上海外国语大学英语综合考试历年考研试题

答案部分：上海外国语大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业综合能力考试卷Ⅰ、1.early2.up3.even4.it5.With6.very7.general8.since9.therefore10.carried 11.follows12.chain13.alive14.bears15.originalⅡ、1.D2.D3.C4.B5.C6.C7.C8.B9.A10.D11.C12.B13.A14.D15.C16.B17.A18.A19.B20.CⅢ、A：1.C2.D3.B4.D5.A6.positive factors:A D E J;negative factors:B C F G H IB：7.D8.It plays a crucial role in the development of just about every cell in the body,may reduce the risk of heart disease,can prevent spina bifida and other birth defects,may lower homocysteine levels and help ward off the Alzheimer’s disease.9.(1)B E I、(2)D I、(3)C F G H、(4)D I10.C11.BC：12.C13.B14.D15.A16.CD：17.B18.B19.D20.C21.The second paragraph gives an example that serves to explain the point raised in the first paragraph,the presupposition of meaningful learning,that is the learner wants to relate the new material nonarbitrarily and substantively to his/her cognitive structure and the material learned is potentially meaningful to him/her.22.The last sentence in the last paragraph implies that teachers are partly responsible for pupils’rote learning and that when testing the pupils’understanding of certain abstract terms teachers should not focus on their exact wording but rather their genuine understanding of the underlying concepts.Ⅳ、TASK ONE:As two of the greatest men with significant accomplishments in the world history,Mohandas Gandhi,born on October2,1869,at Porbandar,a small town on the western coast of India,and Martin Luther King,born on January15,1929in Atlanta,USA,share large common ground and also have many differences with regard to their family background,their plans for social action,their philosophies as leaders and their life experience.TASK TWO:AmbitionAccording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,“ambition”means a strong desire to achieve something,or the determination to be successful,rich,powerful,etc.As is implies in its definitions, ambition is of indispensable importance to success.It serves as the motivation that encourages people to forge ahead towards their goal.Different people may have different ideas about“success”.Generally,“Success”means when you achieve what you want or intend,and ,specifically,when someone achieves a high position in their job,course, sport,in society etc.There are,of course,people who decide that to live as a recluse is what they want.There are even people who regard the bombing of Twin Towers as success.Generally speaking,it is success for that particular group people who achieved what they had intended.But for the rest of the world it is much more of a disaster than a success.And here the ambition fuelling the action has become the most dangerous thing in the world.In this article we’d like to focus on ambition in its conventional and commendatory sense as is listed specifically in the beginning of this paragraph.Just as Joseph Epstein has mentioned,life is full of choicelessness. There are so many things we cannot choose that we may wonder whether we can ever get control of our own destiny.But there is at least one thing we can choose to do,that is to choose to never lose heart in the face of the choicelessness.A girl,born in a poor family,lived with her laid-off parents in one room of no more than20square meters for over ten years.Brand-name clothes andexquisite food were simply out of her reach and out of her mind too.She seldom complained about the miserable conditions of the family for she believed one day she would change the destiny of the family by her effort. She chose to compete with her fellow students in studies and respectable personality but not in family background,etc.Therefore,she worked very hard at school and finally worked her way into and also through one of the best universities in the country.She never lets her parents down for her performance is always among the best in her class.Well prepared,she is now taking the examination to enter the graduate school of a university of her dream.Although she cannot be sure of the result of the exam,she will definitely have no regret for she has already tried her best.Her motto is that the planning lies with the men though the outcome lies with Heaven.And the girl is me.Ambition has brought me the success I want and will continue to do so. Heaven may take other things away from me,but no one can ever take away my right,my ambition to fight and to never surrender.。

