2021年11月6日托福考试真题及答案

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 11试题及答案PASSAGE 11Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 11 CAABD CADD。

托福真题及答案篇一：托福真题答案集锦托福真題答案汇整普林斯顿样题1听力. CBBCD CCCAB ADCCD ADBDC ADACC DBDAB DDBBD BACCC DADBC ACBCA语法. DBDBA CBABD BCBDD ABCCD AADBB CBCCA BCCCA DAACA阅读. DDBBC AABDA CADBC DADBD CCABC AACDB CACDA DCBAB ACBCD CCBCB普林斯顿样题2听力. DDBAB BDBDC ACCBA DAABD ABCDC CADBA CDBCC BADBB AADBC ACCBA语法. BCBAC DCABD DBBCB CBADD BADAD DCDDA CBDAD CAACC阅读. CAADB AADCD BBCAD CBDCD CABDA BBAAB BDAAC ADAAC DBBAD BCCCB普林斯顿样题3听力. DCBCB ADCAA BBACC AADAC DCBBD CDDCD DACBD BDCAC BCADB BBDBC语法. DBABC CCABA ADDBA CDDBC BDBBB DCBDC CBCAC DADBA阅读. ACBDC DBDBC BADDB DACBC ACBDB ABABD DCDCC BACBD DBDAA CACAA普林斯顿样题4听力. BBCAB DAADC BCDAC CCDBD CDBDA DBBAB CABBB DDADC BCABD CCDBA语法. DAABD BBDCC ABAAC DCDBA DCACD BBDBD CBDCC DAABC阅读. BCBDA AABDA CAABC DACBD ABADB DCBAA CACBD BCDAA DACAA ADDBA8901BDCAC AACAD DACDA DBAAC CBCCA AADCB DBBCA AACCD BCBAD CDDBAADCBD CADDA ABDBC ACDCB ACBBD DDCAC CCADB CDCBB BAADDB CABBCDADACA CCBBD ABCDBADC8905BCDBD DAAAD CACDA ABACB BCDDC ACACD CCBBD CDAAB CDBCB CDBACCABAC DDABD CCCDA AABCB CCCBA DABAD DACDC CDDBA BACADD DACDCBADDAB BCDCCAC ABCBCD8908DCBBC BACAD ABBDB CADCC ADBCA ADDDC ACBCA BDACB DDBAC BDCCBCCBBD ACADC BDDBA BACBC DADBA AACCD CDBBA DCDDB BDADAACB CBABDCBDAB BCDBBCD BDACB8910CBDAA CDCAD BDABA BCAAB ABCDB CBCAD DCBBD BCCAA DDBCD BBACACDDAC BDACB DBBBC AADDB CBAAC BBDBB ACADB DDBBC BCDBD AACDCDD9001CDCBA CBAAB ACADC CDABC ACBAD BBCDA BAAAD BADBB CAABD CDDBCACBAA BDDCD DCCAD DCCBD CADCB ACDBA DADBB ADAAA CDACBCB ADBACCBAC ABCAADD CBDDABC9005BBACD DADCD BBBAA CACAA BBACB DDADC CBCCD DCCAB CACBD ADCBDDBCAA DABAC DBACD BABDB BCBCB BBCDC CAACD BADCD BDABADDBACCDAA BDCCBA CABBCDA DAB9008BDBCB DACBC CADDB BACAD CACBC BBDDD ABCAA CDABD ADDBC BCADBADADC BBBDA DDADC BDDCB CACAB CAABC DBADB DBADC ABBBDD DBCCBDBADBDBC CBACDCBA DBD9010CCBAD ACBBA CBDDC ABABD BAACD ACBDA CBDBC ABCDC CBDAB BCABBACABA DADAC BDCBC AADDB CDBDD BACCB DADCD DDCDA CCADAB CDACCAB9101CDDAB AADCC BDCAB CBDBA DDDBB ABBCD CBCCC BCADC BBDCC BCABCCDACC ACBAA DBBAD CADDC CBBCD ABDCB CBDCD ADDBD CBBCDCBCABDADD ACACABDA ABDDCBCA9105ABDCA CABDA DDCAC BBCDB BDCAB BBCDA DABDC CBADC ADBCA CDBDCACABA DADAC BDCBC AADDB CDBDD BACCB DADCD DDCDA DCDABBC ABADCCBDABAB ACDABD CBBAB9108CDCCB CABBC ADDBD DACCD ACDBD ACBDA BADBD BDBDC CBBAB DBCAADAABD BBDCC ABAAC DCDBA DCACD BBDBD CBDCC DAABC ABDC CADAABABCCCBC ABACDB ABDCCCB9110CABDA CCABD BCDBD CDACC BBACD CDADD AABCB CCDAD DAABB DCBCABBCBA CDCAB DDBBC CBADB ADADD CCDDA CBDAC CAACC ADBBC DBDCAC9201DBCAB ABBCB CCDCB DCDDD BAADA CDCDC CAADC BDCCA ABCBD DCAACDBABC DBCAA CDADD BCDAB DACAD CACAD BBBCB CDABC CDDCAABBCADBBC DBABDC ACBDAB CADC9205BABCB AACDD ABDBC CBBBA CBBCA BDCDC CDAAB BDCDA DACBA ACBADABCCA BCCBB DBAAD ACDBA BDCBA CDDDB AACAC BCAAD DCBD DBCDBAADCACAB ABABC DBADCCCB9208CBBDA DCDDB CCABD CADDB BDCDB ABBAD CDAAB BCDBA DCBAC CCABCBCCAA ABBDB BBCDA ACACB CDCAD ACDBC BABDB AACBB CDCADB BACADBAADCD ABBCCDA DAABBC9210DCAAA DBDDB CCADC BCDBA ACDAA ACDDD ABABD CCCAB CDACB CBAABDBDAC ABABD BCDCB CCBBC ADBCC BABDA CADDD AABAB DBCBD BDCDCDB篇二：托福口语真题及答案解析(20211217)智课网TOEFL备考资料托福考试口语真题及答案解析(20211217)摘要：托福口语真题及反例解析(2021.12.17)，托福口语备考是托福考试中难度最大的一部分，因此托福口语的备考，同学们很大要重视，在托福口语备考资料的挑选中，托福口语真题及反例解析是相对比较实用的资料，因此希望能够大伙能够完全掌握。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 5试题及答案PASSAGE 5Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society's art may also reflect the culture's social stratification.1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and(B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art(D) available only in specific locations2. The word "conclusive" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. The word "apparent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident4. Why does the author mention the "supernatural powers of a stone or tree" in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs5. The word "it" in line 13 refers to(A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influence6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word "Moreover" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) similarly(B) in addition(C) in contrast(D) frequently9. The word "preoccupation" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. The word "primary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamentalANSWER KEYS PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD。

