教育专业词汇的英语翻译

Four Types of Automated Instructional Design Tools Expert System An An expert expert expert system system system contains contains contains a a a domain-specific domain-specific domain-specific knowledge-base knowledge-base and performs decision-making and analysis functions for the designer using natural language queries. Expert systems for instructional design have been developed to provide advice to novice instructional designers and to facilitate the development process for experienced designers. ID ID Expert Expert Expert from from from the the the ID2 ID2 ID2 Research Group was created to develop Research Group was created to develop and deliver computer-based instruction more efficiently. ID Expert is based based on on on Instructional Instructional Instructional Transaction Transaction Transaction Theory, Theory, Theory, a a a ““second second generation generation generation””theory of instructional design. According to Instructional Transaction Theory, Theory, instruction instruction instruction is is is based based based on on on transactions transactions transactions (sets (sets (sets of of of interactions) interactions) between between the system and the learner in order the system and the learner in order to accomplish a g iven given task. ID Expert assists designers in creating transactions by presenting presenting a a a set set set of of of decision-making decision-making decision-making steps steps steps involving involving involving instructional instructional components, components, formatting, formatting, formatting, resources, resources, resources, etc. etc. etc. ID ID ID Expert Expert Expert is is is considered considered considered a a prototype system and has not yet been released commercially. The United States Air Force Armstrong Laboratory proposed two AID approaches that use expert system technology to provide expertise to novice instructional designers and subject matter experts in the design, production, and implementation of courseware used in Air Force training. Guided Approach to Instructional Design Advising Advising (GAIDA) (GAIDA) (GAIDA) uses uses uses tutorials tutorials tutorials and and and context-specific context-specific context-specific advice advice advice and and examples. Experiment Advanced Instructional Design Advisor (XAIDA) (XAIDA) uses uses uses the the the Instructional Instructional Instructional Transaction Transaction Transaction Theory Theory Theory framework framework framework to to encapsulate context-specific knowledge. Both of these environments are are results results results of of of the the the Advanced Advanced Advanced Instructional Instructional Instructional Design Design Design Adviser Adviser Adviser (AIDA) (AIDA) research project. Reactions to Expert Systems: While expert systems for the instructional instructional design design design can can can teach teach teach theory theory theory validation validation validation and and and function function function as as authoring tools, they are limited by their inability to support analysis and design tasks. ID expert systems attempt to control the instructional design process, a process involving a large number of interrelated elements, and so must rely heavily on the knowledge and experience of the individual practitioner. Several instructional technologists technologists have have have proposed proposed proposed systems systems systems that that that more more more subtly subtly subtly advise advise advise the the instructional designer, rather than prescribe a set of solutions. Advisory Systems Duchastel Duchastel challenges challenges challenges the the the expert expert expert system system system model model model by by by providing providing providing an an advisory advisory system system system model. model. model. Instead Instead Instead of of of controlling controlling controlling the the the problem-solving problem-solving process process with with with expert expert expert knowledge, knowledge, knowledge, advisory advisory advisory systems systems systems assist assist assist or or or coach coach users users in in in accomplishing accomplishing accomplishing a a a given given given task. task. task. A A A prototype prototype prototype for for for the the the advisory advisory system approach is the Instructional Design Advanced W orkbench, Workbench, architecture for a computer-based workbench that supports the cognitive cognitive tasks tasks tasks of of of instructional instructional instructional design design design without without without constraining constraining constraining the the designer. Information Management System Instructional Instructional Design Design Design Environment Environment Environment (IDE) (IDE) (IDE) from from from the the the Institute Institute Institute for for Research on Learning is a computer-aided design environment that supports supports an an an ID ID ID methodology methodology methodology for for for teaching teaching teaching the the the use use use of of of software software software in in real-life problem-solving contexts. I DE IDE IDE helps document design and helps document design and development development options. options. options. It It It is is is intented intented intented for for for experienced experienced experienced instructional instructional designers. Electronic Performance Support Systems Electronic performance support system (EPSS) are self-instructional self-instructional electronic electronic electronic environments environments environments that that that provide provide provide process process process to to “software, guidance, advice, data, tools, and assessment with minimum minimum support support support and and and intervention intervention intervention by by by others others others””. . EPPS EPPS EPPS have have have become become popular in the 1990s for business and education contexts that require “just-in-time just-in-time”” learning learning and and and a a a hign hign hign level level level of of of a a a particular particular particular skill. skill. skill. Some Some example of EPSS are listed below. Building on Duschastel’s “workbench,workbench,”” Paquette et al introduced a a performance performance performance support support support system system system called called called AGD AGD AGD (a (a (a French French French acronym acronym meaning Didactic Engineering W orkbench). AGD provides procedural procedural instructional instructional instructional design design design information information information to to to guide guide guide users users users difining difining the learning system (e.g., amount and nature of objectives). Other performance support systems tools include Designer’s Edge (Figure 13-1) from Allen Communication and Instructional DesignW are are from from from Langevin Langevin Langevin Learning Learning Learning Services Services Services (Langevin (Langevin (Langevin Learning Learning Services). Services). Like Like Like AGD, AGD, AGD, these these these tools tools tools support support support the the the planning planning planning phases phases phases of of instructional instructional design, design, design, but but but contain contain contain a a a much much much more more more general general general advisory advisory component (e.g., context-specific online help, wizard, and tutorials). In contrast to AGD, Designer Designer’’s Edge and Instructional DesignW are lead designers through all tasks involved in instructional design, but place more emphasis on the ultimate production phase. Both tools provide graphical representation of the instructional systems design model, thus leading to additional support for completing each step of the model. Data entered by users are are cross-referenced cross-referenced cross-referenced with with with all all all steps steps steps to to to enhance enhance enhance continuity continuity continuity between between phases. Usable reports and documents such as evaluation instruments, instruments, content content content outlines, outlines, outlines, lesson lesson lesson plans, plans, plans, and and and checklists checklists checklists can can can be be generated by the users. The The primary primary primary difference difference difference between between between the the the two two two products products products lies lies lies in in in their their intented audiences and purposes. Designer ’s Edge is for both novice and and experienced experienced experienced instructional instructional instructional designers designers designers planning planning planning computer-based computer-based instruction. The product includes support for scripts, storyboards and other other CBI CBI CBI production production needs. needs. Integration Integration Integration with with with external external external software software applications is also supported. Instructional Design W are is intented for for course course course designers designers designers and and trainers trainers interested interested interested in in producing producing either either computer-based or classroom training. For this reason ,more suppot is provided for decisions regarding media selection and course and presentation materials (Langevin Learning Services). 自动化教学设计工具的四种类型自动化教学设计工具的四种类型专家系统专家系统包括了一个特定领域的知识库和为设计师使用自然语言查询的执行决策分析功能。

