China needs between 1, 200 and 1, 600 new pilots every year since 2000, while the nation’s major training schools for commercial airline pilots can provide a maximum of 600 pilots annually.6．Industry. experts estimate China needs between ______ and ______ new pilots annually since 2000.A．770; 1,200B．1,200; 1,300C．1,200; 1,600D．1,300; 1,600正确答案：C 涉及知识点：听力听力原文：West Aft’lean leaders say they are cautiously in favor of using genetically modified crops. But non-governmental organizations are calling for a five-year moratorium so more research can be done. The issue is being discussed at a U. S. -sponsored conference in Burkina Faso. During the three-day conference, which started Monday, West African leaders said they want assurances that genetically modified products are safe for the people who eat or use them, and for the environment. (7) But the leaders say that in general they believe the genetically modified crops will lead to higher agricultural productivity and therefore should be used. But non-governmental organizations in West Africa remain unconvinced. A protest by non-governmental organization is planned for Wednesday, when the conference ends.7．West African leaders who want assurances believe the genetically modified crops will lead toA．higher financial earnings.B．more genetically modified crops.C．higher agricultural productivity.D．more genetically modified products.正确答案：C 涉及知识点：听力听力原文：China’s automobile revolution is accelerating; (8) despite efforts by the government to slow what many economists believe is an overheating of its economy. China is the fastest growing ear market in the world, and sales next year are expected to climb 20 percent from last year. Meanwhile, the world’s automakers have announced they will launch massive expansion projects in China. In recent months, banks have started to tighten their lending criteria, in part a response to what analysts say are the government’s efforts to stop China’s rapidly growing economy from overheating, but ear sales are skyrocketing, with many Chinese using their savings to purchase new cars.8．Many economists believe that the fast-paced growth of car market in China is A．a proof of abundance.B．an overheating of its economy.C．an attraction of investment.D．a result of foreign expansion projects.正确答案：B 涉及知识点：听力听力原文：(9) A 12-storey building has collapsed in the Egyptian capitalCairo after a fire in the lower floors. A number of people are trapped in the wreckage and about 30 people were injured. The fire broke out in the ground floor of the 12-storey building in the modern suburb of Cairo. Police officials say it started in a fast food restaurant or possibly in an adjacent home appliances shop. Hundreds of residents lived in the apartment block. They were able to leave before the building collapsed 3 hours after the fire started. (10) Policemen and firemen, however, were trapped when the upper floors came crashing down. Working under floodlights, their colleagues have been battling to free them from the rabble. The governor of Cairn said the collapsed building had planning permission for 4 floors only. But at least 7 other floors were added on illegally.9．The fire broke out in ______ of the 12-storey building.A．the ground floorB．the second floorC．the fourth floorD．the seventh floor正确答案：A 涉及知识点：听力10．Who were the majority in the people trapped in the wreekage?A．Residents nearby.B．Clients in the fast-food restaurant.C．Shoppers.D．Policemen and firemen.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：听力。

环境科学与工程专业英语第四版,练习答案1.We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend.[单选题] *A.thatB.whatC.whoD.why(正确答案)2.Both Mary and Linda don't care for fish.[单选题] *A.喜欢(正确答案)B.关心C.照料D.在乎3.Can you _______ this form? [单选题] *A.fillB.fill in(正确答案)C.fill toD.fill with4.—What can I do for you? —I ______ a pair of new shoes.（）[单选题] *A.likeB.would lookC.would like(正确答案)D.take5. There is not much news in today's paper,_____? [单选题] *A.is itB.isn't itC.isn't thereD.is there(正确答案)6. My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast.[单选题] *A.goesB.makesC.keeps(正确答案)D.gains7、—Could you please make the bed?—______.（）[单选题] *A.Yes, I wasB.No, I don’tC.Sure, I’ll do it(正确答案)D.No, that’s no problem8、Tony wants _______ a job as a language teacher in China.[单选题] *A.findB.findingC.to find(正确答案)D.to be found9、Don’t ______.He is OK.[单选题] *A.worriedB.worry(正确答案)C.worried aboutD.worry about10、Your homework must_______ tomorrow.[单选题] *A.hand inB.is handed inC.hands inD.be handed in(正确答案)11.Miss Smith is a friend of _____.[单选题] *A.Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B.Jack’s sisterC.Jack sister’sD.Jack sister12. Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____.[单选题] *A.more helpfulB.extremely helpfulC.very helpfulD.the most helpful(正确答案)13.3. Shanghai is my hometown.It’s ________ China.[单选题] *A. nearB. far away fromC. to the east ofD. in the east of(正确答案)14.—Can you play tennis?—______.But I can play basketball.（）[单选题] *A.Yes, I canB.Yes, I doC.No.I can’t(正确答案)D.No, I don’t15.There are many beautiful _______ in the wardrobe.[单选题] *A.bookB.dresses(正确答案)C.cell phoneD.grocery16.( ).The old man enjoys ______ stamps.And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A.collectB.collectedC.collecting(正确答案)D.to collect17、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people.（）[单选题] *A.could(正确答案)B.mustC.shouldD.would18、I am worried about my brother.I am not sure _____ he has arrived at the school or not.[单选题] *A.whether(正确答案)B.whatC.whenD.how19、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best.[单选题] *A.fruitB.vegetable(正确答案)C.drinkD.meat20、The three guests come from different _______.[单选题] *A.countryB.countrysC.countryesD.countries(正确答案)21.There _______ no water or milk in the fridge.[单选题] *A.is(正确答案)B.areC.hasD.have22.I _______ no idea of where the zoo is.[单选题] *A.thinkB.getC.have(正确答案)D.take23.--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A.workersB.nursesC.waitersD.teachers(正确答案)24.( ).I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A.interesting interestedB.interested interesting(正确答案)C.interested interestedD.interesting interesting25. While I _____ the morning paper, a headline caught my eye..[单选题] *A.have readB.was reading(正确答案)C.had readD.am reading26.I knocked on the door but _______ answered.[单选题] *A.somebodyB.anybodyC.nobody(正确答案)D.everybody27、Researchers have spent five years collecting data（）the study is based.[单选题] *A.on thatB.in whichC.in thatD.on which(正确答案)28、Henry lives happily with his three cats._______ of them are part of his family.[单选题] *A.NoneB.BothC.All(正确答案)D.Neither29、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents.[单选题] *A.satisfactionB.development(正确答案)municationD.preparation30、Tom’s mother will let him _______ traveling if he comes back?in five days.[单选题] *A.to goB.goesC.wentD.go(正确答案)。

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.44% required hospitalization. Based on that data, published in PLoS Medicine, Lipsitch anticipates far fewer deaths from 2009 H1N1than was initially believed. By the end of the flu season in the spring of 2010, Lipsitch predicts, anywhere from 6,000 to 45,000 people will have died from H1N1 in the U.S., with the number most likely to end up between 10,000 and 15,000. Those estimates are far below the death toll of the 1957 flu, which killed 69,800 people in the U.S., according to government figures, and smaller also than the early predictions for the2009 H1N1 flu deaths, which ranged from 30,000 to 90,000. It is not clear, however, that past pandemics are an appropriate gauge for evaluating the current flu or that the new projections are based on complete data. The eventual death toll of 2009 H1N1 may be less grim than the outcomes of previous pandemics, but it should be noted that 90 years ago, and even 40 years ago, health officials lacked the antiviral therapies and nationwide vaccination capabilities that are available today. That may have contributed to pandemics having a more devastating effect on the health of past populations. The new estimates are also less alarming than those provided—also by Lipsitch—to the