2021年托福阅读真题第7篇Regulation of B…Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive.In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal. Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystals form inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.In the past, animals were classified into two categories. Cold blooded animals require an external heat source such as sunlight to warm themselves. By contrast, warm-blooded animals use internal heat to maintain their body temperature. These terms are misleading, however, because many cold-blooded animals can generate considerable heat by exercising their skeletal muscles. Indeed, many have a body temperature during daylight hours that is at least as warm as that of warm blooded animals like birds and mammals.Biologists now classify animals according to both their source of heat and their ability to maintain body temperature. Ectotherms depend on external heat sources to warm their bodies, while endotherms use their own metabolically generated heat to warm themselves. Homeotherms maintain their body temperature within a narrow range, while heterotherrms have body temperatures that vary with the environment. Most animals fall into two categories. Birds and mammals are endothermic and homeothermic. while other vertebrates and most invertebrates are ectothermic and heterothermic.Not all animals, however, can be neatly classified into two categories at all times.Hibernating mammals, for example, are endotherms. They are homeothermic, but during the winter their body temperature drops dramatically as their metabolism slows to conserve energy for the winter. Hibernators behave like heterotherms during the transition from fall to winter and again from winter to spring, During the winter, however, they are homeothermic except for brief periods of arousal, but at a lower body temperature than at other times of the year. Similarly, a fish swimming in deep ocean waters is an ectotherm but also homeothermic because the temperature of the water-and therefore of its body-is essentially constant. Fish that live in waters with fluctuating temperatures, by contrast are ectothermic and heterothermic.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides theadvantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself and flee.Endothermy does have two major disadvantages, however. First, toproduce sufficient heat by metabolic processes, endotherms must consume larger amounts of food. Small endotherms, such as shrews, must eat almost continually and may die if deprived of food for as little as a day. By contrast, many ectotherms, such as snakes can go for weeks without eating. Second, endotherms run the risk of overheating during periods ofintense activity, even in cold weather.1.Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which theycan survive.In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal.Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures thanmammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at bodytemperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. At environmentaltemperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold isbetter tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystalsform inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells,lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmfuleffects.2.Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive.In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal. Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerousbecause ice crystals form inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.3.In the past, animals were classified into two categories. Cold bloodedanimals require an external heat source such as sunlight to warmthemselves. By contrast, warm-blooded animals use internal heat to maintain their body temperature. These terms are misleading, however, because many cold-blooded animals can generate considerable heat by exercising their skeletal muscles. Indeed, many have a bodytemperature during daylight hours that is at least as warm as that ofwarm blooded animals like birds and mammals.4.Not all animals, however, can be neatly classified into two categories at all times.Hibernating mammals, for example, are endotherms. They are homeothermic, but during the winter their body temperature drops dramatically as their metabolism slows to conserve energy for the winter. Hibernators behave like heterotherms during the transition from fall to winter and again from winter to spring, During the winter, however, they are homeothermic except for brief periods of arousal, but at a lower body temperature than at other times of the year. Similarly, a fish swimming in deep ocean waters is an ectotherm but also homeothermic because the temperature of the water-and therefore of its body-is essentially constant. Fish that live in waters with fluctuating temperatures, by contrast are ectothermic and heterothermic.5.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself and flee.6.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself andflee.7.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself and flee.8.Endothermy does have two major disadvantages, however. First, to produce sufficient heat by metabolic processes, endotherms must consume larger amounts of food. Small endotherms, such as shrews, musteat almost continually and may die if deprived of food for as little as a day. By contrast, many ectotherms, such as snakes can go for weeks without eating. Second, endotherms run the risk of overheating during periods of intense activity, even in cold weather.9.⬛Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive.⬛In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal. ⬛Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. ⬛At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing.Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystals form inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.10.1.B2.D3.D4.A5.B6.A7.C8.A9.A10.ACE。

