摘要咖啡在欧洲人的生活中很常见。
就如同茶文化对中国人的影响一样，咖啡文化是根植在欧洲人的思想和生活中的，逐渐形成必不可少的一部分。
然而，不同的国家有不同的咖啡历史，人们喝咖啡的习惯也不同。
也就是说，欧洲不同国家都有他们自己本国的咖啡文化。
与此同时，咖啡对于欧洲人的日常生活也有很大影响。
本文探讨了欧洲不同国家的咖啡文化，这些国家在欧洲的咖啡消费总占有重要的地位。
本文也试图找出咖啡文化对欧洲各国，乃至整个欧洲的影响。
关键词：咖啡咖啡文化欧洲影响AbstractCoffee is common to find in the life of European people. Just like tea, which influences the Chinese, coffee culture is deeply rooted in the mind and life of European people, forming a necessary part. However, different countries in Europe have different history of drinking coffee, and also, people hold different habits of drinking coffee. That is to say different countries in Europe have the special coffee culture of their own. At the same time, coffee holds a strong influence to people’s daily life in Europe. This article studies coffee culture of different countries in Europe, which hold an important status in coffee consumption in Europe, and try to find the influences of coffee culture in each country and also in Europe.Key words: coffee coffee culture Europe influenceContentsChapter 1 Introduction: General Description of Coffee Culture in Europe (1)Chapter 2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Different Countries in Europe (4)2.1 Coffee Culture in Italy (4)2.1.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Italy (5)2.1.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Italy (6)2.2 Coffee Culture in France (6)2.2.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in France (7)2.2.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in France (8)2.3 Coffee Culture in Britain (8)2.3.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Britain (9)2.3.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Britain (10)2.4 Coffee Culture in Belgium (11)2.4.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Belgium (11)2.4.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Belgium (12)2.5 Coffee Culture in Germany (13)2.5.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in Germany (13)2.5.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Germany (14)Chapter 3 Conclusion: The Importance of the Influence of Coffee Culture in Europe (15)The Influence of Coffee Culture in EuropeChapter 1 Introduction:General Description of Coffee Culture in EuropeAnyone who has visited Europe will have noticed what is often referred to as the coffee culture. European coffee culture is famous for its long history and excellent making techniques.Generally speaking, for five centuries the western world has been brewing the coffee bean into a rich and fragrant serum – waking up the world to its medicinal ability to engage the conscience.Coffee houses also make up of part of coffee culture in Europe. The first "penny universities" opened in 17th century London. The coffee house was often called a “penny university” because a person could buy a cup for 1 cent and learn more at the coffee house than in class. The coffee house boom is nothing new, and its rooting in Europe goes back to the 1600s. There are cultural processes that shaped early capitalism into a global machine of market exchange. The coffeehouse was a European phenomenon. Before the office age, coffeehouses were places where business could be accomplished. They were bustling, noisy places where merchants, therapists and newspaperman came and went to do their business or sell their goods. Like their modern counterparts, specific 17th-century coffeehouses attracted certain clientele. Garraway's and Jonathan's, known for the businessmen who frequented them, helped give birth to the London Stock Exchange, which will be stated in the following part of this article.It was not until 1615, that Europe was formally introduced to coffee. Venetian traders, who had strong trade links with the Levant (historical term referring to a large area of the Middle East incorporating the countries of: Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria), started to import coffee into Italy. Once in Europe, the consumption of coffeesoon spread. However, the introduction of coffee into Europe was not without its controversy. According to many accounts, a group of Christian clerics tried to have coffee banned before it had become widely available. They came to Pope Clement VIII (1535-1605), claiming that coffee was for Satan's followers, and that Christians who drank it might lose their souls to the Devil. But before Pope Clement would ban coffee he insisted on tasting it. After drinking his first cup, the Pope was so impressed with the flavour, that he reasoned that such a drink could not possibly be the work of Satan and instead declared that coffee should be baptized to make it a true Christian drink.The first person recorded in history to brew coffee in Europe was an international student named Nathaniel Conopios from Crete, who was studying at Balliol College, Oxford. This simple act, which happened in May 1637, was recorded by both; scholar John Evelyn and historian Anthony Wood. Although, shortly afterwards Conopios was expelled from college, his influence had a lasting effect on Oxford, as it was in Oxford that the first English coffeehouse was opened in 1650 by Jacob, a Lebanese Jew. Even though Jacob moved to London a few years later to repeat his success, he had begun a trend that saw many more coffeehouses open in Oxford during that decade. (Michaele Wesissman,203)The most significant of these coffeehouses, was the one open by Arthur Tillyard in 1655. Tillyard's coffeehouse became a meeting point for a group who were known as the Oxford Coffee Club. This group was made up of Oxford's leading scientists, including Sir Robert Boyle, and their students, who would meet to discuss their theories and research and share ideas. It is from the Oxford Coffee Club which the world famous Royal Society, one of the leading scientific