President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology last summer near the start of the pandemic. At the time, researchers had only patchy data on the number of people infected by, and seeking treatment for, the new flu. The initially bleak prediction of the impact of H1N1—with up to 50% of the U.S. population becoming infected in the fall and winter of 2009, resulting in as many as 90,000 deaths—was based on modeling of previous pandemics. Fortunately, the worst case scenario did not come to pass. “The worst case consistent with the data we have now is a lot milder than the worst case consistent with the data we had in the summer or spring,”Lipsitch says. Still, Lipsitch and other health officials acknowledge that the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is not over. What worries health officials most is that as both seasonal and H1N1 flu viruses circulate among the population, the two strains could recombine into a more virulent and aggressive version that could cause more widespread illness and even death. How viruses behave once they nestle into a host is completely unpredictable, but scientists know that in a lab dish, seasonal and H1N1 flu strains mix and match readily. “I’m thinking we may have dodged a bullet here if in fact we don’t get a more severe wave coming on the heels of the current wave,”says Redlener. “But we’ll see what happens.” A second wave could still prove more deadly than the seasonal flu, especially for young children. To date, 189 children have died of influenza in the U.S., the majority of them related to H1N1 infection, and that number is already higher than the total number of pediatric deaths attributed to flu in 2008. Lipsitch says that if current trends hold,H1N1 may end up causing as many influenza deaths, if not more, than the seasonal flu, which kills about 36,000 Americans each year. Instead of hitting the elderly the hardest, though, most of the deaths may be among young children and infants.6．What can be inferred from the passage?A．It is not as severe as experts expected.B．It is likely to have a second wave of H1N1.C．It is not likely to have a second wave of H1N1.D．No one knows for sure whether there will be a second wave of H1N1.正确答案：D解析：此题是推理判断题。

专业英语作业Topic 1:Agency is an area of commercial institution dealing with a contractual or quasi-contractual, or non-contractual set of relationships when a person, called the agent, is authorized to act on behalf of another (called the principal) to create a legal relationship with a third party.Money market is a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing and lending with original maturities of one year or shorter time frames.Capital market is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises and governments can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year.Spontaneous financing refers to the automatic source of short term funds arising in the normal course of short term course of business. Trade credit and out standing expenses are examples of spontaneous financing.Financial intermediary is a financial institution that connects surplus and deficit agents. Secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan.Unsecured Loan A loan that is issued and supported only by the borrower's creditworthiness, rather than by some sort of collateral.Marketability is a measure of the ability of a security to be bought and sold for a price at which similar items are dealling.Perpetuity is an annuity that has no end, or a stream of cash payments that continues forever. Hedge-matching In asset management, the coordination of an organization's cash inflows with cash outflows by matching the maturity of income generating assets (such as certificates of deposit) with the maturity of interest incurring liabilities (debts).Topic 2:美国IBM从1984年左右开始由兴到衰，由年盈利66亿美元到1992年亏损达49.7亿美元。

生物专业英语课后练习题含答案1. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is the most important considerationwhen designing a polymerase chn reaction (PCR)?A. The length of the primerB. The temperature of the PCRC.The amount of DNA in the sample D. The thermal stability of the DNA polymeraseAnswer: D2.Which of the following describes the function of arestriction enzyme in molecular biology?A. Restriction enzymes are used to replicate DNA.B.Restriction enzymes are used to sequence DNA. C. Restrictionenzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites. D. Restrictionenzymes are used to amplify DNA.Answer: C3.The gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according towhich of following parameters?A. SequenceB. SizeC. ConcentrationD. ChargeAnswer: B4.Which of the following is not a component of a typicalprokaryotic cell?A. NucleusB. Cell wallC. RibosomeD. PlasmidAnswer: A5.Which of the following is responsible for the majority ofoxygen production on Earth?A. FungiB. AlgaeC. ProtozoaD. BacteriaAnswer: B2. Short Answer1.What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?Genotype refers to the set of genes an organism carries, while phenotype refers to the observable trts that result from the interaction between the organism’s genes and its environmen t.2.Describe the process of translation.Translation is the process by which the information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. It occurs on ribosomes, which contn two subunits (the small subunit and the large subunit).The process begins with the small subunit binding to the mRNAmolecule; this initiates the process of recognition of the start codon (AUG). Once the start codon is identified, the ribosome will recruit the first tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule, which carries an amino acid. The amino acid is then added to the growing peptide chn as the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, one codon at a time. This continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the ribosome releases the newly synthesized protein, and the mRNA molecule is degraded.3.What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryoticcells?Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a nucleus and many membrane-boundorganelles (such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and theendoplasmic reticulum). They are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.3. True or False1.Bacteria are always harmful to humans.False2.The most diverse group of organisms on Earth is arthropods. True3.The Calvin cycle is the process by which photosynthesisoccurs.True4.Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are primarilydecomposers.True5.RNA splicing removes introns from the primary RNA transcript,leaving only exons.True4. MatchingMatch the following terms with their correct definition or function:1.EnzymeC. Protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a biochemicalreaction2.GlycolysisD. The process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate3.MitochondriaA. Organelle responsible for cell respiration4.NucleusB. Organelle responsible for the storage and transmission ofgenetic informationAnswer:1.C2.D3.A4.BConclusionThis set of practice questions is designed to test your understanding of some of the key concepts in biology. By exploringtopics like genetics, cell structure, and molecular biology, you can gn a deeper appreciation for the complexity and diversity of life on Earth.By engaging with these questions and testing your knowledge, you can become a more confident and capable biologist.。

专业英语四级（听力）练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. DICTATION 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSIONPART I DICTATION (15 MIN)Directions: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minute1．正确答案：Unemployment Most people are much more frightened by being unemployed than they need to be. / Being unemployed certainly has disadvantages, /but there are good things about it too./ One advantage is that you don’t have to get up early to go to work in the rush hour. /You can stay in bed as long as you like, /and there is plenty of time to read the newspaper and have a leisurely breakfast. /But the best thing of all is that you are your own boss and there is no one to tell you what to do and when to do it. / One drawback of being unemployed is that you haven’t got much money coming in/--having a job at least enables you to save a lot of money to go on holiday. /On the other hand, /when you are unemployed you needn’t go on holiday, /because you are on holiday already. /In fact, the main trouble is that you have to spend much time looking for a job. /解析：这篇听写材料属于议论性质。