托福2021年11月6日写作考试真题及范文托福写作考试有独立写作和综合写作，来一起看看最新考试的真题吧。

以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“托福2021年11月6日写作考试真题及范文”，来看一看吧。

独立写作Some people believe that it is an important part of a child's education to go on field trips(for example, to museums). Others think that a child's time is better spent learning in a classroom at school. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.综合写作阅读：卡罗来纳湾洼地是由于陨石撞击形成的1.卡罗来纳湾洼地的形状不对称。

一边的白沙总是高于另一边。

陨石碎片撞击地面会形成坑，由于倒塌的角度不一样，所以洼地不同面的深度不一样2. 洼地附近的沙子没有铁涂层。

陨石碎片撞击地面会产生巨大的热能，沙子在高温中会丢失铁元素3. 人们在一些洼地里发现了巴基球。

这是一种特殊的碳的形态，需要在极大的压强下才能产生，陨石强大的撞击力足以产生巴基球。

听力反驳：1. 洼地的不对称可能是由于洋流产生的。

这些洼地曾经都是在水下的，所以有可能是海底的洋流使得沙子向同一方向堆积。

2. 如果是由于高温使得沙子丢失铁元素的话，那么高温也会将沙子融化成玻璃。

但是并没有找到玻璃的痕迹，所以不可能是陨石造成的。

有可能是化学反应导致沙子中的铁元素丢失。

3. 如果是陨石撞击形成巴基球，那么巴基球应该广泛存在于所有地方，但实际上只有少数几个海湾发现了巴基球。

更有可能是闪电形成的。

1.托福考试什么时候开始考作文托福写作考试怎么考，托福写作考试详细流程及注意事项汇总顺顺托福写作考试要求的是什么，接下来我给大家一份详细的托福写作答题技巧。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 6试题及答案PASSAGE 6Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali andsand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash fromthose of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, nd potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.3. They phrase "the latter" in line 4 refers to(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap4. The word "stressed" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned5. The word "interchangeable" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North America because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water8. The word "adjunct" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9. According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems for southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD。

2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案准备托福的阅读考试，考生们别忘了阅读考试的真题。

以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案”，来看一看吧。

2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案R1人工智能下棋R2地下水R3欧洲城市计划R4洋流R5惠特尼发明的轧棉机R6蛇的分布R7意大利文艺复兴时期的一种戏剧1.托福阅读考试时间及题目数量托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇的题目，要想在这个基础之上取得高分，我们首先要做的就是对这些题目有一个清晰的认知。

这些题型虽然是文章的基础，但是在考试中，对于文章的理解能力和做题的速度要求都是比较高的，所以我们需要掌握文章的结构。

在文章的基础上，我们要学会分析文章的结构和作者的观点，这样才能在文章的开头段落中找到出处。

这样我们就可以清晰明白文章的结构是什么。

我们在进行阅读的过程中，首先要知道这些文章的结构是什么，在文章的开头段，一篇文章的开头，一般会问一下文章的结构是什么，然后我们来看一下文章结构是什么。

2.托福阅读一篇有几道题托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇实用的文章，要不要做题？新托福阅读有几个题型，每题的标准题、数量大概在1500到5000字左右。

新托福阅读有三篇文章，每篇文章有1000词左右的长难句；新托福阅读有四篇，每篇文章约800词。

新托福阅读有3篇，每篇约1000词左右；新托福写作有4篇，每篇约1000字左右；新托福阅读有四套。

每篇文章长度不够，建议先收藏再阅读。

第一篇文章长度大概是1500到1500字左右，需要花上3-4天阅读，每篇文章大概700-800字，需要2-3小时写作和2-3篇。

新托福写作有4个题，每篇文章长度是1个小时，有5-5个题目。

新托福独立写作是3篇，每篇长度在800-1200 字左右。

1.托福阅读题型有哪些托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型是不是很难？一起看看吧！托福阅读备考建议1.首先，我们要了解阅读考试题型，然后再分析一下题型，这样才能对托福阅读有更深入的了解。