上海外国语大学2009年英语语言文学英语综合考研试题英语综合改错A fairly standard consensual definition is "a relatively permanent change in behavior (sic.; it's American of course) that results from practise." This is of course arguable, particularly the "practice" criterion. Others would accept changes in "capability" or even simple "knowledge" or "understanding", even if it is not manifest in behaviour. It is however an important criterion that "learned" behaviour is not pre-programmed or wholly instinctive (not a word used much nowadays), even if an instinctual drive underpins it. Behaviour can also change as a result of maturation-simple growing-up-without being totally learned. Think of the changing attitude of children and adolescents to opposite-sex peers. Whatever the case, there has to be interaction with the environment.Even if psychologists ever agree about what learning is, in practice educationalists won't, because education introduces prescriptive notions about specifying what ought to be learnt, and there is considerable dispute about whether this ought only to be what the teacher wants the learner to learn (implicit in behavioural models), or what the learner wants to learn (as in humanistic models).2009英语语言文学完形填空全文Obtaining Linguistic DataMany procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one's mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data - an informant. Informants are(ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language(e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a linguist's personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.Many factors must be considered when selecting informants - whether one is working with single speakers(a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting(e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants(e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist's claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate('difficult' pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the'observer's paradox'(how to observe the way people behave when they are not bening observed). Some recordings are made without the speaker being aware of the fact - a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style(e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist's problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible , therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer's written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations(the camera connot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviour. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques('How do you say table in your language?'). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame(e.g I__see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction('Is it possible to say I no can see?').A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the porpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.英语综合阅读理解Passage 1BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite', was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a naturalsubstance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever., Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory. Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and. moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure; thereby 'setting' its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -'the material of a thousand uses'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating: properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the prepfastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.英语综合阅读理解Passage 2Nature or Nurture?A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a 'leader' in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.Milgram's experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from '15 vols of electricity (slight shock)' to '450 volts (danger - severe shock)' in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was, 'You have no other choice. You must go on.' What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was thatvirtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. They psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts' and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.What were the actuatl results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possible account for this vast discrepancey between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative 'teachers' actually do in the laboratory of real life?One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experimental, and the Milgram's teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shosck. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects' actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, 'Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society - the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation apears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting'.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgot their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology - to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.Which paragraph contains the following information?1 a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects' behaviour2 the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment3 the identity of the pupils4 the expected statistical outcome5 the general aim of sociobiologial study6 the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continueChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.7 The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether(A) a 450-volt shock was dangerous(B) punishment helps learning(C) the pupils were honest(D) they were stuited to teaching8 The teacher-subjects were instructed to(A) stop when a pupil asked them to(B) denounce pupils who made mistakes(C) reduce the shock level after a correct answer(D) give punishment according to a rule9 Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists(A) believed that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous(B) failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions(C) underestimated the teacher-subjects' willingness to comply with experimental procedure(D) thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts英语综合阅读理解Passage 3The Truth about the EnvironmentFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet's air and water are becoming ever more polluted.But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book 'The Limits to Growth' was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world's population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exggerated, or are transient - associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funcing goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: 'Two thirds of the world's forests lost forever'. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree ofscepticism to environmental lobbying as tehy do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more cuirous about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America's encounter El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an artical in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billing but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came fromhigher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America's trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st centurey will still take up only on 12,000th of the area of the entire United States.So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation ot the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the wolrd's single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic - but more costly still to be too pessimistic.33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?(A) the need to produce results(B) the lack of financial support(C) the selection of areas to research(D) the desire to solve every research problem34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how(A) influential the mass media can be(B) effective environmental groups can be(C) the mass media can help groups raise funds(D) environmental groups can exaggerate their claims35 What is the writer's main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?(A) some are more active than others(B) some are better organised than others(C) some receive more criticism than others(D) some support more important issues than others36 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to(A) educate readers(B) meet their readers' expectations(C) encourage feedback from readers(D) mislead readers37 What does the writer say about America's waste problem?(A) it will increase in line with population growth(B) it is not as important as we have been led to believe(C) it has been reduced through public awareness of the issues(D) it is only significant in certain areas of the country。

上海外国语大学2005硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语综合(满分150分，考试时间180分钟。

)参考答案1.Fill in each of the blanks below with a word provided in the brackets. The words you put in must be grammatically and semantically appropriate. You can only use the words in the brackets ONCE. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1 differently2 best3 well4 those5 potential6 norm7 breaks8 feel9 deliberately 10 patterns11 browsing 12 tiredness 13 health 14 anticipated 15 absoluteII. This section contains twenty multiple-choice questions on antonyms. Choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet1-5 C A B A B6-10 C A D D A11-15 B C C D C16-20 D C B C DIII. Read the following passages carefully and complete the tasks. Write your answers an the Answer Sheet1-5 B B A C D6-10 C D A C AText C11 To preserve extremely refined etiquette12 basic normal duties such as respect for age; practical rules such as making proper introduction at a party13 A knight held platonic love to a lady and woman should be of virtue and gentleness14 wealthy and leisured society15 although common people didn’t have a complicated code of manner, the essence of politeness of common people doesn’t vary much from that of high society’s.Text D16 His character, or his moral quality, is the writer most critical of17 A scoundrel who did very well as a radio broadcaster18 Few of his political opinions were original, and most of them were copied from fellow celebrities19 From this word we can guess that women listeners didn’t like him20 In a sarcastic tone the author makes commentIV. This section contains two tasks. Complete the tasks according to the instructions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.TASK ONE。

