2012吉林大学MTI真题[1]

吉林大学考博英语2012年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary an(总题数：30，分数：30.00)nguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.（分数：1.00）A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent2.The work was done in the ______ of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.（分数：1.00）A.contextB.contestC.pretextD.texture3.The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was ______ by the board of trustees.（分数：1.00）A.approvedB.frustratedC.disclosedD.justified4.Some journalists are fond of overstating the situation so that their news may create a great ______.（分数：1.00）A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggeratingD.stimulation5.There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______ there was little to disprove it.（分数：1.00）A.by the same tokenB.under the same conditionC.at the same stageD.for the same purpose6.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ______ in some form.（分数：1.00）A.given offB.put outC.set offed up7.The United Nations Conferences on the Law of the sea would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty8.This growth in the ______ of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.（分数：1.00）A.inferenceB.incidenceC.regulationD.repetition9.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.（分数：1.00）A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to10.France"s ______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.（分数：1.00）A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presumptionD.resumption11.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.demonstrationC.manifestationD.expedition12.Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.（分数：1.00）A.rectifiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes13.Previous studies provoked ______ because they used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.（分数：1.00）A.contributionB.contractionC.controversyD.convergence14.Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close ______.（分数：1.00）A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry15.I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your points.（分数：1.00）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must ______ the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.（分数：1.00）A.forfeitB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear17.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ______.（分数：1.00）A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable18.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.（分数：1.00）A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate19.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.（分数：1.00）A.affectionateB.sentimentalC.intimateD.sensitive20.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ______ and needs proving.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical21.The ceremony will ______ as soon as the president arrives.（分数：1.00）mendplyC.confrontmence22.The barbarous aggressors grew more and more ______ in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.（分数：1.00）A.amorphousB.ferociousC.audaciousD.egregious23.Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become ______ and are no longer used in the present days.（分数：1.00）A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique24.Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to ______ revenue by limiting commerce.（分数：1.00）A.disregardB.challengeC.diminishD.reject25.The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons ______ slowly into the sky.（分数：1.00）B.ascendingC.escalatingD.elevating26.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ______, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.（分数：1.00）A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction27.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.（分数：1.00）A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive28.Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.（分数：1.00）A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception29.We are moving towards a more ______ and cooperative society, which is getting better and better.（分数：1.00）A.fraternalB.emotionalC.accidentalD.illegal30.The students were ______ about who their new teacher would be when the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.（分数：1.00）A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.pondering二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)New research from Australia supports the belief that many pet owners have—it shows that pets are good for your health. The 1 of this new study suggest that people who have pets are 2 less risk from heart disease than 3 who do not.Ironically this 4 study on pets was intended to 5 the myth that pets are good for your health. Earlier research 6 the benefits of owning pets received a lot of 7 , but the results were not good enough to 8 the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried 9 over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yet involved in 10 a study. They took tests that measured a 11 of different factors known to be 12 in heart disease— 13 and blood levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and triglyceride (甘油三酸酯). 14 , people were asked about their lifestyles.The 800 people who owned pets had 15 levels on each of the factors 16 than those who did not own pets. The differences were even greater than those found in similar studies on people who 17 to vegetarian diets or took 18 exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter 19 kind of pet was owned—a cat was as good as a dog—so the benefits could not be attributed 20 the exercise involved in walking a dog.（分数：10.00）B.conclusionsC.indicationsD.signsA.inB.onC.atD.ofA.othersB.onesC.theseD.thoseteterttertestA.exploreB.explodeC.exploitD.expressA.aboutB.inC.onD.ofA.publicityB.publicC.publicanD.publicationA.consultB.convertC.convictD.convinceA.onB.outC.throughD.forA.soB.suchC.howD.whatA.kindB.sortC.varietyD.differenceA.includingB.involvingC.includedD.involvedA.blood pressureC.indigestionD.high feverA.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThereforeD.SoA.similarB.sameC.lowerD.fewerA.calculatedB.testedC.mentionedD.measuredA.switchedB.shutC.ateD.directedA.inB.outC.upD.overA.whatB.whichC..aD.theA.throughB.toC.byD.for三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient"s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body"s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease"s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient"s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version ofthe disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient"s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970"s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.（分数：10.00）(1).How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two?（分数：2.00）A.By training the immune system to fight weaker versions of the diseaseB.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune systemC.By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat itD.Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it(2).What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseasesB.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseasesC.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic diseaseD.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines(3).The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because ______.（分数：2.00）A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB.some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC.they don"t always workD.while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccine(4).The best title for the passage would be ______.（分数：2.00）A."The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis"B."How Vaccines Work"C."Vaccines: Methods and Implications"D."A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines"(5).The main purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many thinkcate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangerscate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinationsD.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history. Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains. Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow"s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it inplace. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier"s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Stab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called "soft slab" avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn"t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the existing snow. The heavier and the wetter the snow and the colder the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.（分数：10.00）(1).What would be the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.AvalanchesB.The History of AvalanchesC.Skiers BewareD.Avalanches Can Kill(2).According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?（分数：2.00）A.They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attackB.They killed the armies approaching the cityC.They blocked paths into the cityD.They snowblinded the approaching armies(3).According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?（分数：2.00）A.They only have to worry after a heavy snowfallB.Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French AlpsC.They should always expect that an avalanche will occurD.When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche(4).According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?（分数：2.00）A.When the temperature is below 20 degrees FB.Right before a snowstormC.During a snowstormD.In the winter(5).According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?（分数：2.00）A.The slope of the mountainB.The size of the snowfallC.The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfallD.The weight of the snow六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to bechallenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modem science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually "made" in the elementary schools, scientists can be "lost" by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called "distinguished research investigators" of something else.The pace of modem science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.（分数：10.00）(1).What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplifiedB.Teaching and research are contradictoryC.Research can never be emphasized too muchD.It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching(2).In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because ______.（分数：2.00）A.research improves the quality of teachingB.students who want to be challenged appreciate research professorsC.professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and toughD.it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively(3).According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research onlyB.It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train new scientistsC.The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientistsD.The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching with research(4).The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do ______.（分数：2.00）A.scientific researchB.teachingC.field workD.investigation(5).The phrase "the problem" (Line 3, Para. 5) refers to ______.（分数：2.00）A.raising the status of teachingB.the separation of teaching from researchC.the combination of teaching with researchD.improving the status of research七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.（分数：10.00）(1).Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.（分数：2.00）A.rely on their financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance(2).The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.（分数：2.00）A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC.exchanges for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange(3).When the savers want their money back they ______.（分数：2.00）A.ask another company to obtain their money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company hack on the marketD.transfer their money to a more successful company(4).All the essential services on which we depend are ______.（分数：2.00）A.run by the Government or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportC.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population(5).The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.（分数：2.00）A.to borrow as much money as they wishB.to make certain everybody saves moneyC.to raise money to finance new developmentsD.to make certain everybody lends money to them八、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers" seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research"s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read "I lb. Maxwell House coffee" on one list and "Nescafe instant coffee" on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ("personality and character") who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.（分数：10.00）(1).The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that ______.（分数：2.00）A.advertising does not assure favorable sales resultspanies spent more money on advertising than they shouldC.people pay little attention to advertisingD.the more one advertises the better the sales picture(2).In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover ______.（分数：2.00）A.why people drink coffeeB.why instant coffee did not taste goodC.why regular coffee was successfulD.the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee(3).This investigation indicated that ______.（分数：2.00）A.50 per cent of housewives are lazyB.housewives who use instant coffee are lazyC.many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazyD.wives who use regular coffee are good planners(4).On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a ______.（分数：2.00）zy housewife using regular coffeeB.hard-working housewife using instant coffeezy housewife using instant coffeeD.man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee(5).Which of the following is implied but not stated?（分数：2.00）A.Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its tasteB.The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffeeC.Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing thingsD.Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy九、Passage Six(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, or parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating (改善) the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents" evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements. Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护)—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.（分数：10.00）(1).The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except ______.（分数：2.00）A.narrow the issuesB.cause early settlementsC.save judicial timeD.increase settlement costs(2).What is the main topic of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.All states should follow California"s example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other workB.The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older casesC.Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficientD.While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable suggestions for improvement(3).The word "litigants" means most nearly ______.（分数：2.00）A.jury membersmentatorsC.parties in a lawsuitD.taxpayers(4).Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?（分数：2.00）A.It is possible to have one"s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court"s decisionB.The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict formC.The decision may not be appealed to a higher courtD.The parties may not present their cases without an attorney"s help(5).What can we assume from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in courts of law。