2021年11月6日托福阅读考试预测考托福阅读前，需要大家认真的进行准备，保证自己能够适应考试的模式，并且可以有机会拿高分。

以下是小编整理的2021年11月6日托福阅读考试预测，欢迎阅读。

1.The vadose zone and its structure主要介绍了渗流带的结构及其功能等;2.Orchid主要介绍了兰科植物的特性;3.rrigation and early civilizations主要介绍了灌溉和早期文明的发展等;4. 威尼斯的船。

以前是round ship，capacity比较小。

后来发明了galley，一个三角的东西，比较好控制方向。

后面出现了cog。

5. 罗马人对欧洲经济生活的影响。

罗马的科技对于当时的欧洲来说比较的先进。

文章具体提到了British在哪些方面落后。

后来罗马把tribe变成了一个unity，但是还是比较自治。

Tribe之前会有战争，但是也会有货币的交易，鼓励人们使用coin，因此出现了bank，和loan。

这些发展促进了罗马的税收，通过让欧洲居民穿罗马的衣服让人们意识到城市的重要性。

6. 科技预测地震。

主要由两种方法预测地震，long-term和short-term，但预测不是很精确。

通过地下水和裂缝，gas上升预测地震。

还有其他方法但比较复杂。

7. 18世纪左右农业的发展和人类人口的爆炸式增长。

审题技巧对于托福阅读中的细节题，推断题和修辞目的题，审题是非常关键的。

如果考生审题不清晰，或是直接看选项对比原文，很容易会答非所问。

而提升这类题型的审题效率需要从两个方面进行强化。

一方面是阅读词汇，词汇是基础，掌握了一定量的词汇才能无障碍理解题目;另一方面要注重题目问的是什么，是what，why，where 还是which。

与此同时要特别注意题目中的逻辑关系，这不仅能帮助我们定位原文细节，还能提升考生对题目的理解能力，理解清楚题目后再回原文找the upper timberlines 和 the lower timberlines，找到他们描述的共同点就是答案所在之处了。