可以确保90%以上正确，个别差错敬请谅解1. Feedback ; 反馈2. Error ；误差3. Open-Loop；开环4. Automatic Control System；自动控制系统5. Sensor；传感器6. Actuator；执行器7. Valve；阀8. Control Strategy；控制策略9. Positive feedback；正反馈10. Set point；设定值11. Inertia；惯性12. Centrifugal；离心的13. steam engine；蒸汽机14. mathematical model ；数学模型15. Routh Stability Criteria ；劳斯稳定性判据16. linear system ；线性系统17. amplifier ；放大器18. response ；响应19. artificial；模拟的，人造的20. industrial robot；工业机器人21. Maximum principle；最大值原理22. Dynamic；动态的23. Neural network control；神经网络控制24. Fuzzy control；模糊控制25. Predictive control；预测控制26. Programmable Logic Controller；可编程序逻辑控制器（PLC）27. Distributed Control System；分布式控制系统28. Fieldbus ControlSystem；现场总线控制系统29. Supervisory ControlSoftware；监控软件30. Configuration Software；组态软件31. object；目标32. V ariable Structurecontrol ；可变结构控制33. Sliding-mode control；滑模控制34. Proportional ；比例35 Integral；积分36. Derivative；微分37. offset；补偿38. Avoid overshoot；避免超调39. performance；性能40. logic；逻辑41. function；功能42. Triangle function；三角函数43. Trapezoid function；梯形函数44. robots；机器人45. Instruction ；指令46. Relay；继电器47. Processor；处理器48. Wiring；布线49. mechanisms；机械装置50. nut；螺母51. bolt；螺栓52. concept ；概念，观念53. weld ；焊接54. spray ；喷雾器55. communicate；通讯，传递56. orbit；轨道57. install ；安装58. metal ；金属59. plastics；塑料60. rubber；橡胶61. electronics；电子62. packaging；封装63. complexity；复杂64. millimeter；毫米65. asynchronous；异步的66. accurate；精确67. debug；调试68. slot；槽口69. armature；电枢70. iron core；铁芯71. eddy；涡流72. flux；磁通量73. conductor；导体74. commutator；换向器75. brush；电刷76. stator；定子77. rotor；转子78. bearing；轴承79. aluminium铝80. slip ring；滑环81. copper；铜82. torque；转矩83. opposite；相反84. wound；绕组，缠绕85. squirrel cage rotor；鼠笼转子86. insulate；隔离87. embedded；嵌入式88. cylindrical；圆柱体89. salient；凸出的90. magnetic field；磁场91.efficiency；效率92. permanent magnet；永磁铁93. gear；齿轮94. twisted ；缠绕95. characteristic ；特性96. proportional to ；与。

哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学( 含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学( 含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law) 军事法学Science of Military Law 政治学Political Science 政治学理论Political Theory 中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史( 含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building) 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics 国际关系学International Relations 外交学Diplomacy 社会学Sociology 社会学Sociology 人口学Demography 人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology 民族学Ethnology 马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics 中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History 中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science 教育学原理Educational Principle 课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology 教育史History of Education 比较教育学Comparative Education 学前教育学Pre-school Education 高等教育学Higher Education 成人教育学Adult Education 职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education 特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology 基础心理学Basic Psychology 发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology 应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports 体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Science 体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training 民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports 文学Literature 中国语言文学Chinese Literature 文艺学Theory of Literature and Art 语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 汉语言文字学Chinese Philology 中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text 中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature 中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature 比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures 英语语言文学English Language and Literature 俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature 法语语言文学French Language and Literature 德语语言文学German Language and Literature 日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature 印度语言文学Indian Language and Literature 西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature 阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature 欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature 亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature 外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages 新闻传播学Journalism and Communication 新闻学Journalism 传播学Communication 艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory 音乐学Music 美术学Fine Arts 设计艺术学Artistic Design 戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera 电影学Film 广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art 舞蹈学Dance 历史学History 历史学History 史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science 考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology 历史地理学Historical Geography 历史文献学( 含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang) 专门史History of Particular Subjects 中国古代史Ancient Chinese History 中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History 世界史World History 理学Natural Science 数学Mathematics 基础数学Fundamental Mathematics 计算数学Computational Mathematics 概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics 应用数学Applied mathematics 运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics 物理学Physics 理论物理Theoretical Physics 粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics 原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics 等离子体物理Plasma Physics 凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics 声学Acoustics 光学Optics 无线电物理Radio Physics 化学Chemistry 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry 分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry 物理化学(含化学物理) Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers 天文学Astronomy 天体物理Astrophysics 天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics 地理学Geography 自然地理学Physical Geography 人文地理学Human Geography 地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System 大气科学Atmospheric Sciences 气象学Meteorology 大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学Marine Sciences 物理海洋学Physical Oceanography 海洋化学Marine Chemistry 海洋生理学Marine Biology 海洋地质学Marine Geology 地球物理学Geophysics 固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics 空间物理学Space Physics 地质学Geology 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学Geochemistry 古生物学与地层学(含古人类学) Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology) 构造地质学Structural Geology 第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology 生物学Biology 植物学Botany 动物学Zoology 生理学Physiology 水生生物学Hydrobiology 微生物学Microbiology 神经生物学Neurobiology 遗传学Genetics 发育生物学Developmental Biology 细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 生物物理学Biophysics 生态学Ecology 系统科学Systems Science 系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration 科学技术史History of Science and Technology 工学Engineering 力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics 固体力学Solid Mechanics 流体力学Fluid Mechanics 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering 机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory 车辆工程Vehicle Engineering 光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology 精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery 测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering 材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry 材料学Materialogy 材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering 冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering 冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy 钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy 有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy 动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics 热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering 流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering 制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment 电气工程Electrical Engineering电力电子与电力电工理论与新电磁场与微波信息与通信工程 通信与信息系统 信号与信息处理 模式识别与智能导航、制导与控制 计算机科学与技术 计算机软件与理论 电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation 高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation TechnologyPower Electronics and Power DrivesTheory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics 电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State ElectronicsElectromagnetic