Incorporation of The Nihility Medium to Improve The Cylindrical

英美报刊选读passage13thedeclineofneatness（含翻译）The Decline of Neatness行为标准的蜕化By Norman Cou s insAnyone with a passion for hanging labels on people or things should have little difficulty in recognizing that an apt tag for our time is the “Unkempt Generation”. 任何一个喜欢给别人或事物贴标签的人应该不难发现我们这个时代合适的标签是“邋遢的一代”。

I am not referring solely to college kids. The sloppiness virus has spread to all sectors of society," People go to all sorts of trouble and expense to look uncombed, unshaved. unpressed.3 我说这话不仅仅是针对大学生。

邋遢这种病毒已经蔓延到社会各个部分。

人们刻意呈现一幅蓬头散发、边幅不修、衣着不整的形象。

The symbol of the times is blue jeans—not just blue jeans in good condition but jeans that are frayed, torn, discolored. They don't get that way naturally. No one wants blue jeans that are crisply clean or spanking new. 如今时代潮流的象征是穿蓝色牛仔裤--不是完好的牛仔裤，而是打磨过的，撕裂开的，和褪色了的牛仔裤。

Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man - Marshall McLuhanintoroduction"Media hot and cool"Slang offers an immediate index to changing perception. Slang is based not on theories but on immediate experience."the medium is the message" clarified that any technology gradually creates a totally new human environment.in the electronic age, The young student today grows up in an electrically configured world. It is a world not of wheels but of circuits, not of fragments but of integral patterns."the medium is the message" means-in terms of the electronic age, that a totally new environment has been created.The content of this new environment is the old mechanized environment of the industrial age.The new environment reprocesses the old one as radically as TV is reprocessingthe film.The machine turned Nature into an art form."the culturally disadvantaged child."this child exists not only in the slums but increasingly in the suburbs of the upper-income homes. The culturally disadvantaged child is the TV child. For TV has provided a new environment of low visual orientation and high involvementthat makes accommodation to our older educational establishment quite difficult. The power of the arts to anticipate future social and technologicaldevelopments, by a generation and more, has long been recognized.1. The Medium is the Message...in a culture like ours, it is sometiomes a bit of a shock in operational and practical fact.the porsonal and social consequences of any medium, result from the new scalethat is introduced into our affairs by each extension of ourselves, or by any new technology.Many people would be disposed to say that it was not the machine, but what one did with the machine, that was its meaning or message.The medium is the message because Medium shapes and controls the scale and formof human association and action.electric lightis pure informationIt is a medium without a message unless it is used to spell out some verbal asor name.It is not till the elctric light is used to spell out some brand name that it is noticed as a medium. Then it is not the light but the content ( or what is really another medium ) that is noticed.=The message of the movie medium is that of transition from lineal connectionsto configurations. It is the transition that produced the now quite correct observation.An abstract painting represents direct manifestation of creative thought processes as they might appear in computer designs.For cubism substitutes all facets of an object simultaneously for the "point of view" or facet of persperctive illusion. Instead of the specialized illusion of the third dimension on canvas, cubism sets up an interplay of planes and contradiction or dramatic conflict of patterns, lights, textures that "drives home the message" by involvement.cubism by giving the inside and outside, the top, bottom, back, and front andthe rest, in two dimensions, drops the illusion of perspective in favor of instant sensory awareness of the whole. Cubism, by seizing on instant total awareness, suddenly announced that the medium is the message.The effect of the medium is made strong and intense just because it is given another medium as "content"The effects of technology do not occur at the level of opinions or concepts, but alter sense ratios or patterns of perception steadily and without any resistance. The serious artist is the only person able to encounter technology with impunity, just because he is an expert aware of the changes in sense perception.2. Media Hot and ColdHot medium ( low in participation ): Radio, Movie, Photograph, we are hot, past mechanical time, waltz,Cool medium ( high in participation or completion by the audience): Telephone, TV, Cartoon, speech, backward countries , TV age, JazzA hot medium is one that extends one single sense in high definition.High difinition is the state of being well filled with data.It makes all the difference whether a hot medium is used in a hot or a cool culture. The hot radio medium used in cool or nonliterate cultures has a violent effect, quite unlike its effect, where radio is felt as entertainment. A cool or low literacy culture cannot accept hot media like movies or radio as entertainment. They are, at least, as radically upsetting for them as the cool TV medium has proved to be for our high literacy world.。

Unit81.formal formalness formallyadj.（学校教育或培训）正规的；方式上的；礼仪上的n.<美>须穿礼服的社交集会；<口>夜礼服We were invited to a formal lunch.我们被邀参加一次正式的午宴。

2.poll poller polled polled polling pollsn.1.民意调查，民意测验[C]2.选举投票，计票[C]3.得票数v.1.获得票数[I,T]2.投票，作民意调查Opinion poll show that the public preferred butter to margarine.民意调查表明，公众更喜欢黄油而不是人造奶油。

2.residentn.1.居民，定居者，侨民[C]The resident s of the town are proud of its new library.该镇的居民都为镇上新建的图书馆感到自豪。

I'm not a resident here.我不是本地居民。

2.住院医生[C]3.留鸟，无迁徙习性的动物[C]adj.1.居住的，定居的，常驻的 2.住校的，住院的，住在住所的 3.（鸟类等）无迁徙习性的 4.固有的，内在的pute 词形变化:computed computed computing computesv.1.（用计算机或计算器）计算，估算；推断[I,T]His failure to compute correctly resulted in an explosion.他的计算失误导致了爆炸。

We can compute the circular area with radius我们能用半径计算出圆的面积。

n.1.计算；估算；推断4. consumeristic a. 消费主义的Consume v.1.吃；喝；饮[T]On Superbowl Sunday, Americans hold parties to watch television and consume beer, pizza, and na-chos.举行超级杯赛的星期天，美国人会聚在一起观看比赛，喝啤酒，吃比萨饼和纳克斯。

考研英语(真题)阅读理解专题 (十)The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine hasprolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it c lear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."1. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.2. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D]A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.3. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A]prolonged medical procedures.[B]inadequate treatment of pain.[C]systematic drug abuse.[D]insufficient hospital care.4. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 3, paragraph 7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate.5. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A]manage their patients incompetently.[B]give patients more medicine than needed.[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients.[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients.参考答案:1.B2.C3.B4.A5.D。

Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA5.0Sterility (2.6.1).The vaccine complies with the test for sterility.ASSAY Carry out one of the prescribed methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)(2.7.6).The lower confidence limit (P =0.95)of the estimated potency is not less than 2IU per single human BELLING The label states:—the minimum number of International Units per single human dose,—the name and the amount of the adsorbent,—that the vaccine must be shaken before use,—that the vaccine is not to be frozen.01/2005:1219HAEMOPHILUS TYPE b CONJUGATE VACCINE Vaccinum haemophili stirpe b coniugatum DEFINITION Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine is a liquid orfreeze-dried preparation of a polysaccharide,derived from a suitable strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b,covalently bound toa carrier protein.The polysaccharide,polyribosylribitol phosphate,referred to as PRP,is a linear copolymer composed of repeated units of3-β-D -ribofuranosyl-(1→1)-ribitol-5-phosphate [(C 10H 19O 12P)n ],with a defined molecular size.The carrier protein,when conjugated to PRP,is capable of inducing a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response to the polysaccharide.PRODUCTION GENERAL PROVISIONS The productionmethod shallhave been shown to yield consistently haemophilus type b conjugate vaccines of adequate safety and immunogenicity in man.The production of PRP and of the carrier are based on seed-lot systems.The production method is validated to demonstrate that the product,if tested,would comply with the test for abnormal toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use (2.6.9).During development studies and wherever revalidation of themanufacturing processis necessary,it shall be demonstrated by tests in animals that the vaccine consistently induces a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response.The stability of the final lot and relevant intermediates is evaluated using one or more indicator tests.Such tests may include determination of molecular size,determination of free PRP in the conjugate and the immunogenicity test in mice.Takingaccount of the results of the stability testing,release requirements are set for these indicator tests to ensure that the vaccine will be satisfactory at the end of the period of validity.BACTERIAL SEED LOTSThe seedlots of H.influenzae type b are shown to be free from contamination by methods of suitable sensitivity.These may include inoculation into suitable media,examination of colony morphology,microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears and culture agglutination with suitable specific antisera.No complexproductsof animal origin are included in themenstruum used for preservation of strain viability,eitherfor freeze-drying or for frozen storage.Itis recommended that PRP produced by the seed lot be characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (2.2.33).H.INFLUENZAE TYPE b POLYSACCHARIDE (PRP)H.influenzae type b is grown in a liquid medium thatdoesnot contain high-molecular-mass polysaccharides;if any ingredient of the medium contains blood-group substances,the process shall be validated to demonstrate thatafter the purificationstep theyare no longer detectable.The bacterial purity of the culture is verified by methods of suitable sensitivity.These may include inoculation into suitable media,examination of colony morphology,microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears and cultureagglutination with suitable specific antisera.The culturemay be inactivated.PRP is separated from the culture medium and purified by a suitable method.Volatile matter,including water,in the purified polysaccharide is determinedby a suitable method such as thermogravimetry (2.2.34);theresult is used to calculate the results of certain tests withreference to the dried substance,as prescribed below.Only PRP that complies with the following requirementsmay be used inthe preparation of the conjugate.Identification .PRP is identified by an immunochemical method (2.7.1)or other suitable method,for example 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (2.2.33).Molecular-size distribution .The percentage of PRP elutedbefore a given K 0value or within arange of K 0values isdetermined by size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30);anacceptable value is established for the particular product and each batch of PRP must be shown to comply with this limit.Limits for currently approved products,using the indicated stationaryphases,are shownforinformationin Table 1219.-1.Where applicable,the molecular-size distribution is also determined after chemical modificationof the polysaccharide.Liquid chromatography (2.2.29)with multiple-angle laser light-scattering detection may also be used for determination of molecular-size distribution.A validated determination of the degree of polymerisation or of the weight-average molecular weight and the dispersion ofmolecular masses may be used instead of the determination of molecular size distribution.Ribose (2.5.31).Not less than 32per cent,calculated withreference to the dried substance.Phosphorus (2.5.18):6.8per cent to 9.0per cent,calculatedwith reference to the dried substance.Protein (2.5.16).Not more than 1.0per cent,calculated with reference to the dried e sufficient PRP to allow detection of proteins at concentrations of 1per centor greater.Nucleic acid (2.5.17).Not more than 1.0per cent,calculated with reference to the dried substance.Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14):less than 25IU per microgram of PRP.Residualreagents .Where applicable,tests are carried outto determine residues of reagents used during inactivation and purification.An acceptable value for each reagent is established for the particular product and each batch of PRPmust be shown to comply with this limit.Where validation studies have demonstrated removal of a residual reagent,thetest on PRP may be omitted.662See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 5.0Haemophilus type b conjugatevaccine Table 1219.-1.–Product characteristics and specifications for PRP and carrier protein in currently approved productsCarrier Haemophilus polysaccharideConjugationType Purity Nominal amount per dose Type of PRP Nominal amount per dose Coupling method Procedure Diphtheria toxoid >1500Lf per milligram of nitrogen 18µg Size-reduced PRP K 0:0.6-0.7,using cross-linked aga-rose for chroma-tography R 25µg cyanogenbromide activation of PRPactivateddiphtheria toxoid(D-AH +),cyanogenbromide-activated PRPTetanus toxoid >1500Lf per milligram of nitrogen 20µg PRP ≥50%≤K 0:0.30,usingcross-linked aga-rose for chroma-tography R10µg carbodi-imidemediated ADH-activatedPRP (PRP-cov.-AH)+tetanus toxoid +EDACCRM 197diphtheria protein >90%of diphtheria protein 25µg Size-reduced PRP Dp =15-35or 10-3510µg reductive amina-tion (1-step meth-od)or N -hydrox-ysuccinimide ac-tivation directcoupling ofPRP to CRM 197(cyanoborohydride activated)Meningococcal group B outer membrane protein (OMP)outer membrane protein vesicles:≤8%of lipopolysaccharide 125µg or 250µg Size-reduced PRP K 0<0.6,usingcross-linked aga-rose for chroma-tography R or M w >50×1037.5µg or 15µg thioether bond PRP activation by CDI PRP-IM +BuA2+BrAc =PRP-BuA2-BrAc +thioactivated OMPADH =adipic acid dihydrazide BrAc =bromoacetyl chloride BuA2=butane-1,4-diamide CDI =carbonyldiimidazole Dp =degree of polymerisationEDAC =1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimideIM =imidazoliumM w =weight-average molecular weightCARRIER PROTEIN The carrier protein is chosen so that when the PRP is conjugated it is able to induce a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response.Currently approved carrier proteins and coupling methods are listed for information in Table 1219.-1.The carrier proteins are produced by culture of suitable micro-organisms;thebacterialpurity of the culture is verified;the culture may be inactivated;the carrier protein is purified by a suitable method.Only a carrier protein that complies with the following requirements may be used in the preparation of theconjugate.Identification .The carrier protein is identified by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1).Sterility (2.6.1).Carry out the test using for each medium10ml or the equivalent of one-hundred doses,whichever is less.Diphtheria toxoid .Diphtheria toxoid is produced as described in Diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)(0443)and complies with the requirements prescribed therein for bulk purified toxoid.Tetanus toxoid .Tetanus toxoid is produced as described in Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed)(0452)and complies with the requirements prescribedtherein for bulk purified toxoid,except that the antigenic purity is not less than 1500Lf per milligram of protein nitrogen.Diphtheria protein CRM 197.It contains not less than 90per cent of diphtheria CRM 197protein,determinedby asuitable method.Suitable tests are carried out,for validation or routinely,to demonstrate that the product is nontoxic.OMP (meningococcal group B Outer Membrane Proteincomplex).OMP complies with the following requirements for lipopolysaccharide and pyrogens.Lipopolysaccharide .Not more than 8per cent of lipopolysaccharide,determined by a suitable method.Pyrogens (2.6.8).Inject into each rabbit 0.25µg of OMP per kilogram of body mass.BULK CONJUGATEPRPis chemicallymodified to enable conjugation;it is usually partly depolymerised either before or during this procedure.Reactive functional groups or spacers may be introducedinto the carrier protein or PRP prior to conjugation.As a measure of consistency,the extent of derivatisation is monitored.The conjugate is obtained bythe covalentbinding of PRP and carrier protein.Where applicable,unreacted but potentially reactogenic functional groups are made unreactive by means of capping agents;the conjugate is purified to remove reagents.Onlya bulk conjugatethat complies with the following requirements may be used in the preparation of the final bulkvaccine.For each test and for each particular product,limitsofacceptance are established and each batch of conjugate must be shown to comply with these limits.Limits applied tocurrently approved products for some of these tests are listed for information in Table 1219.-2.For a freeze-dried vaccine,some of the tests may be carried out on the final lot rather than on the bulk conjugate where the freeze-drying process may affect the component being tested.PRP.The PRPcontentis determinedby assay of phosphorus (2.5.18)or by assay of ribose (2.5.31)or by animmunochemical method (2.7.1).Protein.The protein content is determined by a suitablechemical method (for example,2.5.16).PRP to protein ratio .Determine the ratio by calculation.Molecular-size distribution .Molecular-size distribution is determined by size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30).FreePRP .Unbound PRP is determined afterremoval of theconjugate,for example by anion-exchange,size-exclusion or hydrophobic chromatography,ultrafiltration or othervalidated methods.Freecarrier protein .Determine the content by a suitable method,eitherdirectly or byderiving the content bycalculation from the results of other tests.The amount iswithin the limits approved for the particular product.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 663Hepatitis A(inactivated)and hepatitis B(rDNA)vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA5.0Table1219.-2.–Bulk conjugate requirements for currently approved products Test Protein carrierDiphtheria toxoid Tetanus toxoid CRM197OMP Free PRP<37%<20%<25%<15% Free protein<4%<1%,where applicable<1%or<2%,dependingon the coupling methodnot applicable PRP to protein ratio 1.25-1.80.30-0.550.3-0.70.05-0.1Molecular size(Ko):cross-linked agarose forchromatography R95%<0.7560%<0.250%0.3-0.685%<0.3cross-linked agarose forchromatography R10.6-0.785%<0.5Unreacted functional groups.No unreacted functional groups are detectable in the bulk conjugate unless process validation has shown that unreacted functional groups detectable at this stage are removed during the subsequent manufacturing process(for example,owing to short half-life). Residual reagents.Removal of residual reagents such as cyanide,EDAC(ethyldimethylaminopropylcarbodi-imide) and phenol is confirmed by suitable tests or by validation of the process.Sterility(2.6.1).Carry out the test using for each medium 10ml or the equivalent of100doses,whichever is less. FINAL BULK VACCINEAn adjuvant,an antimicrobial preservative and a stabiliser may be added to the bulk conjugate before dilution to the final concentration with a suitable diluent.Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following requirements may be used in preparation of the final lot. Antimicrobial preservative.Where applicable,determine the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable chemical or physico-chemical method.The content is not less than85per cent and not greater than115per cent of the intended amount.Sterility(2.6.1).It complies with the test for sterility,carried out using10ml for each medium.FINAL LOTOnly a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to each of the requirements given below under Identification and Tests may be released for use.Provided the test for antimicrobial preservative has been carried out on the final bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot.pH(2.2.3).The pH of the vaccine,reconstituted if necessary, is within the range approved for the particular product. Free PRP.Unbound PRP is determined after removal of the conjugate,for example by anion-exchange,size-exclusionor hydrophobic chromatography,ultrafiltration or other validated methods.The amount of free PRP is not greater than that approved for the particular product. IDENTIFICATIONThe vaccine is identified by a suitable immunochemical method(2.7.1)for PRP.TESTSPRP.Not less than80per cent of the amount of PRP stated on the label.PRP is determined either by assay of ribose (2.5.31)or phosphorus(2.5.18),by an immunochemical method(2.7.1)or by anion-exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection(2.2.29).Aluminium(2.5.13):maximum1.25mg per single human dose,if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate is used as the adsorbent.Antimicrobial preservative.Where applicable,determine the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable chemical or physico-chemical method.The content is not less than the minimum amount shown to be effective and not greater than115per cent of the quantity stated on the label. Water(2.5.12):maximum3.0per cent for freeze-dried vaccines.Sterility(2.6.1).It complies with the test for sterility. Pyrogens(2.6.8).It complies with the test for pyrogens. Inject per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass a quantity of the vaccine equivalent to:1µg of PRP for a vaccine with diphtheria toxoid or CRM197diphtheria protein as carrier;0.1µg of PRP for a vaccine with tetanus toxoid as carrier;0.025µg of PRP for a vaccine with OMP as carrier. LABELLINGThe label states:—the number of micrograms of PRP per human dose,—the type and nominal amount of carrier protein per single human dose.01/2005:1526 HEPATITIS A(INACTIVATED)ANDHEPATITIS B(rDNA)VACCINE(ADSORBED)Vaccinum hepatitidis A inactivatum ethepatitidis B(ADNr)adsorbatum DEFINITIONHepatitis A(inactivated)and hepatitis B(rDNA)vaccine (adsorbed)is a suspension consisting of a suitable strainof hepatitis A virus,grown in cell cultures and inactivated by a validated method,and of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),a component protein of hepatitis B virus obtained by recombinant DNA technology;the antigens are adsorbed on a mineral carrier,such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate.PRODUCTIONGENERAL PROVISIONSThe two components are prepared as described inthe monographs on Hepatitis A vaccine(inactivated, adsorbed)(1107)and Hepatitis B vaccine(rDNA)(1056) and comply with the requirements prescribed therein.The production method is validated to demonstrate that the product,if tested,would comply with the test for abnormal toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use(2.6.9). Reference preparation.The reference preparation is part of a representative batch shown to be at least as immunogenic in animals as a batch that,in clinical studies in young healthy664See the information section on general monographs(cover pages)。