托福阅读真题第113篇Portraits_as_Art（答案文章最后）According to the Oxford English Dictionary, portraiture is, “a representation or delineation of a person, especially of the face, made by life, by drawing, painting, photographing, engraving... a likeness.” However, this simplistic definition disregards the complexities of portraiture. Portraits are works of art that engage with ideas of identity as they are perceived, represented, and understood in different times and places, rather than simply aim to represent a likeness. These concepts of identity can encompass social hierarchy, gender, age, profession, and the character of the subject, among other things. Rather than being fixed, these features are expressive of the expectations and circumstances of the time when the portrait was made. It is impossible to reproduce the aspects of identity; it is only possible to evoke or suggest them. Consequently, even though portraits represent individuals, it is generally conventional or typical - rather than unique - qualities of subject that are stressed by the artist. Portrait art has also undergone significant shifts in artistic convention and practice. Despite the fact that the majority of portraits portray the subject matter in some amount of verisimilitude, (an appearance of being true or real), they are still the outcome of prevailing artistic fashions and favored styles, techniques, and media. Therefore, portrait art is a vast art category which provides a wide range of engagements with social, psychological, and artistic practices and expectations.Since portraits are distinct from other genres or art categories in the ways they are produced, the nature of what they represent, and how they function as objects of use and display, they are worthy of separate study. First, during their production,portraits require the presence of a specific person, or an image of the individual to be represented, in almost all cases. In the majority of instances，the production of portraiture has necessitated sittings, which result in interaction between the subject(s) and artist throughout the creation of the work. If the sitter is of high social standing or is occupied and unavailable to sit in the studio regularly, portraitists could use photographs or sketches of their subject. In Europe, during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the sitting time was sometimes decreased by focusing solely on the head and using professional drapery painters to finish the painting. For instance, Sir Peter Lily, the English artist, had a collection of poses in a pattern book that enabled him to focus on the head and require fewer sittings from his aristocratic patrons. Portrait painters could be asked to present the likeness of individuals who were deceased. In this sort of instance, photographs or prints of the subject could be reproduced. Theoretically, portraitists could work from impressions or memories when creating a painting, but this is a rare occurrence according to documented records. Nonetheless, whether the work is based on model sittings, copying a photograph or sketch, or using memory, the process of painting a portrait is closely linked with the implicit or explicit attendance of the model.Furthermore, portrait painting can be differentiated from other artistic genres like landscape, still life, and history by its connection with appearance, or likeness. As such, the art of portrait painting got a reputation for imitation, or copying, instead of for artistic innovation or creativity; consequently, it is sometimes viewed as being of a lower status than the other genres. According to Renaissance art theory, (which prevaileduntil the start of the nineteenth century) fine art was supposed to represent idealized images, as well as to be original and creative instead of to copy other works. Portraiture, in comparison, became linked with the level of a mechanical exercise as opposed to a fine art. Michelangelo’s well known protest that he would not paint portraits because there were not enough ideally beautiful models is only one example of the dismissive attitude to portraiture that persisted among professional artist - even those who, ironically, made their living from portraiture. In the time of modernism, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the attitude towards portraiture was critical. Even so, artists from around the globe persisted painting portraits in spite of their theoretical objections. Picasso, for instance, became renowned for cubist still-life painting early in his career, but some of his most effective early experiments in this new style were his portraits of art dealers.【Paragraph 1】According to the Oxford English Dictionary, portraiture is, “a representation or delineation of a person, especially of the face, made by life, by drawing, painting, photographing, engraving... a likeness.” However, this simplistic definition disregards the complexities of portraiture. Portraits are works of art that engage with ideas of identity as they are perceived, represented, and understood in different times and places, rather than simply aim to represent a likeness. These concepts of identity can encompass social hierarchy, gender, age, profession, and the character of the subject, among other things. Rather than being fixed, these features are expressive of the expectations and circumstances of the time when the portrait was made. It is impossible to reproduce the aspects of identity; it is only possible to evoke or suggest them. Consequently, eventhough portraits represent individuals, it is generally conventional or typical - rather than unique - qualities of subject that are stressed by the artist. Portrait art has also undergone significant shifts in artistic convention and practice. Despite the fact that the majority of portraits portray the subject matter in some amount of verisimilitude, (an appearance of being true or real), they are still the outcome of prevailing artistic fashions and favored styles, techniques, and media. Therefore, portrait art is a vast art category which provides a wide range of engagements with social, psychological, and artistic practices and expectations.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following gives support of portrait painting's complexity?A. Portraits representing faces are more true to life than portraits that portray a whole figureB. Portrait art comes in many varieties, which include painting, photography, and drawingC. Portraiture tries to portray the most uncommon attributes of a given subjectD. Portraiture is an interpretation of a subject rather than a copy of it2. The word “prevailing” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. apparentB. distinctC. steadyD. current【Paragraph 2】Since portraits are distinct from other genres or art categories in the ways they are produced, the nature of what they represent, and how they function as objects of use and display, they are worthy of separate study. First, during theirproduction, portraits require the presence of a specific person, or an image of the individual to be represented, in almost all cases. In the majority of instances，the production of portraiture has necessitated sittings, which result in interaction between the subject(s) and artist throughout the creation of the work. If the sitter is of high social standing or is occupied and unavailable to sit in the studio regularly, portraitists could use photographs or sketches of their subject. In Europe, during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the sitting time was sometimes decreased by focusing solely on the head and using professional drapery painters to finish the painting. For instance, Sir Peter Lily, the English artist, had a collection of poses in a pattern book that enabled him to focus on the head and require fewer sittings from his aristocratic patrons. Portrait painters could be asked to present the likeness of individuals who were deceased. In this sort of instance, photographs or prints of the subject could be reproduced. Theoretically, portraitists could work from impressions or memories when creating a painting, but this is a rare occurrence according to documented records. Nonetheless, whether the work is based on model sittings, copying a photograph or sketch, or using memory, the process of painting a portrait is closely linked with the implicit or explicit attendance of the model.3. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following differences between portraiture and other types of art?A. Portraits portray the subject matter in a more accurate manner than other forms of art.B. Portraits typically take less time to produce than other art forms.C. Portraits typically necessitate an increased level ofpersonal interaction between the subject matter and artist than otherart forms.D. In opposition to other art forms, portraiture usually necessitates collaboration among several artists.4. The author discusses the “Sir Peter Lily, the English artist”, to provide an example of an artist whoA. invented a method to reduce the necessary number of sittings for his rich patronsB. employed professional drapery painters to help him finish his portraitsC. concentrated on painting different parts of the subject body at each sittingD. had an uncommon range of patrons as subjects5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as techniques employed by artists to create portraits EXCEPTA. combining facial traits from different subjectsB. observing the subjects directly during paintingC. copying a photographD. recalling what the subject looked like from memory【Paragraph 3】Furthermore, portrait painting can be differentiated from other artistic genres like landscape, still life, and history by its connection with appearance, or likeness. As such, the art of portrait painting got a reputation for imitation, or copying, instead of for artistic innovation or creativity; consequently, it is sometimes viewed as being of a lower status than the other genres. According to Renaissance art theory, (which prevailed until the start of the nineteenth century) fine art was supposed to represent idealized images, as well as to be original and creative instead of to copy other works. Portraiture,in comparison, became linked with the level of a mechanical exercise as opposed to a fine art. Michelangelo’s well known protest that he would not paint portraits because there were not enough ideally beautiful models is only one example of the dismissive attitude to portraiture that persisted among professional artist - even those who, ironically, made their living from portraiture. In the time of modernism, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the attitude towards portraiture was critical. Even so, artists from around the globe persisted painting portraits in spite of their theoretical objections. Picasso, for instance, became renowned for cubist still-life painting early in his career, but some of his most effective early experiments in this new style were his portraits of art dealers.6. According to paragraph 3, portraiture grew to be regarded as a mechanical practice due to its association with which of the following?A. innovationB. imitationC. perfectionismD. creativity7. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 regarding Michelangelo’s view of portraiture?A. He felt that imitating and copying were prerequisites of achieving creative portraits.B. He thought that portrait artists ought to select subjects from long ago rather than present day.C. He felt that portrait art should be viewed as a form of fine art.D. He felt that portraits should only portray idealized beauty.8. In paragraph 3, the author talks about Picasso as anexample of an artist whoA. altered the way other artists felt about portrait artB. relied on portrait art to establish a high reputationC. had fewer theoretical objections to portraiture than most modern artistsD. created portraits in spite of his doubts about portraiture as a fine art form【Paragraph 2】Since portraits are distinct from other genres or art categories in the ways they are produced, the nature of what they represent, and how they function as objects of use and display, they are worthy of separate study. ■First, during their production, portraits require the presence of a specific person, or an image of the individual to be represented, in almost all cases. ■In the majority of instances, the production of portraiture has necessitated sittings, which result in interaction between the subject(s) and artist throughout the creation of the work. ■If the sitter is of high social standing or is occupied and unavailable to sit in the studio regularly, portraitists could use photographs or sketches of their subject. ■In Europe, during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the sitting time was sometimes decreased by focusing solely on the head and using professional drapery painters to finish the painting. For instance, Sir Peter Lily, the English artist, had a collection of poses in a pattern book that enabled him to focus on the head and require fewer sittings from his aristocratic patrons. Portrait painters could be asked to present the likeness of individuals who were deceased. In this sort of instance, photographs or prints of the subject could be reproduced. Theoretically, portraitists could work from impressions or memories when creating a painting, but this is a rare occurrence according to documented records. Nonetheless,whether the work is based on model sittings, copying a photograph or sketch, or using memory, the process of painting a portrait is closely linked with the implicit or explicit attendance of the model.9. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageIn certain instances, portrait artists depended on a combination of direct and indirect involvement with their subjects.Where would the sentence best fit?10. 【Directions】An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Portraiture as an art form is more complex than is suggested by its definition.●●●Answer ChoicesA. The definitions of portrait art in the dictionary have regularly transformed throughout the years to reflect shifting attitudes regarding the genre.B. Portrait art should be considered as a distinct artistic genre due to its intense occupation with the subject and the way in which it was produced.C. Beginning in the Renaissance and continuing into the startof the nineteenth century, portrait art was idealized to a greater degree than it is in today.D. Portraits generally mirror the conventions of the time rather than the unique qualities of the individual.E. Throughout history, the majority of professional artists avoided portrait art since they regarded it as a mechanical art form, and not as fine art.F. Portrait art was at times viewed in a negative light since it was considered as simple copying void of artistic innovation.。