2012上海外国语大学英语综合试题（大部分）上海外国语大学2012英语综合试题2012上外英语综合题型概要：15分单项选择，全是同义词辨析。

15分完型填空，30个空15分改错，就一题40分阅读理解，7大题，长度，难度，选项数递增（4个到7个不等），题型是典型的GRE、GMAT类型(有一篇是罗素的我为何而活。

所以我这篇根本没看文章直接快刀把几个题目刷掉了，有一篇讲陨石的，则很让人崩溃）25分小作文，三句格言，任选一写篇250的记叙文（自己亲身经历）大作文：外星人来地球啦，你是为人类骄傲还是羞愧呢？AUGUMENTIVE，最少400字单项选择题15题15分完型（30题，一个半分）原文如下：Seventy years ago,a film featuring a talking mouse appeared in the United States.The character was only a pencil drawing,but it began a fantasy that America and much of the wider world have yet to grow tired of.Predicting the future is always risky.But it's probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the20th century a s America's “Disney era”.T oday,it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern America as powerfully as the company that created Mickey Mouse.Globally,brands like Coca-Cola and McDonalds may be more widely-known,but neither encapsulates20th-century America in quite the same way as Disney.The reasons for Disney's success are varied andnumerous,but ultimately the credit belongs to one person—the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing,Walt Disney.Ironically,he could not draw particularly well.But he was a genius in plenty of other respects.In business, his greatest skills were his i nsight and his management ability.After setting himself up in Hollywood,he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising—something his company still does brilliantly today.But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to identify with his audiences.Disney always made sure his films championed the“little guy”, and made him feel proud to be American.This he achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of ordinary people.Some celebrated American achievements—Disney's very first cartoon Plane Crazy, featuring a silent Mickey Mouse,was inspired by Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic.Others,like the There Little Pigs and Snow White and the Seven Dwarves,showed how,through hard work and helping one's fellow man,or Americans could survive social and economic crises like the Great Depression.Disney's other great virtue was the fact that his company—unlike other big corporations—had a human face.His Hollywood studio—the public heard—operated just like a democracy,where everyone was on firstname terms and had a say in how things should be run.He was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons celebrate America,but,during World War II,studios made training films for American soldiers.The reality,of course,was less idyllic.As the public would later learn, Disney's patriotism had an unpleasant side.After a strike by cartoonists in 1941,he became convinced that Hollywood hadbeen infiltrated by Communists.He agreed to work for the FBI as a mole,identifying and spying on colleagues whom he suspected were subversives.But,apart from his affiliations with the FBI,Disney was more or less the genuine article.A new book,The Magic Kingdom;Walt Disney and the American Way of Life,by Steven Watts,confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary Americans—in the30s and40s he voted for Franklin Roosevelt,believing he was a champion of the workers.Also,Disney was not an apologist for the FBI,as some have suggested.In fact,he was always suspicious of large,bureaucratic organisations,as is evidenced in films like That Darned Cat,in which he portrayed FBI agents as bungling incompetents.By the time he died in1966,Walt Disney was an icon like Thomas Edison and the Wright Brothers.To business people and filmmakers,he was a role model;to the public at large,he was“Uncle Walt”—the man who hadentertained them all their lives,the man who represented them all their lives, the man who represented all that was good about America.In the30-odd years since his death,no much has changed.In1968,he was attacked as a McCarthyist,a supporter of big business,and a purveyor of “subliterate”entertainment.However,none of it has made any difference to the general public.Their loyalty to Uncle Walt remains as strong as ever.This was clearly demonstrated last July when America's Southern Baptist Church ordered its followers to boycott Disney for“supporting”homosexuals and“disparaging”Christian values.The action was a response to Disney's policy of extendinghealth benefits to the partners of homosexual employees. But the boycott was not heeded by the Church's followers proving that,where Uncle Walt is concerned,not even God's word is law.改错部分15个15分这里选取改错（1-10，还有5个）driven by short spurts of intense change.In the latest chapter in this debate,researchers report that it appears that when new languages spin-off from older one,(1)_there is an initial introductory burst of alterations to vocabulary.Then,the language intends to settle and accumulate gradual changes(2)_over a long period of time.The team believes this discreteevolutionarypattern occurs when a social group tries to forge a separate identification.(3)_Study co-author Mark Pagel says that the latest study grew out ofan earlier finding in which he and colleagues determined that about20percent of genetic changes among species occur they first(4)_split off,whereas the re st happens gradually.“It was very natural(5)_with us to wonder if a similar process of evolution happens incultural(6)_groups,"Pagel says.‘‘We treat the words that the differentlanguagesuse almost identically so to the way we use genes...The more divergent(7)_two species are,the less their genes have in common,just like themore(8)_divergent two languages are,the less their words have in common.”Theteam focused on three of the world's major language families in itsstudy:Bantu,Indo-European andAustronesian.They constructedgenealogicaltrees—similar to those they had created previously in their2006species-related studyalbeit this time the trees traced existed languages(9)一back to their common roots;the length of a“branch”indicates theextent of(10)_word replacement that took place as each old language morphed intoits current form.1.one——ones2.intends—tends3.identification一identity4.occur they—中间加个when5.happens—happen6.with—for7.so—/8.like—as9.existed—existing10.indicates一indicated阅读是根据GRE、GMAT阅读改编的，下面是部分原文Passage1The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women’s assignments,but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected.This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations.A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction.Therefore,for women in the military,the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence,not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise.The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of noncombat military assignments.17.