下载文档原格式
硕士研究生英语翻译Master's Graduate English Translation (700 words)My name is [Name], and I am a master's graduate from [University] in [major]. During my studies, I specialized in [area of specialization]. My research focused on [research topic], which allowed me to develop a deep understanding of [specific subject] and its application in real-world scenarios.One of the key components of my research was conducting a comprehensive literature review. This involved analyzing a wide range of scholarly articles, academic journals, and books related to my research topic. Through this process, I was able to identify gaps in existing research and contribute new insights to the field.To collect primary data for my study, I designed and conducted a series of experiments and surveys. This involved developing research protocols, recruiting participants, administering surveys, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting the results. I utilized statistical software such as SPSS to analyze quantitative data and qualitative analysis methods to interpret the qualitative data. This approach provided a well-rounded and comprehensive analysis of my research topic.During my time as a master's student, I presented my research findings at several conferences and seminars. These opportunities allowed me to receive valuable feedback from experts in the field and sparked engaging discussions with other researchers. In addition, I had the chance to attend workshops and seminars by distinguished scholars, which further enriched my knowledge andbroadened my perspective.Apart from my research, I also actively participated in various extracurricular activities. I was a member of the university's student organization, where I organized and participated in academic and social events. These experiences helped me develop strong teamwork and leadership skills, as well as improve my communication and organizational abilities.After completing my master's degree, I am eager to apply my knowledge and skills in a professional setting. I am open to opportunities in both academia and industry, as I believe that my research background and strong analytical skills can benefit various organizations. I am confident in my ability to contribute to the development of innovative solutions and strategies.In conclusion, my master's studies have equipped me with a solid foundation in [major] and a deep understanding of [specific subject]. Through my research, I have gained valuable research and analytical skills, as well as the ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. I am excited to embark on the next chapter of my career and make a positive impact in the field.。
Unit 1●翻译：（黑体的汉字表示与教师用书不同，斜体的汉字表示重点翻译不要遗漏）pass ion, wisdom, altruis m, insight, creativ ity—sometim es only the trialsof adversitycan fosterthese qualities, because sometim es only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. (Para.6)慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力——有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。
2.In that moment, our sense of invulne rabili ty is pierced, and the self-protect ive mentalarmorthat normall y standsbetween us and our percept ions of the world is torn away. (Para.12) 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。
3.They say that materia l ambitio ns suddenly seem silly and the pleasur es of friends and familyparamou nt—and that the crisisallowed them to recognize in line with their new priorit ies.(Para.14)他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。
The Healing power of BeliefFor the past two years,I have been studying cancer survivors at UGLA,trying to find out why it is that some people respond much better to their treatment than do others.At first I though that some patients did well because their illnesses were not as severe as the illnesses of others.On closer scrutiny,however,I discovered that severity of the illness was only one of a number of factors that accounted for the difference between those who get well and those who don’t .The patients i am talking about here received upon diagnosis whatever therapy medication,radiation,surgery-their individual cases demanded.Yet the response to such treatments was hardly uniform.Some patients fared much better in their therapies than others.在过去的两年里，我一直在UGLA研究癌症幸存者，试图发现为什么对有些人治疗产生的效果会比其他人好。
以开始我认为一些人治疗效果好是因为他们的疾病没有别人眼中。
Pollution is a dirty wordThe earth is our home.we must take care of it,for ourselves and for the next generation.This means preserving the quality of our environment.地球是我们的家，为了我们和我们的下一代我们必须保护她。
这意味着我们要保护我们环境的质量。