2021年11月20日托福考试真题及答案2021年11月20日托福考试已经圆满落幕了，参加了考试的考生，来一起看看真题和答案吧。

下面是小编整理的2021年11月20日托福考试真题及答案。

一、托福考试的准备时间ETS所公布的中国托福考试的平均分是80分，那么其实我们可以给一个相对严谨的答案，因此对于这个问题，无老师的回答是：如果要准备托福考试，建议至少提前半年就要开始准备。

之所以要提前半年开始准备，是因为准备托福考试的群体，有一些比较相似的背景，准备托福考试的大多数人，要么是大学生，中学生群体当中英语基础比较好的，这些人很多人在测试的时候，托福分数就已经能有70分上下，算下来平均每个人每个月大约应该提升5-10分，因此从这个角度来说，提前半年准备托福考试，是相对合理的。

对于这部分考生来说，应该本来不需要怎么学的时候，托福分数就已经应该有70分上下，对于这样一部分考生来说，首先要对托福考试有一个清晰的认识，之所以要对托福考试有一个清晰的认识，因为你的时间真的不多。

因为从前面无老师的计算公式就可以看出来，如果你的目标分数是100分，现在的分数是70分，而每个月如果只能提升5分的话，请注意，这还不算90分上下所带来的平台期，那我就说明，你每一个学习方法必须全都是正确的，但凡有一个学习方法错误，很有可能就要浪费1~2个月的时间，那么你的时间一下就不够了，所以在开始准备托福考试之前，首先要对托福考试有一个清晰的认识，十分明确的知道，自己接下来每一天，每一分，甚至每一秒，学习的方向和目的，以及所对应的学习方法和学习材料，不能有任何的偏差。

二、托福考试该做什么准备1、首先还是背单词大概需要一个月的时间。

当然这不是说之后就不背了，这一个月是专攻单词的时间，把单词书整个过一遍，对大部分词汇都能够记忆、核心词汇能够运用的时间。

背单词的时候要大量多重复原则，同时不要忽略边听边背，记忆单词的读音、熟悉单词听起来的样子。

2、阅读和听力首先仔细阅读OG，之后初期可以利用Delta上的阅读和听力来复习。

雅思2021年11月6日阅读考试真题及答案雅思阅读2021年11月6日的考试难度是比较大的，来一起看看真题吧。

以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“雅思2021年11月6日阅读考试真题及答案”，仅供参考，希望能够对大家有所帮助。