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A)present an overview of the different types of assignments available to womenin the new United States all-volunteer armed forces(B)present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United Statesall-volunteer armed forces(C)present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case ofequal employment policies in action(D)analyze reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forcesnecessitated by the increasing number of women in the military(E)analyze the use of functional equivalence as a substitute for occupationalequality in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces18.According to the passage,despite the United States armed forces’commitment tooccupational equality for women in the military,certain other factors preclude women’s(A)receiving equal pay for equal work(B)having access to positions of responsibility at most levels(C)drawing assignments from a wider range of assignments than before(D)benefiting from opportunities arising from new noncombat functions(E)being assigned all of the military tasks that are assigned to men19.The passage implies that which of the following is a factor conducive to a moreequitable representation of women in the United States armed forces than hasexisted in the past?(A)The all-volunteer character of the present armed forces(B)The past service records of women who had assignments functionallyequivalent to men’s assignments(C)The level of awareness on the part of the larger society of military issues(D)A decline in the proportion of deterrence oriented noncombat assignments(E)Restrictive past policies governing the military assignments open to women20.The“dramatic gains for women”(line5)and the attitude,as described in lines11-12,of a“significant portion of the larger society”are logically related to each other inasmuch as the author puts forward the latter as(A)a public response to achievement of the former(B)the major reason for absence of the former(C)a precondition for any prospect of achieving the former(D)a catalyst for a further extension of the former(E)a reason for some of the former being lost againPassage2Of the thousands of specimens of meteorites found on Earth and known to science,only about100are igneous;that is,they have undergone melting by volcanic action at some time since the planets were first formed.These igneous meteorites are known as achondritesbecause they lack chondrules—small stony spherules found in the thousands of meteorit es (called“chondrites”)composed primarily of unaltered minerals that condensed from dust and gas at the origin of the solar system.Achondrites are the only known samples of volcanic rocks originating outside the Earth-Moon system.Most are thought to have been dislodged by interbody impact from asteroids,with diameters offrom10to500kilometers,in solar orbit between Mars and Jupiter.Shergottites,the name given to three anomalous achondrites so far discovered on Earth, present scientists with a genuine enigma.Shergottites crystallized from molten rock less than 1.1billion years ago(some3.5billion years later than typical achondrites)and were presumably ejected into space when an object impacted on a body similar in chemical composition to Earth.While most meteorites appear to derive from comparatively small bodies,shergottites exhibit properties that indicate that their source was a large planet,conceivably Mars.In order to account for such an unlikely source,some unusual factor must be invoked,because the impact needed to accelerate a fragment of rock to escape the gravitational field of a body even as small as the Moon is so great that no meteorites of lunar origin have been discovered.While some scientists speculate that shergottites derive from Io(a volcanically active moon of Jupiter),recent measurements suggest that since Io’s surface is rich in sulfur and sodium,the chemical composition of its volcanic products would probably be unlike that of the shergottites.Moreover,any fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would be unlikely to escape the gravitational pull of Jupiter.The only other logical source of shergottites is Mars.Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface.From the small number of impact craters that appear on Martian lava flows,one can estimate that the planet was volcanically active as recently as a half-billion years ago—and may be active today.The great objection to the Martian origin of shergottites is the absence of lunar meteorites onEarth.An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon,in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.A recent study suggests,however,that permafrost ices below the surface of Mars may have altered the effects of impact on it.If the ices had been rapidly vaporized by an impacting object,the expanding gases might have helped the ejected fragments reach escape velocity.Finally,analyses performed by space probes show a remarkable chemical similarity between Martian soil and the shergottites.21.The passage implies which of the following about shergottites?I.They are products of volcanic activity.II.They derive from a planet larger than Earth.III.They come from a planetary body with a chemical composition similar to that of Io.(A)I only(B)II only(C)I and II only(D)II and III only(E)I,II,and III22.According to the passage,a meteorite discovered on Earth is unlikely to havecome from a large planet for which of the following reasons?(A)There are fewer large planets in the solar system than there are asteroids.(B)Most large planets have been volcanically inactive for more than a billionyears.(C)The gravitational pull of a large planet would probably prohibit fragmentsfrom escaping its orbit.(D)There are no chondrites occurring naturally on Earth and probably none onother large planets.(E)Interbody impact is much rarer on large than on small planets because of thedensity of the atmosphere on large planets.23.The passage suggests that the age of shergottites is probably(A)still entirely undetermined(B)less than that of most other achondrites(C)about3.5billion years(D)the same as that of typical achondrites(E)greater than that of the Earth24.According to the passage,the presence of chondrules in a meteorite indicates thatthe meteorite(A)has probably come from Mars(B)is older than the solar system itself(C)has not been melted since the solar system formed(D)is certainly less than4billion years old(E)is a small fragment of an asteroid25.The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions?(A)What is the precise age of the solar system?(B)How did shergottites get their name?(C)What are the chemical properties shared by shergottites and Martian soils?(D)How volcanically active is the planet Jupiter?(E)What is a major feature of the Martian surface?26.It can be inferred from the passage that each of the following is a consideration indetermining whether a particular planet is a possible source of shergottites that have been discovered on Earth EXCEPT the(A)planet’s size(B)planet’s distance from Earth(C)strength of the planet’s field of gravity(D)proximity of the planet to its moons(E)chemical composition of the planet’s surface27.It can be inferred from the passage that most meteorites found on Earth containwhich of the following?(A)Crystals(B)Chondrules(C)Metals(D)Sodium(E)SulfurPassage3The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems:(1)organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical,and(2)the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor.However,we have found that among many strains of rats these“normal”rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants.Not only are liver transplants never rejected,but theyeven induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs,such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently.Our hypothesis is that(1)many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response(using lymphocytes)to outstrip the liver’s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that(2)the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient’s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.17.The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations aboutorgan transplantation in which of the following ways?