The importance of this task is stressed by scientists who study the relation of man to nature.These scientists are called ecologists,from the Greek word oikos,which means home.Ecologists are responsible for keeping the land,air and water clean.”How are we doing?”an ecologist was asked recently.”Lousy,the scientist said,sniffing the fume-laden air.”We’re got to do a better job-and soon-or it will be too late.”研究人与自然关系的科学家强调了这个任务的重要性。
这些科学家被称为生态学家，这个词源于希腊语oikos，意思是家。
生物学家对保护土地、空气和水源的洁净负有责任。
一个生物学家最近被问到：“我们做的怎么样？”他嗅着满是烟雾的空气回答说：“很差劲，我们必须要做的更好，否则很快就会太迟了。
”Consume,consume,consume!Our society is consumer oriented-dangerously so.To keep the wheels of industry turning,we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities,and ,in the process,are rapidly exhausting our natural resources.But this is only half the problem.What do we do with manufactured products when they are worn out?They must be disposed of,but how and where?Unsightly junk-yards full of rusting automoniles already surround every city in the nation.Americans throw away 80 billion bottles and cans each year,enough to build more than ten stacks to the moon.There isn’t room for much more waste and yet the factories grind on.They cannot stop because every one wants a job.Our standard of living,one of the highest in the world,required the consumption of manufactured products in ever-increasing amounts.Man,about to be buried in his own waste,is caught in a vicious cycle.”Stop the world ,I want to get off.”is the way a popular song put man’s dilemma.消费，消费，消费！我们的社会是以消费者为中心的，而这是非常危险的。
研究生英语教程课后翻译1.没有调查，就没有发言权He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.2.努力实现和平统一We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland.3.把钟拆开比把它再装起来容易It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together.4.你三个星期之内完成这项设计不容易It was not easy for you to finish the design in three weeks.5.交翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.6.他越是要掩盖她的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露The more he tried to hide his warts，the more he revealed them.7.你干嘛不去问他Why don’t you go and ask him about it？8.最好把毛衣穿上，外面相当冷You should better put on your sweater ，for it’s quite cold outside.9.不努力，不会成功One will not succeed unless one works hard10.什么事也不要落在别人后面No matter what you do，you should not lag behind anyone11.我们必须要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.12.你要母鸡多生蛋，又不它米吃；要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草。
1，Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture,中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurants are found scattered everywhere throughout the world.这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见。
Today, the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before.当今，烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展。
A decade ago, Beijing had a few thousand restaurants,10年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，while today there are over 100,000 restaurants of different sizes in the city.而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内。
2，Regional Chinese Cuisines地方美食It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming（1368 - 1644）dynasties onwards, there are eight major schools of cuisine based on regional cooking.众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，They came from Shangdong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui provinces.分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。
In addition to these traditional cuisines, the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes,除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化：as almost every place has it own local specialties,每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，and as the differrent cuisines gather together in big cities, such as Beijing.不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市。
在职研究生英语词汇1. On-the-job: 实践中的，工作中的2. Graduate: 毕业生3. Postgraduate: 研究生4. Enrollment: 注册，入学6. Dissertation: 学位论文7. Thesis: 论文8. Research: 研究9. Seminar: 研讨会10. Supervisor: 导师11. Coursework: 课程作业12. Elective: 选修课13. Core curriculum: 核心课程14. Transcript: 成绩单15. Classmate: 同学16. Module: 模块17. Study plan: 学习计划18. Academic advisor: 学术顾问19. Presentation: 演讲，报告21. Virtual classroom: 虚拟课堂22. Assignment: 作业23. Thesis defense: 论文答辩24. Library resources: 图书馆资源25. Capstone project: 结业项目26. Academic integrity: 学术诚信27. Grading system: 分级制度28. Syllabus: 教学大纲29. Research methodology: 研究方法学30. Literature review: 文献综述31. Scholarship: 奖学金32. Degree: 学位33. Graduation ceremony: 毕业典礼34. Professional development: 职业发展35. Alumni: 校友36. Tuition fee: 学费37. Entrance exam: 入学考试38. Academic calendar: 学年历。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit one Passage A推进绿色革命――造纸业和气候变化技术和环境一直无法兼得。
一些环保人士仇视技术发展。
大多数环境政策聚焦于价格、能耗和针对太阳能和风能的补贴。