My little house can’t compare _______ his villa.A. asB. fromC. withD. by【答疑编号9488,点击提问】【您的答案】 C【正确答案】C【答案正确】【答案解析】compare with：与……相比/匹敌。

句意：我的小房子是无法和他的别墅相比的。

答案选C。

The furniture is _______ the modern style of the house．A. consistent withB. coping withC. dealing withD. sticking with【答疑编号9491,点击提问】【您的答案】 A【正确答案】A【答案正确】【答案解析】be consistent with：与...一致。

答案选A。

窗体顶端(1).I _______ four universities and was accepted by all of them.A. applied toB. applied fromC. applied inD. applied off【答疑编号9495,点击提问】【您的答案】 A【正确答案】A【答案正确】【答案解析】题目意思：我申请了四所大学，并都被他们录取了。

apply to 向…正式申请；向…要求，答案选A。

窗体底端There are too many big things involved ________ this.A. beforeB. forD. to【答疑编号9496,点击提问】【您的答案】 C【正确答案】C【答案正确】【答案解析】be involved in：牵涉，涉及到，答案选C 。

1).In either case, you must recognize and take into______ any differences between your values and attitudesA.reasonB.accountC.explanationD.interpretation【答疑编号9499,点击提问】【您的答案】 B【正确答案】B【答案正确】【答案解析】题目意思：考虑到你的价值观和态度的任何差异。

形式美法则英语The Principles of Formal AestheticsFormal aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that examines the underlying principles and structures that contribute to the perception of beauty and harmony in art and design. These principles, sometimes referred to as the "laws of form," provide a framework for understanding how the arrangement and interplay of various visual elements can evoke emotional and intellectual responses in the viewer. By understanding and applying these principles, artists, designers, and architects can create works that are not only visually appealing but also deeply meaningful and impactful.One of the fundamental principles of formal aesthetics is balance. Balance refers to the distribution of visual weight within a composition, ensuring that the various elements are arranged in a way that feels stable and harmonious. This can be achieved through symmetrical or asymmetrical balance, with the former creating a sense of order and stability, and the latter adding a sense of dynamism and tension.Symmetrical balance is often found in classical and traditional art forms, where the composition is divided equally along a central axis, with mirrored elements on either side. This creates a sense of stability and equilibrium, conveying a sense of formality and timelessness. Asymmetrical balance, on the other hand, is more common in modern and contemporary art, where the elements are arranged in a more dynamic and uneven manner. This can create a sense of movement and energy, inviting the viewer to explore the composition more actively.Another key principle of formal aesthetics is rhythm. Rhythm refers to the repetition of visual elements, such as shapes, lines, or colors, that create a sense of movement and flow within the composition. This can be achieved through the use of patterns, alternating elements, or the placement of similar forms at regular intervals. Rhythm can also be used to guide the viewer's eye through the composition, leading them on a visual journey and creating a sense of unity and cohesion.Proportion is another important principle of formal aesthetics. Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements within a composition, and how they relate to one another. The concept of the "golden ratio," a mathematical formula that describes a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing relationshipbetween two quantities, has long been a guiding principle in art and design. By adhering to principles of proportion, artists and designers can create compositions that feel visually balanced and harmonious, with a sense of inherent rightness.Emphasis is another key principle of formal aesthetics. Emphasis refers to the way in which certain elements within a composition are highlighted or given greater visual weight, drawing the viewer's attention and creating a focal point. This can be achieved through the use of contrasting colors, the placement of larger or more prominent forms, or the use of directional cues that guide the viewer's gaze.Harmony is another important principle of formal aesthetics. Harmony refers to the way in which the various elements within a composition work together to create a sense of unity and cohesion. This can be achieved through the use of complementary colors, the repetition of similar shapes or forms, or the overall sense of visual coherence and integration.Finally, the principle of simplicity is also an important consideration in formal aesthetics. Simplicity refers to the idea that the most effective and impactful compositions are often those that are stripped down to their essential elements, without unnecessary clutter or distractions. By focusing on the core visual elements andtheir relationships, artists and designers can create works that are elegant, powerful, and deeply resonant.In conclusion, the principles of formal aesthetics provide a valuable framework for understanding and creating visually compelling and meaningful works of art and design. By applying these principles, artists and designers can create compositions that are not only beautiful, but also deeply expressive and impactful. Whether working in traditional or contemporary mediums, the principles of formal aesthetics offer a rich and enduring source of inspiration and guidance.。

2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题及参考答案完整版Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A] [B] [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people__3__ independence the federal government must support job training programs __4__ the minimum wage and fund more low-cost housing.__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. One of the federal governmen t’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.__11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others __14__ not addicted or mentally ill simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts __19__ it “There has to be __20__ of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5.[A] generally [B] almost [C] hardly [D] not6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8.[A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democ ratizing uniformity of dress and discourse and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite” these were stores “anyone could enter regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media advertising and sports a re other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neit her at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890 9.2 for every 1000. Now consider three indices of assimilation -- language home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the descxxxxription of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2 Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22.According to the author the department stores of the 19th century ________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion the absorption of immigrants into American society is ________.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon as we all know has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come not to see the plays but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare who earns their living was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers the RSC contends who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars the Lear Lounge the Banquo Banqueting Room and so forth and will be very expensive.Anyway the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1431 seats were 94 percent oc cupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason of course is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most at tractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean pointed dedicated faces wearing jeans and sandals eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3 Paragraph 4) the author implies that________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large slow-growing animals were easy game and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days too longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore in the early days of longline fishing a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baxxxxseline which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists that of the “shifting baxxxxseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. W orm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1 paragraph 3) Dr. Worm means that ________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baxxxxseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baxxxxseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art like painting and music are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless phony or worst of all b oring as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason in fact may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all what is the one modern form of exxxxxpression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media and with it a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted lived with few protections and died young. In the West before mass communication and literacy the most powerful mass medium was the church which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial and forever happy. Fast-food eaters news anchors text messengers all smiling smiling smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today surrounded by promises of easy happiness we need art to tell us as religion once did Memento mori: remember that you will die that everything ends and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette yet somehow a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire the author intends to show that________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37.The word “bummer” (Line 5 paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38.In the author’s opinion advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40.Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deathsPart BDirections:In the following article some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville Ind. home of David Williams 52 and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino Williams a state auditor earning $35000 a year lost approximately $175000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him as a good customer a "Fun Card" which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time all night until the boat docked at 5 a.m.then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Menta l Health. Nevertheless Williams’s suit charges that the casino knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science or what claims to be science society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries 29 have casinos and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995 competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented the casino’s marketing department continued to pepp er him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost $5000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even he would quit. One night he won $5500 but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems often defining as addictions what earlier sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G]The anonymous lonely undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they not America who have become anti-intellectual. First the obxxxxject of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46）I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously articulately and frankly first by asking factual questions then by asking moral questions finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47)）His function is analogous to that of a judge who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist for one. 48）I have excluded him because while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments manufacture evidence or doctor his reports. 49）But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This descxxxxription even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing living in "public and illustrious thoughts” as Emerson would say is something else.Section IIIWritingPart A51.DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the photos briefly2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)有两幅图片，图1 把崇拜写在脸上;图2 花300元做“小贝头”注：Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。

人大附中2021新高考英语外刊精选补充阅读积累（阅读写作提升87）美白化妆品的背后是否涉嫌种族歧视？导读美国非洲裔男子弗洛伊德之死引发的全美反种族歧视抗议活动已持续几个月，并逐步向纵深发展，甚至涉及到了化妆品行业。

双语阅读It seems surprising to think that the true response to the concept of beauty is still unexposed. Here a question is pertinent to ask, does beauty mean white complexion? And if it is not, why the beauty product manufacturing companies guarantee fair skin for the consumers? In most cases they offer challenges that their products are committed to ensuring whitening complexion. Even the models hired to advertise their products have fair complexion.令人惊讶的是，人们对美的概念的真正反应仍未显露出来。

这里有一个相关问题，美丽是否意味着肤白？如果不是，为什么美容产品制造商要向消费者保证可以皮肤白皙?在大多数情况下，他们提出挑战，其产品是致力于确保美白肤色的。

甚至受雇为其产品做广告的模特也有白皙的肤色。

A norm has already been established that the fair skin deserves the praise. So hurry up to make your skin fair with the beauty products wherever at any corner of the globe you are. This concept of beauty offers nothing but raises a strong racism leading to racial-divide across the globe as the black are bound to think that they are inferior to the white.白皙的皮肤值得称赞，这一标准早已确立。