2012年吉林大学硕士研究生复试分数基本要求及相关说明类别报考学科门类(专业) 总分政治外语业务课1 业务课2专业学位金融硕士[0251]应用统计硕士[0252]国际商务硕士[0254]保险硕士[0255]345 55 55 90 90法律硕士[0351] 335 55 55 90 90 社会工作硕士[0352] 360 55 55 90 90 教育硕士[0451] 330 50 50 90 90 体育硕士[0452] 320 45 45 180汉语国际教育硕士[0453] 360 60 60 90 90 应用心理硕士[0454] 330 50 50 180翻译硕士[0551] 350 55 55 90 90 新闻与传播硕士[0552]36060609090文物与博物馆硕士[0651] 315 45 45 180工商管理硕士[1251] 155 48 90公共管理硕士[1252] 150 45 90会计硕士[1253] 215 60 120图书情报硕士[1255] 160 50 1005、关于复试调剂的说明一、关于复试1、此复试基本分数线只是我校的最低复试分数要求。

各学院（所）在学校已经公布的复试分数线基础上，可根据学科专业特点、招生计划、整体考试情况等，上调复试分数线。

考生须同时达到学校复试分数基本要求和报考学院（所）调整后的复试分数线，方有资格参加复试。

各学院（所）要在复试前公布考生进入复试的资格条件和参加复试考生名单或考号，并提前通知考生。

2、各招生单位在3月20日--3月31日期间组织复试，同时组织考生体检。

具体复试时间、地点及相关要求，考生可向报考学院（所）研究生办公室咨询。

3、复试前各学院（所）均需对考生进行进一步的资格审查。

4、我校各专业均实行差额复试，并对考生的专业课或实验（实践）能力、综合素质能力、外语听说能力等方面进行全面考查，请参加复试考生作好准备。

具体事宜请详见各院（所）的复试要求。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（附答案）英语（一）试题时间:2012年1月7日Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be differ ent, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who br eaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have someregulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] E ntergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as th e commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy Sch ool points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what theyare doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the S tudents’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)答案1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G46.在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。

2012年全国53所高校MTI真题（网友回忆版）汉语写作和百科知识单元目录1. 对外经贸大学 (1)2. 北京大学 (2)3. 北二外 (2)4. 北京外国语学院 (3)5. 北林 (3)6. 首师大 (3)7. 北京科技大学 (5)8. 北京师范大学 (5)9. 北京交通大学 (6)10. 中石油（北京） (6)11. 北京航空航天大学 (6)12. 北京语言大学 (7)13. 复旦大学 (7)14. 上海交通大学 (8)15. 同济大学 (8)16. 郑州大学 (9)17. 上海外国语大学 (9)18. 上海大学 (14)19. 上海东华大学 (16)20. 华东师范 (16)21. 华中师范 (16)22. 华中科技大学 (17)23. 东南大学 (17)24. 西安外国语 (17)25. 南京农业大学 (18)26. 南京大学 (18)27. 南京师范大学 (19)28. 大连海事大学 (19)29. 天津外国语 (19)30. 天津大学 (20)31. 南开大学 (20)32. 广外 (21)33. 暨南大学 (21)34. 湖南师大 (21)35. 四川外国语 (22)36. 四川大学 (22)37. 山东大学 (23)38. 青岛大学 (23)39. 苏州大学 (23)40. 吉林大学 (24)41. 西工大 (25)42. 西财 (25)43. 浙江大学 (25)44. 重庆大学 (26)45. 武汉大学 (26)46. 贵州大学 (27)47. 扬州大学 (27)48. 福师大 (28)49. 中国海洋大学 (28)50. 中南大学 (28)51. 上海海事大学 (29)52. 云南师范大学 (29)53. 湖南大学 (29)1. 对外经贸大学百科：史记包含的五类，初唐四杰，初唐四大书法家，最大规模农民战争，唐代山水诗派代表，苦吟诗人，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”是哪首诗的，中国画祖之类，看过一遍中国文化的应该都问题不大，但明年就说不定了。