但是，太阳能和风能现在并非前沿技术。
能够列入榜单的重大技术突破寥寥无几。
前途最为光明的技术突破之一是碳捕获和碳存储，它可以中和化石燃料燃烧时所释放出来的二氧化碳。
挪威的蒙斯塔德原本正在建设一个碳捕获和碳存储的大型项目――但是挪威政府却突然叫停了该项目。
鉴于此，我们更有理由带着兴趣――和些许怀疑――来审视欧洲纸浆造纸企业为削减二氧化碳排放量在技术革新方面所做出的努力了。
本周，这些企业宣布了一些富有创意的理念。
如果这些理念被整个造纸行业所采纳，那么到2050年，造纸业的能源消耗将可以降低四分之一，其二氧化碳排放量将可以减少一半还多。
这些理念将会检验各个公司发展的技术可以从多大程度上减缓全球变暖。
纸浆造纸业是一个能源消耗大项――从能耗角度来看，它是全球第五大工业用户。
根据智囊机构世界资源研究所（World Resources Institute）的数据，这一行业在2021年的全球二氧化碳排放量大约为5亿吨。
但是，欧洲的造纸企业相对比较环保：贸易协会欧洲纸业联盟（Confederation of European Paper Industries）表示，该联盟的成员企业在2021年的二氧化碳排放量大约为4600万吨。
缺乏监管的纸浆作坊也制造了大量令人恶心的垃圾。
位于俄罗斯贝加尔湖沿岸的一个小作坊多年以来一直向这个世界上最大的淡水湖排放漂白剂。
面临着大幅削减二氧化碳排放量的要求，欧洲纸业联盟决定尝试技术改革，以观其能否带来大幅改善。
该联盟成立了两个由科学家和商业人士组成的专门小组，每个小组都由一位前CEO来领导（分别是欧洲第四大造纸企业Smurfit Kappa和第五大造纸企业Mondi的前CEO）。
两个小组建立了一个常识资料库，原因是这一理念在于检验创造性想法，而不是专利信息。
Nine years for A and BDr. Johnson was the greatest man who made a dictionary. James A.H.Murray was the man who made the greatest dictionary: From 1879 to 1915, when he died, he devoted his life to the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary. Dr. Johnson had earned the right , as we have not, to call the lexicographer “a harmless drudge” for Jonson knew not only that a great deal more than drudgery is involved, but also that the amount of drudgery in the making of a dictionary is simply unimaginable. Even the dictionary maker fortunately can’t make real to himself in advance. Johnson博士是编著字典中最伟大的人，但是默里却编著了最伟大的字典。
从1879年起之道1915年他趋势，他把他的一生都倾注到牛津英语字典的编著中。
我们无权评价词典编纂者，但Johnson博士有这个权利，他称他们为“无害的苦力”，因为他知道编撰字典需要的远远不止苦力，并且其所需的乏味的工作的工作量简直无法想象。
即使是字典编撰者本人也无法提前知道？。
So the lexicographer-even a profoundly thoughtful and experienced one like James Murray-will grasp at the notion that the letter A is typical, so that he can really calculate, now that he has done A, how long are the vistas ahead. And then, all too soon, he is having to admit, not only that A isn’t typical(apparently it has lots of classically derived words, and these don’t have a great many senses), but that the whole idea of a typical letter is a will-o’-the-wisp. Or again, the lexicographer estimates the amount of time and effort involved in chasing up rare words or scientific terms and then finds that the hardest words are the ones that might seem easiest. The longest entry in the Oxford English Dictionary is for that simple slippery little word set, and Murray was plunged into black despair by “the terrible word Black and its derivatives.”所以即使是一个像默里这样思想深刻并且经验丰富的字典编撰者，也会谨记“字母A是典型”这个观念，既然他已经完成了A，今后还需要花费多长时间，他就可以实际的计算出来了。
Is a race of robots possibleA good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain.They insist that a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do.如果你称一个计算机为“超级大脑”，有很多技术人员会非常生气。
他们坚持认为电脑仅仅会做思考的人们计划让他们做的事情。
Yet one authority states categorically,”A machine can handle information;it can calculate,conclude,and choose;it can perform reasonable operations with information.A machine,therefore,can think.”Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener,of MIT,envisions a machine that can learn and will “in not way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made,or will be acceptable to us.”Evidently,he thinks machines can think.但一个官方直截了当地表示“一台机器可以处理信息，它可以计算，总结以及选择，它可以用信息进行合理的运算。
因此机器可以思考。
”著名的数学家,麻省理工学院的Norbert Wiener 假象一个机器可以学习，并且“绝不会被迫做出本应由我们做出的或者我们愿意接受的决定”。
很显然，他认为机器可以思考。
英译汉1．One answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us to successfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems or mutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make. (Para2)为什么会产生误解或反对呢？答案之一就是，大部分人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或者感受，解决共同关注的问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
2. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. (Para3) 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而产生的系列肌肉收缩，我们人类各成员都是一样的。
研究生英语课文翻译paraphraseUnit 1● 翻译：（黑体的汉字表示与教师用书不同，斜体的汉字表示重点翻译不要遗漏）1. Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity—sometimes only the trials of adversity canfoster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations canforce us to take on the painful process of change. (Para.6)慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力——有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。
2. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armorthat normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. (Para.12) 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。
3. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasuresof friends and familyparamount —and that the crisis allowed them to recognize in line withtheir new priorities. (Para.14)他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而朋友和家庭带来的快乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们能够按照这些新的优先之事来重新认识生活。