练习一1. As far as the origins of the words are concerned, English words can be classified into ___B__.A. content words and functional wordsB. native words and borrowed wordsC. basic words and borrowed wordsD. loan words and dialectal words2. A word is ___A__ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a minimal free formB. a basic partC. a minimal elementD. a free element3. English lexicology embraces __A___, semantics, etymology, stylistics, and lexicography.A. morphologyB. phonologyC. syntaxD. Pragmatics4. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is ___D__.A. innovations made by linguistsB. influence of the work of scribesC. stabilization of spelling by printingD. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English5. The relationship between sound and meaning is _C____ and conventional.A. logicalB. objectiveC. arbitraryD. consistent6. Pronouns and _C____ are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.A adverbs B. adjectivesC. numeralsD. Prepositions7. Which of the following is not a functional word? DA throughB ButC theyD four8. Listed in the course book are ___C__ features of native words.A FiveB SixC sevenD eight9. ___A__ are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.A. AliensB. DenizensC. Semantic-loansD. Neologisms10. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly ___B__.A. neutralB. formalC. colloquialD. Informal11. There was _A___ agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.A.moreB. littleC. lessD. a bit more12. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except __B___.A. neologismsB. Anglo-Saxon wordsC. archaismsD. technical termsII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1. Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the ___origins__ and history of the form and meaning of words.2. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely __synchronic______ and diachronic.3. English lexicology is a __Theoretically-oriented___ course and a practical course as well.4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and __meanings__ of words.5. _Stylistics___ is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‟s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects.6. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and _meaning__and syntactic function.7. A word is a _symbol________ that stands for something else in the world.8. All the words in a language make up its ___vocabulary__.9. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common ___core___ of the language.10. Words may fall into content words and functional words by _notion____.11. _Argot____ generally refers to the jargon of criminals.12. The word “internet” is a__neologism__, but the word “calculus” is a technical term.13. Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the _Germanic____tribes.14. According to the degree of _assimilation____ and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.15. _Denizens____ are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. (F)2.In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. (T)3.Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related. (F)4.Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.(F)5.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.(T)6.Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. (F)7. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.(F(nat.7, bas.5))8. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.(T)9. The expression of “black humour” from “humour noir” is regarded as a semantic-loan.(F（tran.))10. The word “port” from “portus” is a translation-loan .(F(sem.))11. Such words as kowtow, bazaar and ketchup are aliens.(F (ketchup tran.))12. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000. (T)13. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. (T)14.When the word “persuader” means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word.(T)15.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words(T).IV. Answer the following questions.1.What is the publicly accepted definition of a word?(1)a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.Therefore, we can say that …a word is a minimal free form of a lang uage that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function‟.2.What accounts for the differences between sound and form?Four major reasons. The internal reason for this is that there are more phonemes than letters in English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling. The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is borrowing.3.What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning. The same concept can be represented by different sounds in different languages. For example, …woman‟ becomes …Frau‟ in German and …femme‟ in French. On the other hand, the same sound /mi:t/ is used to mean …meat‟, …meet‟, and …mete‟.4.How are English words classified?English words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. They may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.5.What is the difference between denizens and aliens?Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now well assimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.练习二I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly __D___ languageA. advancedB. developedC. complicatedD. Inflected2. The following languages are all Germanic except ___A__.A .Scottish B. SwedishC. FlemishD. Danish3. In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from __B___.A. ItalicB. HellenicC. CelticD. Germanic4. Words such as Kent, London, bin and crag are from __A___.A.CelticB. GermanicC. ScandinavianD. Latin5. We find the following languages in the Italic except _C____.A.SpanishB. RoumanianC. NorwegianD. Portuguese6. The early inhabitants of the British Isles were __B___.A.GermansB. CeltsC. ScandinaviansD. Romans7. It is estimated that at least _C____ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English.1200 B. 1000 C. 900 D. 8008. Th e word “candle” came from __D____.A.FrenchB. DanishC. CelticD. Latin9. Old English began to undergo a great change when the _D____ invaded England in 1066.A.RomansB. AnglesC. DanesD. Normans10. Between 1250 and 1500 about __B___ words of French origin poured into English.A.8000B. 9000C. 10000D. 1200011. Modern English is regarded as a/an _A____ language.A.analyticB. inflectedC. syntheticD. Advanced12. In modern times, ___C__ is considered to be the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. semantic changeB. meaning changeC. creationD. BorrowingII. Complete the following statements with proper words and expressions given in the course book.1. The language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles is __Celtic______.2.World languages can be grouped into roughly _300__ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.3.Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and _Swedish__ are generally known as Scandinavian languages.4.The second major language known in England was the _Latin_______ of the Roman Legions(军团）.5.Now people generally refer to _Anglo-Saxon_____ as Old English.6.The introduction of __Christianity____ at the end of 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.7.Old English was a highly inflected language just like modern __German_______.8.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and _Danish___________Vikings.9.Modern English began with the establishment of __printing______ in England.10.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient _Greek____ and Roman classics.11.English has evolved from a _synthetic____ language ( Old English ) to the present analytic language.12.Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, _semantic_______ change, and borrowing.13.Reviving _archaic_____ or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.14.In modern English, word _endings_______ were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.15.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, __affixes_______ and other elements.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The surviving languages of the Indo-European language family fall into ten principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set. (F)2.Celtic is generally known as Old English. （F）3.Spanish, French and Italian all belong to the Italic. （T）4.Danish, Icelandic, Dutch and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages.(F)5.The Germanic tribes were considered to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles.(F)6.In the 6th century many Scandinavian words came into the English language. F（Latin)7.Old English refers to the language used between 450 and 1150. (T)8.Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years.(T)9.During the Middle English period, about 2,500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English. (T)10.French, Celtic and English existed simultaneously for over a century. (F)11.Social and economic terms make up more new words than science and technology terms. (F)12.In modern times, borrowing is still the most important way of vocabulary expansion.(F)13.Middle English retained much fewer inflections than Old English. (T)14.English, German, Irish and Flemish all belong to the Germanic. (F)15.Modern English is a synthetic language. (F)IV. Answer the following questions.1.What does the Germanic family consist of?The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2.What major families can be found in the Indo-European language family?In the Indo-European language family, we can find eight main groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armanian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic and Germanic.3.What are the characteristics of Old English?Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. It was a synthetic language.4.What are the characteristics of Middle English?Middle English (1150-1500) borrowed a large number of words mainly from French. It had a much larger vocabulary. It retained much fewer inflections. It was a language of leveled endings.5.What are the characteristics of Modern English?Modern English (1500-up to now) has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.练习三I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1.The minimal meaningful units are known as __C___.A.morphsB. stemsC. morphemesD. Roots2. The word …shortenings‟ contains _B____ morphemes.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. Six3. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as _A____.A.morphsB. phonemesC. lexemesD. Allomorphs4. Words like cat, dog, tree and so on are called __D____ words.A. stemB. Polysemous . polymorphism D. Monomorphemic5. Free morphemes are the same as __D___ words.A. clippedB. stemC. nativeD. Root6. In the word “contradiction”, the morpheme “-dict-“ is _B____.A.a free rootB. a bound rootC. an affixD. an allomorph7. In the word “international”, “nation” is not a __C___.A. free morphemeB. StemC. bound morphemeD. free root8. A bound morpheme has to combine with other __B___ to make words.A. morphemesB. AllomorphsC. phonemesD. Lexemes9. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in ___A__ words.A. derivedB. convertedC. inflectionalD. Compound10. __C___ affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.A. InflectionalB. BoundC. DerivationalD. Converted11. A __D___ is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.A. rootB. morphC. morphemeD. Stem12. The word __B___ contain an inflectional affix.A. workerB. happierC. formalD. enrichII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1.A __word___ is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units.2.A _morpheme___ is considered to be the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.3.The plural morpheme has a number of ___allomorphs_________ in different sound context.4.There is no ____free/inflectional______________ morpheme in the word “dictation”.5.Free morphemes and free __roots______are identical.6.Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words are called __derivational___ affixes.7.The word “internationalists” has __five_______ morphemes.8.According to the __functions_________ of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.9.The regular plural suffix –s/-es is an ____inflectional_____________ affix.10.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _affix____.11.Almost all affixes are _bound____ morphemes.12.Most morphemes are realized by single _morphs____.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. (T)2.Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical relationships.(T)3.A stem is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed. (F)4. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs. (F)5. Free morphemes can be used as words alone.(T)6. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem. (F)7. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language. (F)8. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes. (F)9. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “easier”. (T)10. Free morphemes are also known as free roots. (T)IV. Answer the following questions.1.What are the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root?Bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words include two types: bound root and affix. A bound morpheme may be either a bound root or an affix. Bound roots, only one type of bound morphemes, are included in bound morphemes.2.What are the differences between a root and a stem?A root and a stem are not the same. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed. A stem may consist of a single root or two roots or a root plus one or more affixes.Therefore a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words.2.Point out the types of morphemes.prediction, strawberries, encouragement(1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemes: prediction ( pre + dict + ion ), strawberries ( straw + berry + es ), encouragement ( en + courage + ment ).(2)“Straw”, “berry” and “courage” are all free morphemes as they can stand alone as words.(3) Of the nine morphemes, all the rest pre-, -dict-, -ion, -es, en- and –ment are bound morphemes as they cannot stand alone as words. Of the six bound morphemes, pre-, -ion, en- and –ment are derivational morphemes and –es is an inflectional morpheme, while –dict- is a bound root.2.Analyze the morphological structures of the following words in terms of free morphemes and bound morphemes, then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.luckily, reminded, teachers(1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes: luckily ( luck + y + ly), reminded ( re + mind + ed), teachers ( teach + er + s)(2)“Luck”, “mind” and “teach” are free morphemes; re-, -ed, -y, -ly, -er and –s are bound morphemes. And of the six bound morphemes, -ed and –s are inflectional morphemes and the other four are derivational morphemes.(3)Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can stand alone as words. Bound morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They must be bound to other morphemes to form words.练习四1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on __A___.A word-formation B. compounding C. prefixation D. Suffixation2. Words created by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems are called __A___.A. derivativesB. CompoundsC. acronymsD. blends3. The chief function of suffixation is to change __D___.A. the meaning of the stemB. the meaning of the rootC. the lexical meaningD. the word-class of the stem4. The overwhelming majority of blends are _B____.A. adjectivesB. nounsC. adverbsD. Verbs5.The chief function of prefixation is to change __C___.A. the grammatical functionB. the word-class of the stemC. the meaning of the stem D the part of speech6. The “mis-” in “mistrust” is __D___.A.a negative prefixB. a locative prefixC. a reversative prefixD. a pejorative prefix7.The meanings of “economic” and “economical” are _B____.A. identicalB. DifferentC. nearly identicalD. Similar8. Compounds differ from free phrases in _D____.A. phonetic featuresB. semantic featuresC. grammatical featuresD. all the above9.The word “survival” is created by adding _ A____ to the stem.A. a noun suffixB. an adjective suffixC. a verb suffixD. an adverb suffix10. Most compounds consist of only ___A_____ stems.A. TwoB. threeC. fourD. Five11. The word ___C________ is a verb compound.A. CrybabyB. deaf-muteC. lip-readD. hard-won12.In __C___ compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.A. adjective-verbB. verb-adjectiveC. adjective-nounD. noun-adjective13.