2012年吉林省专升本考试英语真题1.考生必须在答题卡上答题，用2B铅笔将准考证号代码涂黑，其余用钢笔或圆珠笔填写2.用2B铅笔将答题卡上的正确选项涂黑，修改时必须用橡皮将涂错地方擦干净。

3.本试卷第Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅳ，Ⅴ部分，每题1分；第Ⅲ部分，每题2分。

4.本试卷满分为100分，答题时间为90分钟。

1.Vocabulary(15Points)Directions.There are 15 incommplete sentences in this part.For each sentence,there are 4 choices marked A,B,CandD.Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.Jesus was the founder of the Christian .A.religionB.religiousC.religionlessnessD.religionist2. is an institution in most societies.A. MarryB. MarriedC.To marryD.Marriage3.Testing results showed that he had the ability of a 14-year-old schoolboy!Yet,some scientists were still .They formed a group to retest him.A.gruntB.happyC.suspiciousD.somer4.They’re tearing these old houses to put up a new office building.A.downB.upC.up and downD.in5.People became very when they heard the news.A.exciteB.excitedC.wasexcitdeD.to excited6.“And finally,”I finished,”I like animals because they’renot hypocrites.They don’t say one thing and do another.They are,asI’ve said,honest……”(What’s meaning about“hypocrites?”)wton was a(n) singer until the age of 40,when he turned professional.A.amsteurB.primaryC.adequateD.dynamic8.Every child is , with his or her own needs and preferences.A.awfulB.onlyC.uniqueD.free9.I could’t who the lady dressed in red was.A.understandB.watch outC.calculateD.figure out10.He tried to pay to what she was saying.A.FOCUSB.attentionC.interestD.creation11.The shopping center sells a of goods.A.surveyB.stimulationbinationD.variety12.Leonardo da Vinci was well for his jokes and funny stories.A.knownB.beenC.downD.seen13.When you go to a zoo,you may see a lot of there.A.fruitsB.vegetablesC.booksD.animals14.Chinese consider the number four to be unluckey because of sounds like the world for .A.luckyB.goodC.deathD.pass15.His main in life is to earn as much money as possible.A.missionB.missbleC.sessionmissionⅡ.Structure(15 Points)Directions：There are 15 incommplete sentences in this part.For each sentence,there are 4 choices marked A,B,CandD.Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16.He promised the secret.A.to keepB.keepingC.keepD.kept17. the teacher came from Russia,he was poor.A.As ifB.WhatC.UnlessD.When18.--- one of them is Liu Xiang？Is he the small man on the right? ---No.He is the tall man on the left.A.WhyB. ThisC.WhichD.When19.I’m sure you’ll have no difficulty the examination.A.passB.passingC.passedD.to passing20.I’m very busy present,Can I call you back later?A.offB.toC.atD.any21.Until then,his family from him for 6 mouths.A.not heardB.hadn’t heardC.haven’t heardD.will not heard22.Only when the war ended .A.did people come backB.did come back peopleC.people did come backe back did people23.I was listening to the radio while my brother the computer games.A．was playing B.would play C.was to play D.played24.The most important is not you do,but you do it.A.what…whichB.what…whatC.what…howD.how…which25.I would have never been able to finish those three miles if I you.A.amB.isC.wereD.was26.A good administrator should know of he is carrying out a correct measure.A.how to be firmB.to have firmnessC.to be firmD.the way of firmness27.This man,as well as his father,always the largest fish.A.catchingB.catchC.catch toD.catches28.Longjing well-know tea.A.IS……\B.is……aC.was……\D.are……a29.How can we endeavor the brevity of human life?A.to prolongB.prolongingC.prolonged Dprolong30.His uncle was the only person that he could depend on he was in America.A.as ifB.thatC.whileD.whatⅢ.Reading Comprehension(40 Points)Directions：There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions.For each of them,there are four choices markedA,B,CandD.You shpuld decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage oneOnly a people far away from home knowa what homesickness is.It is the welling-up tears in your eyes,the lump in you throat,the waving hands when the train is drawing out of the station and taking you away home.It is the strength with which you walk the three miles to your home with heavy bags in your hands after a long tiring trip,and the halt,excitement,and hesitation at the doorstep.It is the impatience,anxiety,misery,fear,andwild guesses when you are waiting for a letter form home,It is the never fading joy of reading it again in bed.It is the unusual patience and indomitable willpower with which you go to the ticket office at midnight and stand in a long line before the small window,and the ecstasy when you at last get a ticket at 10o’clock the next morning.It is the sudden delight of closeness that strikes you when you meet a person from the same town,or even a stranger who has just been there.It is the eagerness to ask about everything,the trees,the hills,andyour dear old folks.It is the sparking eyes when come upon a few words zbout your hometown is one corner of a newspaper.31.The title of paeeage is Homesicknedd,so how do translate it?A.跨国恋B.思乡情C.兄弟盟D.慈母心32.Which kind of perpon knows”homesickness”?A.Most of femalesB.Most of malesC.A perpon far away form homeD.A perpon like walking in the park33.According to the passage,when you meet a perpon fron the same town,you willA. eagerness to ask about everything,the trees,the hills,and your dear old folks.B.want to tell them you are so happy in this cityC. to say nothing with themD.reading the letter again ang again.34.What’s the meaning of the word”impatience”(line1.para4)A.视而不见B.想家C.害怕D.