语法讲义

1．名词、冠词、代词及主谓一致1.1 名词1.1.1 名词的数1.1.1.1 经常用作单数的名词(1) 一些以s结尾的学科、疾病的名称及其他的名词：electronics, physics, optics, linguistics mathematics, politics, statistics, arthritis (关节炎)，bronchitis (支气管炎)，measles (麻疹)，classics, news etc.(2) 无s结尾的一些抽象名词或某些具体名词的总称：information, knowledge, work, advice, weather, fun, luck, trouble, music, progress, happiness, machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, evidence, homework, etc.1.1.1.2 经常用作复数的名词（1）单数结尾复数概念的名词：people, police, militia, cattle, staff, poultry, livestock, vermin (害虫)，personnel, 以及由the +形容词的一类人或物。

（2）复数结尾复数概念的名词：a.本身有两部件组成的物件pants, spectacles, scissors, shoes, trousers, socks. etc.b. 常具有复数词尾，但一般不具有单数的名词如belongings, savings, earnings, surroundings, lodgings (租住的房间), clothes, goods, congratulations, manners (礼貌，规矩)，thanks, particulars (细节)，spirits(情绪)，funds, pains(辛苦)，arms (武器)，troops, regards.1.1.1.3 某些集体名词的特殊用法某些集合名词如audience, firm, class, government, party, board, couple, crew, committee, family, public, team, group，etc. 既可做复数又可做单数，视具体情况而定。

1.1.1.4 单复同形的名词：fish, deer, aircraft, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, barracks (兵营)，headquarters, crossroads, series, works etc. 其谓语形式视具体情况而定。

1.1.1.5 由连词符构成的名词（1）有主体名词时变主体名词如lookers-on, comrades-in-arms, editors-in-chief, sons-in-law, runners-up, etc.(2) 没有主体名词加在词尾如go-betweens, grown-ups.(3) man 和woman构成的合成名词都要变成复数men-servants, women doctors.1.1.1.6 不规则名词复数变化（1）-sis变-sesanalysis-analyses, crisis-crises, basis-bases, thesis-theses, diagnosis-diagnoses, hypothesis-hypotheses.(2)-um变-adatum-data, bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, medium-media(3)-us变-inucleus-nuclei, focus-foci(4)-on变-acriterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena.1.1.1.7固定结构中的名词复数形式take painsmake arrangements make preparations, be on good terms with be in high/low spirits extend thanks to by means ofgive regards to be at odds with give respects to sing the praises of1.1.2 名词的格’s.(1) 独立属格（Independent Genitive）：省略中心名词，名词属格独立充当一定的句子成分。

往往指某人的家、教堂、学校等公共场所，或者店铺、公司等。

如：I’m going to dine at my sister’s.Joe lives near St. Paul’s in London.He was educated at Merchant Taylor’s.He bought some meat at the butcher’s.(2) 双重属格（Double Genitive）独立属格在of 词组后作介词补充成分，就构成双重属格。

如：a friend of my father’s, this brilliant idea of David’s。

适用场合：1）当被修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词（如：a, two, some, any, no, few等），例如：a painting of my co lleague’ssome students of Lao Yang’s2)当被修饰的词前面有一个指示代词that performance of the teachers’this clever remark of your sister’s用于这种场合的双重所有格多数有爱憎褒贬等感情色彩。

有时of属格与双重所有格意义无甚区别，如：a friend of my brother/a friend of my brother’s有时两种属格意义有很大的区别，如：a portrait of Mr Brown’sa portrait of Mr Brown(3)常用习语to one’s heart’s content at one’s wit’s end for God’s sakein one’s mind’s eye1.1.3 名词的修饰语（1）用于某些物质名词或不可数名词前的量词/单位词a piece of: advice, bread, cake, chalk, work, furniture, cloth, paper, news, information, evidence, luggage, luck, business, etc.an item of news /informationa cake of soap/ muda drop of water/ oil/ whiskyan article of clothes/ luggage/ furniture a bar of chocolate/ soap/ iron/gold an ear (穗) of wheat/ ricea loaf of breada lump of coal/sugar/ claya slice of bread/ bacon/meat/cake一群：a flock of birds/ visitors/ customers a herd of bees/ants/starsa pack of thieves/ wolves/hounds a bunch of keys/bananas/grapes/roses a crowd of people/booksa gang of bandits/robbersa bundle of clothes/ letters/bank-notes/firewood(2) 名词被多个形容词修饰的次序限定词（冠词，指示代词，数量词）表示大小，高度，长度的词表示年龄的词表示颜色的词（包括国名）a big beautiful green housethis pretty little Swedish girl(3) 名词前有修饰语so, such, as, too, rather, quite, fairly 等词时的位置so difficult a problemtoo difficult a problemsuch a difficult problemas difficult a problem as the one we solved last weekquite a difficult problemrather a difficult problem / a rather difficult problema fairly good book.So 只用于后续单数可数名词，so many/ much/ little除外，例a. so strange a woman (正)b. so strange people (误)a. so beautiful a garden (正)b. so bad weather (误)练习1. Don’t you think the surroundings too ugly?A. is being.B. has beenC. isD. are2. The rest of the crew of this ship going to come back home.A. are notB. has not beenC. is notD. have not been3. The doctor checked up my heart.A. mother’s-in-lawB. mother-in-lawC. mother-in-law’sD. mother-in-laws4. The class unanimous in decision.A. was; itsB. were; theirC. have been; theirD. did; its5. Our school bought yesterday.A. Many fire equipmentsB. many fire equipmentC. many pieces of fire equipmentsD. much fire equipment6. This pair of scissors sharper than that one.A. areB. have beenC. isD. has been7.We will not be if such a thing happens again.A. looker-onsB. lookers-onsC.lookers-onD. looker-on8. After hearing the bad news, everyone wasA. in his low spiritsB. in low spiritC. in his low spiritD. in low spirits9. , they decided to give up the plan.A. On second thoughtsB. On second thoughtC. on the second thoughtsD. on the second thought10. I sangA. to the content of my heartB. to my heart contentC. to the contents of my heartD. to my heart’s content11. There are waiting in his office.A. some Mr. Black’s students.B. Mr. Black’s some studentsC. some students of Mr. Black’sD. some of students of Mr. Black12. The most amusing animals in the zoo were the chimpanzees.A. playful, blackhaired, AfricanB. playful, African, blackhairedC. blackhaired, playful, AfricanD. African, blackhaired, playful1.2 冠词1.2.1 定冠词the(1)上文提到的事物或人(2) 世上独有的事物，自然现象，天体，方位，左右等如the world, the sun , the earth, the moon, the night, the wind, the right, the left, the east (south, north, west).3）用在带有限定性修饰语的名词前Is this the train to Shanghai?4) 用在最高级之前，或当主要对两个事物或人进行比较时the用在形容词比较级之前起特指作用。