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of __B___.A. spellingB. stressC. functionD. pronunciation14. The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between __D___.A. verbs and adjectivesB. adjectives and verbsC. nouns and adjectivesD. nouns and verbs15. The word ___B__ is a front clipping.A. MemoB. scopeC. fanD. pop16. The word “zoo” is a __A___ clipping.A. phraseB. frontC. backD. front and back17. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _C____.conversion B. compounding C. suffixation D. prefixation18.__A___ are words pronounced letter by letter, and _____ are words pronounced as a normal word.A.Initialisms, acronymsB. Acronyms, initialismsC. Acronyms, blendsD. Blends, initialisms19. Compounds can be written _D____.A.openB. HyphenatedC. solidD. all the above20. Words formed by initialism can be divided into acronyms and alphabetism depending on the ___B__ of the word.A.spellingB. pronunciationC. functionD. meaning1.We can classify prefixes on a __semantic____ basis into nine groups.2.Affixation, also known as __derivation , is one of the most productive means of word-formation.3.According to the positions which _affixes_ occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.4.The primary function of __suffixes___ is to change the grammatical function of stems.5.Prefixes mainly change the __meanings____ of stems.6.he prefix “fore-” in “forehead” is known as a __locative____ prefix.7. We can group suffixes on a __grammatical_____ basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.8. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the __first___ element.pounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more __stem____.10.Conversion is also known as _functional_ shift.11.The words created by conversion are new only in a __grammatical___ sense.12.Blending is the formation of a new word by combining __parts____ of two words or a word plus a part of another word.13.Blends are still considered by serious-minded people to be slang and __informal____.14. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the __supposed________suffixes.15._________ is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.1.Most of the prefixes change the word classes of stems. (F)2. The prefix “dis-” in “disloyal” is a reversative prefix. (F)3.The word “booklet” is a denominal noun.(T)4.The suffix “-wise” in “clockwise” is a noun suffix.(F)5.A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence. (T)6. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.(T)7. Compounding is one of the most productive ways of word-formation. (T)8. The word “blueprint” is a verb compound.(F)9.A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. (T)10. The word “workfare” is formed by compounding. (F)11.“CEO” is regarded as an acronym. (F)12.Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of prefixation. (F)13.Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. (T)14.Back-formed words are largely formal in style. (F)15.The word “sandwich” comes from the name of a place. (F)1.What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?答Prefixes do not generally change the word classes of stems. In other words, most of the prefixes are characterized by their non-class-change nature. Their chief function is to change the meanings of stems. Unlike prefixes, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.2.What are the three main features of compounds?Compounds have the following three main features: phonetic features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second. Semantically, every compound should express a single idea just as one word. Grammatically, a compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.3.What is conversion? What are its characteristics?Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.4.What is blending? What are the four major groups of blends?Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.As far as the structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head + tail, head + head, head + word and word + tail.5. What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formation, the opposite process of suffixation, is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs.Back-formed words are largely informal in style and some of them have not gained public acceptance.6.What is the difference between partial conversion and full conversion?If the nouns converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does and they must be used together with definite articles, the conversion is partial conversion.If the nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.7.What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words.8.What is clipping? What are the four common types of clipping?Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original.There are four common types of clipping: front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1.. She decided to winter in Australia.In the above sentence, which word is a converted one? Explain the type of conversion and its effect.1）In the above sentence, “winter” is a conver ted word.2) The verb “winter” is converted from a noun.3) The conversion is economical and vivid.2.Find the blends in the following sentence and explain which types they belong to.The lunarnaut stayed in that motel for two days.1）In the above sentence, lunarnaut and motel are blends.1）The word “lunarnaut” from (lunar + astronaut) is a word + tail blend, and the word “motel” from (motor + hotel) is a head + tail blend.3. Explain the types of the following two converted nouns. If you find anything wrong, please explain the reasons and correct the mistake.the necessary a wounded1) There are two kinds of conversion from adjectives to nouns: full conversion and partial conversion.2) The word “necessary”, when converted from an adjective to a noun, has all the characteristics of noun, so the conversion is full. Its plural form is necessaries.3) The word “wounded”, when converted from an adjective to a noun, does not possess all the qualities a noun does and it must be used together with a definite article, so the conversion is partial. The expression “a wounded” should be corrected as “the wounded”.练习五。

专业英语八级英译汉（散文类）强化练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese.1．For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness. I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out. Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person. It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.正确答案：只有在我过于劳累的时候，在我长时间不间断工作的时候，或是在我感到内心空虚、需要充实的时候，我才会感到孤独。