Unit 1英译汉1. It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is harder to respond to than an insult.在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。
2. Here is an area of small talk that most of us act awkwardly.闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。
3. The nearest I ever came to downright acceptance of this particular compliment was the time I said, “Well, we like it.”我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。
”4. I think we make a mistake when we react to a compliment with denial and derogation.我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。
5. I know a man who has put his mind to this problem and come up with a technique for brushing off praise.我认识一个潜心研究这个问题的人，他想出一个办法来避开别人的表扬。
6. But for every genuinely clever retort there are a thousand that fall flat.在千百次的应对中才会有一句真正巧妙地应答。
7. There is no point in trying to play the game back at them — they’ll top you in the end, no matter what.要想回敬他们是没有用的——不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。
Unit 8 The Business World as Hunting GroundIII. VocabularyA1. come by2. zenith3. obliterate4. in the nick of time5. falsifying6. slips of the tongue7. perseverance8. bracket9.on the watch10.marking timeB1. demotion2.humiliation3.retiring4.cold-bloodedly5.transparent6. becomingly7.spurred8.prestige9.preferred 10.pityC1. D2. C3. B4. A5. A6. A7. B8. C9. D 10. BIV. Cloze1. avoided2. brought3. job4. guilt5. insisting6. adventure7. away8. inside9. staffed 10. being11. drive 12. unjust 13. reformers 14. therefore 15. What16. back 17. emancipation 18. because 19. it 20. whenV. TranslationA.工作对于男人来说，生死攸关。
通常说来，他踏入社会的最初几年具有决定意义。
任何男人到了25岁如果在人生道路上尚未取得显赫的成就，那无论怎么说，都可被视为无药可救了。
在这个阶段，他的各种能力都正在发展，他与竞争对手的争斗是一种殊死搏斗。
在工作友情的面具下，他密切注视着任何一位同事身上显示出的任何优势，一有优势出现，他就会焦虑不安。
如果他关注的这个同事显示出软弱或优柔寡断的迹象，他会立刻加以利用。
然而，人仅仅是一台巨大工作机器上的一个小零件，实际上他自己处处受剥削。
1．Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
2．His sister is a great liar.他妹妹老是说谎。
3．“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啦!”她转身连蹦带跳地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶,穿过走廊，进了门廊。
4．The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。
但是我必须小心谨慎。
5．She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。
6．To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
7．Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
8．He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题表明他有很大的怀疑。
9．By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen.只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到由远方城市的一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。
How to read body languageAll of us communicate with one another nonverbally,as well as with words.Most of the time we’re not aware that we’re doing it.We gesture with eyebrows or a hand,meet someone else’s eyes and look away,shift positions in a chair.These actions we assume are random and incidental.But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a system to them almost as consistent and comprehensible as language.我们每个人与别人都会在用语言交流的同时用非语言进行交流。
大部分时间我们并没有意识到我们正在这么做。
我们用眉和手做动作表示，我们与别人进行眼神接触又移开，在椅子上变换姿势。
我们以为这些姿势都是随意和偶然的，但近些年研究者发现这些动作与语言一样，有一个连续的和可以理解的系统。
Every culture has its own body language,and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language.A Frenchman talks and moves in French.The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it.in talking,Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand,a lowering of the eyelids.They wind up a question with a lift of the hand,a tilt of the chin,or a widening of the eyes.With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.每一个文化都有它自己的肢体语言，孩子们伴随口头语言一起吸取这种细微差别。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit 6Unit 6 Translation of Postgraduate English Course TextsIntroductionIn this article, we will explore the translation of postgraduate English course texts. The purpose of translating these texts is to assist postgraduate students in understanding and studying English course materials. Translating course texts requires proper techniques and considerations to ensure accurate and informative translations. In this article, we will discuss the challenges involved and provide guidelines for effective translation.Challenges in Translating Postgraduate English Course Texts1. Technical TerminologyPostgraduate English course texts often contain technical terms related to various fields of study. Translating these terms accurately requires in-depth knowledge in the specific subject area. Translators should possess expertise in both languages to ensure the correct translation of technical terminology. Additionally, the translator should keep updated