(A)Explicate their main features(B)Suggest an alternative to them(C)Examine their virtues and limitations(D)Criticize the major evidence used to support them(E)Present findings that qualify them18.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an importantdifference among strains of rats is the(A)size of their livers(B)constitution of their skin(C)strength of their immune-response reactions(D)sensitivity of their antigens(E)adaptability of their lymphocytes19.According to the hypothesis of the author,after a successful liver transplant,thereason that rats do not reject further transplants of other organs from the same donor is that the(A)transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipientbecome matched(B)lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the transplantedliver(C)subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by therecipient’s immune-response reaction(D)transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the recipient’simmune-response reaction(E)recipient is unable to manufacture the lymphocytes necessary for theimmune-response reaction20.Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normallyreject liver transplants,if true,would support the authors’hypothesis?I.Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases.II.Increasing the strength of the recipient’s immune-response reaction can induce liver-transplant rejection./doc/0b1806541.html,ans from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection after liver transplantation.IV.Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants.(A)II only(B)I and III only(C)II and IV only(D)I,II,and III only(E)I,III,and IV onlyPassage4Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy.I have sought it,next, because it relieves loneliness---that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it,finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what---at last---I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this,but not much,I have achieved.Love and knowledge,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens. But always it brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a hated burden to their sons,and the whole world of loneliness,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate the evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.Passage7Practically speaking,the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W.Griffith(1875-1948).Before Griffith,photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage.From the beginning of his career as a director,however,Griffith,because of his love of Victorian painting,employed composition.He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground,as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors.By1910he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance.His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic effects.By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position,he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing.By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation,he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed.Despite the reluctance of his producers,who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images,Griffith persisted,and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since.These included the flashback,permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was notchronological,and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement.In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing,Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.Besides developing the cinema’s language,Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects.His early output was remarkably eclectic:it included not only the standard comedies,melodramas,westerns,and thrillers,but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson,and treatments of social issues.As his successes mounted,his ambitions grew,and with them the whole of American cinema.When he remade Enoch Arden in1911,he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multireel picture began an immense revolution.Two years later,Judith of Bethulia,an elaborate historicophilosophical spectacle,reached the unprecedented length of four reels,or one hour’s running time.From our contemporary viewpoint,the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous,but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.21.The primary purpose of the passage is to(A)discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema(B)describe the impact on cinema of the flashback and other editing innovations(C)deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith(D)analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by theintroduction of themultireel film(E)document Griffith’s impact on the choice of subject matter in American films22.The author suggests that Griffith’s film innovations hada direct effect on all ofthe following EXCEPT:(A)film editing(B)camera work(C)scene composing(D)sound editing(E)directing23.It can be inferred from the passage that before1910the normal running time of afilm was(A)15minutes or less(B)between15and30minutes(C)between30and45minutes(D)between45minutes and1hour(E)1hour or more24.The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into Americancinema EXCEPT:(A)consideration of social issues(B)adaptations from Tennyson(C)the flashback and other editing techniques(D)photographic approaches inspired by Victorian painting(E)dramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater25.The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had which of thefollowing results?I.Literary works,especially Victorian novels,became popular sources for filmsubjects.II.Audience appreciation of other film directors’experimentations with cinematic syntax was increased.III.Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking were shown to be really nonexistent.(A)II only(B)III only(C)I and II only(D)II and III only(E)I,II,and III26.It can be inferred from the passage that Griffith would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?(A)The good director will attempt to explore new ideas as quickly as possible.(B)The most important element contributing to a film’s success is the ability ofthe actors.(C)The camera must be considered an integral and active element in the creationof a film.(D)The cinema should emphasize serious and sober examinations offundamental human problems.(E)The proper composition of scenes in a film is more important than the detailsof their editing.27.The author’s attitude toward photography in the cinema before Griffith can bestbe described as(A)sympathetic(B)nostalgic(C)amused(D)condescending(E)hostile作文25分小作文，三句格言，任选一写篇250的记叙文（自己亲身经历）1A little knowledge is a dangerous thing2如果有梦想，至少还可以追梦；如果没有理想，逐梦的权利都没有3如果接收，只是生存罢了；如果给予，可以给他人生命。