2021年11月6日雅思阅读考试真题及答案Passage 1主题：澳大利亚考拉参考答案：1-5 选择1.C2.C3.A4.B5.A6-12 判断6.Y7.N8.N9.NG10.Y11.NG12.Y13 选择APassage 2主题：可可和咖啡参考答案：1-5 匹配1.D2.E3.D4.C5.B6-10 判断6.F7.NG8.NG9.T10.T11-13 填空11.covering12.chocolate liquor13.cocao fat14.mold (form)Passage 3主题：弹性工作1.雅思考试类型ag是什么意思雅思考试a和ag哪个简单，雅思ag同场简单还是难?a：我是在英国念完高二，之后就在英国读高中，之后在英国呆了两年。

a：英国高中毕业后去的大学，现在就读于剑桥大学，高二时雅思成绩总分为7。

b：我的雅思成绩不算高，但至少是6分。

我的雅思成绩不高，我的高中在读，高一上学期考的7分，现在就读于英国高中。

a：听力阅读不高，口语写作不好，因为考试时间太紧张，所以我平时的听力阅读成绩还不错。

b：听力阅读不高，写作口语有点差，总分不错，但阅读分数还挺低的，所以想要上个6分，最后我的成绩是听力阅读7.5，写作口语6分，总分还是6.5。

2.雅思考试ag一起简单雅思考试a和ag哪个简单，雅思ag同场简单还是难一下，a同学的雅思成绩是8分，g同学的听说读写四个方面都满分。

g同学的听力阅读都是8分，g同学的写作平均分也是8，这两个成绩都是很棒很棒的，但是g同学的阅读和听力分数都比a同学的优势要大得多，这个分数对于中国学生来说是非常大的一个难关。

所以，g同学在备考的过程中应该注意以下两个问题:一、单词拼写。

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷一）美国大苹果纽约城纽约，世界最大的城市，在这里，摩天大厦林立，有着名的第五大道(FifthAvenue俗称第五街)、对世界经济极具影响力的华尔街WallStreet，以及艺术家们响往的格林威治村GreenwichVillage。

帝国大厦EmpireStateBuilding长时期来象征着纽约摩天大楼的高达102层超高层大厦。

顶层高度达1，250英尺(381公尺)。

在第86楼上有一展望台，气候晴朗时，可以眺望周围50英里以内的景色。

洛克斐勒中心RockefellerCenter呈现美国典型的一面，在都市建筑学方面也颇饶兴趣的商业与娱乐中心。

自第49街与第50街之间，通过第五街的PromenadeGardens 内，四季花草茂盛，美丽如图画，公园四周是具有代表性意义的大厦，诸如PCABuilding、RadioCityMusicHall，CenterTheatre等。