with the latest developments in the field to capture the nuances and changes in technical vocabulary.2. Cultural ReferencesPostgraduate English course texts may contain cultural references that are unfamiliar to the target audience. Translators should be adept at adapting these cultural references to make them relevant and understandable for thereaders. This may involve explaining cultural concepts or finding equivalent references in the target language.3. Sentence Structure and StyleEnglish sentence structure and style may differ significantly from the target language. Translators should ensure that the translated text maintains the appropriate sentence structure, flow, and style while conveying the original meaning accurately. This requires linguistic skills and a deep understanding of both languages.Guidelines for Effective Translation of Postgraduate English Course Texts1. Understanding the ContextBefore starting the translation, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the context of the postgraduate English course text. Familiarize yourself with the subject matter, intended audience, and the purpose of the text. This understanding will enable you to provide an accurate and coherent translation.2. Research and Terminology ConsistencyDue to the technical nature of postgraduate English course texts, extensive research is necessary. Ensure that you have a solid understanding of the technical terminology used in the source text. Create a glossary of key terms and maintain consistency throughout the translation.3. Emphasis on Clarity and AccuracyWhen translating, prioritize clarity and accuracy to ensure effective communication. Use clear and concise language to convey the intended message. Avoid excessive wordiness or ambiguity, as it may confuse the readers.4. Cultural AdaptationAdapt cultural references to make them relatable to the target audience. If necessary, provide explanations or equivalents in the target language. This will enhance the readers' understanding and engagement with the translated text.5. Proofreading and EditingAfter completing the initial translation, thoroughly proofread and edit the text. Check for grammatical errors, typos, and inconsistencies. Make sure that the translated text adheres to the formatting requirements and guidelines provided.ConclusionTranslating postgraduate English course texts requires a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, technical terminology, and cultural references. By following the guidelines mentioned above, translators can produce accurate, clear, and effective translations that assist postgraduate students in their English language studies.。
Individuals and massesA man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways:as a member of some familial,professional or religious group ,or as a member of a crowd.groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them;a crowd is chaotic ,has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking.Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice.Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgement or will of their own.they become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility,they are subject to sudden excesses of rage ,enthusiasm and panic.in a word,a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant .He is a victim of what I ave called ‘herd-poisoning’.Like alcohol,herd-poison is an active,extravagant drug.The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility,intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic,animal mindlesssness.一个人通过两种渠道和社会进行直接接触：一种是作为家庭的、职业的或者宗教的组织中的一员，一种仅仅是作为一群人中的一个。
Unit One核心员工的特征大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
我们只招募核心员工。
”2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。
然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。
他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。
“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。
作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
4特征1：无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。
它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。
“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。
你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。
这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。
更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。
6特征2：紧迫感唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。
他之前是一名科学家。
许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。
他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。
他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。
7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。