Field and Microwave TechnologyInformation and Communication Engineering Communication and Information Systems Signal and Information Processing Control Science and Engineering 控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering 检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems EngineeringPattern Recognition and Intelligent SystemsNavigation, Guidance and ControlComputer Science and TechnologyComputer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization 计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory 建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory 城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design) 建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science 土木工程 Civil Engineering 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering 结构工程 Structural Engineering 市政工程 Municipal Engineering 供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering 防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering 桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering 水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering 水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics 水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering 水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering 港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping 大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering 摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering 化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology 化学工程 Chemical Engineering 化学工艺 Chemical Technology 生物化工 Biochemical Engineering 应用化学 Applied Chemistry 工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering 矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology 地质工程 Geological Engineering 矿业工程 Mineral Engineering 采矿工程 Mining Engineering 矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering 安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering 石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering 油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering 油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering 油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering 纺织工程Textile Engineering 纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design 纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering 轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering 制糖工程Sugar Engineering 发酵工程Fermentation Engineering 皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering 交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering 道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management 载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering 船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure 轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering 水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering 航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design 航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering 航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle 人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering 兵器科学与技术Armament Science and Technology 武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术Armament Launch Theory and Technology 火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering 军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics 核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology 核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering 核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials 核技术及应用Nuclear Technology and Applications 辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection 农业工程Agricultural Engineering 农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering 农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering 农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation 林业工程Forestry Engineering 森林工程Forest Engineering 木材科学与技术Wood Science and Technology 林产化学加工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products 环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering 环境科学Environmental Science 环境工程Environmental Engineering 生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering 食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering 食品科学Food Science 粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products 水产品加工及贮藏工程Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products 农学Agriculture 作物学Crop Science 作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System 作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding 园艺学Horticulture 果树学Pomology 蔬菜学Olericulture 茶学Tea Science 农业资源利用学Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤学Soil Science 植物营养学Plant Nutrition 植物保护学Plant Protection 植物病理学Plant Pathology 农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 农药学Pesticide Science 畜牧学Animal Science 动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science 动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Science 草业科学Practaculture Science 特种经济动物饲养学(含蚕、蜂等) The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.) 兽医学Veterinary Medicine 基础兽医学Basic Veterinary Medicine 预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine 临床兽医学Clinical Veterinary Medicine 林学Forestry 林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding 森林培育学Silviculture 森林保护学Forest Protection 森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture 水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating 水产学Fisheries Science 水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science 渔业资源学Science of Fisheries Resources 医学Medicine 基础医学Basic Medicine 人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学Immunology 病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms 病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology 法医学Forensic Medicine 放射医学Radiation Medicine 航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine 临床医学Clinical Medicine 内科学(含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学) Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases) 儿科学Pediatrics 老年医学Geriatrics 神经病学Neurology 精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health 皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology 影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine 临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 护理学Nursing 外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学) Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology 眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty 耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology 肿瘤学Oncology 康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学Sports Medicine 麻醉学Anesthesiology 急诊医学Emergency Medicine 口腔医学Stomatology 口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology 口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology 公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics 劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene 儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology 军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine 中医学Chinese Medicine 中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine 中医临床基础Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine 中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine 方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine 中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine 中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine 中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine 中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine 中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine 中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine 中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine 针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine 民族医学Ethnomedicine 中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine 中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative 中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine 药学Pharmaceutical Science 药物化学Medicinal Chemistry 药剂学Pharmaceutics 生药学Pharmacognosy 药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis 微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy 药理学Pharmacology 中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology 军事学Military Science 军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History 军事思想学Military Thought 军事历史学Military History 战略学Science of Strategy 军事战略学Military Strategy 战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations 联合战役学Joint Operation 军种战役学(含第二炮兵战役学) Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force) 战术学Science of Tactics 合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics 兵种战术学Branch Tactics 军队指挥学Science of Command 作战指挥学Combat Command 军事运筹学Military Operation Research 军事通信学Military Communication 军事情报学Military Intelligence 密码学Cryptography 军事教育训练学(含军事体育学) Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training) 军制学Science of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System 军队管理学Military Management 军队政治工作学Science of Military Political Work 军事后勤学与军事装备学Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment 军事后勤学Military Logistics 后方专业勤务Rear Special Service 军事装备学Military Equipment 管理学Management Science 管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering 工商管理学Science of Business Administration 会计学Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学) Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学Tourist Management 技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management 农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management 农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management 林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management 公共管理学Science of Public Management 行政管理学Administration Management 社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management 教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management 图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival 图书馆学Library Science 情报学Information Science 档案学Archival Science。