没有耐心，焦急35.According to the passage,ticket office belongs to(line2,para4) ,A.hospitalB.train stationC.middle schoolD.supermarket passage twoWheter you’re on a dinner or at a business lunch,you have to show those you’re with that you are well-edaucated,and then the following suggestions may help you a lot.Don’t speak with food in you mouth No one wants to see what you are chewing or listen to you talk with a mouthfui food.If you’re asked aboutsomething and mouth is full,signal your apologies and,if your dining partners are refined,theywill patiently wait until you’re able to reply.So,eat sloely and converse with your tablemates.Don’t reach across anyone When dining with others.don’t reach over,politelty ask someone to pass the bread.When they do,take the tray or baskest and offer the passer a piece of bread before taking one.If the bread is in front of you,pass it to the perpon beside you and,if they know good etiquette,they will offer you the tray.Don’t make bodily noises Avoid coughing and nose blowing.If you need to cough or sneeze,turn you head away from the table and cover your mouth with your napkin.An inappropriate burp or fart may get you high mark with your friends,but it’ll ruin the meal for anyone eles36.According to the passage,you if you have good table manners.A.are very proud of yourselfB.are highly respectedC.are greatly welcomeD.are well-educated37.What does the suggest for people to have good table manners、A.Signaling apologies directlyB.Talking politelyC.Waiting patientlyD.Eating slowly38.You had better if you want to get the food far from you.A.bravely reach over for itB.patiently wait until it is your turnC.politely ask someone to pass it to youD.slowly get up and go closely to it39.If you need to cough or sneeze,A.pass it to the person beside youB.pass it to the person beside you and,if they know good etiquette,they will offer you the tray.C.turn your head away form the table and cover your mouth with your napkin.D.signal your apologies.40.According to the passage,which of the following can be seen as bad table manners？A.Cleaning your eyes in order to hear talking about others.B.Taking a piece of bread and then giving one to the passer.C.Talking with a mouthful of food.D.BandC.Passage threeRose is a sanitation worker in a restaurant, a much honored one. She has been awarded for her “excellent work and satisfactory service”by the National Tourism Administration four times since she took the job 6years ago.Her job seems simple. Every morning, she is required to clean two washrooms, two bathrooms, two locker rooms, the balcony and thecorridor. But it is hard and demanding work, especially for a girl who suffers from heart disease. “I usually have to come at 8:30—half an hour before the working time begins, and start to bustle in and out without a break,”says Liu. At 11 o’clock—the opening time of the restaurant, everything is washed up. So is she. Then she stands in front of the washrooms to greet every guest with a smile, help them and do the cleaning whenever it is necessary.“It is unusual work for such a young woman,”says the manager of the restaurant. “It is not only the hard work but also the psychological pressure that she has to stand.”Four year ago, she was honored as Excellent Sanitation Worker by the National Tourism Administration. It was the happiest day of her life. “Standing on the stage, I cried, because it is not only a prize, but a kind of understanding and recognition,”Rose says.In spite of the heavy work during the daytime, Liu spends every night learning from her sister’s textbooks. “Sometimes I read till 3 o’clock in the morning and get up at 6 to go to work,”she says.Two yeas ago, she passed the entrance examination for the “Worker College,”and this year, she obtained a diploma in finance. Her thesis was selected for excellence and was honored at the commencement. 41.Rose is a/anA．doctor in a hospital. cator in a middle school.C.sanitation worker in a restaurant.D.manager in pany.42.The underlined sentence in second paragraph meansA.She wants to have heart disease.B.She is a doctor cute the heart disease.C.She is a patient of heart disease.D.She go to restaurant and eat some foods.43.Which time is the restaurangt’s opening time?A.8:30B.9:00C.9:30 D11:0044.Which kind of diploma Rose did obtain?A.worker collegeB.financeC.linguisticD.heart disease45.In Rose’s opinion,honored as Excellent Sanitation Worker isA.a diploma in finance she obtained.B.a prize.C.a kind of understanding and recognition.D.not only a prize,but a kind of understanding and recognition Passage fourLinda received three messagesFirst messages:Second message:Third message46.If Linda wants to go auditorium with David,she’ll notA. go swimming with JulianB.to dinner with Tom&TonyC.to see the movie with DavidD.None of them47.Where will Linda has dinner with Tom&Tony?A.RestaurantB.AuditoriumC.Their apartmentD.Swimming pool48.What’s the meaning of “Hamlet”in third message?A.呼啸山庄B.双城记C.李尔王D.王子复仇记49.How many hours will the movie last?A.1 hourB.2 hoursC.3 hoursD.more than 2 hours50.If linda decided to dinner with Tom&Tony,which one she also can do?A.Swimming with JuliaB.Go to the film with DavidC.Swimming and dancingD.She can’t do anythingⅣ.Cloze(10 Points)People tend to talk 51 stress as if it’s all bad.Actually it’s not. “Some stress is good 52 you,”Dr.Sternberg says.”I have to get my stress response to a certain level so I can perform in front of a largewhen I give talk.”But while some stress is good 53 is not good.”If you’re too stressed, your performance falls off.”Dr Sternberg says.”The objective should be not to get rid of stress completely 54 you can’t get rid of stress—stress is life,life is stress.Rather you need to be able to use your stress response positively.”The key is 55 to move yourself to that ideal point so that you’re not underperforming but you’re also not so stressed 56 you ‘re unable to perform.How much we’re able to do that is the challenge.Dr. Sternberg admits.This may not be possible in all situation, 57 for all people,because just as with the animals Dr.Sternberg studied,some people may have a more sensitive stress response than 58 .“But your goal should be try to learn to 59 your stress to make it work for you,”Dr. Sternberg says. “Don’t just think of 60 your stressyour stress;think of turning it to your advantage.51.A. about B．to Ｃ．In Ｄ．on52.A. so B．for Ｃ．on Ｄ．in53. A.too many B．many to Ｃ．much too Ｄ．too much54. A.if B．because Ｃ．because of Ｄ．so55. A. to learn B．being learning Ｃ．learn Ｄ．be learning56. A.a B．to Ｃ．that Ｄ．who57. A. but B.as Ｃ．both Ｄ．or58. A.another B．others Ｃ．other Ｄ．any another59. A. treat B．open Ｃ．control Ｄ．close60. A.to avoid B．aviod Ｃ．have been avoid Ｄ．AvoidingⅤ.Translation(20 Points)Directions：There are four choices marked A,B,CandD.You shpuld choose the best translation and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet61.He came to Chicago in 1998 and has lived here ever since.A.他于1992年来到芝加哥，之后从没在这里住过。