NBC与ABC 的制作室就是RCA大厦的第70楼。

自由女神StatueofLiberty世界着名的自由女神像，位于纽约湾的利勃坦岛上，像高约46公尺。

自由女神像内部中空，可搭电梯直达神像头部。

此外，还有新设的移民博物馆ImmigrationMuseum。

联合国theUnitedNations纽约的历史系由曼顿产生，而现代世界史则与联合国密切相关。

自第42街起直到第48街上，在广达18英亩的地基上，就兴建着着名的联合国大厦。

联合国容许观光客依到达先后次序入内参观会议情形。

中国城Chinatown中国城已具有百年以上的历史，城内居住的华裔第二代约有六千人。

中国城位于ChathamSquare的西边一部份，城中主要街道为Mott。

城内有中国博物馆。

大都会美术馆TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt乃是世界最大美术馆之一。

自由代东方到现代，有关美术史的重要事项，一一呈现眼前。

内中有一美国馆，可由馆中陈列品窥知初期美国人的生活状况。

2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷一）托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products.Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’s potential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technologicaladvance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it hadincreased to 3,000:000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technologysimultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. ButRussia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to avariety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF托福阅读原文Protection of Plants by Insects【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least68 different families - can secrete nectar even whenthey have no blossoms, becausethey bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that producenectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where antsare abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeasternNorth America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floralnectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants areknown to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with thesenectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attractinsects that will defend the plant.【2】Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders ofplants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return thisfavor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might competewith ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of theplants.【3】Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internalphysiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secreteit. This view and the opposing “protectionist”hypothesis that ants defend plants hadbeendisputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheelercommented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations ofthe ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greaternumber would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established whenBarbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many moreobservations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.【4】One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning gloriesagainst attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning gloryfeed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowersindirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or thestigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without theircolorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshoppercan consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetlesaffect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.【5】Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, lessthan a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leavelittle doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy forceof grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of sixplants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied byants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, theydrive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they aremuch smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females astheylay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1，floral nectar andextrafloral nectar are alike in thatA.they are likely to be produced by the same plants.B.they basically consist of the same chemicalcomponents.C.they attract only insects that will defend the plant.D.they are produced by the same parts of the plant.2.To say that ants are "persistent" defenders of plants means thatA.they defend plants against a wide variety of threats.B.they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened.C.they are successful defenders of plants.D.they are easily observable defenders of plants.3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to theextrafloral nectaries?A.They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B.They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C.They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D.They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.4.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the"protectionist" hypothesis?A.Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B.Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C.The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.D.Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as theyvisit plants that do not.5.The word "skeptical" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.curious.B.doubtful.C.open-minded.D.practical.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information jn thehighlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.A.We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B.Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C.In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.D.Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.7.According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have onplants.A.It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B.It prevents the stigma from developing.C.It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D.It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8.The word "devour" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.attack.B.eat.C.damage.D.prefer.9.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A.It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B.It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C.It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D.It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10.The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.harmful.C.open to attack.D.difficult to locate.11.According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative study show?A.Many more plants grew in places where ants were present than where they were absent.B.The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.C.The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupiedby ants.D.The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those thatgrew in places where ants were present.12.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles ineach of the following ways EXCEPT:A.driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet.B.catching and eating adult beetles.C.eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits.D.making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Sometimes they capture theinsects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. ■【A】Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. ■【B】Toreturn this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that mightcompete with ants for nectar. ■【C】Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eatthe leaves of the plants. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.Many plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods inwhich the plant is not flowering.A.Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar originated in thetropics.B.Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar and is moreattractive to ants and other insects.C.The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloral nextar attracts ants, and that the ants, inorder to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.D.Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants provide significantbenefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E.Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protected by ants producesignificantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.F.Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of large insect species aswell as their eggs and larvae.托福阅读答案1.B2.B3.A4.D5.A6.A7.C8.B9.B10.C11.C12.A13.C14.CDEThe history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, researchstudies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called "the vitamin period." Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supplypracticing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present(C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the history of nutrition?(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.(C) Effective techniques of weight loss were determined.(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.3. The word "tempting诱惑人的" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) necessary(B) attractive(C) realistic(D) correct4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition in order to(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease(C) convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies on their patients(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins5. The word "Reckless鲁莽的，不顾后果的" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) recorded(B) irresponsible(C) informative(D) urgent 紧急的，紧迫的6. The word 'them" in line 19 refers to(A) therapies 治疗(B) claims(C) effects(D) vitamins7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950's(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.(B) Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.(C) Nutritional research was of poor quality(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.8. The phrase "concomitant with" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) in conjunction with = together with(B) prior to 优先于(C) in dispute with 与。

2021年托福考试专项培训测试题及答案六Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans — the plankton. The term "plankton" is a broad one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel themselves through the sea. In the late stages of the Mesozoic era, during the Cretaceous period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate.This development radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because, while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. For the first time in the Earth's long history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock, began to pile upin parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits of calcareous oozemade up of the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never before. The famous white chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, are just one example of the huge quantities of such material that amassed during the Cretaceous period; there are many more. Just why the calcareous plankton were so prolific during the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood. Such massive amounts of chalky sediments have never since been deposited over a comparable period of time.The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions for oil accumulation. Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum. Sediments richin organic material accumulated along the margins of the Tethys Seaway, the tropical east-west ocean that formed when Earth's single landmass (known as Pangaea) split apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of today's important oil fields are found in those sediments — in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, and in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the United States.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How sediments were built up in oceans during the Cretaceous period(B) How petroleum was formed in the Mesozoic era(C) The impact of changes in oceanic animal and plant life in the Mesozoic era(D) The differences between plankton found in the present era and Cretaceous plankton2. The passage indicates that the Cretaceous period occurred(A) in the early part of the Mesozoic era(B) in the middle part of the Mesozoic era(C) in the later part of the Mesozoic era(D) after the Mesozoic era3. The passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton EXCEPT(A) the length of their lives(B) the level of the ocean at which they are found(C) their movement(D) their size4. The word "accumulated" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) depended(B) matured成熟的(C) dissolved(D) collected5. According to the passage , the most dramatic change to the oceans caused by plankton during the Cretaceous period concerned(A) the depth of the water(B) the makeup of the sediment on the ocean floor(C) the decrease in petroleum-producing sediment(D) a decline in the quantity of calcareous ooze on the seafloor6. The "white chalk cliffs of Dover" are mentioned in line 14 of the passage to(A) show where the plankton sediment first began to build up(B) provide an example of a plankton buildup that scientists cannot explain(C) provide an example of the buildup of plankton sediment(D) indicate the largest single plankton buildup on Earth7. The word "prolific多产的" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) fruitful(B) distinct(C) determined(D) energetic8. The word "ideal" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) common(B) clear(C) perfect(D) immediate9. The word "it" in line 22 refers to(A) biological productivity(B) oil(C) organic material(D) petroleumCCADB CACC。