societies in the world, evolved from.The early growth of coffeehouses was largely due to support by doctors, promoting coffee for its supposed healing abilities. Before the introduction of coffeehouses, there was a widespread problem with public drunkenness as beer was consumed with almost every meal. But with public knowledge of the health benefits of coffee, and with coffee being significantly cheaper then beer, coffeehouses began to replace the tavern as the meeting place of choice. Needless to say, tavern owners were not going to let their profits dwindle without a fight, and many of the most aggressive attacks against coffeecame from them. They claimed that coffee was an Arabic drink not suitable for well-mannered Christian men, unlike beer which had been brewed by Monks' for centuries.Café’s in the 19th-century provided an important meeting place for artists, writers, and intellectuals. News, gossip, and ideas were shared as coffee was poured and pipes, cigars, and cigarettes were smoked. What was it that made writers in France seek out cafés as places to work? Some writers nowadays may want to live the café life in the 16th in Paris. Café at that time had the necessary comforts provided for tranquil writing.A writer could walk every morning to his favorite café where he would have lunch and for the rest of the day sit with a glass of coffee, writing. That may be why coffee culture sometimes is associated with accomplishment and famous persons in literature.Europe has the most coffee houses than any other part of the world. People love to drink coffee outside in their favorite coffee house which provides a satisfying service for each guest. One may also arrive at one of coffeehouses and not have a partner to converse with, hang out at the bar where your barista dwells and chances are conversation will strike up, as he finds that coffee bar attendants are some of the most interesting and artistic individuals. Also many people may prefer grinding beans at home and using his drip machine every time that he wants a cup of coffee. This doesn’t change the subject of loving for coffee. They choose another coffee culture and a different life but coffee is the common ground and remains a necessary part of human life.In this modern day, the typical nice, friendly, wooden but modern interior is a pleasant place to sit, relax, read, and even debate. Pricing can be fairly high but so is the quality. Café’s usually come with a selection of edibles such as bagels, cakes, cookies, muffins, scones and so on.There is even a coffee lingo that enthusiasts use: Aftertaste - the taste left in the mouth after coffee is swallowed; Aged - beans stored for a year or more before being roasted; Bouquet - a medley of aroma, fragrance, and aftertaste of a coffee; Burnt - a term sometimes used for very dark-roasted coffees with bitter taste; Buttery - a full flavored coffee with an oily feeling in the mouth that may bring to mind the richness ofbutter; Fragrance - the smell of brewed coffee, described with terms such as nutty, spicy, and fruity; Rich - coffee with luxurious aroma and intense flavors; Toasty - a coffee with an appealing taste and scent that may bring to mind toast; Woody - a coffee that has flavors and scents of wood, caused by storage in a wooden structure.For writers who adore the cafélife, there are positive pleasures. Writing, unlike most other arts, doesn't require much of a budget. Writing can make some writers sometimes feel as if they were physically confined in their rooms, their condos, there dining room tables, and may possibly make them feel as if they were trapped in the prison of the mind. To go to the cafe is to see other people exist, to hear conversation, to feel life, which may serve as wonderful stimulation for many. That is the coffee culture of Europe which is a true rich storage for people in Europe and even people all over the world.Chapter 2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in Different Countries in Europe2.1 Coffee Culture in ItalyThe coffee culture has quite a long history in Italy. About seven hundred years ago, the magic drinking of Italy was introduced to other countries like France. It is said that the coffee of Europe begins with Italy and the coffee of Italy begins with Espresso. Espresso is a kind of condensed coffee, made by the process of distilling. (W.D.Ling. 169) That is to say, compared with other coffee, Espresso is five or six times more condensed. That is the unique charm of Italian coffee. Many kinds of coffee, like CaffèLatte, are made by mixing Espresso and milk.2.1.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in ItalyItaly has a long history. It has the world famous city Venice, which was built on the river and always told a beautiful and ancient story. It is like a romantic dream and a poetic picture. Such an old city witnesses every moment of the development of Italian coffee. It would be hard to think of Italy without coffee. Coffee is loved by Italians and even by people all over the world.It is known that coffee was not invented in Italy, but coffee culture as we know it did originate in Italy. Most of the world's coffee today comes from either South America or Indonesia, but coffee originated in the highlands of Ethiopia and did not reach Europe for thousands of years. It was not until the 16th century that the introduction of coffee to Europe took place. Coffee arrived from the Middle East where it had achieved a cult, with the first coffeehouses being established in Istanbul. Once accepted by Islamic law, the beverage followed the spread of Islam across Africa and Eastern Europe. Venice, which relied heavily upon trade with the Muslim east, was first introduced to the invigorating coffee in the 1570's. However coffee would remain a luxury item at this time and not drunk for refreshment, but as a medicinal drink. However, once coffee was transplanted to European colonies in Asia and South America, the bean thrived and became accessible to the public.Nowadays, Italian coffee and Italian coffee culture has spread all over the world. Each one who loves coffee very much is familiar with the term Espresso which is a unique name belongs to Italy. The habits of taking a cup of coffee before breakfast or drinking a cup of coffee at home have taken the rest of the world by storm. After all Italy is a country of coffee funs who will not tolerate an establishment that has bad coffee. Italian coffee culture establishes its place in the world both for its history and its love for coffee.2.1.