吉林大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark thecorre-sponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ofeach other inthought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. relevantlyD.independently2. The work was done in the __________ of reforms in the economic, socialand culturalspheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD.texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt wasby the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustrated O. disclosed D.justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situations so that their newsmay createa great __________ .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and，_______________ t here was little to disprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce thechange, or causes energy to be _____________ i n some form.A. given offB. put outC. set offD.used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce anocean-miningtreaty following its___________ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage ofman-kind.A. unanimous 巳.abstract C. autonomous D.almighty8. This growth in the __________ o f diabetes is due, in part, to an increase inobesity.A. inferenceB. incidenceC. regulationD.repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around 110 billion, ______________ t he 160 bil- lion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion toB. in reply to 0. in relation to D. in contrast to10. France’s _ _______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last monthtriggered po-litical debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The ________ of a natural phenomenon is usually a logical consequenceof somephysical aspect in the life style of the people.A. implementation 巳.demonstration C. manifestation D. expedition12. Reading __________ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it isthinking thatmakes what we read ours.A. rectifies 巳.prolongs O. minimizes D.furnishes13. Previous studies provoked __________ because the used patients whosediagnosiswas questionable.A. contributionB. contractionC. controversyD.convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close _______________ .A. temperament 巳.contamination C. scrutiny D.Symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove yourpoints.A. revising 巳.contradicting C. distorting D.Distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companiesmustthe qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD.Gear17. i was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ______________ .A. arbitrary 巳.rational C. mechanical D.Unpredictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to _______________ f urther re- search and further thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulate 巳.renovate C. arouse D.Advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________________ l etters from their families.A. affectionate 巳.sentimental 0. intimate D.Sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________________ and needs proving.A. spontaneous 巳.hypothetical C. intuitive D.Empirical21. The ceremony will _________ as soon as the president arrives.A. commend 巳.comply C. confront D.Commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more ____________ inslaughtering peopleand burning down their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD.Egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have becomeand are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obscene 0. obvious D.Oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy torevenue by limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD.Reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds ofcolorful bal-loons slowly __________ into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD.elevating26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedi-cal ，will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ___________ ，or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD.revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the __ ______ of South Africa from worldcapital mar-kets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD.exception29. We are moving towards a more _________ about who their new teacherwould bewhen the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD.ponderingPart II: Cloze TestDirections: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then markthe corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.New research from Australia supports the belief that many pet owners have —itshowsthat pets are good for your health. The [31 ] ______________ of this new studysuggest thatpeople who have pets are [ 32 ] ______________ less risk from heart disease than[ 33 ]_________ who do not.Ironically, this [34] ____________ study on pets was intended to [35] ______________ themyth that pets are good for your health. Earlier research [36]_________________________________________________________________ the benefits ofowning pets received a lot of [37 ] ____________ ，but the results were not goodenough to[38] __________ the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried [39]_________ over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yetinvolved in[40] __________ a study. They took tests that measured a [41 ] ________________ o f different factors known to be [42] ____________ in heart disease —[43]________________________________ and blood lev-els of cholesterol and triglyceride. [44] _ ，people were asked about their lifes-tyles.The 800 people who owned pets had [45] _______________ l evels on each ofthe factors[46] __________ than those who did not own pets. The differences were evengreater thanthose found in similar studies on people who [47] ______________ to vegetariandiets or took[48] __________ exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter [49] ________________ kind of pet was owned —a cat was as good as a dog —so the benefits could not beattrib-uted [50] ___________ t he exercise involved in walking a dog.Questions 51PasWag,to 55 are based on the foliopassage.育明教育育明考博93When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediatelyget to work ，trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Often-times ,successes achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cellthat causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the mostB. conclusions B. on B. ones B. later B. explode B. in B. public巳.convertB. out B. such B. sort巳.involvingB. pressure巳.AlsoB. same B. same B. shut B. out巳.whichB. toC. indications C. at C. these O. latter C. exploit C. on C. publican C. convict C. through C. how C. variety C. included C. indigestion C. Therefore C. lower % C. a .C. byPart III: Reading Comprehension (60%)1 1D. signs D. of D. those D. latest D. express D. ofD. publication D. convince D. for D. what D. difference D. involved D. high fever D. So D. fewer D. measured D. directedseriousof cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguardlives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus ordisease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlledenvironment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. In-formation on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of thepatient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information ispassed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contactwith the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having alreadydone so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weak-ened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to han-dle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the small-pox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed mas-sive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine con-tract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire popu-lation of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americanswould be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, endingthe mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a r㊀-introduction of thedisease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.巳.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because __________ .A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC. they don’t always workD. while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccines54. The best title for the passage would be ____________ .A. The Smallpox Vaccine: An AnalysisB. How Vaccines WorkC. Vaccines: Methods and ImplicationsD. a Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines55. The main purpose of the passage is to ____________ .A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vacci-nations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpoxvaccine.Passage 2Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar partof European history, particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the directionof wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains andthe lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have oc-curred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in thewestern mountains.Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create ava-lanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork.Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse theslopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever isholding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab, a loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads outlike a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiplesas the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet.Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles perhour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touchedby the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a largepiece. These can range in size from just a few square feet to thousands of square feet ofsnow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “softslab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely thenew snow will form a bond with the existing snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. Avalanches巳.The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snow-blinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when ski-ing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.巳.Right before a snowstorm.0. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage 3Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and researchcontradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these state-ments ,but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research uni-versity because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from anarts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents aproblem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition isusually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judgingteaching, a highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top studentswho want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. Themild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappoint-ment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should presentthe greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on thebasis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the timeneeded to keep up with the profession；the other is the time needed to teach. The trainingof new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the artscollege. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists canbe “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not toseparate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital.The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for u-niversities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to re-serve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors un-willing to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcherand a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we canseparate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who saythe problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.巳.Teaching and research are contradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized too much.D. It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to re-search partly because ___________ .A. research improves the quality of teaching巳.students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors0. professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and toughD. it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probablyagree with?A. Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on researchonly.B. It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to trainnew scientists.C. The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teachingwith research.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do __________ .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Para. 5) refers to_______________ .A. raising the status of teachingB. the separation of teaching from researchC. the combination of teaching with researchD. improving the status of researchPassage 4Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The sameproblem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new prod-ucts and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums neededfrom friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term fi- nance ,they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-termprojects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can putinto circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company withwhom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to someother saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by theGovernment or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, rail-ways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equip-ment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than israised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalizedindustriestherefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they,too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of livingdoes not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new devel-opment. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the coun-try. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and developmentmust __________ .A. rely on their financial resources巳.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD. depend on the population as a whole for finance67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is__________ .A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible巳.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC. exchanges for part ownership in the stock exchangeD. invested in different companies on the stock exchange68. When the savers want their money back they ____________ .A. ask another company to obtain their money for them巳.look for other people to borrow money fromC. put their shares in the company back on the marketD. transfer their money to a more successful company69. All the essential services on which we depend are ____________ .A. run by the gov-ernment or our local authorities.巳.in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of the population.70. The stock exchange makes it possible for the government, local authorities and na-tionalized industries ___________ .A. to borrow as much money as they wishB. to make certain everybody saves moneyC. to raise money to finance new developmentsD. to make certain everybody lends money to themPassage 5Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for in-stant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the causeof the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given bymost people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeperreasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, oneoften cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shop-ping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with thebrands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, readu Max-well House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” o n the other. One list wasgiven to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in anothergroupof the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, asfar asthey could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character n) who would draw up thatshopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee de-scribed a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only onewomanin the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list,aslazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women feltthatthe instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drewsucha conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact thattheyspent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that _______________ .A. advertising does not assure favorable sales results巳.companies spent more money on advertising than they shouldC. people pay little attention to advertisingD. the more one advertises the better the sales picture72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover ______________ .A. why people drink coffeeB. why instant coffee did not taste goodC. why regular coffee was successfulD. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee73. This investigation indicated that ___________ .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazyB. housewives who use instant coffee are lazyC. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazyD. wives who use regular coffee are good planners74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to showa __________ .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee巳.hard-working housewife using instant coffeeC. lazy housewife using instant coffeeD. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee75. _________ is implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its tasteB. The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular cof-feeC. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing thingsD. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buyPassage 6Questions 76 to 79 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the ju-dicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the liti-gants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of amelioratingthe situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the。