2013上外英语综合考研试题回忆版：一、选择题15分：单词&文学语言学知识（单词今年估计专八水准，看到文学语言学又出现了我直接泪奔了，而且还占了5题左右，全蒙的）文学有一题是海明威哪部作品获得诺贝尔奖，语言学有题是讲洋滨语的，其它不记得了二、完型（15分了，最后5分钟瞎填了几个上去，实在无力）三、改错15分，跟bible有关，看似不难，但不知道自己改对没有四、阅读40分，8篇，每篇5题（专八水平，但是我做的很没底）五、小作文Travel，narrative，但是要联系bacon的一句名言来写，名言大概是，for the young, travel is education, for the old, travel is experience.七、大作文happiness，议论文，给出了三句名言，我貌似都没怎么看懂囧……但是我是从自己的角度出发来写的，不知道可不可以2013改错和部分单选题答案：改错1.the Bible, when primarily a theological document....( when----while/although)2....is scond a book of history (second---secondarily)3.heros as Abraham...(as ----such as )4.if were properly considered( were-----/)5.efforts are directed at proving the correctness of the bible( are----are not)6.belief in God can have scientifically demonstrated( have---be)7.with which religious concepts and practices the Bible so radically differ ( which---whose)8...indicator, revealed to the experts ( reveal--revealing )(出自“ 高校英语专业八级考试校对与改错100篇）（与原题吻合的只有这么多）单选（部分）1. assault ---attack2. 物体反射光与吸收光那题选perceived3.自然环境那题选depletion4. testimony5. 文学流派graveyard poet6.pidgin 那题目选creole7. 海明威老人与海还有一个，那个关于人类学的，选abstruse，还有insurmountable-formidable.最后一个语言学题好像是选psycholinguistic吧，不确定1。