Chinese Business Review, May-June 2022, Vol. 21, No. 3, 102-107doi: 10.17265/1537-1506/2022.03.003The Importance of Small and Medium Enterprise Development for Efficient Global Market EnvironmentDarko Popa dićUniversity “MB”, Belgrade, SerbiaVlada ŽivanovićState Audit Office, Belgrade, SerbiaNada ŽivanovicUniversity “MB”, Belgrade, SerbiaSmall and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the world economy. Modern trends in thedevelopment of small and medium enterprises imply a constant increase in their role in the total income of aneconomy. For such an approach, it is important to achieve quality organizational and managerial concepts ofplanning strategy development.In many countries, small businesses dominate in the production of a number ofsmaller products, higher consumption, and high quality of these products. The concept of a small economy consistsof a group of companies that stand out in terms of their characteristics in relation to large companies.In relation tolarge companies as business systems, SMEs differ based on the concept of their own organization’s business, thevolume of business, and the availability of resources. Research data show that the main obstacle to efficientcontinuous business of SMEs in the world is the procurement and maintenance of business resources. Ensuringcontinuity in production is often a problem of lack of resources, which primarily characterizes them in relationto large companies.Small business and entrepreneurship are the main backbone of today’s economic development,viewed globally. The purpose of the development of small and medium enterprises in the world is to enablethe development of a successful and flexible entrepreneurial climate as an important organizational determinant,which is a prerequisite for progress in the modern world economy.The feature of SME development is theinnovation of employees that needs to be constantly developed. In that way, conditions are provided fortechnological development, formation of flexible organizations, and new employment.In practice, small andmedium enterprises are the engine of economic development. It is a sector that promotes private property andentrepreneurial skills. According to experts on economic issues, SMEs are today and in the future, not only inSerbia, the Region, but also in the world, a synonym for the private sector—for parativeanalysis shows the advantage of SMEs, especially in flexible business, where they can quickly adapt to change andcan fully meet market demands.Keywords:Small and medium enterprises, efficiency, market competitiveness,development strategy, globalbusinessDarko Popadić, MA, doctoral student, Faculty of Business and Law, University “MB”, Belgrade, Serbia.Vlada Živanović, Ph.D.,Doctor of Business Administration, State Audit Office, Belgrade, Serbia.Nada Živanovic, PhD, regular professor,Faculty of Business and Law, University “MB”, Belgrade, Serbia.DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET ENVIRONMENT 103IntroductionThe importance of SME development in the economic environment of countries in the world is dominant in relation to market requirements and flexible business in the market, as well as in relation to customer requirements. For developing countries, including Serbia, the strategy of small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurship is aimed at: promoting entrepreneurship and creating a framework for opening a sustainable, internationally competitive and export-oriented sector of small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurship in the long run.The facts of the research show that the countries of the EU and the Pacific Region have given good examples of encouraging the design and creation of the form and content of small businesses, as important institutions of economic development of national economies and other development economies in the region.According to the data, small and medium enterprises have a significant role in OECD countries: where they represent over 95% of the total number of enterprises and participate in total employment with 60%-70%.According to the data, a large number of innovative companies are in the SME sector today. This figure ranges between 30% and 60% of enterprises in the SME sector, and 10% of enterprises can be described as high-tech enterprises.Practice and science show that small and medium enterprises represent the most important segment of any economy in the world, which significantly determines the development of a national economy.Differentiation of Small Economy According to EU Criteria Basically, the division of small and medium enterprises made on the basis of the criteria of the European Union (EU) is defined as follows (Đorđević, 2001):•Medium-sized companies include companies with up to 250 employees. It is considered that they are not part of any larger organization or part of a chain with an annual turnover of less than EUR 40 million, or whose balance sheet is less than EUR 27 million (with a guarantee of independence to the extent that allows concerns to own a maximum of 25%);•Small enterprise means an enterprise with up to 50 employees, up to EUR 7 million annual turnover, and a balance sheet of up to EUR 5 million;•Micro enterprises include enterprises with up to 10 employees (in accordance with EU criteria).Determinants of SMEs such as: innovation and flexibility form the backbone of development, market operations, and employment. For example, as research shows:New jobs were created in the United States in the late 1980s, thanks to the rapid formation of a large number of SME companies, so the entire economy operated in a larger concept of small and medium-sized organizations’ strategies. Such a pace of SME establishment quickly spread to the Region of Southeast Asia and Western Europe.When analyzing the advantages of small and medium enterprises, one comes to the view that they can be divided according to the nature of two important categories: economic and social.The most significant economic benefits of SMEs include:* high market and technological flexibility,* analysis of strategic market opportunities,DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET ENVIRONMENT104* important logistical support to large companies,* faster and easier implementation of modern management techniques,* good mutual business cooperation for economic development, especially at the localand regional level.The social advantages of SMEs are characterized by:•more certain increase in employment,•organized development of entrepreneurial climate and culture,•good communication and establishing better relations with partners in the businesschain,•greater understanding of employee needs,•employment of special categories (youth, women, pensioners, disabled, ethnicgroups),•great contribution to the development of the local community, etc.According to the approaches of science and practice, SMEs are categorized in quantitative terms, through three criteria (New RS Law on Investments, 2017):(1) Number of employees,(2) Gross income i,(3) Value of funds.EU criteria for SMEs are: Number of employees and Total income.Criteria in Serbia for SMEs are: Number of employees, Gross income, and Value offunds.The World Bank’s SME criteria are: Number of Employees, Gross Income, and Valuefunds1.According to the Law on Accounting (“Official Gazette of RS”, No. 62/13, 2015), new criteria for classifying SMEs as legal entities have been introduced, as well as new categories of them, namely: micro legal entities, in addition to existing small, medium, and large enterprises. Table 1 shows the criteria and achieved values in micro, small, medium, and large enterprises.Table 1Criteria for Doing Business in Micro and SME Companies According to Three CategoriesCriterion Micro Small Medium LargeAverage number ofto 10 10-15 50-250 over 250employeesOperating income to 700,000 EUR 700,000-8,800,000EUR 8,800,000-35,000,000 EUR over 35,000,000 EURAverage value ofto 350,000EUR 350,000-4,400,000EUR 4,400,000-17,500,000EUR Over 17,5000,000 EUR business assetsBelonging to one of the mentioned groups of legal entities is achieved if at least two criteria are met. The method of calculating the average number of employees, business income, and the average value of business assets remained the same.Small Business Criteria and Planning StrategyBased on statistical data from surveys in the world economy and the Serbian economy, data are obtained on the number of economic entities in the SME sector.On the examples of world science and practice, according to research data2, out of a total of 23 million companies, and about 100 million employees in this sector, as many as there are in the European Union, today as many as 99% are small and medium enterprises. For example,25 million SMEs operate in the USA, and five million in Japan. The data show that within the small economy, the total gross domestic product of the EU is1www.kapitalmagazin.rs.2www. map.hn/ dokumenti, 2017.DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET ENVIRONMENT 105realized—GDP of 60% and over 80 million jobs are provided. In the EU, SMEs employ 2/3 of the total number of employees in the private sector, the SME sector.Official data from statistics in Serbia show that at the end (2017), there were a total of 76,394 companies, of which 75,729 or 99.1% were small and medium enterprises. According to the latest data from the Business Registers Agency, there are currently over 86,000 companies in Serbia that are categorized as small and medium.For employment within SMEs, according to official statistics, at the end of last year, all companies in Serbia employed a total of 1.138 million people, of which small had 366,516, medium 256,890, and large 514,406 employees. There were 407,819 employees in purely privately owned enterprises, of which 278,264 in small, 71,879 in medium, and 57,694 in large enterprises.According to statistical reports, the number of private small and medium enterprises at the end of 2017 was 52,441, of which 44,769 with less than 10 employees (the most dominant type of enterprise in Serbia is—a privately owned small enterprise with less than 10 employees).The practice, both in Serbia and in the European Union, is for governments to pass regulations on supporting small and medium enterprises, as well as stimulating their growth and competitiveness in many key areas, such as education and training of entrepreneurs, and creating more efficient legislation regulations, tax, and financial system. In this way, the importance of small businesses and entrepreneurs for development, competitiveness, and employment in the European Union is fully recognized.The Government of Serbia has adopted a Strategy to support the development of small and medium enterprises, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness for the period from 2015 to 2020, with an Action Plan in line with relevant EU policy. The strategy conceives3:•improving the business environment,•improving access to funding sources,•continuous development of human resources,•strengthening the sustainability and competitiveness of SMEs,•improving access to new markets,•development and promotion of entrepreneurial spirit and•encouraging entrepreneurship of women, youth, and social entrepreneurship.Marketing in the Function of Successful SME Business Successful and quality business of SMEs in the markets of the world cannot be imagined without modern and aggressive advertising. This implies the application of marketing for small businesses, i.e. advertising, that a legal entity exists in one country and is recognizable to the general public, because it is not good to know only the internal environment—the company to exist, but others around the world need to know.Stewart Britt presented such a non-advertising marketing attitude to the general public with the phrase “You know what you’re doing, but others don’t.”The business is conceived on the basis of key determinants that define the style of a given marketing and which aims to successfully create a business framework that will be able to provide a brand—a highly recognizable product. Such a strategy places emphasis on quality management marketing. In the practice of3http://www.blic.rs/vesti/politika/usvojena-strategija-za-podrsku-razvoja-malih-i-srednjih-preduzeca/eyz4nc1.DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET ENVIRONMENT106entrepreneurship, cooperation with accredited consulting companies for the quality of products and services is most often achieved, both in one’s own country and abroad. The ultimate goal is to obtain a certificate of product quality.A special category of modern business for SMEs is important for business in the function of quality management. The practice of modern market conditions conceives the implementation and development of Internet marketing as well as a set of other tools in this area. This justifies the fact that market research, which essentially shows that consumers are more loyal and inclined to companies that are active online. It can be seen from the research of entrepreneurial business that this is a good motive for businessmen, and that they need to approach internet marketing with great speed in order to realize its potential.When it comes to less developed countries, research data show that the state of business of SMEs in these countries is accompanied by many difficulties. The data show that the biggest problems occur due to: •inefficient conceptions of research projects and,•poor project management roles.According to the data, the real state of the business environment of small businesses requires the implementation of the necessary changes dictated by the market, in which project management focuses on the specifics of business conditions in certain areas of industrial development.New changes in the quality of products, management, and organization can be of special importance and motivation for fundamental management research, as well as for applied research, both in small and medium enterprises, and in large and overall industry.ConclusionThe business environment of SMEs globally, in defining the basic characteristics of entrepreneurial and managerial business conditions, should conceptualize a certain difference in the global environment and in narrower areas. Namely, the natural and socio-economic factors of a country’s business must be taken into account, according to the geographical area in which the companies operate.When designing the work program of entrepreneurial companies in the field of quality management, care should be taken to improve the underutilized available production potential. Insufficient utilization of natural and human resources can lead to slow growth and development of the entire industry in the economic environment of one country.The basis of the development plan and project, viewed from the organizational and managerial aspect, includes:(1) Development of the entrepreneurial environment through the necessary investments for modern development technologies and personnel.(2) Continuous improvement and development of the achieved level of knowledge, training, and education of employees to achieve a high level of quality of products, services, and business as a whole.(3) Application of effective methods, measures, and techniques that are incorporated in SMEs in the world of developed countries in the long term and continuously.(4) Greater flexibility in adapting industrial enterprises to changes in the environment.(5) Greater integration and interaction between science and practice in order to be pragmatic and faster to incorporate knowledge into small businesses.DEVELOPMENT FOR EFFICIENT GLOBAL MARKET ENVIRONMENT 107(6) Application of benchmarking for faster achievement of competitive business on the world market, etc.According to research, the basic goals of small business development show that business environment strategies are related to faster economic development that is structured through projects. In the whole observed systemic quality development, these are the following strategies, which include:•significant elements of long-term development,•concepts of quality improvement through a clear vision and mission of overall production,•key factors of quality management for the implementation of the development project,•relevant organizational approaches to work, according to the set goals, by the management as one of the bases of development,•significant elements related to securing and improving a high competitive position in the global market, •factors for ensuring product recognition by specific business conditions, services, high quality brands, •the ability of the economy to be ready and economically able to respond to changes in the environment, •suitable environments of importance for high quality etc.The main concept of the approach of successful quality development management within the SME business is the knowledge of the entrepreneurial business environment of companies that operate in the world today through quality product development and the implementation of an efficient project and development plan. This concept should be contained in an effective strategy, business policy and development of product and service quality as key determinants of today’s industry and small business.ReferencesĐorđević, D. (2001).Small and medium enterprises (p. 5).Belgrade: KAS.Law on Accounting. (2015). “Official Gazette of RS”, No. 62/13.Republic of Serbia.(2017).New RS law on investments.。