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in ItalyThe style of coffee in Italy is famous for its condensed one, the Espresso. People inItaly prefer Espresso because of their culture and conventions. In Italy, what is the most impressive thing for the foreign visitors is always man and coffee. As the Italian saying goes, man should like coffee, full of force and passion. Espresso is the presentation of Italian coffee culture.Another factor of the Italian coffee culture is the speed. It represents its quickness both in the process of making and in the process of drinking, each no more than ten seconds. Normally, the first thing after they got up is to make a cup of coffee. During the day, from morning till night, men or women would like to drink many cups of coffee in small bar even without a seat. The Italians will drink about 20 cups of coffee each day. Due to its small amount, even though Espresso is so condensed, it will not do harm to one’s stomach or even good for di gestion. Till now, the quick speed has become a feature of Italian coffee culture. (Emma Hu 78)The Espresso expresses the character and conventions of Italians. Italians cherish a quick way of life. They love passion and force just like what is contained in the Espresso. The coffee culture of Italy represents the culture and people’s basic ideas and opinions toward life. If one wants to understand Italy, coffee culture is a point of view. The reason for its popularization and the unique habit of drinking all serves as the factors for representing the Italian way of life. The bar is an important part of Italian life, and it also presents a vivid picture of how Italians spend each day. Coffee culture is one of the important facets of the whole Italian culture. (D.C.Zhang 72)2.2 Coffee Culture in FranceSince the ancient time, eating, wearing and living are the fundamental problems in human life which cannot be derived from people’s life. However, in France, coffee is also a necessary part of life and cannot be derived.(Zhang Yao 211) This is really a puzzle for the Chinese people of eastern world, but it is reasonable when one reviews the history of France since the renaissance and considers the way of living of modern French.2.2.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in FranceThe development of coffee is not smooth going when it first appeared in France. The first café appeared in France in 1643 which was even too small to be a café. It was really a hard time for such a café, since people took coffee as the reason for diseases and weakness of the body. Though people nowadays may take it as a joke, French people of 1640s held a strong belief on this saying and was even afraid of drinking coffee. Thus one can simply figure out that the first café in France was n’t received by people and won a cold welcome from the very beginning.While this kind of situation lasted for several years, coffee began to be a fashion in France in 1669. An ambassador from the Ottoman Empire propagandized coffee to the royal family of France every day. Le Roi Soleil, Louis XIV at that time was totally captivated by the charm of coffee. Hearing this news, the major of Holland sent him a coffee tree which was cherished very much by the emperor.From then on, coffee was always popular in France, especially in the rich people and café also found its important status in the society. One could find that the café and the theatre were on the same street. From the first of the performance, the caféwas crowded with actors and spectators. Coffee and fruits in the café were quite welcomed at that time. It was also common to see that the lofty ladies stopped outside the café and left after sending her servants to buy a cup of coffee. Besides its popularity, café had also been a base for the famous thinkers and literary giants, such as V oltaire and Rousseau. Many of their great works were written in caféwhich made cafévery important in the literary history of France.French revolution serves as the activator for the development of café. Café appears to be more popular and the coffee culture reached its peak in French history. From then on, there were also many changes of café in France but coffee always kept its central status in the life of French people. French cherish coffee in their daily life, especially when they are working. When studding the culture of France, one has to pay great attention to the influences of coffee culture.2.2.