xxx学院成人高等教育专科英语练习题（考生注意：答案须写在答题纸上，并注明题号，考试结束后将试卷连同答题纸一齐交）PART I Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: Each of the following sentences is provided with four choices. Choose the one that best complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. Nancy ____ in the exam because he got only 45 points.a.failedb. passedc. succeededd. took2. Jenny ____ from the college last year.a. appliedb. workedc. studiedd. graduated3. He is getting ____ well in his new job.a. atb. onc. ind. by4. Nowadays many young people intend to ____ their studies abroad.a. fartherb. fatherc. furtherd. future5. You can get your bachelor’s degree after you ____ from the university.a. endb. finishc. graduated. are away6. The boss may ____ Tony because he has the right qualifications.a. hireb. firec. dismissd. blame7. Do you like ____ outdoors?a. workb. workingc. workedd. works8. Why ____ Paula feel stress when she was a nurse?a. didb. wasc. hadd. does9. John is worried because he has to ____ for a job.a. findb. keepc. lookd. take10. ____ you nervous during the interview?a. Wereb. Didc. Dod. had11. We usually end a formal letter with “____”.a. Sincerely yourb. Sincerely yoursc. Your sincerelyd. Sincere yours12. This bag is too ______ for me to carry all by myself.a. heavyb. busyc. bossyd. dirty13. It won’t ____ you a long time to finish this homeworka. spendb. takec. costd. pay14. You should think about it twice before you ____ to do it.a. make up your mindb. expectc. hoped. pick up15. The bus stopped to ____ passengers.a. get offb. pull inc. get ond. pick up16. She ____ talk a lot. But now she is very quiet.a. is used tob. used toc. was used tod. did use to17. He arrived ____ Shanghai ____ the afternoon of December 2.a. at, inb. in, atc. in, ond. for, on18.The train is starting ____ 20 minutes.a. atb. inc. sinced. until19. She was ____ her early twenties when she went abroad.a. atb. onc. ofd. in20. There is a bookshop ____ my way home.a. atb. onc. ind. toPART II Communication (2×5=10%)21--Can you come to my party ,Ted ?-- ______B_______ .A. Sorry, I ‘d likeB. Sure, I’d love toC. Sure, I can’tD. Yes , I’d like.–22. -- Have a nice day.-- ____A_________.A. Thank you.You too.B. Yes,all rightC. I can’t. It’s going to rain.D. I’m too busy.23. --That’s a beautiful dress you have on!-- ______B________.A. Actually, I don’t like it very much.B. Oh, thank you. I just got it yesterday.C. Yes, I think so.D. No, it’s not that beautiful. Yours is better.24．－How are you getting along with your English study, Wang?－________B___________.A. No well, I’m afraid.B. Not very well, I’m afraid.C. Not well, I’m afraid.D. No good, I’m afraid.25.－Why don’t you have a talk with your adviser about your problems?－________A____________.A.Thank you. I think I willB.I do not think so.C.No, it’s too hard.D.Oh, don’t you think so?第 3 页，共6 页restaurant in most of the large cities. The telephone book lists restaurants for each city according to the name, area of the city, or kind of food. Restaurants in large cities vary greatly in price. Many restaurants post their menus in the window so you can have some idea of the price and kind of food before you enter. If the menu is not posted, and you are uncertain about how expensive the place is, ask to see a menu before you are seated at a table, or else just ask about the price range. Appearances from the outside can be misleading—what looks like a small, informal restaurant may really be very expensive, and what looks like a large, expensive restaurant may be very reasonable.You can get a meal for about $4 or $5 or slightly more if you eat in snack bars (快餐店) or coffee shops, but in most city restaurants you should expect to pay $8 to $10 a person for dinner, with alcoholic drinks and wine extra. Prices in New York City are even higher.6. Restaurants for each city are listed in the telephone book according to the ________D__.a. area of the city.b. name of the restaurant.c. kind of food.d. any of the above7. Where is the menu posted in many restaurants?Ca. On the tables.b. On the door of the restaurant.c. In the window.d. In the front of the restaurants.8. To let people get some idea of __D________, many restaurants have their menu posted in the window.a. the price.b. the kind of food.c. the kind of restaurant.d. both a and b.9. If you are not sure about the prices of the restaurants, what should you do?Da. Ask to see a menu before you sit down at a table.b. Ask to post a menu in the window..c. Just ask the price arrange..d. Either a or c.10. In most city restaurants, what is the average dinner price range for a person?Aa. $8 to $10b. $4 to $8.c. $6 to $8d. $4 to $6.Passage CA famous writer who was visiting Japan was invited to give a lecture at a university to a large group of students. As most of them could not understand spoken English, he had to have an interpreter.During his lecture he told an amusing story which went on for rather a long time. At last he stopped to allow the interpreter to translate it into Japanese, and was very surprised when the man did this in a few seconds, after which all the students laughed loudly.After the lecture, the writer thanked the interpreter for his good work and then said to him, “Now please tell me how you translated that long story of mine into such a short Japanese one.”第 5 页，共6 页2.Exercise, fresh air and sleep are __essential____ for one’s health.3.She is giving me English lessons __ _ in exchange for ____ Chinese lessons.4.The teacher smiles at me. She must __ feel satisfied with __ with my work.5.She was not ____ aware of ___ having done wrong.6.There were no tickets ____ available ___ for today’s film.7.He didn’t finish the job,_______ he was very busy.8.Don’t ___ expose ____ it to the sun.9.The kind woman decided to ___ take in ____ this poor homeless girl.10.Nanjing today is ____ no longer ___ the Nanjing of the past.Part V.Translation (20 points)Section A：Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. They don’t think these rules are fair. 他们认为这些规则不公平.2. It is well-known that a dove symbolizes peace.总所周知，鸽子''象征和平.3. She was somewhat encouraged by what you said.你的话对她多少有点鼓励.4. He is not popular, He has few friends.他不受大家欢迎，他的朋友不多.5. Sometimes ads inform us about new products.有时候广告让我们知道新产品.Section B：Directions: Translate the following sentences into English.1.主要的困难在于缺乏资金。

1. The accounting concept that requires financial statement information to be supported by independent, unbiased evidence other than someone's belief or opinion is:A. Business entity assumption.B. Monetary unit assumption.C. Going-concern assumption.D. Time-period assumption.E. Objectivity2. The rule that requires financial statements to reflect the assumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold, unless evidence shows that it will not continue, is the:A. Going-concern assumption.B. Business entity assumption.C. Objectivity principle.D. Cost Principle.E. Monetary unit assumption.3. If a parcel of land that was originally acquired for $85,000 is offered for sale at $150,000, is assessed for tax purposes at $95,000, is recognized by its purchasers as easily being worth $140,000, and is sold for $137,000, the land should be recorded in the purchaser's books at:A. $95,000.B. $137,000.C. $138,500.D. $140,000.E. $150,000.4. To include the personal assets and transactions of a business's owner in the records and reports of the business would be in conflict with the:A. Objectivity principle.B. Monetary unit assumption.C. Business entity assumption.D. Going-concern assumption.E. Revenue recognition principle.5. If a parcel of land that was originally purchased for $85,000 is offered for sale at $150,000, is assessed for tax purposes at $95,000, is recognized by its purchasers as easily being worth $140,000, and is sold for $137,000, the land account transaction amount to handle the sale of the land in the seller's books is:A. $85,000 increase.B. $85,000 decrease.C. $137,000 increase.D. $137,000 decrease.E. $140,000 decrease.6. If a parcel of land that was originally purchased for $85,000 is offered for sale at $150,000, is assessed for tax purposes at $95,000, is recognized by its purchasers as easily being worth $140,000, and is sold for $137,000. What is the effect of the sale on the accounting equation for the seller?A. Assets increase $52,000; owner's equity increases $52,000.B. Assets increase $85,000; owner's equity increases $85,000.C. Assets increase $137,000; owner's equity increases $137,000.D. Assets increase $140,000; owner's equity increases $140,000.E. Assets decrease $85,000; owner's equity decreases $85,0007. The record in which transactions are first recorded is the:A. Account balance.B. Ledger.C. Journal.D. Trial balance.E. Cash account.8. A record in which the effects of transactions are first recorded and from which transaction amounts are posted to the ledger is a(n):A. Account.B. Trial balance.C. Journal.D. T-account.E. Balance column account.9. An accountant has debited an account for $3,500 and credited a liability account for $2,000. Which of the following would be an incorrect way to complete