高级英语第一课Paraphrase练习1. He told me that he had been intrigued with the "spiritual journey" of the essay, especially in Japan.2. Unlikely as it may sound, this essay, written more than 70 years ago, is the underpinning of much Japanese productivity and the basis of many businessmen's life philosophies.Although this essay has been written for 70 years,it already became a necessary thing in japan,and even change their life and their attitude to their wor k.3. Many carry creased copies in their wallets.People love the essay,it’s important and useful to them,so they carry it all the time.4. Anyone worth his salt in Japanese business knows and uses this essay. Successful in japan had been heard it and this essay gave the more energy and changed their life.5. It is our Popeye's spinach.It’s the source of power and energy6. It touches me at the core of my heartIt moves me deeply7. If Westerners can understand Japanese reverence for it, maybe they can better understand the Japanese businessman's quest for spiritual sustenance in the midst of material abundance.If westerners can understand Japanese respect for it,maybe they can better understand the situation that Japanese businessmen need for the spirit sense although they have abundant material8. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind.Whether we are young or old ,youth is our attitude to life.9. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease.Youth means our instinct advantage to overcome our timidity and have the courage to confront the adventure and not abandoned in the ease environment 10. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals.The age of people is not judged by the time but by the attitude to the life what we really become old is the time we abandon our ideals.11. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. If you lose hope and worry everything and lose confidence,you will become a man without soul12. When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.If you lose hope and worry about everything,you become old,while if you keep optimistic to your life,you are young even you are old高级英语第二课paraphrase练习1. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.We can know a man by his friends and the book he reads, because this can reflect his characteristic, so we should read good books and make good friends.2.It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress.It will never betray us when we in trouble3.Bookswind into the heart; the poet's verse slides in the current of our blood. Books affect our emotion so deeply that they have become one part of our body and thought.4. A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man's life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts.A good book can reflect one’s most important part of one’ s life ,for example, the noble thoughts.5. They are never alone that are accompanied by noble thoughts.They will not feel alone for they have great thoughts accompanied6. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author's minds, ages ago.Great thoughts are still alive even they have been existing many years, they will never out of date7. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. Books carry great spirits and spirits never gone and spirits go out all the time, when we read the books we communicate with the writers8. The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages agoThe noble thoughts never die because spirits spread out all the time高级英语第三课paraphrase练习1. Its many years since we first met.We haven’t met for many years.2. I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together.I just earn little money to support my life.3. Few men learn this until they are too old to make it of any consequence to a woman what they say.When men are too old, they know that what they say doesn’t have any influence on a woman, because women don’t care about it.4. I was startled when the bill of fare was brought, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated.I was surprised by the bill of fare, because the price was much higher than Ihad imagined.5. When my mutton chop arrived she took me quite seriously to task.When my mutton chop arrived she criticized me.6. The smell of the melted butter tickled my nostrils as the nostrils of Jehovah were tickled by the burned offerings of the virtuous Semits.The smell of the melted butter was so fascinating, just like the burned offerings of the virtuous Semits to Jehovah. And I wanted to eat so much.7. It was past caring, so I ordered coffee for myself and an ice-cream and coffee for her.I care about nothing, so I ordered coffee for myself and an ice-cream andcoffee for her.8. Her eyes rested for an instant on the three francs I left for the waiter and I knew that she thought me mean.I gave the waiter three francs tip, and she looked at it for a little time. So Ibelieved that she thought me stingy.9. Did I remember?How could I forget it?10.My heart sank a little.I was shocked by the high price of the dish and I feel painful.高级英语第四课paraphrase练习1. Why do privates eat in the general mess and generals eat in the private mess?Why do soldiers eat in the lower canteen and commanders in the individual dinning hall?2. Language is like the air we breathe.Language is as important as air, which is indispensable in our life3. Sometimes you have to believe that all English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane.As words may have many different meanings, the same sentence may be mislead and ridiculous when it is used in different angle. At this time, the speaker is always thought as crazy.4. And why, pray tell, does lisp have an s in it?Please tell me why the word ‘lisp’, which means people can’t pronounce words clearly and mix up ‘s’ and ‘th’, have a ‘s’ itself that they even can’t pronounce this word.5. Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.The moment is so appropriate that it was occasion to send the gift.6. The insurance is invalid for the invalid.The insurance comes into no effect for the disabled.7. The buck does funny things when does are present.The male deer will get excited and do funny things when female deer appear.8. The dupm is so full that it had to refuse more refuse.The garbage spot can’t receive anything abolished since it is full filled with rubbish.9. (Why is it that a woman can be a vision, but not a sight — unless your eyeshurt?) Then she can be "a sight of sore eyes".Though both vision and sight can be used to describe eyesight, only vision can describe a woman, sight can’t be used until in the idol ’a sight of sore eyes’高级英语第五课Paraphrase练习1. Haze is a type of aerosol, a concentration of microscopic particles suspended in air, which diminishes the clearness of the atmosphere.Haze is a type of aerosol, a concentrated mass of tidy particles flowing in air, which can decrease the clearness of the atmosphere.2. Haze particles may be either natural substances or polutants emitted by human activities.Haze particles may be made up of two parts. They are natural substances and pollutants made and discharged by human activities.3. The winter haze blankets an area roughly the size of North America.The winter haze covers a huge area, which is as large as the size of North America roughly.4. Its density varies considerably by location and time, but it is often comparable to pollution levels occurring over medium-sized North American cities.With the different location and time, the haze density varies. However, the pollution levels of the polar often can compare to the pollution levels of the medium-sized North American cities.5. Analysis of chemical signatures revealed that most of the haze-formingpollutants do not originate in the Arctic but in industrialized regions further south on the Eurasian continent, with Russia, in particular, being the greatest source of the aerosols sampled as far away as Alaska.Analysis of chemical signatures tells us the fact that the majority part of the pollutants which are formed by haze, don’t raise from Arctic but in regions where industry develops well south on the Eurasian continent, with Russia, particularly, being the greatest source of the aerosols.6. Scientists have studied the routes that haze-forming pollutants take on their long journey to the Arctic by analyzing information on the chemical signatures, or tracers, of the aerosols along with meteorological data.Scientists collect and analyze information on chemical contents and talents of the dust with the data of study of weather and climate to find out that the pollutes which form the haze pass through the Arctic.7. Although the effects of the various contaminants in the haze on flora and fauna have been studied in other regions, much remains to be learned about their impact on the fragile Arctic environment.The effects of the diverse pollutants in the haze on animals and plants need to be searched on the fragile Arctic environment though they have been studied in other regions8. The dry, stable air mass that settles over the far north during the winter and early spring is not helpful to the deposition of aerosol particles.It does no good to the deposition of aerosol particles thatThe dry, stable airmass that settles over the far north during the winter and early spring9. Nevertheless, even small quantities of haze contaminants, such as pesticides and heavy metals, can disrupt the delicate ecosystems that exist tenuously in the harsh Arctic conditions.The Arctic environment is so fragile that even a little pollutant can disrupt the balance of its ecosystem10. As a result, snow and ice cover diminishes in the Arctic, and this cloud accelerates the warming tendency.What could speed up the warming tendency is that snow and ice cover induces in the Arctic11. Any haze-induced warming would be in addition to any warming caused bya global greenhouse effect, which is projected to be most pronounced in the higher latitudes.第六课Paraphrase练习1.Before the Industrial Revolution scattered populations and steam and later petrol engines ensured easy mobility, there could have been few family reunions as we know this ceremony at the present time, with its assembling of infrequently-encountered but still familiar figures and the consequent getting up to date with the events in other people’s lives.2. There must have been indeed a good deal of ‘dropping-in’, for if members ofa family did not actually live in the same house, they were within easy walking distance of one another.3. Present-day impressions of this important occasion are of a strange blending of formality, plain speaking with hovering dissension and a general lack of natural warmth.4. The rarer such meetings, it would seem, the more important it was to reflect prosperity and propriety.5. Firm attention was paid to suitable clothes and decorum while hostesses must demonstrate their ability to provide abundant meals in dignified surroundings.6. Children eyed little-known cousins with distrust and they, together with grown-up daughters, had to entertain the company with piano-playing or recitations while their own parents beamed complacently.7.The mask of formality gradually slipped and the natural individual, self-satisfied or envious, charitable or spiteful, assumed control.8. But these less than perfect connections were, after all, part of oneself: unattractive and unsympathetic perhaps, rarely seen but in some indefinable way necessary.9. The ritual of the family reunion is less rigid nowadays but, despite the availability of the private car, meetings are probably more infrequent.10.Small families have been the fashion for more than fifty years and even uncles and aunts are in short supply.11.There is a good chance moreover that the nearest family member lives two hundred miles away or even in another continent.12. Few young couples even today marry without a united family blessing anda wedding affords an ideal family reunion.13.Funerals have their own atmosphere and come nearest to Victorian tradition.：Funerals have their special atmosphere which is similar to Victorian tradition.14.A feeling of guilt waits to pounce: a sudden burst of conversation or unfortunate laugh draws shocked attention.A sudden talk or untimely laughter may cause vibrations, and the feelings of guilt may produce at any moment.15. The near relatives of the deceased are handled cautiously with hushed voices and patronizing solicitude.People carefully dropped the voice, and showed the concern to the relatives of the dead .16. Marriage, we read, is an outmoded institution.In our opinion, marriage is an old-fashioned social customs17. Most of all we shall miss the presence with us of that little-loved, internationally-derided and very unfairly underrated mother-in-law.We especially will miss the situation we have spent with the little-loved mother-in-law who are laughed at and underrated unfairly all around the world.1.Before the Industrial Revolution scattered populations and steam and later petrol engines ensured easy mobility, there could have been few familyreunions as we know this ceremony at the present time, with its assembling of infrequently-encountered but still familiar figures and the consequent getting up to date with the events in other people’s lives.The rare family get-together which help relatives who rarely seebut konw each other catch up wihh each other as we understand today didn't become familiar to people utill the Industrial Revolution and petrol engines make the population spread and move easily.2. There must have been indeed a good deal of ‘dropping-in’, for if members ofa family did not actually live in the same house, they were within easy walking distance of one another.The relatives visit others' home in casual clothes because they are in neighborhood.3. Present-day impressions of this important occasion are of a strange blending of formality, plain speaking with hovering dissension and a general lack of natural warmth.Nowdays we think the signigicant party as a mix of following rules,talking warmlessly,and angry qurrel may occur any time.4. The rarer such meetings, it would seem, the more important it was to reflect prosperity and propriety.if the party don't be hold less often,it will be more significant that that to domenstrate good behaviors and wealth.5. Firm attention was paid to suitable clothes and decorum while hostesses must demonstrate their ability to provide abundant meals in dignified surroundings.People focus on favorable suits and etiquette at the same time the woman who manage the family should assume the responsibility of creating a genial atmossphere and feast.。