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in FranceCoffee is so popular in France that almost everyone takes it a necessary part of life. In 1991, when the Gulf War broke out, France also took part in the war. Many people in the country worried about the supply of the commodity, so they rushed to purchase thing of daily use in the supermarket. It is found that goods they took most were coffee and sugar. Though many people may laugh at the scene, it really exists in France and serves as an evidence for French love of coffee.French people had their own way of drinking. They seem to care more about the environment and atmosphere than the coffee itself. Most of the time, they prefer drinking coffee outside instead of staying at home although it is much more expensive there. And also, drinking coffee for them is not only a process, but also a process of tasting. They may spend much time in café which is the time of enjoyment. This habit of the French people expresses a kind of graceful, romantic and enjoyable view of life. It is also the most unique way of French coffee culture.Due to the French habit of drinking coffee, it is easy to find a café everywhere in France, besides the street or on the bank. Café, as the most familiar and friendly corner of France, belongs to every French including both the rich and the poor. People may have his or her own preferred one or even the preferred seat in the café. This is a French way of life. Almost every café has a quiet atmosphere even when it is full of guests. People like to spend the afternoon time in café, which make caféquite a center to communicate ideas and opinions. In history, caféis an important place where many famous political thinking was born, like the Renaissance in France. （Alessandro Messe 63）Nowadays, the political factors of café had been minimized than before. Café is more a place to express love between the lovers. With the fragrance of coffee and the romantic atmosphere in café, the love stories are more likely to happen in such a place. Besides, café is always associated with literature and arts in France. Famous artists like Picasso and Rousseau, had associated their way with café. Paris is famous for being an important center of art and literature in the history, and also caféin Paris record theefforts of those famous people and servers as a unique scene in France.Since coffee and café is so popular and influencing in France, it is fair to say that one has to understand the coffee culture of France before they wanted to understand the French people.2.3 Coffee Culture in BritainBritain has a special physical status in Europe, so does its coffee culture. Compared with Italy and France, Britain didn’t exhibit such an interest on coffee or the coffee maker. However, coffee represents a new trend of grace and new way of life which is welcomed by young man in Britain. That is equal to say, British coffee culture is on its way of further development.2.3.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in BritainBritain is a country with a long history. It is always famous for the grace of gentleman, the strictness of study and the beauty of British castle. From a certain points of view, British people wouldn’t like to receive things newly appeared, which make the earlier history of coffee culture quite different from the European continent.In Britain, the first coffee house was opened beside the Oxford University in 1650 which was welcomed by the students there. Two years later, a merchant saw the possibility in dealing with the business of coffee. Surely, it would be a hard time at the very beginning, since people in Britain had the habit of drinking in a tavern instead of drinking coffee. Due to the successive propaganda of the merchant, coffee was received by people in Britain little by little. From then on, many merchants imitate this action, and set up café themselves. Thus, by 1700 there were 3,000 coffee houses in London. Every man of the upper middle classes went to his coffee house daily to learn the latest news.There are many cafés in its history of development, but it lasted for a short periodof time. People of Britain didn’t like drinking coffee at home. It is seemed that most people of Britain take the process of making coffee as complex and fussy. It would be more suitable for them to pour boiled water directly on tea. But coffee is surely popular in Britain. It is said that Britain is one of the first countries to import coffee. Even today, the import amount of coffee in Britain is still rank the second compared with the other goods in this country.Coffee drinking spread to the colonies and was indeed taken to Virginia, USA but it would not have become so popular in America had it not been for the Boston Tea Party. Americans turned their back on Britain and tea and instead adopted coffee as their national beverage. Nowadays, the famous company, Starbucks which began from America is welcomed in Britain.2.3.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in BritainIt is fair to say that coffee houses influence the social communication and commercial activities in the following two hundred years after the establishment of café. And also, it has aroused a storm in the political world of Britain. At the very beginning of the coffee house in London, café presented many obvious characteristics of social gathering places. Each coffee house had its own resource of guests, such as Puritans, Protestants, Catholics, writers, merchants, lawyers and even the doctors. Some coffee house had also become the clinic for the patients. Some coffee house might give services mainly for the merchants and seafarers like Edward Lloyd's coffee house. It was founded in 1668 and attracted many seafarers and merchants. They had small talks and collected information of entering of leaving the port and sold insurance for sea transportation. For the convenience of the guests, Edward always prepared many tables to record the ships which the guests had made a insurance. And eventually this coffee house became Lloyd’s of London, the world-famous insurers. Till now, in the headquarters of this company, the name and clothing of the receptionists isn’t changed. Similarly, Jonathon’s Coffee House became the London Stock Exchange.Unlike the Italian people, British people would like to drink coffee with milk.They seemed to dislike the original taste of coffee, and took