the recording of this transaction:A. Credit another asset account for $1,500.B. Credit another liability account for $1,500.C. Credit an expense account for $1,500.D. Credit the owner's capital account for $1,500.E. Debit another asset account for $1,500.10. A $15 credit to Sales was posted as a $150 credit. By what amount is Sales in error?A. $150 understated.B. $135 overstated.C. $150 overstated.D. $15 understated.E. $135 understated.11. All of the following are liability accounts except:A. Accounts Payable.B. Unearned Ticket Revenue.C. Taxes Payable.D. Commissions Earned.E. Notes Payable.12. A $130 credit to Office Equipment was credited to Fees Earned by mistake. By what amounts are the accounts under- or overstated as a result of this error?A. Office Equipment, understated $130; Fees Earned, overstated $130.B. Office Equipment, understated $260; Fees Earned, overstated $130.C. Office Equipment, overstated $130; Fees Earned, overstated $130.D. Office Equipment, overstated $130; Fees Earned, understated $130.E. Office Equipment, overstated $260; Fees Earned, understated $130.13. Hal Smith opened Smith’s Repairs on March 1 of the current year. During March, the following transactions occurred and were recorded in the company's books:1. Smith invested $25,000 cash in the business.2. Smith contributed $100,000 of equipment to the business.3. The company paid $2,000 cash to rent office space for the month.4. The company received $16,000 cash for repair services provided during March.5. The company paid $6,200 for salaries for the month.6. The company provided $3,000 of services to customers on account.7. The company paid cash of $500 for monthly utilities.8. The company received $3,100 cash in advance of providing repair services to a customer.9. Smith withdrew $5,000 for his personal use from the company.Based on this information, the balance in Hal Smith, Capital reported on the Statement of Owner’s Equity at the end of Mar ch would be:A. $133,400.B. $130,300C. $125,300D. $8,400E. $13,500.14. The difference between the cost of an asset and the accumulated depreciation for that asset is calledA. Depreciation Expense.B. Unearned Depreciation.C. Prepaid Depreciation.D. Depreciation Value.E. Book V alue.15. A company purchased a new truck at a cost of $42,000 on July 1. The truck is estimated to have a useful life of 6 years and a salvage value of $3,000. The company uses the straight-line method of depreciation. How much depreciation expense will be recorded for the truck during the first year ended December 31?A. $3,250.B. $3,500.C. $4,000.D. $6,500.E. $7,000.16. A company's Office Supplies account shows a beginning balance of $600 and an ending balance of $400. If office supplies expense for the year is $3,100, what amount of office supplies was purchased during the period?A. $2,700.B. $2,900.C. $3,300.D. $3,500.E. $3,700.17. If a company records prepayment of expenses in an asset account, the adjusting entry would:A. Result in a debit to an expense and a credit to an asset account.B. Cause an adjustment to prior expense to be overstated and assets to be understated.C. Cause an accrued liability account to exist.D. Result in a debit to a liability and a credit to an asset account.E. Decrease cash.18. On May 1, Carter Advertising Company received $3,600 from Kaitlyn Breanna for advertising services to be completed April 30 of the following year. The Cash receipt was recorded as unearned fees. The adjusting entry for the year ended December 31, Year 2 would include:A. a debit to Earned Fees for $3,600.B. a debit to Unearned Fees for $1,200.C. a credit to Unearned Fees for $1,200.D. a debit to Earned Fees for $2,400.E. a credit Earned Fees for $2,400.123. What is the proper adjusting entry at December 31, the end of the accounting period, if the balance in the prepaid insurance account is $7,750 before adjustment, and the unexpired amount per analysis of policies is, $3,250?A. Debit Insurance Expense, $3,250; credit Prepaid Insurance, $3,250.B. Debit Insurance Expense, $4,500; credit Prepaid Insurance, $4,500.C. Debit Prepaid Insurance, $4,500; credit Insurance Expense, $4,500.D. Debit Insurance Expense, $7,750; credit Prepaid Insurance, $7,750.E. Debit Cash, $7,750; Credit Prepaid Insurance, $7,750.19. A company purchased new computers at a cost of $14,000 on September 30. The computers are estimated to have a useful life of 4 years and a salvage value of $2,000. The company uses the straight-line method of depreciation. How much depreciation expense will be recorded for the computers for the first year ended December 31?A. $250B. $750C. $875D. $1,000E. $3,00020. The balance in Tee Tax Services' office supplies account on February 1 and February 28 was $1,200 and $375, respectively. If the office supplies expense for the month is $1,900, what amount of office supplies was purchased during February?A. $1,075B. $1,500C. $1,525D. $2,325E. $3,10021. Leonard Matson completed these transactions during December of the current year:Dec. 1 Began a financial services practice by investing$15,000 cash and office equipment having a $5,000 value.2 Purchased $1,200 of office equipment on credit.3 Purchased $300 of office supplies on credit.4 Completed work for a client and immediately received apayment of $900 cash.8 Completed work for Acme Loan Co. on credit, $1,700.10 Paid for the supplies purchased on credit on December 3.14 Paid for the annual $960 premium on an insurance policy.18 Received payment in full from Acme Loan Co. for the workcompleted on December 8.27 Leonard withdrew $650 cash from the practic to paypersonal expenses.30 Paid $175 cash for the December utility bills.30 Received $2,000 from a client for financial services to be rendered next year.Prepare general journal entries to record these transactions.22. In general journal form, record the December 31 adjusting entries for the following transactions and events. Assume that December 31 is the end of the annual accounting period.a. The Prepaid Insurance account shows a debit balance of $2,340, representing the cost of a three-year fire insurance policy that was purchased on October 1 of the current year.b. The Office Supplies account has a debit balance of $400; a year-end inventory count reveals $80 of supplies still on hand.c. On November 1 of the current year, Rent Earned was credited for $1,500. This amount represented the rent earned for a three-month period beginning November 1.d. Estimated depreciation on office equipment is $600.e. Accrued salaries amount to $400.(all entries dated December 31)23. Prepare adjusting entries for the year ended December 31, for each of these separate situations. Assume that prepaid expenses are initially recorded in asset accounts and that fees collected in advance are initially recorded as liabilities.a. The Prepaid Rent account has a debit balance of $12,000 before adjustment, representing a prepayment for four months rent made on December 1 of the current year.b. One-third of the work related to $18,000 of cash received in advance was performed during this period.c. Unpaid accrued salaries at December 31 amounts to $15,000d. Work was completed for a client on December 31 in the amount of $21,000, but was not previously billed or recorded.e. Estimated depreciation on office equipment is $27,000.。