开始Begin, start, begin with, spring, start up, set off on, break out, strike up, originate from,;Initiate, launch, originate, sprout; unfold; unleashoutset, onset,Rudimentary, elementary,出现Appear, appear to be, emerge, arise, loom, turn out, show up, com out, come into sight/view, come forth发生Happen, occur, take place, come about,Happening occurrence产生,创造create, produce, bring about, yield, give birth to, bear, bring into being, generate, beget，germinate;Invent, innovate, renovate, plan, design, imagine, conceive, devise, formulate, imagine, envision,建立Found, set, built up, construct, institute, constitute, set up, establish制造,组成Make, make up, produce, construct, turn out, manufacture, form, shape, compose, compile, concoct, fabricate复制,繁殖58Copy, duplicate, reproduce, multiply.发育，发展Grow, develop, breed, bring up, nurture, cultivate, hone, raise, foster, (主动) Develop, advance, progress, move forward, go forward, proceed（自我成长）Burgeon, flourish, thrive, bloom, blossom, boom, prosper;保持，延续Continue, last, carry on, keep on, keep, remain maintain retain Perpetuate,Persevere, stick with, insist on, persist in,Continuous, incessant, permanent, constant, steady, unbroken, perpetual, everlasting, eternal, lasting, unending, uninterrupted, undying, immortal, invariable,存在,生存Exist， found, stand, lay in, be rooted in，be embedded in,Substance, matter, object, material, stuff, things, entity,individual, creature, beings,Topic, subject, issue, theme, gist, item, content, point,Extant, existing, in existence, substantive, ubiquitous, omnipresent, universal, survive，outlive，outlast, remain alive，Endure, undergo,从有到无结束，停止53stop，finish, be over, cease, discontinue, wind up, bring to an end(close, halt), end，come to an end, end up, terminate，quench，quell，run out, expire, concludeadjourn/dissolve/lull/subvert,abortaive,Surcease, cessation,impasse, deadlock, logjam, stalemate,Ultimate, final, eventual,Abeyance, suspend, interruption, brake, halt, pause,死亡,毁灭Perish, annihilate, kill, exterminate, take life, slay, hatchet, slaughter, assassinate, famish, smother, throttle, strangle, stifle, decimate,Die, pass away, perish, expire, run out,decease, death, demise, Defunct, moribund, dying,Fatal, formidable, deadly, fatality.取消,废除550Cancel, annul,　call off, do away with,Abolish, desuetude, disuse, abandon, repeal, revoke, invalidate, rescind, nullifyObsolete, out of date, outmoded, out of fashion, old-fashioned,除去551Remove，erase，delete, extinguish, exterminate, eliminate, eradicate, extirpate, efface，clear away, throw away, do away with, wipe out, get rid of , rule out,Obliterate, expurgate, expunge, purify, purge,破坏Destroy, damage, wreck, devastate, raze, ravage, knock down, demolish, vandalize, tear down, ruin, spoil, dilapidate,Perdition，detrimental，harmful, injurious,topple down/inclement/伤害Damage Bruise, mar, maul, do harm to, injure, wound, hurt, impair, harm, hurt, wound, harm, break, fracture, maim, cripple, mangle, mutilate;cut, gash, fracture, break灾祸Disaster, catastrophic, calamity, cataclysm, carnage, massacre, holocaust, decimate, wreck, accident,Misfortune, hapless, mishap,逐渐消亡Rot way, perish, decay, disintegrate, decompose, deteriorate, molder, aggravate, worsen, exacerbate, corrupt,Rotten, decayed, corrupt, damaged;decrepit ,decrepitude, dilapidate状态之改变正面能力，强，权力Enable, facilitate, empower, entitle, enhance,Strengthen, reinforce, sustain, countenance, consolidate,Able, be capable of doing , competent, potent, omnipotent, puissant, resourcefulAbility, capability, capacity, skill, forte，competence, faculty Intelligence, aptitude, flair, talentClever, bright, talented, astute, wisdom, wise, smart, acumen, Hegemony, puissance, resource, power, energy, authority, influence, impact, supremacy, potency, strength, force, vigor;大Aggrandize, amplify, augment, broaden, widen, extend, enlarge, magnify, enlarge,Exaggerate, overstate, overstress, overemphasize,多,增加Enrich, increase, add to, abound, fill, fill up, replenish, stock up, add, put in, raise,Accrue, mount up, augment, accumulate, riseAbundant, plentiful, more than enough, profuse, copious, rich, wealthy,generous, numerous, in great numbers;sufficient, enough, adequate, ample, as much as necessary,Increment, accretion, growth, augmentation,高Raise, lift up, improve, enhance, elevate, escalate, heave, heighten, hoist, Rise, increase, ascend, mount, go up, climb scale, jack up, skyrocket, surge, upsurgeHigh, tall, in height, lofty, towering, lanky;Height, stature, elevation, altitude有助Help, assist, aid, subsidize, help to, conduce to,, contribute to, function to, be of assistance, lend a hand, facilitate, enhance,Helper, aide, assistant, accessory, ancillary, accomplice, auspices,支持Support, bolster, boost, brace, buttress, espouse, proponent, underpin, embrace, exponent,快216Accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken up, expediteRun, scurry, scuttle, scamper, prance, gallop, sprint, scud, Dart, fleet, rush, Fast, quick, rapid, swift, expeditious, speedy, fleeting, briskSpeed, swiftness, pace, velocity, rapidity, tempo, rate, quickness, promptness,有效,起作用Effective, efficient, effectual, successful, useful, helpful, functional, applicable, operative, working, active, functioning, in operation, in use, Available, serviceable,Impact, influence,自由，解脱Release, free, set free, set off, liberate, unshackle, unfetter, emancipate, manumit, disentangle, untangle, extricate, unravel,中性变Change, alter, modify, vary, turn, become, adjust, amend, transform, distort, modulate, transmute, shift, transfigure,Fluctuate, move, revolutionize, alternate, shiftDiversified, volatile, fickle, mercurial, protean, erratic, eccentric, irregular, inconsistent,Changeable, unsettled, variable, malleable, mutable,Change, alteration, variation, modification, transition, renovation, recondition, mutation;修改Redress, rectify, revise, emend, renovate, innovate, recondition,负面弱Weaken, enervate, vitiate, sap, impair, emaciate, attenuate, diluteWane, sag, fade, flag, deteriorate, exacerbate, wither, blight, dry up, wilt, sere, sear, shrink, shrivel,Weak, feeble, effete, wan, frail, lacking in strength, impotent, feeble, lethargicInfirmity, weakness, decadence, decadent,减少，降低Lower, reduce, decrease, drop off, abate, decline, dwarf, dwindle, rarefy, curtail, shorten, abridge, truncate, dock, decline, slump, eclipse, subside, shrink, ebb,Diminish, lessen, debase, dilute, moderate, die down, grow less intense, cut down, ebb, cut back,慢Decelerate, slow, slow down, retard, hold back,Slow, sluggish,Postpone, put off, delay, defer, procrastinate, adjourn,Dilatory, tardy, slack, sluggish,平息reconcile, comfort, placate, conciliate, reassure，allay, calm, console, soothe, pacify, assuage, mitigate, palliate, salve, temper,palliation, reconciliation,禁止，限制Prohibit, proscribe, forbid, ban, restrain, interdict, overrule, veto, stop fromLimit, restrict, confine, blockade, fetter, shackle, circumscribe Prohibited, forbidden, banned, illegal, outlawed, proscribed, taboo; Durance, taboo,控制, 抑制Control, wield, hold, steer, helm, maneuver, manipulate, dominate, regulate, rein in, direct, rule, govern, reign, regimentCurb, bridle, yoke, restrain inhibit smolder, suffocate， refrain from阻碍455Hinder, hamper, check, stunt, impede, block, obstruct, retard, interrupt, hold back, prevent from, forestall, keep from, deter