山大2012翻译硕士真题回忆英语翻译基础一 20道选择，语法和词汇共20分二 10道选择，改错共10分三阅读，2篇选择题的，每篇大约6、7道选择。

1篇回答问题的，3个问，每题要求40词，尽量用自己的话 1篇要求写 summary ，文章挺长，8分四作文，题目是给了一个叫 john某某的名人名言，曰：“Contended with little yet wishing for more” 写300字题量大，建议开始就抓紧时间。

词汇量的积累将大有帮助。

英语翻译基础术语英译汉comfort stationaffirmative actionclinic psychologyanti-federalistgold rush"A Level "Baimuda triangleAIDSIQRenaissancelynching术语汉译英：航空航天医学高峰会议储蓄银行外汇集中营中国社会科学院负翁“一国两制”基本国策社会主义市场经济主页临时工文人画文化产业水利工程枢纽篇章英译汉是物理方面的，大意是物理学上你永远不可能有绝对的定论，实验结果你不断验证你的理论是对的，但一旦有不同的实验结果，结论就会被推翻。

小扯了一下爱因斯坦的相对论和牛顿的万有引力定律。

汉译英是科教兴国（翻译练习中挺常见到的文种）百科与写作百科口头禅城狐社鼠注意经济学科学模型皈依孝贤良仁生态旅游易卜生主义哥特式小说科学发展管理学财政学社会达尔文主义行政法刑法机械论空想主义应用文随着市民养宠物现象增多，带来的问题增多。