Exercises for American LiteraturePartⅠⅠ. Multiple choice:1._____ reports of exploration in Jamestown have been described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English.A. John Smith’sB. Washington Irving’sC. Franklin’sD. Jefferson’s2. Which statement is NOT true about the 17th century American literary life?A. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the early settlements.B. The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smithmade their greatest contribution to American literature.C. There were more urban audience for books and newspapers.D. Literature developed slowly especially in the South.3. _____ was the first American writer.A. John SmithB. Benjamin FranklinC. Philip FreneauD. Anne Bradstreet4. John Smith’s _____ (1624) contains his most famous tale of how the Indian Princess Pocahontas saved him from the wrath of her father Powhatan.A. The General History of VirginiaB. The history of New EnglandC. A Map of VirginiaD. The history of Plymouth Plantation5. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the _____ values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.A. PuritanicB. TranscendentalC. romanticD. realistic6. _____ , the Puritan clergyman who wrote more than 450 works in his life, was an example of the Puritan ideal of hard work.A. John SmithB. Cotton MatherC. Anne BradstreetD. John Cotton7. The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of _____ to theology.A. the BibleB. the governmentC. the Church of EnglandD. God8. The first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was _____ , sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”.A. John CottonB. John SmithC. Philip FreneauD. Cotton Mather9. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is the first published collection ofpoems of _____ .A. Edward TaylorB. Anne BradstreetC. Walt WhitmanD. PhilipFreneau10. The first major center of thought in America was _____ .A. BostonB. PhiladelphiaC. Now YorkD. the State of VirginiaⅡ.Complete the following statements:1.At last early in the __________ century, the English settlements in __________and __________ began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.2.The earliest settlers in US include __________ , Swedes, __________ , French,__________ , Italians, and __________ .3.The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of __________ , whileVirginia had been planted mainly as a __________ .4.The best way to learn more of the colonial Puritan mind is to meet two importantfigures, __________ and __________ .5.Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of two writers, AnneBradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of __________ .Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. Theocracy2. The Puritan MovementⅣ.Answer the following question:What was the first American literature like?PartⅡⅠ. Multiple choice:1.American Enlightenment can be described as the following except that _____ .A.it dealt a decisive blow to the puritan traditionsB.it brought to life secular education and literatureC.its representatives took the task of disseminating knowledge among thepeopleD.it exerted little influence on the War of Independence2.The following statements are true to Benjamin Franklin except _____ .A. a priestB. a scientistC. a diplomatD. a humanist3.Benjamin Franklin shaped his writing after _____ .A. the Spectator PaperB. French writersC. John MiltonD. Walt Scott4.Poor Richard’s Almanac written by Benjamin Franklin is _____ .A. a novelB. a collection of short storiesC. a collection of poemsD. an annual collection of proverbs5.“His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation” refers to_____ .A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas JeffersonC. Thomas PaineD. Noah Webster6.Thomas Paine boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence” in his famouspamphlet _____ .A. Common SenseB. The Case of the Officers of the ExciseC. The American CrisisD. Rights of Man7.Thomas Paine’s chief contribution was a series of sixteen pamphlets entitled_____ .A. Common SenseB. The Case of the Officers of the ExciseC. Rights of ManD. The American Crisis8.Which of the following is true about Thomas Jefferson? _____ .A.He contributed a lot to the foundation of University of Virginia.B.He served for two terms as president.C.He drafted the Declaration of Independence.D.All of the above.9._____ has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.A. Anne BradstreetB. Philip FreneauC. Thomas PaineD. EdwardTaylor10.As a poet and political journalist, Philip Freneau is _____ .A. a satirist and a sentimentalistB. a humanitarianC. a poet of reason and a deistic optimistD. All of the aboveⅡ.Complete the following statements:1.As we have seen, _________ dominated the Puritan phase of American writing,__________ was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.2.American __________ dealt a decisive blow upon the Puritan traditions andbrought to life __________ and literature.3.In 1783, the year the United States achieved its independence, __________declared, “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts and for arms”.4.Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin went to Philadelphia as a young manand began his career as __________ .5.Philip Freneau was __________ by training and taste yet romantic in essentialspirit.Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. the Age of Reason2. the EnlightenmentⅣ.Answer the following question:Why do people think Benjamin Franklin is the embodiment of American dream?Part ⅢⅠ. Multiple choice:1. A new Romanticism, appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century,came to America in _____ .A. the early 19th centuryB. the mid 19th centuryC. the last years of 19th centuryD. the last years of the 18th century2._____ became the first work by an American writer to win financial success onboth sides of the Atlantic.A. Washington Irving’s Sketch Book.B. Washington Irving’s A Tour on thePrairiesC. James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking TalesD. Henry Thoreau’s Walden3.Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the general characteristics shared byromantics? _____ .A.Moral enthusiasmB.Faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC.The practice of a hard and disciplined lifeD.The presumption that man’s soc iety was a source of corruption4.Transcendentalists took some of their ideas from _____ .A. German idealistic philosophyB. the Romantic literatures ofEuropeC. neo-Platonism and Oriental mysticismD. All of the above.5.The first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literatureappeared in Washington Irving’s _____ .A. The sketch BookB. A History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. Alhambra6._____ was the first important American novelist who began his literary career ona dare.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Washington IrvingC. Edgar Allan PoeD. Nathaniel Hawthorne7._____ is one of James Fenimore Cooper’s best sea romances.A. The SpyB. The PilotC. The DeerslayerD. The Pioneers8.Cooper launched two kinds of great popular stories, the sea adventure tale and_____ .A. the frontier sagaB. the detective storiesC. the love storiesD. gothicnovels9.Which of the following novels does NOT belong to Leatherstocking Tales?_____ .A. The DeerslayerB. The PathfinderC. The PilotD. The Pioneers10.The last of the Mohicans in The last of the Mohicans refers to _____ .A. UncasB. ChingachgookC. HawkeyeD. Natty Bumppo11.In 1817, _____ written by William Cullen Bryant introduced the best poet inAmerica up to that time.A. “To a Waterfowl”B. “Thanatopsis”C. “The Raven”D. “To Helen”12.Which poem by William Cullen Bryant expressed both the poet’s grateful viewand his sense of a divine power guiding and protecting everything in nature?_____ .A. “To a Waterfowl”B. “Thanatopsis”C. “The Raven”D. “To Helen”13.Edgar Allan Poe deserved the following except _____ .A. a playwrightB. a poet and an editorC. a literary criticD. a writer offiction14.Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that was Greece’And the grandeau that was Rome.The above lines are selected from Edgar Allan Poe’s famous poem _____ .A. “The Raven”B. “To Helen”C. “Ligia”D. “Annabel Lee”15.The American Scholar and The Divinity School Address are two speeches thatmade _____ famous.A. Walt WhitmanB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Henry David ThoreauD. Herman Melville16.Thoreau once wrote the reason that he went to live in a hut at Walden is that_____ .A.he wanted to live the life of a hermitB.he didn’t want to be arrested for failure to pay the taxesC.he wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lifeD.he didn’t like the people around him17.The story of The Scarlet Letter is set in _____ in the days of the MassachusettsColony.A. the ancient EuropeB. the 19th century EuropeC. the Puritan BostonD. the 19th century Boston18.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote all of the following except _____ .A. TypeeB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Young Goodman Brown19.When Herman Melville’s Moby Dick first appeared, which of the following isNOT true about what happened to this great work? _____ .A.It seemed to be a complete failure at the time.B.Critics in general also failed to see the qualities of this book.C.Hawthorne was one of the few who recognized it as a work of genius.D.It was a great hit at that time and was welcomed by the readers.20.Which of the following works established Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poeticreputation? _____ .A. Voices of the NightB. Poems on SlaveryC. Song of HiawathaD. Ballads and Other PoemsⅡ.Complete the following statements:1.Through the first half of 19th century the pursuit of _________ , utility, and_________remained an American characteristic.2.__________ values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy untilthe Civil War.3.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither __________ nor_________ .4.Romantic writers placed increasing value on the __________ expression ofemotion and displayed increasing attention to the __________ states of their characters.5.In 1828, __________ published An American Dictionary of the English Language.6.Irving was the first great __________, writing always for __________, and toproduce __________ .7.Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes and Whittier were regarded as the “__________poets”.8.At an early age, Irving preferred a literary __________ .9.Ironically, while Poe was struggling in America, his work was commanding moreand more praise in __________. His influence was especially strong on many __________ writers.10.Emerson believed above all in __________, independence of mind, andself-reliance.11.For Thoreau, as for Emerson, __________ and __________ ranked above all.12.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly __________ storieswhich touched the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, __________ .13.__________ is a tremendous chronicle of s whaling voyage in pursuit of aseemingly supernatural white whale.14.“Pequod” in Moby Dick is a name of __________ .15.Longfellow’s poetry was popular for his gentleness, sweetness, and __________ .Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. Romanticism2. Transcendentalism3. SymbolismⅣ. Comment on one of the following:1.Benjamin Franklin and the American Dream2.Moby Dick3.The Scarlet Letter4.“The Wild Honey Suckle”5.“To a Waterfowl”6.“To Helen”Part ⅣⅠ. Multiple choice:1.The end of _____ marked the beginning of what Mark Twain called The Gilded Age.A. The American War of IndependenceB. World War OneC. World War TwoD. The Civil War2. “A Psalm of Life” is a famous poem written by _____.A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Walt WhitmanC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson3. By the 1870s _____ had waned.A. PuritanismB. the New England RenaissanceC. RealismD. Classicism4. By the end of the Civil War, _____ became the nation’s literary center.A. New YorkB. BostonC. JamestownD. Los Angeles5. _____ had originated in France, a literary doctrine that called for reality and truth in the depiction of ordinary life.A. PuritanismB. New England RenaissanceC. RealismD. Classicism6. Local color began to decline _____ .A. after 1920B. by the turn of 19th centuryC. after 1910D. in the 1870s7. The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America was _____ .A. William Dean HowellsB. Mark TwainC. Bret HarteD. Hamlin Garland8. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called _____, that is, poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. free verseB. blank verseC. lyricsD. sonnet9. “Song of myself” is a famous poem written by _____ .A. Emily DickinsonB. Walt WhitmanC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Edgar Allan Poe10. _____ was the first book of Mark Twain.A. Jumping frogB. Innocents AbroadC. Roughing ItD. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn11. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is the masterpiece of _____ .A. Henry JamesB. William Dean HowellsC. Mark TwainD. Nathaniel Hawthorne12. In “The Cop and the Anthem” the main reason for Soapy to deliberately commitone crime after another is that _____ .A. he hates the wealthy peopleB. he just wants to revenge himselfC. winter is coming and Soapy has no refuge except the prisonD. he just does that for no reasons13. The Gift of the Magi is one of the best stories by _____ .A. O. HenryB. Mark TwainC. Harriet Beecher StoweD. Jack London14. Jack wrote the following except _____ .A. The Four MillionB. The People of the AbyssC. The Iron HeelD. The Call of the wild15. Which of the following novels is written by Jack London? _____ .A. The Portrait of a LadyB. The wings of the DoveC. The Scarlet LetterD. The Sea Wolf16. Theodore Dreiser’s masterpiece of Naturalism is _____ .A. An American TragedyB. The FinancierC. The TitanD. The StoicⅡ.Complete the following statements:1. Realism first appeared in the United States in the literature of ________ .2. James probed deeply at the individual ________ of his characters.American naturalist writers attempted to achieve extreme ________ and frankness.3. The naturalists emphasized that the world was ________ .4. Darwinism seemed to stress the ________ of man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.5. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and ________ .6. Many of Dickinson’s poems were based on single ________ or symbols.7. O. Henry imitated ________ as a model.8. Jack London was influenced by the teaching of Marx, Nietzsche and ________ .1.Dreiser’s ________ consists of The Financier, The Titan and The Stoic.2.Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel was ________ .Ⅲ.Define the literary terms listed below:1. The Gilded Age2. International Theme3. Realism4. NaturalismⅣ.Answer the following question:1. What is the theme of The Leaves of Grass ?2. What are the major differences between Mark Twain and Henry James as major writers in the school of realism?Part ⅤⅠ. Multiple choice:1. Writer of the first postwar era self=consciously acknowledged that they were _____ .A. a Lost GenerationB. a Beat GenerationC. a Jazz GenerationD. None of the above2. During the 1920s William Faulkner published one of the influential Americannovels of the age, _____ .A. The Sound and the FuryB. An American TragedyC. Winesburg, OhioD. The Waste Land3. After _____ a group of new American dramatists emerged, and the Americantheater ceased to be dependent on the dramatic traditions of Europe.A. the War of IndependenceB. the Civil WarC. World WarⅠD. World WarⅡ4. _____ came as a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights,poets and novelists who prepared the way for the emergence of numerous black writers after mid-century.A. The Lost GenerationB. The Beat GenerationC. The Harlem RenaissanceD. The New American Theater5. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.”These lines were written by _____ .A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Carl Sandberg6. Edwin Arlington Robinson was honored with the Pulitzer Prize for _____ .A. three timesB. twiceC. onceD. four times7. The central image of Frost’s “Design” is _____ .A. a flyB. a mothC. a spiderD. a bird8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the writing atyle of CarlSandburg ? _____ .A. He avoided regular stanza pattern and traditional blank verseB. He wrote an utterly free verseC. He developed Whitman’s long line but moderated its rhetorical impact andintensityD. His poems are often difficult to understand and rich in allusions9. T. S. Eliot won the Nobel Prize for literature in _____ .A. 1948B. 1949C. 1950D. 195110. T. S. Eliot deserves the following titles except _____ .A. a great poetB. a dramatistC. a literary criticD. a great novelist11. In 1954 _____ was awarded a Nobel Prize for his mastery of the art of modernnarration.A. John SteinbeckB. William FaulknerC. Ernest HemingwayD. T. S. Eliot12. The central theme of Faulkner’s works focuses on _____ .A. the county of YoknapatawphaB. the universal theme of the problems of the human heart in conflict with itselfC. the AmericansD. Oxford13. _____ received the 1950 Nobel Prize for literature.A. William FaulknerB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. T. S.Eliot14. “A Rose for Emily” is a famous short story written by _____ .A. William FaulknerB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. Sherwood Anderson15. Which of the following works of Hemingway is NOT about the war? _____ .A. Death in the AfternoonB. A Farewell to ArmsC. The Sun Also RisesD. For Whom the Bell TollsⅡ.Complete the following statements:1. ________ stands as a great dividing line between the 19th century andcontemporary America.2. The Lost Generation writers were devoid of faith and ________ from acivilization.3. In the 1920s the most prominent American playwright was ________ .4. In “A Pact”, the poet makes a pack with ________ .5. Robinson was interested in the ________ legends.6. The later works of Stevens became increasingly meditative and ________ .7. The first of Four Quartets by T. S. Eliot is ________ .8. The Waste Land introduces a poetic form---- the ________ of related themes insuccessive movement.9. In his best novels, Fitzgerald had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering______.10. ________ was the spokesman for the “Lost Generation”.11. For Whom the Bell Tolls was set in Spain during the ________ .12. A farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell both to war and ________ .13. In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art ofmodern ________”.14. John Steinbeck was the foremost novelist of the American ________ in the1930s.15. Faulkner’s Snopse Trilogy consists of ________ , The Town and The MansionⅢ.Define the literary terms listed below:1.Avant-garde2. The Lost Generation3. The New American Theater4. Stream of ConsciousnessⅣ.Answer the following question:1. Discuss the thematic concerns of A Farewell to Arms.2. Discuss the themes of William Faulkner.。