from, discountenance, lumber, thwart, stem, stymie, frustrate, stump, stem,Entangle, enmesh, ensnare, entrap,Barrier, obstacle, obstruction, impediment, setback, hindrance, hurdle, blockade, blockage,morass, predicament, plight, straits, quandary,strait,预防Forestall, proselytize, preclude, prevent,干预432Interfere, intervene, intercede, meddle, annoy, vex, nettle, perturb, disturb, discomfit, molest, pester, bother, annoy, harass, intrude,Mediate,Inroad, raid, assail, assault, attack, trespass, infringe, attack, foray, intrude, encroach,Turbulence, disturbance得到，付出付出给Give, offer, endow, endue, present, bestow, provide, supply, furnish Impart, instruct, apprise, teach, instill, inculcate,Proffer, confer, donate, contribute, subscribe, bequeath,Issue, flow out, release,支出Cost, spend, pay, pay out, expend, disburse,Prodigal, profligate, splurge, spendthrift, dissipatefrugal, scrimp, skimp, abstemious,Expenditure, subvention,归还,偿439Return, hand out, restore, reciprocate, remunerate, revert,Compensate, reimburse, indemnify, expiate, atonement,Salary, remuneration, Emolument, honorarium,分配Distribute, allocate, issue, hand out, apportion, allot, dispense, ration, allot,assign, designate;Distribution, dispensation ration, allotment施加impose, entail, exert, inflict, suppress, subjugate, compress ,repress, coerce，使满Suffice, satiate, satisfy, cater, sate, meet requirement, gratifySuffuse, implant, instill, infuse, fill, impregnate,放弃Relinquish, give up, disclaim, abdicate, abjure, waive, renounce, recant, wean, forsake, abdicate, desert, forswear, renounce, repudiate, forgo, disown, disavow, abandonRenunciation,获得得到Get, receive, Accept, attain, acquire, obtain, gain, repossess, retrieve, procure, catch,Earn, profit, embezzle, peculate, defalcate, graft, appropriate, Obtainable, accessible, receptive,Receiver, recipient, procurement夺Deprive, take away, exact, extort, dispossess, bereave, divest, strip,Loot, ravage, ransack, sack, despoil, plunder, rapine, snatch, ,exploit, distill,Confiscate, impound, sequestrate, forfeit, expropriateExaction, depredation, spoliation,吸引Attract, appeal, fascinate, draw, charm, intrigue, enchant, tempt, allure, enchant, enthrall, rivet, fix, spellbind, intoxicate, engross, occupy, captivate, enamor,Attractive, appealing, charming, pleasing, attractiveness, fascination, charisma, personal, magnetism, attraction, fascination,包含510Contain, consist of, comprise, cover, encompass, span, contain, encompass, subsume, consist of, include, involve, embroil, implicate, ;Configuration component，需要,Require, call for, need, demand, necessitate,Necessary, required, requisite, essential,Requisite, prerequisite, requirement, precondition,使使Cause to be, make, lead to, render, turn into, trigger, activate, cause,要求，请求，Request, ask, entreat, demand, petition, appeal toSolicit, invoke, plead, implore, beseech, adjure,Dictate, command, mandate, order, instruct, charge,Imperative, essential, compulsory, mandatory, urgent, obligatory, Request, requisition, petition, invocation;促使，劝说，Advise, urge, argue, advocate, persuade, sway, influence,Convince, expostulate, exhort, hortative刺激，激发，鼓励Stimulate, activate, spur, incite, agitate, inspire, arouse, excite, provoke, actuate, incite, foment, stir up, trigger, Kindle, enkindle, ignite encourage, motivate, invigorate, prompt, instigate,Impetuous, impulsive;Drive, motivation, incentive, inducement, impetus推动，驱动，迫使Push, drive, propel, force, oblige, propel, compel goad威逼利诱欺骗，伪装Deceive, dupe, cheat, swindle, hoodwink,Disguise,Duplicity, artifice, chicanery, deception, scheme, subterfuge, duplicity.引诱Beguile, lure, tempt, allure, entice, tantalize, coax, delude, cozen, beguile,, Guile, deceit, cunning, wile, trickeryWily威吓Threaten, menace, intimidate ,hector, frighten, bully,Threatening, menacing,Threat, menace允许,承认Allow, let, permit, licenseAllowance, license, permission, consent, sanction, authorization心理想要期望Expect, look forward to, wait for, look ahead to, suppose, anticipate, await欲望，欲求Wish, want, desire, long, yearn, aspire, crave, hanker, covet:Desirous, eager, avid, greedy, acquisitive, much desired, coveted, ambitious, enterprising;Longing, aspiration, yearning, ambition, avarice, desire for, appetite, desire 意图Intend, tend to, mean, plan, be inclined to, predispose, resolve, prone to, apt to, disposed to, attempt to, aim to, be set to, have in mind, slant Intentionally, purposely, deliberately, consciously,Intention, motive, tendency, trend, proclivity, inclination, acclivity declivity, Liable, inclined to, willingly, likely不愿意Waver, hesitate, oscillate, vacillate, boggle, pause, falter,reluctant, unwilling，irresolute, indecisive, undetermined, uncertain, undecided, unsure,Reluctantly, unwillinglyReluctance, unwillingness认知感觉，察觉Sense, feel, savor, be conscious of, be aware of, regain consciousness, perceive, Cognize, regard,Detect, identify, notice, recognize, observe,Heed, pay/give heed to, take heed/notice of, notice, pay/give attention to Conscious, aware capable of feeling, sentient, percipient, cognizant, Consciousness, awareness, feeling, sense, sensation,Attention, heed, notice思考Think, consider, ponder, speculate, contemplate, reflect, muse, ponder,contemplate, muse, meditate, ruminate, chew, deliberate, take into account, take into consideration, cross one's mind, flash across one's mind, pass through one's mind, occur to sbthoughtful, meditative, pensivethought,consideration,reflection,contemplation理解know, understand, realize, appreciate, grasp, apprehend, figure out, be informed about, read, make out, go one’s idea across, decipher, decode, recognize, comprehend, be acquainted with, be familiar with,忽视，忘记, 没感觉Forget, not remember, neglect, ignore, overlook, disregard, pay no attention to, take no notice ofCondone, excuse, and forgive, pardon, absolve, exonerate, extenuate, Oblivious, remiss, delinquent, negligent,Neglectful, forgetfulOblivion, remission, omission.Amnesia, amnesty, inattention, oversightIgnorant, unknown,unconscious, unaware, insensitive, unresponsive清楚clarify, elucidate, shed light on, illuminate, make clearexplicit, overt, precise, unambiguous, plain, clear, unequivocal,clarity, clearness, lucidity, transparency, simplicity, precision.迷惑Confuse, puzzle, muddle, bewilder, perplex, baffle, nonplus, flummox, disconcert, confound, mix up, fluster, obscure, obfuscate, perplex Quandary, dilemma, plight, predicament,态度正面赞成,同意Approve, endorse, grant, confirm, ratify, agree with, consent, endorse, approbate, assent, approve, accord, agree, accede, resonate,Unanimous, in full accord,Approval, agreement, concurrence, unanimity, approbation. Uniformity, consistency, endorsement, confirmation, ratification, sanction,allow, permit, let, consent to肯定，相信Certain, sure, ascertain,positive, confident, convinced, assured,Inevitable, certainly, surely, positively, definitely, confidently, assuredly, inevitably, undoubtedly, unquestionably, unequivocallyBelieve, trust, entrust, have faith in,fidelity, loyalty, faith, affidavit, conviction,喜欢，赞美Love, be fond of, like, favor,worship, adore,Laud, praise, commend, extol, exalt, exult, eulogize, honor, pay tribute to, hymn, paean, carol, psalm, encomium,不喜欢，Loath, hate, dislike, abhor, repulse, repel, abominate, detest,Heinous, odious, hateful, repellent, repulsive, repugnant obnoxious, Aversion, odium, aversion, revulsion, abhorrence,不同意，反对Disagree, dissent, reject, and disallow discord,Contradict, gainsay, say the opposite to, oppose, counter, be in opposition to, go up against, defy, controvert, impugn,Inconsistent, contradictory, in disagreement, at oddsDisharmony, dissonanceOpposing, dissenting, opposite, contradictory, override contrariwise, oppositely;Dispute, argue,反驳Refute, rebut, retort, deny, confute, contest, disprove羞辱，贬义Embarrass, humiliate, disgrace, dishonor, mortify, demean, discomfit,degrade, undermineEmbarrassed, ashamed, unembarrassed, unabashedHumiliation, chagrin忧虑Worry about, fret over, feel anxious, uneasy about, be concerned about, fret, agony,Anxious, uneasy;Anxiety, concern, uneasiness, disquietedness, nervousness疑问,不相信Doubt, query, question, inquiry,Discredit, distrust, disbelieve, mistrust, suspect, be suspicious of, have doubts aboutDoubtful, misgiving, skeptical, dubious, incredulous,;Doubt, incertitude, questioning, skepticism, implausibility, incredibility批评，谴责Criticize, censure, condemn, denounce, attack, rail, rebuke, blame, reprove, reprimand,reproach; diatribe, reproof, reprimand分久必合，合久必分合，和同,等, 似Accord, match, equal, like, resemble, approximate,Same, unified, matching, much the same, be similar to, akin to, the same as, equivalent, identical parallelEquivalent, congruity, concord, parallel, similarity, parallelism, tantamount, tally,Resemble, bear a resemblance to, be like, look like, simulate, take after, imitate, mimic, copy, emulate,比较Compare, contrast, weigh