这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。
这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。
”8特征3：风险容忍度企业要求员工能承受风险。
“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。
他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。
9豪特赞同这一说法。
“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。
这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。
更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。
因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。
在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。
像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。
”10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。
失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。
所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。
大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。
但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。
“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。
如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。
11特征4：善于处理人际关系瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。
李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。
我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。
“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。
想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。
对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。
”12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。
事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。
Unit Two中餐被公认为全球最佳美食之一，其种类之丰富，工艺之繁复，使其理所当然地成为游客大快朵颐的乐事之一。
中国美食1中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见。
当今，烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展。
10年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内。
2地方美食众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。
除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化：每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市。
3被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都。
在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食。
川菜的原料虽简单，但调料却大有讲究。
川菜以口味辣著称，但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和贵州菜。
川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使用。
尝过花椒之后，人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉。
除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料。
因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎。
近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆，比如谭鱼头。
4广东省在中国南部，全年气候温和，物产丰富。
它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一。
广东的餐饮文化独具特色，对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响。
广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称。
广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱。
5浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。
西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。
这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。
中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。
因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。
6每道菜都有一段故事中国菜名五花八门，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，说明它如何博得人们的喜爱。
一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪异了，听起来让人一头雾水，不要说外国人难以理解，就是中国人往往也不是很清楚。
你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来。
7拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧。
“狗不理”纯手工制作，大小均等，深受欢迎。
这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时，看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花。
皮儿很薄，馅儿饱蘸肉汁，口感柔软，香而不腻。
可为什么叫“狗不理”呢?8“狗不理”的背后有一段有趣的故事。
大约150年前，“狗不理”包子在天津初次亮相。
当地有个小伙子，名叫狗子，在一家包子店当学徒。
三年后，自己单独开了一家包子店。
他做的包子味道鲜美，因此生意十分红火，吸引了越来越多的顾客。
狗子工作十分卖力，可他还是满足不了大家的需要，顾客们只得等很长时间。
有些顾客等得不耐烦了，就在外面嚷嚷着催他快点，可狗子忙着做包子呢，哪有时间搭理。
后来人们就把他做的包子称作“狗不理”，意思是“狗子不搭理他们”。
可就是这个有点怪里怪气的名字，反倒起了很好的广告作用，这个名字一直沿用到了今天。
如今“狗不理”已经成为天津的老字号。
9浙江菜里有一道深受欢迎的菜，叫东坡肉。
这道菜是把五花肉切成大块，配上青葱，在锅底放些生姜，然后加料酒、酱油和糖用慢火做出来的。
这道菜色泽红亮，酥嫩多汁，如“狗不理”一样毫无肥腻之感。
它以北宋时代大诗人苏东坡的名字命名。
苏东坡在杭州做官时发明了这道菜。
据说，他当时负责西湖的排污工程，经常拿红烧肉犒劳工人。
后来为了纪念这位才华横溢、慷慨大方的诗人，人们就把它称作东坡肉。
10佛跳墙是福建莱里的一道名菜，亦被称作福建第一菜。
这道莱的主料不下20种，有鸡肉、鸭肉、海参、干贝、蹄筋、鱼唇、鱼肚、火腿配料10多种，有蘑菇、冬笋、鸽蛋等。
所有的原料均放在一个陶罐里，加上料酒和鸡汤后，用文火炖，一直炖到肉汁鲜美，柔润细腻，汤味浑厚。
轻舔一口，余香满口。
这道特色菜的背后有这么一个故事：11佛跳墙是由福州市一个叫聚春园的餐馆在清朝光绪年间发明的，早先菜名为八珍锅，而后改为福寿全。
一日，几位秀才到聚春园饮酒。
菜上桌时，其中一位即兴赋诗一首“坛启荤香飘四邻，佛闻弃禅跳墙来。
”佛跳墙这一菜名便由此得来。
12食物传达的温馨和盛情在中国人看来，吃最重要的，尤其在过节时，莫过于是吃饭时的温馨气氛。
吃饭时，年长的和年少的按照年龄大小依次坐好，在欢乐祥和的气氛中，说说笑笑。
席间，长辈为晚辈夹菜，晚辈给长辈敬酒，营造出一派欢乐、温馨、和谐的气氛。
13在中国，主人会把最好的莱分给客人。
他们用公筷把清蒸鱼最好的部分或最嫩的肉夹给最重要的来宾。
这种习俗用来表达尊敬、关怀和好客之意，至今在老一辈的中国人中还是很流行。
14这种饮食习俗对中国人的性格也有几分影响。
从某种意义上说，它增强了人们的集体主义精神。
无论在聚会还是在宴席上，人们首先考虑大家的需求，把吃饭当成是谦卑有礼和关怀他人的场合。
15中国人特别在乎过节时吃什么，不同的节日吃不同的食物。
比如除夕夜全家团圆时，北方人吃肉饺或菜饺，象征辞旧迎新。
元宵节吃元宵，元宵是糯米粉做的甜团子，象征家庭团圆、美满。
端午节吃粽子，人们用芦苇叶子把糯米包成三角形的粽子是为了纪念受人爱戴的诗人屈原。
屈原因遭政治迫害自沉于汨罗江。
传说古时候人们把粽子投到江中，希望水中的龙不要带走他。
之后，端午节包粽子和吃粽子的习俗就慢慢形成了。
Unit Three没有文学的休闲生活犹如死亡抑或活埋。
——西尼加(古罗马哲学家)《哈利波特》风行之迷1J．K．罗琳发誓说自己从来没有过这种预想。