精读翻译答案Unit 1V ocabulary1．4) Translate the following into Chinese.1.很多人都认同,大学扩招是一个大业绩。

2.提供能够满足高要求的注册会计师仍然是一个大问题。

3.过早的专业化并非明智之举，学生在进入专业领域之前应该广泛接触世界文化。

4.有一天我们可能会变得强大，但我们绝不能变得傲慢，我们应当继续遵循和平共处的原则。

5.一个国家的力量本质上依赖于该国的文明进程，这是一个深刻的认识。

6.我们对过去苦难的记忆是一笔巨大的精神财富。

2. Translate the following verb+noun collocations into English.1) fold one’s arms2) fold the letter3) acquire knowledge4) generate ideas5) generate jobs6) generate power7) generate interest8) employ workers9) use/employ time10) rear/raise one’s children11) rear sheep12) raise one’s family13) raise one’s voice14) raise tax15) raise the question16) maintain contact17) maintain law and order18) maintain peace4. Complete the sentences with the expressions listed below.1) to see to it; exposed to2) out for; succeed in3) averages out4) specialize in5) stuck for6) preside over7) stuck for; see to it that8) true of9) out to; see to it that10) have no business5. Fill in the blanks with the right word or expression in the bracket.1) in making; to find2) see3) out; of; of; for4) to5) by; for6) Poor as he was; put7) for8) in9) believed in; forcing10) physicist; sensitive6. Translate the following sentences into English.1) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in thegreenhouse. We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involvedin international affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. Butwe must never become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store theinformation of a small library5) That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. Theydo not have any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres.6) These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate newideas and penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers.7) The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said tohave been modernized unless the quality of our people’slives is really improved.8) Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy aschildren, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds; and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields.9) Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group ofpeople, and that person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”10) Traditionally in our country school education was always said to bemore important and useful compared with all other pursuits.Grammar3.Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.(1) other (2) best (3) reason (4) mental (5) next(6) As (7) take (8) cool (9) thinking (10) rest4.Translate the following sentences into English.1)The premier is leaving for New York for a UN conferencetomorrow.2)He is to meet the heads of state of several countries during his stayin New York.3)What are you going to do during the National Day holidays? Areyou going home or staying on campus?4)—What do you think school will be l ike in twenty years’ time?—I think children will probably learn at home with amechanical teacher.5)Thirty years ago, my grandparents never thought they would beable to move into a two-storey house with all the modern facilities.6)What they lack is not money but experience.7)They have come to China not only to learn Chinese, but to learnabout Chinese culture as well.8)What children want most from their parents are not material thingsbut love and attention.9)You may either write your essay in your regular exercise book ordo it on your computer.10)I’m not quite sure why he didn’t show up. Either he was notinterested, or he simply forgot about it.11)A society should respect both its scientists and its garbagecollectors.12)He is miserly both with his money and with his time.5.Identify and correct the mistakes. Note there is no mistake in two ofthe sentences.1)I will phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.2)We can hardly imagine what life will be like in 50 years.3)What are we going to do if Edith won’t help us? (No mistake inthis sentence. Here “if…will” is possible when will expresses“willingness”.)4)Please be seated, everyone. The show is about to begin. (Use “beabout to do sth” to say that something will happen almost immediately. “Will” is not used.)5)It is predicted that in about ten years’ time, China will be able tosend man to the Moon. (“To be able to do sth” is used to say it is possible for someone or something to do something.)6)Drop in whenever you pleas e. You’ll always be welcome.(Adverbs of frequency, such as always, usually, often, sometimes, etc, usually go immediately in front of the main verb.)7)Neither his parents, nor his brother was able to come to hisperformance. (The main verb agrees with the noun phrase introduced by nor.)8)Both her friends and her English teacher believe she will win thetalent contest.9)My father regards creativity both as a gift and as a skill. (Normally,the two items connected by emphasizing coordinating conjunctions should be expressed in the same grammatical form, here, two prepositional phrases.)10)We can either do it now or after class—it’s up to you. (No mistake.Though the two items “now” and “after class” aren’t the same grammatical form, this is acceptable because we can regard them as condensed from “We can either do it now or do it after class.”Therefore, the two items can also be different grammaticalforms serving the same grammatical function, here, both adverbials.)。