against, judge against, balance, parallel Comparatively, relatively适合Suitable, fit, suited, proper, right, appropriate, apposite, apropos, opportune, fitting, apt,suitably, properly, rightly, appropriately, fittingly, aptly,相容Compatible, well-matched, well-suited, attuned, companionable, congenial, affable, amicable,Accommodate, Harbor, lodge,陪伴Accompany with, go along with, go together with, go with, come with, keep sb. Company, join, escort, convoy, cling to合作,合并Work together, cooperate, come together, and collaborate, join forces, team up,Merge, unite, connect, bond, bring together, combine, associate, amalgamate, swallow up, become one, come together, Affiliate, annex, coalesce, incorporate, integrate, put together, join together.Involve, embroil, include,Weld, join, solder,Merger, combination, solidarity, coalition, cohesion, conglomeration, agglomeration, confluence, Rapport, rapprochement, inseparable,聚集Gather, accumulate, amass, collect, pile up, heap up, compile, assemble, garner, convene, summon, organize, call together,swarm, throng, teem, crowdRally, confer, muster, congregate, aggregate, put together, amass, convoke, convene, collect a supply of;Collection, group, multitude, flock, herd, array, accumulation, accretion, backlog.Gregarious,联系，依靠Link, relate, connect, associate, correlate, attach, fasten, clinch, cling to, tie, adhere, affiliate, pertain, trace;Relevant, pertinent, germane,Link, bond, nexus, linkage, relationship, attachment,Rely on, trust, depend on, count on;Reliable, foolproof, dependable, independent, sovereign;trust, reliance, dependence,整体,全部，广义Complete, total, entire, full, whole, thorough, comprehensive, all-round, versatile, plenaryGenerally, entirely, fully, wholly, thoroughly, exhaustively, usually, largely, mainly, mostly, for the most part, on the whole, in generalAll over, throughout;交易，遇见，互相Trade, exchange, deal, do business, transact, interact, intertwine, swap, switch,Trade, commerce, interplay, commodity, goods, merchandise, transaction, interactionMeet, encounter, run into, run across, come across, happen to see, discover; Mutual, reciprocal, vice versa,遵守，认同Obey, comply with, act upon, follow, meet the terms, act in accordance, submit, observe, conform,Accordance, tractable, obedient, ductile, compliant, docile, manageable, tame,分分开，部分Divide, break up, separate, undo, seclude, sever, diversify, bifurcate, ramify,disconnect, cede, sunder, asunder, part, partition, isolate, part, detach, Exclude, occluded, preclude, segregate, secludeDisband, dismiss, scatter, estrange, segment, cleave, rift, disintegrate, split up, fall apart, collapse,Fission, crevice, partition, detachment, secession,Section, aspect, feature, facet, respect, side, sector, division, part, segment, fragment, piece, portion背离Digress, deviate, diverge, astray, depart, swerve, deflect, defection, apostate, betray, divagate, secede egress,Perfidious, infidelity, disloyal, unfaithfulness, disaffected,不同Different, dissimilar, unlike, incongruous, discordant, disparate, Multifarious, motley, various varied, diversified,Diversity, shade, nuance, disparity, discrepancy, difference, variance, multiplicity,不相容，不适合Incompatible, mismatched, unsuited, discordant, inharmonious, unsuitable, improper, wrong, inappropriate, inopportune, unfitunsuitably, inappropriately,违背，对立Contravene, defend, break, breach, disobey, counter, resist, violate, defy,flout, infringe,infraction,对立争，斗，努力Compete, via, contend, struggle, wrestle, tussle, challenge, fight against, emulate, rival, conflict, contest, strife, confront, face up to,Strive, make an effort, endeavor to, try to do, attempt to do, struggle; Effort, attemptantagonistic, hostile, friction躲避Avoid, escape, keep away from, stay away from, shun, wince, flee, run away, flight, parry, evade, dodge, sidestep, elude, shirk,成Win, succeed, triumph, prevail, outstrip, outwit, transcend, exceed, surmount, overcome surpass,Fulfill, complete, accomplish, finish, achieve, reach, approach, realize, soar, Subdue, suppress, override, overrule, subvert, topple,Consummation, achievement, feat, attainment, accomplishment. Accessible, reachable, attainable, obtainable, approachable,败Fail, be unsuccessful, be abortive, flunk, founder, bungle, sink, be fruitless, bungle, blunder, bumble, muffFailure, abortion, crashstranded,处理对付,处置Deal with, cope with, and dispose, handle, manage, process,Disposition选择Choose, select, favor, prefer, pick,传递Transmit, pass, hand on, transcribe, transfer, move, convert, convey, send, ferry, transport,Impart, inculcate, instruct, teach, inform, apprise, pass ontransfusion,采用，利用Make use of, use, employ, utilize, exploit, consume, harness, assume, take on 手段，工具By means of, by way of, by virtue of , method, manner, means, device, instrument, facility, implement, apparatus, appliance, mechanism, gadget, utensil, tools,contrivance, maneuver, tactic, mean, expedient, stratagem, tact, ploy, artifice, chicanery, scheme, plan, project, program行为，Act, perform, behave, work, serve as, operate, run, function to, conduct;Be engaged in, carry on, indulge in, participate, endeavor to, take part in, devote to, dedicate to,Behavior, demeanor, conduct, action, performance,信息处理表达说,表达say, tell, talk, speak, utter, express, voice, state, articulate, pronounce, emote, Declare, pronounce, claim, announce, address, intimateEquivocate, prevaricate, prattle, stammer,chat, discuss, converse, bargain, negotiate,talk, chat, discussion, debate, conversation, colloquy提出Suggest, propose, present, put forward, recommend, advocate, advise, posit, aver, allege, postulate, propound, tender,Hint, imply, insinuate, allude,描述Describe, depict, illustrate, limn, recount, portray, represent, define, characterize, delineate, sketch out,;description, version解释,说明Explain, interpret, explicate, detail, clarify, make clear, construe, misconstrue, elucidate, shed light on, decipher,, expound, disabuse, explain indetail, account for;Exposition, exhibition, connotation, exegesis, gloss annotate,表明Show, demonstrate, evince, indicate, display, exhibit,获取信息观察,探求observe, view, see, spot, watch, notice, make out, perceive, bring attention to, be aware of,distinguish, discern, detect, scrutinize, monitor, study, sight, inquire, probe, search, explore,Search, grope, probe, plumb, fathom, research,quest;调查，检查Inspect, examine, scan, study, check, investigate, censor, peruse, look into, look over, scrutinize, survey,Inspection, examination, census, censor, investigation, scrutiny, survey, inquiry, census, poll纪录，记载Record, register, document ,write down, take down, put down, note down, detail, keep details,逻辑分析证明Analyze, consider, infer, extrapolate, prove, justify, confirm, verify, validate, testify, attest, authenticate, substantiate, give evidence, corroborate假设Presume, assume, suppose, imagine, premise, surmise,推断Induce, infer, deduce, reason, derive from, ratiocinate, conclude,因果result from, result in, according to, attribute to, ascribe to, credit to, account for, derive from, arise from,proof, evidence, inference, conclusion,convince,cogent, sound, logical, rational,真，正确True, right, correct, proper, real, actual, genuine, veritable, veracious, authentictruly, really, actually, in fact, authentically, realistically, pragmatically; genuinely veraciously，faultless, impeccable, in the right wayTruth, canon, criterion, norm, axiom, veracity. Rationale, truism, maxim, correct, revise, rectify假,错False, wrong, incorrect, fallacious mistaken, erroneous, unreal, errant, faulty Fake, sham, phony, pretended, simulated, pseudoMistakenly, erroneously;Mistake, error, fault, fallacy, misconception, illusion;take A as B, confuse A with B, mistake A for B, erroneously identify A as B, falsify,发现, 揭示Discover, find out, learn, reveal, disclose, unveil, expose, divulge, make known, debunk, declassify, decode, decipher, translate, make out, revelation,其它强调的，Absolutely, incontrovertible, indispensable，indisputable, inalienable, indubitable, incontestable, irrefutable, incontrovertible;重要的Consequential, imponderable, paramount, substantial, major, significant, important, leading, major, dominant, predominant, prevailing, key, pivotal, decisive, critical, crucial, basic, fundamental, radical, essential, primary, integral, inherent, indispensable, necessary优缺点Advantage, benefit, advantageous, valuable, precious, positive, positive aspect, helpful, asset, valuable quality.Disadvantage, drawback, weakness, shortcoming, downside, negative aspect, unfavorable feature.明显的，突出的，优秀的，杰出的Obvious, apparent, evident, conspicuous visible, noteworthy, noticeable, notable, manifest, outstanding, remarkable, salient, prominent, eminent, distinguished, striking, extraordinary, excellent, monumental, phenomenal,主要mainly, chiefly, principally, predominatly, basically, fundamentally, primarily, inherently,。