有的人喜欢宠物，有人不喜欢。

引发人们之间的矛盾。

也假设你是某都市报记者，写一篇社区规范养宠物的倡议书。

450字左右大作文以身体健康和生活幸福为题。

讲讲健康的重要性，影响健康的因素，养成良好生活习惯的必要性和意义。

800字建议大家扩大词汇量，不然还是很吃亏的。

作文拼命写，此招尤为提百科与写作分数的办法。

这份卷子山大出作文题目前总是很照顾考生实际，比较接地气。

2012材料学考研真题及参考答案一、名词解释1、交联聚合物：相邻的线型高分子链节之间通过支链连接成三维空间的网状交联结构。

支链聚合物：合成聚合物的分子是由侧翼的支链连接在主链上形成的。

线型聚合物：组成线型聚合物的单体通过首尾相接的方式形成一条链。

2、点缺陷：其特征是在三维空间的各个方向上尺寸都很小，尺寸范围约为一个或几个原子尺度，故称零维缺陷。

线缺陷：其特征是在两个方向上尺寸很小，另外一个方向上延伸较长，也称一维缺陷。

面缺陷：其特征是在一个方向上尺寸很小，另外两个方向上延展很大，也称二维缺陷。

3、稳态扩散：扩散通量与时间无关的扩散过程。

非稳态扩散：扩散通量与时间有关的扩散过程。

4、金属键：在固态或液态金属中，价电子可以自由的在不同的原子间移动，使其为多个原子共有而形成的化学键。

共价键：是由两个或多个电负性相差不大的原子间通过共用电子对而形成的化学键。

有方向性和饱和性。

分子键：分子之间形成的弱相互作用，由分子的取向力、诱导力和色散力导致分子间的作用力。

5、穿晶断裂：断裂过程中裂纹扩展是从晶粒中间穿过的断裂。

沿晶断裂：对于某些合金来说，裂纹扩展是延晶界完成的断裂。

6、均匀形核：新相的晶核是在母相中均匀生长成的。

即晶核由液相中一些原子团直接形成的，不受杂质离子或外表面的影响。

非均匀（异质）形核：新相优先在母相中存在的异质处形核。

即依附于液相中的杂质或外来表面形核。

7、固溶体：溶质原子溶入固态的溶剂中，并保持溶剂的晶格类型而形成的均匀混合的相。

置换固溶体：溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子形成的固溶体。

间隙固溶体：相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂晶格间隙位置所形成的固溶体。

8、真应力：载荷F与应变开始的瞬时横截面积Ai的比值σT=F/A i真应变：如果无体积变化的情况下真应力与真应变的关系为εT =ln （1+ε）εT=ln （li/lo） li样品加载前长度，lo：加载瞬间长度工程应变：与初始长度相比较，某一时刻样品形变的延长率或长度变化，即ε=（li - lo）/lo工程应力：指加载在垂直样品横截面的瞬间载荷与加载前样品的初始横截面积的比值，即σ=Fi/Ao9、滑移线和滑移面晶体中相邻两部分在切应力作用下沿着一定的晶面和晶向相对滑移，滑移的结果在晶体表面上出现明显的滑移痕迹，痕迹即滑移线，所发生滑移的面为滑移面。

2012年吉林大学硕士研究生复试分数基本要求及相关说明类别报考学科门类(专业) 总分政治外语业务课1 业务课2专业学位金融硕士[0251]应用统计硕士[0252]国际商务硕士[0254]保险硕士[0255]345 55 55 90 90法律硕士[0351] 335 55 55 90 90 社会工作硕士[0352] 360 55 55 90 90 教育硕士[0451] 330 50 50 90 90 体育硕士[0452] 320 45 45 180汉语国际教育硕士[0453] 360 60 60 90 90 应用心理硕士[0454] 330 50 50 180翻译硕士[0551] 350 55 55 90 90 新闻与传播硕士[0552]36060609090文物与博物馆硕士[0651] 315 45 45 180工商管理硕士[1251] 155 48 90公共管理硕士[1252] 150 45 90会计硕士[1253] 215 60 120图书情报硕士[1255] 160 50 1005、关于复试调剂的说明一、关于复试1、此复试基本分数线只是我校的最低复试分数要求。

各学院（所）在学校已经公布的复试分数线基础上，可根据学科专业特点、招生计划、整体考试情况等，上调复试分数线。

考生须同时达到学校复试分数基本要求和报考学院（所）调整后的复试分数线，方有资格参加复试。

各学院（所）要在复试前公布考生进入复试的资格条件和参加复试考生名单或考号，并提前通知考生。

2、各招生单位在3月20日--3月31日期间组织复试，同时组织考生体检。

具体复试时间、地点及相关要求，考生可向报考学院（所）研究生办公室咨询。

3、复试前各学院（所）均需对考生进行进一步的资格审查。

4、我校各专业均实行差额复试，并对考生的专业课或实验（实践）能力、综合素质能力、外语听说能力等方面进行全面考查，请参加复试考生作好准备。

具体事宜请详见各院（所）的复试要求。

吉大2012专业课真题回忆版一、名词解释线型，直链型，交联型高分子工程应力，工程应变，真应力，真应变连续脱溶，不连续脱溶点缺点，面缺陷，线缺陷离子键，共价键，分子键，金属键菲克第一定律，菲克第二定律扩散，珠光体，马氏体，贝氏体二、简答题根据电中性原理，分析陶瓷晶体中存在的点缺陷类型弗兰科里德位错源增殖过程淬火马氏体经回火后发生哪些变化，生成哪些物质画出体心立方的一个晶包，并画出<111>面上的原子排布三、铁碳相图1画出铁碳相图2标出关键点的成分温度3一个有关亚共析钢的计算题，杠杆定律非常简单4根据第三问计算出的值，判断出为亚共析钢，画出冷却曲线图，并画出不同阶段的成分四、分析题画出半结晶态高分子应力应变曲线，并说出它与金属应力应变曲线的异同亚共析钢CCC曲线图给出了，设计方法如何得到一下成分的材料（1）100%的马氏体（2）100%的贝氏体（3）100%珠光体（4）珠光体+铁素体（5）上贝氏体（4）下贝氏体吉林大学二 O 一一年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料科学基础【完整版】1、对比解释下列概念（50 分）1.1 疲劳强度和疲劳寿命1.2 高子键、共价键和氢键1.3 扩散、自扩散和异扩散1.4 热塑性和热固性高分子材料1.5 断裂韧性和 KIC1.6 均匀形核和非均匀形核1.7 螺形位错长大和二维晶核长大1.8 熔点和玻璃转变温度1.9 玻尔原子模型和波动力学原子模型2.1 2、简答下列问题（40 分）别2.2 对比说明单晶材料和多晶材料的组织、性能特点，并讨论纳米材料的性能特点。

2.3 举例说明沉淀硬化原理，并给出所涉及材料的硬化工艺参数。

2.4 作图表示体心立方和面心立方的晶体结构，并画出体心立方的3、论述题（30 分）3.1 在同一坐标图中画出低碳钢的（a）工程应力-应变曲线和（b）真应力-应变曲线，并回答下列问题：3.1.1 说明两条曲线的异同点：3.1.2 结合所画应力-应变曲线，论述在塑性变形的那些阶段发生了（1）晶格畸变、（2）大量位错滑移、（3）颈缩。

（25）吉林大学1998年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题报考专业：现代汉语、语言学研究方向：汉语言文字学、语言学考试科目：现代汉语一、解释下列概念。