高三英语艺术批评方法科学严谨单选题30题(带答案)1.In a great art exhibition, the paintings are _____.A.beautifulB.gorgeousC.prettyD.lovely答案：B。

“gorgeous”在形容艺术作品时，有华丽、绚烂的意思，更符合在艺术展览中对绘画作品的较高程度的赞美。

“beautiful”“pretty”“lovely”都比较普通，没有“gorgeous”那样能体现出艺术作品的独特魅力和高水准。

2.The artist is known for his _____ style.A.uniqueB.specialC.particularD.peculiar答案：A。

“unique”强调独一无二，最能体现艺术家特有的风格。

“special”“particular”“peculiar”虽然也有特别的意思，但不如“unique”强烈。

3.The art critic described the sculpture as _____.A.magnificentB.grandC.splendid答案：A。

“magnificent”常用来形容宏伟壮观、令人赞叹的事物，符合对雕塑的描述。

“grand”主要指规模宏大；“splendid”侧重于辉煌灿烂；“luxurious”是奢华的意思，不太适合形容雕塑。

4.The art work is full of _____ details.A.elaborateB.detailedC.minuteplex答案：A。

“elaborate”有精心制作的、详尽的意思，更能体现艺术作品中细节的精致。

“detailed”比较普通；“minute”指微小的；“complex”强调复杂，不太符合这里强调细节丰富的语境。

5.The artist's use of color is very _____.A.creativeB.imaginativeC.originalD.inventive答案：C。

Key to the Translation exercise1. What the restaurant industry and the film industry have in common is the high rate of failure among the small businesses.2. His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist.3. We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with the workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions.4. Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others.5. No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy.6. The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will.7. The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of 9its assets will help make yup for its loss.8. In modern society, people are more likely to be identified by their professions, rather than by their communities.9. Careers/jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.10. We did have an investigation with regard to the issue, but we should not comment on it.Unit 21. Although she has gone through numerous failures, Katherine still believes that she could make world champion of her son.2. This training program is not really a bad experience. But I would have liked it better if the courses had been a bit more practical.3. You should have known better than to open a suspicious attachment.4. Unfortunately he died from s sudden traffic accident, leaving the experiment half-done.5. Wouldn’t it be better if the food market on the street corner could be turned into a garden?6. Much as I am eager to please everyone, I seem never be able to speak out the right thing at the right time.7. This little gadget makes a good present for the elderly, for it can keep accurate track of one blood pressure.8. Jane is always working so hard to achieve the next thing and she never has time to sit back and pat herself on the back about the things that she has already done.9. Tom sized up the situation, and decided to downsize his business, which turned out to be a wise decision.10. It is not enough for our university to resign itself to the status quo’ it should speed up the development, and make itself one of the best universities in China.Unit 31. When someone is in “desert of experience” --- a period of feeling barren of options, even hope, the most important thing is not allow himself to be stranded in the desert.2. With financial/economical resources exhausted// used up and the pressure of a big family to support, Jimmy wanted to escape/run away at first but his courage and good humor/optimism saw him through.3. Someone believes that it is never too late to embark on/begin a new career in any period of time.4. What makes sense is to face the challenge rather than run away from it after suffering a significant loss./ heavy blow5. With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make the ends meet.6. It dawns on people that failure is nothing to be afraid of, but it is a precious experience in life.7. The president wishes every student to forge ahead on the career ladder at the commencement ceremony./graduation ce8. Scientists are studying smokers and the people with depression in an attempt to sort out their complicated physical and psychological problems. Address/solve9. Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or shielding their children from the knowledge/fact that they have failed.10. No one can be perfect, /impeccable ,so be easy on oneself.Unit 41. In modern society, advertising has become one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness.2. Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene, because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that rightly values tradition for its own sake.3. Short of having their own children, the couple can never experience the pleasure of being parents.4. He takes other’s success as a kind of challenge and motivation. He keeps telling himself that he should do better than others.5. If fun and pleasure are equated with happiness, than pain must be equated with unhappiness. The truth is that things that lead to happiness involve some pain.6. In homes where money was tight, no sacrifice was too great in order that the child has whatever he need to learn to become a musician.7. As long as we understand the fun does not bring happiness, we can begin to lead our lives differently.8. If we do get what we want we’ll keep thinking of all that we don't possess---and we will remain dissatisfied.9. The only way to truly balance your career with family life is to think long and hard about your life values and live by them.10. Anyone who wants to have a both fruitful and cheerful life should deal well with the relationship between work and play.Unit 51. God forbid it if ever I had bought smart appliances!2. He is concerned about state affairs and keeps reading newspaper every day.3. When it comes to the rocketing price of housing, the media generally agree that neither the government nor land developers can shrink from their responsibilities.4. Visiting local bookshops for second-hand books at random, I came across more and more books that had come from libraries.5. Even if you read Owner’s Manual, you can’t operate your washing machine.6. This job position has attracted many applicants, so before you contact with the personneloffice, you need to figure out what is unique about yourself.7. The Minister of Foreign Affairs quickly adopted a more temperate tone, which was generally though at least temporarily to have saved his shaky political career.8. It has been proved time and again by human history that great men are too often unknown, or what is worse, misunderstood by others.9. The tension soon transmitted itself to all the members of the crowd, and we all held out breath to watch what would happen.10. To check whether the accused men had confessed all his crimes, the court decided to confront him with a witness.Unit 61. The twin sisters always appeared together, speaking in the same tone, thus none of us could tell them from each other.2. The professor put in a word for his favorite student in the recommendation letter, although this student had quit college for two years.3. The Russians, both on land and in the air, had then the upper hand of the Germans.4. After being expelled from university for cheating in the exam, he was up the creek now.5. At the request of the students’ parents, the school allowed the students to study at home in the evening.6. They didn’t accept the report, because it came out totally again st the social standard.7. With many twisters and turns, the naive little girl finally became e sophisticated, learning how to deal with difficulties.8. Although mavericks are condemned as eccentrics by the society, they are deeply welcomed by the youth.9. Thanks to the help from the charity organization, poor students who once dropped out from school can continue their education.10. To celebrate the loyal family’s visit to the small town, the local residents strewed all the paths with flowers.Unit 71. Mike found that he couldn’t remain seated any more while she was striding to and from across the office.2. His character is shaped less by his education at school than by his life experience.3. As a mother, she always shares the pride in what her children have accomplished.4. It is a defining feature of the modern society that more and more women go out of home and pursue a career.5. It is generally assumed that at postgraduate level the students can take better care of themselves and don’t need g uidance anymore.6. Never before had I noticed that there is such a variety of family structures in our society.7. The healthy development of a child hinges largely on the love and care from both parents8. The sharp decline in the well-being of children put the new policy under siege.9. This book gives you the distilled ideas of the ancient Greeks in a form that is easy to understand.10. Usually the middle-aged don’t spend on their parents as much as they do on their children. Unit 91. For that mater, you are no better qualified than Mary or other colleagues.2. This was the best result that we could expect under the circumstances.3. The effects of gender discrimination are impinging on every aspect of our careers, from our salaries to our promotion.4. He has been fired by the company, which proves that if you neglect your duty, you can’t get away with it.5. He worked long hours, to the detriment of his health and family live.6. The chapter falls into three parts, but the last part seems to divert form the feminist thesis.7. Aside from the glass ceiling and wage inequality, explicit discrimination is everywhere, too.8. Initially the reaction of many to this band was that they were just a bunch of pretty boys with no talent.9. In terms of actual sales, the book has been a complete failure.10. Is it safe to predict the result of the election on the basis of one opinion poll?Unit 101. We shall always look to the past experience for guidance, so that we would not repeat the same mistakes.2. Some educators believe that compared with strong sanctions, proactive strategies serve as a better way to prevent students from cheating on/in exams.3. The manager decided to subscribe to the management software to improve the efficiency of the office.4. I tried to make sense of these English words in the test paper, but in vain, so I took a peep at my e-dictionary.5. If these new methods don’t work, we’ll have to fall back on our old system.6. The administration carried a comprehensive investigation after the report and caught 5 students who cheated with wireless earphones.7. He didn’t break the rule on purpose. He made the wrong decision out of ignorance.8. The school authority promised to implement a new system to fight against campus cheating.9. In a last-minute effort to meet the deadline she downloaded a paper from the internet and handed it in.10. With the development of technology, Computer has a more and more important role to play in our study. Nowadays, even some tests are computer-based.。