法学 Law Study英语 English日语 Japanese信息与计算科学 Information and Computation Science应用物理学 Applied Physics冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering无机非金属材料 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials材料成型及控制工程 Material Formation and controlEngineering高分子材料与工程 Multimolecular Materials and Engineering工业设计 Industrial Disign建筑学 Architecture城市规划 City Planning艺术设计 Artistical Disign包装工程 Packaging Engineering机械设计制造及自动化Machine Disign,Manufacturing,and Automation热能与动力工程 Thermal and Power Engineering水利水电工程 WaterConservance and Electro-power Engineering测控技术与仪器 Technique and Instrumentation of Measurements电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and its Automation自动化 Automation通信工程 Communication Engineering电子信息科学与技术 Sience and Technology of Electronic Information 计算机科学与技术 Computer Sience and Technology土木工程 Civil Engineering工程管理 Project Management给水排水工程 Water Supply and Sewage Engineering建筑环境与设备工程 Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程 Processing Units and Control Engineering环境工程 Environmental Engineering化学工程与工艺 Chemacal Engineering and Technology安全工程 Safty Engineering工商管理 Industrial and Commercial Management市场营销 Market Management and Sales会计学 Accounting旅游管理 Tourism Management信息管理与信息系统 Information Management and System金融学 Finance国际经济与贸易 International Economy and Trade食品科学与工程 Food Sience and Engineering生物工程 Biological Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering建筑环境与设备工程、Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程、Processing Units and Control Engineering现代家政学、 Modern Domestic Science运动训练科学系、 Sports Train Science食品营养与检测、 Food Nutrition and Detect国际新闻、 International News体育健康教育系 Sports Health Education哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building) 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology 地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等） The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History 军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学） Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science。

中国译协中译英最新发布,各类专业术语直译1.科学发展观 the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观 call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观 new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观 foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观 new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译 let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译 draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作 cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factorsintermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化 promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works 8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。

教育专业词汇的英语翻译人才枯竭exhaustion of human resources辍/失学青少年school dropout/leaver基金会foundation服务性行业service trade在职培训on-the-job/in-service training基础科学the fundamentals学分制the credit system三学期制the trimester system税收tax revenue多学科的multi-disciplinary重点大学key university授予（学士）confer被授权be authorized to do专业specialty爱国人士patriotic personage国家教育经费national expenditure on education财政拨款financial allocation毕业论文thesis; dissertation毕业实习graduation field work毕业设计graduation design毕业典礼graduation ceremony; commencement毕业证书diploma; graduation certificate博士生导师Ph.D advisor; doctoral advisor(supervisor)授予某人学位to confer a degree on sb.升级to be promoted to a higher grade留级to repeat the year‘s work; to stay down补考make-up examination升学t o go to a school of a higher grade; to enter a higher school升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade奖学金scholarship（国家）助学金(state)stipend/subsidy领取助学金的学生a grant-aided student学费tuition (fee)占百分比account for ...%专任教师full-time teacher国际文化交流intercultural communication教育方针guideline(s)/guiding principle(s) for education教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德智体全面发展的建设者和接班人。

第八章Section B Systems Theory：the Basics①A system is an organized structure of matter and energy existing in a dimension of time and space.More than a collection of parts, once organized’the system has properties that are not present when the parts are separate.一个系统是物质和能量的组织结构存在于一个维度的时间和空间。

超过一个收集的部分,曾经组织的系统特性,不存在时,这部分是分开的。

All things can be viewed as systems and/or as part of a system，composed of systems and interfacing with other systems.Systems show a circular and cyclic quality to their functioning.Certain principles apply to all systems while other principles are unique to specific types of systems.All are interconnected and affect other systems to varying degrees.All systems are constantly changing and are in dynamic balance with each other.任何事情都可以视为系统和/或作为一个系统,由系统与其他系统和接口。

系统显示一个圆形和循环质量的功能。

某些原则适用于所有其他原则系统,独特的具体类型的系统。

一、专业词汇英译中（加粗为复习重点）anchored instruction 抛锚式教学case-study 案例chunk 大块，矮胖的人或物，组块，信息块cognitive map 认知地图cognitive structure 认知结构collaborative adj.合作的，协作的collaborative learning environment 协作学习环境commentary n.注释，评述，实况报道community 社区，共同体community of practice 实践共同体compact adj.紧凑的，紧密的；vt. 使坚实compatibility 兼容性compatibility n. 共存，相容，[计]兼容性complementary adj. 互补的，补充的Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL)计算机支持的合作学习computer-based training 计算机辅助训练concerted action 协同动作，协调行动correspondence education 函授教育，第一代远程教育curriculum n.(复数curricula) 课程decision-making 决策digital native 数字原住民direct satellite broadcasts DBS 直播卫星discipline n.纪律, 学科disciplined inquiry 学科探究distance education 远程教育distinguish from 区别，识别e-learning 数字化学习ethicaladj.与伦理有关，道德的(尤其职业道德的)，民族的experiential learning 经验学习，实践学习fill in the gap 填补空白，弥补不足Gigabyte [GB,千兆]字节，terabytes 1024G homogeneous adj. 由同类组成的，同质的humanistic education 人本主义教育in conjunction with 与…一起，共同in light of 按照，根据in the context of 在…情况下，在…背景下information streams 信息流infrastructure n.基础结构，基础设施inquiry learning 探究性学习Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)电子电气工程师学会instructional interventions 教学介入或干预instructional system design 教学系统设计instructional system development 教学系统开发Internet nessaging 互联网消息接发（如飞信）knowledge aggregation 知识集成learning management system 学习管理系统Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) 学习技术标准委员会lifelong learning 终身学习literary criticism n. 文学评论，文艺评论live data feed 实时数据更新mental model 心理模式mental representation 心理表征meta-cognitive adj.元认知的micro-content 微内容MMS (Multimedia Message Service) 多媒体信息服务multimedia presentation system 多媒体播放系统Multiple Intelligence 多元智能multiple intelligences 多元智能n gen (net generation) 网络一代novice n.新手，初学者obsolete adj. 已过时的，废弃的，不再用的ontology n.本体, 本体论(事物的本体) performance measurement 性能测定，业绩评价personal digital assistants (PDAs) 个人数字助理，掌上电脑pivotal adj.枢轴的(中枢的)，关键的portfolio 文档资料，文件夹，档案袋e-portfolio 电子档案post-modernism 后现代主义problem-based learning 基于问题的学习qualitative adj.性质上的，定性的quantitative adj.数量的，定量的random access 随机存取，随机检索reflection n.沉思，反思，回忆，反射reflective adj.反思的，沉思的Resource-Based Learning Environments基于资源的学习环境rubric 评价量规，标准scaffolding n. 脚手架，搭脚手架用的材料search engine 搜索引擎self-assessment n.自测，自我评估Sesame Street 芝麻街（美国著名儿童教育电视片smart-phone n.智能手机SMS (Short Message Service) 手机短信服务snapshot n.快照，急射，简单印象social book-marking 社会性书签social software 社会性软件sociolinguistics n. 社会语言学spiral organization 螺旋形的组织stem from 源自，来源于，由某事物造成synchronous adj.同时的, [物] 同步的asynchronous 异步的syndication system 联合推送系统the Zone of Proximal Development 最近发展区trade-off 交易，折衷，权衡，协调visualization n.可见的，可视的、形象化WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) 无线应用协议weblog 网络日志Wi-Fi （Wireless Fidelity) 无线高保真wiki 维基, 一种多人协作的写作工具二、完形填空1、（） maintains that real world contexts imbedded in educational media serve as anchors of learning in the sense that learners construct knowledge while solving the subsequent problems. The theory was developed by the Cognition & Technology Group with John Bransford's lead.抛锚式教学理论Anchored Instruction Theory主张嵌入在教育媒体的现实世界背景作为学习的锚，因为学习者在解决相关问题时可以建构知识。