a kind of drinking by mixing 1/4 coffee and 3/4 milk. Anyway, coffee serves as an important part of British life. One cannot separate British people with coffee in their life.One may say that such a large part of British people love tea more than coffee. Though it is a fact, what is surprising is that it is the coffee house who firstly introduces tea to British people. The coffee house also provided tea to their guests which became popular later all over Britain.Besides, 80% of the coffee consumption in Britain is the instant coffee. However, the sale of coffee has exceeded the sale of tea in Britain. It is generally believed that young men love coffee while men of the old generation still prefer tea. In Britain, today, coffee represent a kind of rebelling spirit in pursuit of the European taste in some way. Like the other countries, more and more people in Britain tend to buy coffee of large brand. There is also special building for the coffee making only. That is to say, today, people in Britain care more about the quality of coffee, which makes the coffee more popular and the coffee culture more complete.2.4 Coffee Culture in BelgiumBelgium is a very coffee specialized country due to different factors, such as the famous Belgian coffee pot and the special making process. All the special ways making Belgian coffee one of the most famous and tasteful kinds of coffee in the world. That is to say, Belgian coffee culture constitutes an important part in the whole coffee culture of Europe and even of the world.2.4.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in BelgiumBelgium is famous for its coffee pot which is made quite exquisitely. It is invented by Weidy in Herb Market Street and still inherits the tradition of Europe. The royal coffee pot of Belgium kept the best technology of roasting and delicate arts. That is tosay, the royal coffee pot itself is a piece of art work and at the same time it has an almost perfect coffee making process. It has to consider many elements like fire, vapor, and stress, which made the whole process of making coffee a beautiful scene. When coffee is boiled in the coffee pot, it is the brightest part of the night. Due to its dainty appearance and arts, nowadays, the coffee pot of Belgium is world famous.Today, Belgian coffee pot keeps its tradition and serves an important role in defining and shaping coffee culture in Belgium. Though Belgian coffee pot is only part of Belgian coffee culture, it is an important representation. Behind such a delicate coffee pot and such a making process, one can figure out the attitude of Belgian people towards coffee. Coffee to them is somewhat a kind of art not only a kind of drinking.2.4.2 The Influence of Coffee Culture in BelgiumUnlike coffee in Italy, Belgian coffee always carries with it a lighter flavor. In its making process, there is a filter in the coffee maker which makes Belgian coffee unique in the world. People can have Belgian coffee while talking with the others which is an attracting point and charm of Belgian coffee.Besides, Belgium establishes its status in the coffee world both for the quality of coffee and the amount of coffee trade. It has one of the largest coffee ports Antwerp, which holds more coffee than any port in the US. Moreover, there are more than 120 coffee roasters in Belgium, compared to about 15 large ones in Holland. Belgium has several coffee roasters who roast for brands all over Europe. Besides, most of Belgian roasters are small though and very specialized. They provide coffee that is typical for that region.People in Belgium love coffee and take it as part of their life. An important feature of Belgian coffee culture is that they don't have an outdoor coffee culture. Belgium doesn't have Starbuck, Costa Coffee and those hip coffee bars. People in Belgium drink it at home.2.5 Coffee Culture in GermanyCoffee culture of Germany constitutes an important part in Europe. Germany has a growing amount of coffee consumption. People in Germany love coffee and may even leave a period of time for coffee during the working hours. One should not neglect coffee and coffee culture when studying the culture of Germany and communicating with Germans2.5.1 The Development of Coffee Culture in GermanyGermany has a long history of coffee making. In 1675, a doctor of Holland firstly introduced coffee to the northern part of Germany. At almost the same time, many caféappeared in Bremen, Hanover and Hamburg. For a long period of time, Germans spent their time on discuss ing whether coffee was good to people’s health, so café appeared in Germany in a large amount until 1721. However, coffee was taken as a beverage of nobility as the very beginning. Not until the early 18th century, the middle class and the low class began to drink coffee, while drinking coffee at home made its way though out the country a long period of time later.At that time, since most of the caféare for males only, females had only the opportunity of founding a club called Kaffeekranzschen. The working class was even forbidden to drink coffee by the king for the reason that coffee may cause sterility. This policy only led to the flourishing of the black market. At last, the King forbade his people to make coffee at home and send officials to find out the source of the fragrance of coffee. However, these kinds of situations just lasted for a short period of time. Till the early 19th century, coffee began to have its right status in the country.At present, the consumption of coffee in Germany is more than the other countries in Europe. Germany ranks the second in the consumption of coffee, with the consumption per capita much higher than the American one. Coffee is important to people in Germany and coffee culture is an important part of the whole culture of。