（其中第1题至第4题要求说明二者之间的关系。

每题5分，共30分。

）1、辅音和声母；2、偏旁和部首；3、义位（义项）和义素；4、词组和句子；5、实词和虚词；6、列举分承。

二、简答题。

（每题5分，共20分。

）1、汉语拼音方案用同一个字母i代表哪几个不同的音素？为什么不至于发生混淆？2、“和”有几个读音？请列举说明并注音。

3、词的比喻义和词在修辞上的比喻用法有何区别？请列举说明。

4、“你不觉得我们的解放军战士不都像当年的雷锋吗？”上面这个句子为什么是错误的？三、分析和变换题。

（共30分）1、分析下边各组音素中的两个音素的相同相异之处。

（5分）（1）z—c；（2）sh—r；（3）f—h；（4）i—ü；（5）i—Ê2、分析下边的词各有几个语素，并说明理由。

（5分）（1）朦胧诗；（2）蜘蛛网；（3）迪斯科；（4）积极性；（5）玫瑰红3、像下面这类句子（a、b），从句型上看，可以有几种分析法？（4分）a、他什么都会。

b、我一个人也不认得。

4、分析下边各句中的同形词各属于什么性质的，并说明理由。

（6分）（1）那个人卖的瓜很甜．，他的嘴儿更甜。

．．（2）你别．把钢笔别．在胸前。

（3）请那位翻译．．一下。

．．过来给翻译5、用层次分析法分析下面的词组。

（6分）静得几乎连一根松针落下来都可以听见6、把下列句子改写成主谓谓语句。

（4分）（1）这本书的内容相当不错。

（2）我们调查清楚了造成事故的原因。

（3）他觉得写起这种文章来很费劲。

四、论述题。

（每题10分，共20分）1、副词“很”都能修饰哪些词类或词组？它在区分词类方面有何功能？2、修辞要“适应特定的题旨情境”，“题旨情境”包括哪些内容？请结合《战国策》中的《触龙说赵太后》或《天安门诗抄·黄浦江上有座桥》的内容加以论述。

2012吉大新闻与传播硕士（专业硕士）考研真题新闻传播业务：一.名词解释（4X5=20）1.深度报道2.广告经济环境3.统摄思维4.广告代理制5.广义的新闻背景二.简答（10X5=50）1.解释性报道的基本特征2.新闻敏感的内涵3.为什么说广告是企业营销的重要手段，能推动企业发展4.为什么说4C理论是以消费者为中心5.影响广告信息传播的障碍三.论述（15X2=30）1.广电总局决定从2012年起取消省级卫视的电视插播广告，谈谈其对电视插播广告的影响2.有人说，记者和采访对象是鱼和水的关系，试结合采访的不同阶段及要求谈谈你的理解四.写作（25X2=50）1.根据背景材料，为了获得一篇解释性报道，需要进行哪些调查。

这些调查材料在报道中所起的作用。

（给了一篇背景材料，主要是国家调控房价使得房价下降，引得已购房的老业主不满，集体抗议开发商，并且砸了售楼处）2.针对一面包机，作出定位计划，写出定位侧重以及定位依据。

新闻传播理论：一.名词解释（5X6=30）1.符号2.组织传播3.信息主权4.传媒接近权5.新闻信息流量6.新闻传播的公正性二.简答（10X7=70）1.新闻传播者的角色责任2.社会信息系统的特点3.媒介文化对社会的影响4.心里调谐的意义及方法5.直线模式和循环模式以及二者的区别6.培养理论的观点7.有限效果论三.论述（25X2=50）1.资本主义媒介规范理论经历了从“自由资本主义”到“社会责任论”到“民主参与”，试说明这种变化及其原因，给我们何种启示2.联系实际，说明你对“新闻传播是一种价值传递和价值认同”的理解。

2020年-2021年吉林大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题及考研参考书育明教育506大印老师联合各大翻硕名校导师及考研状元联合整理2019年9月10日星期日【温馨解析】翻译硕士MTI专业，是一个比较适合于非英语专业学生报考的研究生考研专业，尤其是对于非英语专业的考生而言，一定要把握住汉语写作与百科知识（参考《汉语写作与百科知识》，首都师范大学出版社，2019年版）以及政治这两门课，因为这是加分项，是可以凸显优势的两门课所以，一定要重视。

此外，每个院校考察的汉语写作与百科知识的侧重点是不同的，比如北大侧重中国古代文学及历史，北外侧重考察时政热点。

而且从翻译硕士英语和英语翻译基础而言，考察的也不同（参考《翻译硕士MTI常考词汇》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；《翻译硕士考研真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版）。

比如，北大侧重于现当代文学的翻译，北二外侧重经济管理类的翻译等。

目录一、2020年翻译硕士MTI考研真题及考研笔记（2020年考研状元整理）二、2021年翻译硕士MTI考研复习技巧及名师指导：词汇、翻译技巧、汉百与写作三、2021年全国150所翻译硕士MTI院校考研参考书、报名人数、复试线、报录比及参考书具体内容一、2020年翻译硕士MTI考研真题及考研笔记参考书：1.《高级英语》(修订本)第1、2册，张汉熙，外语教学与研究出版社，19952.《现代大学英语基础写作》（上、下），徐克荣，外语教学与研究出版社，20043.《英汉新闻翻译》，刘其中，清华大学出版社，20094.《实用翻译教程(修订版)》，刘季春，中山大学出版社，20075.《中国文化读本》，叶朗，外语教学与研究出版社，20086.《实用文体写作教程》，罗时代，科学出版社，20097.《汉语写作与百科知识》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，20198. 《翻译硕士MTI常考词汇》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2020报录比：1：8口译25人，分数线一般在355分左右。

2012年吉林大学437社会工作实务[专业硕士]考研真题（回忆版）
一、名词解释
1．叙事治疗
2．作为社会工作方法的小组评估
3．社区照顾
4．澄清
5．师徒模式
6．相对保密性原则
二、简答题
1．简述比较个案工作与心理咨询
2．简述社会目标模式
3．简述社会工作行政的特征
三、案例分析题
案例一
如何处理组员中途退组案例
案例二
假设你是一所学校的社工，该校开出了四名高一学生，因其上课期间出去喝酒，家长找到学校请求让学生回校，被学校拒绝，家长与学校闹翻，并要以学校剥夺学生学习权利为由起诉学校。

问题：
你作为学校社工如何处理上述问题。

案例三
老年社区工作领域。

问题：
1．社区分析的目的，社区分析的内容。

2．对该社区老年人的介入策略。

四、服务方案设计
针对“剩男”“剩女”开展小组活动服务方案。