2012上外MTI真题8号考完，9号就来上传了。

加油。

上外的题目基本是考试当年的新闻，文章。

翻译硕士英语总分100分2012年1月7号下午14:00-17:00I. 十五个无选项完形填空，每个2分。

总分30分。

The future of the EUTwo-speed Europe, or two Europes?Nov 10th 2011, 2:23 by Charlemagne | BRUSSELSNICOLAS Sarkozy is causing a big stir after calling on November 8th for a two-speed Europe: a ―federal‖ core of the 17 members of the euro zone, with a looser ―confederal‖ outer band of the ten 1.non-euro members. He made the comments during a debate with students at the University of Strasbourg. The key passage is below (video here, starting near the 63-minute mark) You cannot make a single 2.currency without economic convergence and economic integration. It's impossible. But on the contrary, one cannot plead for federalism and at the same time for the enlargement of Europe. It's impossible. There's a contradiction. We are 27. We will obviously have to open up to the Balkans. We will be 32, 33 or 34. I imagine that nobody thinks that 3.federalism—total integration—is possible at 33, 34, 35 countries.So what one we do? To begin with, frankly, the single currency is a wonderful idea, but it was strange to create it without asking oneself the question of its governance, and without asking oneself about economic convergence. Honestly, it's nice to have a vision, but there are details that are 4.missing: we made a currency, but we kept fiscal systems and economic systems that not only were not 5.converging, but were diverging.And not only did we make a single currency without convergence, but we tried to undo the rules of the pact. It cannot work.There will not be a single currency without greater economic integration and convergence. That is certain. And that is where we are going. Must one have the same rules for the 27? No. Absolutely not [...] In the end, clearly, there will be two European gears: one gear towards more integration in the euro zone and a gear that is more confederal in the European Union.At first blush this is statement of the blindingly obvious. The euro zone must integrate to save itself; even the British say so. And among the ten non-euro states of the EU there are countries such as Britain andDenmark that have no 6.intention of joining the single currency.The European Union is, in a sense, made up not of two but of 7.multiple speeds. Think only of the 25 members of the Schengen passport-free travel zone (excluding Britain but including some non-EU members), or of the 25 states seeking to create a common patent(including Britain, but excluding Italy and Spain).But Mr Sarkozy‘s comments are more worrying because, one suspec ts, he wants to create an exclusivist, protectionist euro zone that seeks to 8.detach itself from the rest of the European Union. Elsewhere in the debate in Strasbourg, for instance, Mr Sarkozy seems to suggest that Europe‘s 9.troubles—debt and high unemployment—are all the 10.fault of social, environmental and monetary ―dumping‖ by developing countries that pursue ―aggressive‖ trade policies.Fo r another11. insight into Mr Sarkozy‘s thinking about Europe, one should listen to an interview he gave a few daysearlier, at the end of the marathon-summitry in Brussels at the end of October (video here, starting at about 54:30):I don't think there is enough economic integration in the euro zone, the 17, and too much integration in the European Union at 27.In other words, France, or Mr Sarkozy at any rate, does not appear to have got over its 12.resentment of the EU‘s enlargement. At 27 nations-strong, the European Union is too big for France to lord it over the rest and is too liberal in economic terms for France‘s protectionist leanings. Hence Mr Sarkozy‘s yearning for a smaller, cosier, ―federalist‖ euro zone.Such ideas appeared to have been killed off by the large eastward 13.enlargement of the EU in 2004, and by the French voters‘ rejection of the EU's new constitution in 2005. But the euro zone‘s debt 14.crisis is reviving these old dreams.But what sort of federalism? Mr Sarkozy probably wants to create a euro zone in France‘s 15.image, with power (and much discretion) concentrated in the hands of leaders, where the ―Merkozy‖ duo (Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy) will dominate. Germany will no doubt want a replica of its own federal system, with strong rules and powerful independent institutions to constrain politicians. Le Monde carries a series of articles (in French) on what a two-speed Europe may mean.If the euro zone survives the crisis—and the meltdown of Italy‘s bonds in the markets suggests that is becoming ever more difficult—it will plainly require deep reform of the EU‘s treaties. Done properly, bykeeping the euro open to countries that want to join (like Poland) and deepening the single market for those that do not (like Britain), the creation of a more flexible EU of variablegeometry could ease many of the existing tensions. Further enlargement need no longer be so neuralgic; further integration need no longer be imposed on those who do not want it.But done wrongly, as one fears Mr Sarkozy would have it, this will be a recipe for breaking up Europe. Not two-speed Europe but two separate Europes.II. 