《专业英语(自动化)》复习卷A卷一．Put the following words and phrases into English or chinese. (20*1=20)1．电路circuit 2．控制系统Control system 3．元件component 4．电压voltage 5．电流current 6．欧姆定律Ohm’s Low 7．开关switch 8．指针needle 9．螺丝刀Scrow driver 10．引脚pin 11．Strip条纹12．Intergrated circuit集成电路13．chip晶片14．sensor传感器15．maintenance维护16．actuator执行器17．joint关节18．servomotor伺服电机19．telerobot遥控机器人20．gripper夹爪二．C hoose one word from the word list below to fill in the blank in each of thefollowing sentences. (20*1=20)1)Digital 2)analog, 3)positive 4)common 5)a function switch 6)a range switch 7)extended ranges of voltage 8)dc and ac9)current 10) resistanceA multimeter is a general-purpose meter capable of measuring 8 voltage,9 , 10 , and in some cases, decibels. There are two types of meters: 2 using a standard meter movement with a needle (see Fig 3.1(a)), and , with an 1 electronic numerical display (see Fig 3.1(b)).Both types of meters have a 3 (+) jack and a 4 jack (-) for the test leads， 5 to select dc voltage, ac voltage, dc current, ac current, or ohms and 6 for accurate readings. The meters may also have other jacks to measure 7 (1 to 5 kV) and current (up to 10A) there are some variations to the functions used for specific meters.1)Resistance 2)placed across (in parallel) 3)be removed4)in series with 5)mechanical adjust 6)automatic indicator5)properly 8) test leads 9)correct 10)be openedBesides the function and range switches (sometimes they are in a single switch.) The analog meter may have a polarity switch to facilitate reversing the test leads. The needle usually has a screw for 5 to set it to zero and also a zero adjust control to compensate for weakening batteries when measuring 1 . An analog meter can read positive and negative voltage by simply reversing the 8 or moving the polarity switch. A digital meter usually has an 6 for polarity on its display.Meters must be 7connected to a circuit to ensure a 9 reading. A voltmeter is always 2 the circuit or component to be measured. When measuring current, the circuit must 10 and the meter inserted 4 the circuit or component to be measured. When measuring the resistance of a component in a circuit, the voltage to the circuit must 3 and the meter placed in parallel with the component.三.Read the following passage and answer the questions.（5*8=40）RobotsRobots produce mechanical motion that,in most cases,results in manipulation or locomotion.For example,industrial robots manipulate parts or tools to perform manufacturing tasks such as material handing,welding,spray painting,or assembly;automated guided vehicles are used for transporting materials in factories and warehouses.Telerobots provide astronauts with large mainipulators for remotely performing spacecraft maintenance.Robots perform repetitive,high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fatigue.Robots on this automobile assembly line weld body parts together.The General Motors corporation uses about 16,000 robots to weld,assemble,and paint automobiles.Walking robots explore active volcanoes.Mechanical characteristics for robots include degrees of freedom of movement,size and shape of the operatingspace,stiffness and strength of the structure ,lifting capacity,velocity ,and acceleration under load.Performance measures include repeatability and accuracy of positioning,speed,and freedom from vibration.A robot is made up of sensors,actuators,and computatlonal elements(a microprocessor).Actuators for moving joints of a robot are usually electric servomotors.In the past ,larger robots were built with hydraulic actuation due to their high payload capacity and ability to work in explosion-prone environments.In the 1990s,there was a trend by the major manufacturers to use electric actuators in most of their industrial robots.A robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.1.What industrial robots can do for people?Industrial robots manipulate parts or tools to perform manufacturing tasks such as material handing,welding,spray painting,or assembly;automated guided vehicles are used for transporting materials in factories and warehouses.2.What are the advantages of robots?igue.Robots perform repetitive,high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fat3. What parts are made up of the robot?A robot is made up of sensors,actuators,and computatlonal elements(a microprocessor).4．What does t he term “reprogrammable” impl y?The term “reprogrammable”implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.5.Why are robots widely used over the past two decades?Because robots can perform certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.四.Read the following passage and t ranslate the underlined phrases and sentences into Chinese.（5*4=20）Classification of Robots1.Industrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. 2.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.3.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. 4.The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.5.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.1. 工业机器人在尺寸、形状、轴的数量、自由度、设计构型等方面广泛的变化。

New Words
animation [,æni'meiʃən] ʃ n. 活泼，生气；激励；卡通片绘制 活泼，生气；激励； animare： 给无生命的物体以有生命气息的灵魂 ： cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n] ɑ n. 卡通片，[电影 动画片；连环漫画 卡通片， 电影 动画片； 电影] vt. 为…画漫画 vi. 画漫画 画漫画 原本动画(Animation)与卡通(Cartoon)是相同的， (Animation)与卡通(Cartoon)是相同的 原本动画(Animation)与卡通(Cartoon)是相同的，可自从 一秒十五幅的制作方法打破了一秒二十四幅的传统后 的制作方法打破了一秒二十四幅的传统后， 一秒十五幅的制作方法打破了一秒二十四幅的传统后，就开 始有所区别了。 始有所区别了。 characteristic [,kærəktə'ristik] adj. 典型的；特有的；表示特性的 典型的；特有的； n. 特征；特性；特色 特征；特性；
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动画
1、定义 是指由许多帧静止的画面 以一定的速度（如每秒16 许多帧静止的画面， 16张 是指由许多帧静止的画面，以一定的速度（如每秒16张）连续播放 肉眼因视觉残象产生错觉，而误以为画面活动的作品。 时，肉眼因视觉残象产生错觉，而误以为画面活动的作品。 动画和视频一样，也是利用人眼的视觉暂留现象， 动画和视频一样，也是利用人眼的视觉暂留现象，在单位时间内连 续播放静态图形，从而产生动的感觉。与视频信息不同的是， 续播放静态图形，从而产生动的感觉。与视频信息不同的是，动画是 人为创作的，而视频往往是真实世界的再现。 人为创作的，而视频往往是真实世界的再现。 2、手法 为了得到活动的画面，每个画面之间都会有细微的改变。 为了得到活动的画面，每个画面之间都会有细微的改变。而画面的 制作方式，最常见的是手绘在纸张或赛璐珞片上， 制作方式，最常见的是手绘在纸张或赛璐珞片上，其它的方式还包含 了黏土、模型、纸偶、沙画等。 了黏土、模型、纸偶、沙画等。 由于电脑科技的进步，现在也有许多利用电脑动画软体，直接在 由于电脑科技的进步，现在也有许多利用电脑动画软体， 电脑上制制作出来的动画， 电脑上制制作出来的动画，或者是在动画制作过程中使用电脑进行加 工的方式，这些都已经大量运用在商业动画的制作中。 工的方式，这些都已经大量运用在商业动画的制作中。通常动画是由 大量密集和乏味的劳动产生， 大量密集和乏味的劳动产生，就算在电脑动画科技得到长足进步和发 展的现在也是如此。 展的现在也是如此。

专升本英语专业练习题### 专升本英语专业练习题#### Part I: Vocabulary and Grammar (词汇和语法)1. Choose the best word to fill in the blank.- The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implementationB) implicationC) complicationD) simplification2. Rewrite the sentence using the passive voice.- The committee will review the proposal next week.3. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.- She is fluent in three languages and has lived _______ different countries.4. Identify the grammatical error in the sentence and provide the correct version.- Because of his poor health, he decided to retire, which was a hard decision for him to make.#### Part II: Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)Read the following passage and answer the questions.In recent years, the popularity of English as a second language has surged globally. This trend has been attributed to the increasing demand for English proficiency in various fields such as business, technology, and academia. As a result, many educational institutions have introduced specialized courses to cater to this demand.Questions:1. What has contributed to the rise in English learning worldwide?2. Why have educational institutions started offering specialized English courses?#### Part III: Cloze Test (完形填空)[Passage]The art of communication is not just about speaking, but also about listening. Effective communication requires bothparties to be attentive and responsive. It is important to understand the message being conveyed, as well as to express one's own thoughts clearly.Choose the best word to complete the passage:- A) Actively- B) Simply- C) Rarely- D) GraduallyListening _______ involves giving your full attention to the speaker and not interrupting.#### Part IV: Error Correction (改错)Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.1. She don't know what to do next.2. There are a lot of informations in the book.3. He has went to the store yesterday.#### Part V: Translation (翻译)Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese.1. The rapid development of technology has changed our lives in many ways.2. It is essential to maintain a balance between work and personal life.#### Part VI: Writing (写作)Write a short essay on the topic "The Importance of Learning a Second Language". Your essay should be about 200 words and include the following points:- The benefits of being bilingual.- The challenges faced by language learners.- Your personal experience or opinion on learning a second language.Note: The above exercise is designed to test various aspectsof English language proficiency, including vocabulary, grammar, reading, writing, and translation skills. It is recommended that students practice regularly to improve their English proficiency.。