一篇阅读理解，5个问题，总分30分来自经济学人World populationNow we are seven billionPersuading women to have fewer babies would help in some places. But it is no answer to scarce resourcesOct 22nd 2011 | from the print edition..IN 1980 Julian Simon, an economist, and Paul Ehrlich, a biologist, made a bet. Mr Ehrlich, author of a bestselling book, called ―The Population Bomb‖, picked five metals—copper, chromium, nickel, tin and tungsten—and said their prices would rise in real terms over the following ten years. Mr Simon bet that prices would fall. The wager symbolised the dispute between Malthusians who thought a rising population would create an age of scarcity (and high prices) and those ―Cornucopians‖, such as Mr Simon, who thought markets would ensure plenty.Mr Simon won easily. Prices of all five metals fell in real terms. As the world economy boomed and population growth began to ebb in the 1990s, Malthusian pessimism retreated.It is returning. On October 31st the UN will dub a newborn the world‘s 7 billionth living person. The 6 billionth, Adnan Nevic, born in October 1999, will be only two weeks past his 12thbirthday. If Messrs Simon and Ehrlich had ended their bet today, instead of in 1990, Mr Ehrlich would have won. What with high food prices, environmental degradation and faltering green policies, people are again worrying that the world is overcrowded. Some want restrictions to cut population growth and forestall ecological catastrophe. Are they right?Lower fertility can be good for economic growth and society (seearticle). When the number of children a woman can expect to bear in her lifetime falls from high levels of three or more to a stable rate of two, a demographic change surges through the country for at least a generation. Children are scarcer, the elderly are not yet numerous, and the country has a bulge of working-age adults: the ―demographic dividend‖. If a country grabs this one-off chance for productivity gains and investment, economic growth can jump by as much as a third. Less is moreHowever, the fall in fertility is already advanced in most of the world. Over 80% of humanity lives in countries where the fertility rate is either below three and falling, or already two or less. This is thanks not to government limits but to modernisation and individuals‘ desire for small families. Whenever the state has pushed fertility down, the result has been a blight. China‘s one-child policy is a violation of rights and a demographic disaster, upsetting the balance between the sexes and between generations. China has a bulge of working adults now, but will bear a heavy burden of retired people after 2050. It is a lurid example of the dangers of coercion.Enthusiasts for population control say they do not want coercion. They think milder policies would help to save the environment and feed the world. As the World Bank points out,global food production will have to rise by about 70% between now and 2050 to feed 9 billion. But if the population stays flat, food production would have to rise by only a quarter.When Mr Simon won his bet he was able to say that rising population was not a problem: increased demand attracts investment, producing more. But this process only applies to things with a price; not if they are free, as are some of the most important global goods—a healthy atmosphere, fresh water, non-acidic oceans, furry wild animals. Perhaps, then, slower population growth would reduce the pressure on fragile environments and conserve unpriced resources?That idea is especially attractive when other forms of rationing—a carbon tax, water pricing—are struggling. Yet the populations that are rising fastest contribute very little to climate change. The poorest half of the world produces 7% of carbon emissions. The richest 7% produces half the carbon. So the problem lies in countries like China, America and Europe, which all have stable populations. Moderating fertility in Africa might boost the economy or help stressed local environments. But it would not solve global problems.There remains one last reason for supporting family planning: on some estimates, 200m women round the world—including a quarter of African women—want contraceptives and cannot get them. A quarter of pregnancies are unplanned. In our view, parents ought to decide how many children to bring into the world and when—not the state, or a church, or pushy grandparents. Note, though, that this is not an argument about the global environment but individual well-being. Moreover, family planning appears to do little directly to control the size of families: some studies have shown no impact at all; others only amodest extra one. Encouraging smaller families in the highest-fertility places would still be worth doing. It might boost the economy and reduce the pressure of population in some fragile places. But the benefits would probably be modest. And they would be no substitute for other sensible environmental policies, such as a carbon tax.1.what is Malthusian pessimism ?2.what leads to the low fertility in most of the world?3.What does World Bank think about the family planning in China?4.What is Simon's logic about growing population and its benefit environmentally?5. 英文表述有点忘了，好像是关于人口与环境的关系，III. 一篇英文作文400字以上，关于中国的计划生育政策。

上海外国语大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业翻译试卷（三小时完成）1．Translate the following into English(50%)（注意“.”是代表“顿号”）（1）中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。

中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。

（2）一八四零年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地.半封建的国家。

中国人民为国家独立.民族解放和民族自由进行了前扑后继的英勇奋斗。

（3）二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。

（4）一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。

但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。

（5）一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推倒了帝国主义.封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。

从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权利，成为国家的主人。

（6）中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。

生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消失，社会主义制度已经确立。

工人阶级领导的.以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。

中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义.霸权主义的侵略.破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。

经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的.比较完善的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。

教育.科学.文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成就。

广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。

（7）中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义.毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。

今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。