第三遍专业类词汇整理1.政治类词汇整理1.1政治类词汇汉译英表决议案to vote on the bills不记名投票secret ballot部长级会议ministerial meeting裁减冗员to cut down on overstaffing;to lay off the redundants差额选举competitive election;multicandidate election常规裁军conventional disarmament法制观念awareness of law反腐倡廉against corruption and for a clean government反分裂法the Anti-Secession Law扶贫基金relief subsidies海峡交流基金会Strait Exchange Foundation(SEF)和平共处五项原则the five principles of peaceful coexistence换届选举election at expiration of office terms基层组织primary-level organizations解放思想to emancipate the mind居民委员会neighborhood committee廉洁奉公honestly perform one’s official dutiesECFA(Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement)《海峡两岸经济合作框架协议》民族区域自治regional autonomy of ethnic minorities南水北调工程south-to-north water diversion project群众路线mass line扫黄打黑to crack down on gangland and pornography生计问题bread and butter issue实事求是seeking truth from the facts西部大开发the strategy of developing the western region西电东送transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region西气东输transmit natural gas from the west to the east of China乡镇企业township enterprises新型农村合作医疗制度（新农合）new type of rural cooperative medical care system行政问责制administrative accountability养老保险pension insurance system医保制度改革reform of medical insurance system以德治国to rule the country by virtue依法治国to rule the country by law医疗改革health care reform灾后重建post-disaster construction赈灾disaster relief《中美三个联合公报》the three Sino-Us joint communiqués最低生活补助minimum living/subsistence allowance1.2政治类词汇汉译英Anarchism无政府主义ACLU—American Civil Liberties Union美国公民联合会Bill of Rights人权法案brain trust政府的智囊团bureaucracy官僚政治civil rights movement民权运动Diet of Japan日本国会Declaration of Independence独立宣言Dictator独裁者Dictatorship独裁政治ethnic cleansing种族清理；种族灭绝ethnocentrism民族优越感governing party执政党grand jury大陪审团hard money价格比较稳定的钱;硬通货Islamophobia伊斯兰恐惧症IRS—Internal Revenue Service国内收入署mainstream media主流媒体Medicaid医疗补助计划Monarchy君主制NOW—National Organization for Women（美国）全国妇女组织Opposition Party反对党；在野党PETA—People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals善待动物组织PLO—Palestine Liberation Organization巴勒斯坦解放组织（简称“巴解”）prisoner swap交换俘虏POW—prison of war战俘pork barrel politics猪肉桶政治primary election初选；预选soft money软资金，非法政治资金suicide bomber自杀炸弹think tank智囊团unilateralism单边主义utilitarianism功利主义；实用主义vote of non-confidence不信任投票WMD—weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤性武器Zionism犹太复国主义an affirmative vote赞成票veto否决权abstain弃权2.1经济类词汇汉译英保护价the protective price财政拨款financial allocation产权登记registration of property rights产业结构趋同similar industrial structure产业结构失调imbalance in the industrial structure出口退税export tax rebates创业板Growth Enterprises Board(GEB);second board粗放型经济extensive economy存款准备金率deposit-reserve ratio大中型企业large and medium enterprise第三产业Tertiary industry董事会board of directors反倾销anti-dumping非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers非国有经济non-state economy个体经济individual economy供过于求supply over demand;supply exceeds demand供求关系supply and demand relation供需平衡balance between supply and demand购买力purchasing power股东大会shareholders conference股份制企业corporate enterprise股票期权stock option(share option)国家外汇局State Administration of Foreign Exchange(SAFE)国家外汇储备state foreign exchange reserves国有经济State-owned economy国有企业State-Owned Enterprises(SOEs)国债treasury bonds合资企业a joint venture合伙企业partnership enterprise积极的财政政策a proactive fiscal policy集体经济collective economy价格垄断price-fixing;price monopoly兼并与收购Merger and acquisition经济不景气recession/bleeding economy/depression/sluggish economy 经济过热overheated economy经济起飞economic take-off经济手段economy measures经济制裁economic sanction居民消费价格指数Consumer Price Index(CPI)开发区热development zone craze跨国企业集团International conglomerate亏损企业money-losing enterprise贸易集团trade bloc盲目投资haphazard investment贸易逆差trade deficit贸易平衡trade balance贸易顺差trade surplus贸易争端trade disputes母公司parent company内向型经济internal-oriented economy年度国家预算annual State budget农村信用社rural credit cooperatives期货市场future market人民币汇率形成机制the exchange rate-forming mechanism of Renminbi 人均收入per-capita income软着路soft landing融资fund-raising市场经济Market economy市场占有率market share失业率unemployment rate世界经济一体化integration of world economy世界经济多极化multi-polarization of world economy适度从紧的货币政策moderately tight monetary policy试点企业pioneer enterprise社会主义市场经济socialist market economy上市be listed上市公司public company;Listed company通货膨胀inflation通货紧缩deflation外商直接投资foreign direct investment(FDI)外商独资企业wholly foreign-owned enterprise违法占用土地illegal appropriation of farmland稳健的货币政策a prudent monetary policy新兴市场经济Emerging market economy新兴企业start-up company信贷政策credit policy信用膨胀inflation of credit抑制通货膨胀to curb inflation优胜劣汰survival of the fittest中国-亚欧博览会China-Eurasia Expo(CEA Expo)政府补贴government subsidy资产清查inspection of assets资产评估asset appraisal资产负债表Balance sheet子公司subsidiary company自主品牌self-owned brand2.2经济词汇英译汉mergers and acquisitions(M&As)企业并购Average propensity to consume平均消费倾向；一般消费倾向Average propensity to save平均储蓄倾向；一般储蓄倾向Average total cost平均总成本Balance of Payments国际收支平衡表balance of trade国际贸易差额Barter system易货交易制Bill of exchange汇票break even收支相抵；不亏不盈banking银行业Banking sector银行部门bank statement对帐单bear and bull买空卖空bear market熊市bilateral trade双边贸易brand loyalty对某个牌子的忠诚度bridging loan过渡性贷款broker经纪人bubble economy泡沫经济bull market牛市business cycle商业周期business mechanism创业机制business prototype商业原型、商业模型C&F(Cost and Freight)离岸加运费价capital budget资本预算Cash bonus现金奖励cash flow现金流量CFO(Chief Finance officer)首席财务官circular economy循环经济Consumerism用户至上主义confirming bank保兑银行convertible currency可兑换的货币Comparative advantage比较优势COO(Chief Operating Officer)首席运营官Credit crunch信用紧缩；信贷紧缩Credit downgrade信用评级下调credit rating信用评级CTO(Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官Currency Depreciation贬值discount贴现；折扣discount rate贴现率duopoly双头垄断；双寡duty-free免税Elasticity of demand需求弹性Engle coefficient恩格尔系数exchange bank汇兑银行favorable balance顺差F.O.B.(Free On Board)离岸价Fortune500世界五百强free trade自由贸易gold bug黄金投资者gold reserve黄金储备government bailout政府紧急援助hedge(against)保护或防御手段，尤指防止经济损失hedge fund对冲基金a hedge against inflation防止通货膨胀的措施hands-off management疏松管理hard currency硬通货Hang Seng Index（香港）恒生指数high return高收益，高回报human capital人力资本，技能资本house mortgage房贷Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation汇丰银行（HSBC）hunger marketing饥渴营销；饥饿营销hyperinflation恶性通货膨胀Imperfect competition不完全竟争Initial Public Offering(IPO)新上市股票inflation-linked bond通胀挂钩债券junk bonds垃圾债券L/C Letter of Credit信用证make ends meet收支平衡money in circulation货币流通量National City Bank of New York花旗银行National treasury国库Newly industrializing countries(NICs)新兴工业化国家Net Asset Value(NAV)净资产值Nikkei Stock Average日经股票平均指数ODI(Outbound Direct Investment)对外直接投资outstanding debt未偿还的债务Pan-Beibu Gulf Economic Cooperation Summit(PBG)泛北部湾经济合作论坛Perfect competition完全竟争Purchase management index(PMI)采购经理指数producer price index(PPI)生产者物价指数service outsourcing服务外包Standard Charted Bank渣打银行stock/bond/securities股票/债券/证券Stock index股指stock operator股票操盘手Subprime crisis次贷危机subordinate debt次级债务Summer Davos夏季达沃斯论坛tax relief税收减除tax holiday免税期Treasury bill国库券；短期国债trust company信托公司VAT(value added tax)增值税3.科技类词汇3.1科技类词汇汉译英磁悬浮列车maglev train电话会议teleconference电子管理e-management电子货币e-currency电子商务e-business;e-commerce对讲机talkie and walkie高科技板块high-tech sector高清晰度电视high definition TV(HDTV)高速宽带互联网high-speed broadband networks高新技术产业化industrial application of new and high technologies 个人数字助理PDA(personal digital assistant)国家重点实验室national key laboratories互联网服务提供商ISP(Internet Service Provider)技术密集产品technology-intensive product可行性研究feasibility studies空间科学Space Science空间试验站space laboratory垃圾邮件junk mail纳米nanometer全球移动通信系统global system for mobile communications(GSM)虚拟现实visual reality虚拟银行visual bank应用软件internet applications三维电影three-dimensional movie三维动画three-dimensional animation试管婴儿test-tube baby首航maiden voyage(of an aircraft or ship)同步卫星geostationary satellite外层空间outer space外星人extraterrestrial being(ET)网吧internet café,internet bar网恋cyber romance;virtual romance网络出版online publishing网络管理员network administrator网络摄象机web cam网民netizen网上冲浪web-surfing网上购物on-line shopping网上交易平台online trading platform网上书店online bookstore卫星导航satellite navigation卫星电视satellite television无人航天器unmanned spacecraft信息化informationization域名domain掌上电脑palm computer只读储存器read-only-memory(ROM)3.2科技词汇英译汉AI—artificial intelligence人工智能ATM—automatic teller machine自动取款机BBS—bulletin board system公告板biochip生物芯片biotechnology生物技术；生物工程broadband宽带CCTV—Closed Circuit Television闭路电视CPU—central processing unit计算机中央处理器genetic engineering基因工程genetic mutation基因突变genome基因图谱genetically modified animals and plants转基因动植物GM food—genetically modified food转基因食品GMOs—genetically modified organisms转基因生物GPS—global positioning system全球定位系统Hi-Fi—High Fidelity高保真HTTP—hypertext transfer protocol超文本传输协议LAN—local area network局域网MMS—Multimedia Messaging Service多媒体短信服务NASA—the National Aeronautics and Space Administration美国航天航空管理局OA—Office Automation办公自动化Smart phone智能电话SMS—Short Message Service文本短信服务3-G—Generation Three mobile communication system第三代移动通信系统UFO—unidentified flying object不明飞行物video game电子游戏WAN—wide area network广域网WAP—wireless application protocol无线应用协议Wi-Fi—wireless Fidelity无线保真4.教育类词汇4.1教育类词汇汉译英本科生undergraduate必修课程required/compulsory course毕业典礼graduation ceremony;Commencement毕业论文（大学）paper;（研）thesis（博）dissertation毕业论文答辩thesis defense毕业设计graduate project毕业证书graduation certificate博士生ph.D candidate博士后post-doctoral;post doctor博士后科研流动站center for post-doctoral studies博士学位doctor’s degree博士论文doctoral dissertation补考make-up examination成人高考the national higher education exams for self-taught adults成人教育adult education成人夜校night school for adults成绩单transcript充电update one’s knowledge初等教育elementary education大学城college town大学同等学力college equivalency大学生college student大专生junior college student定向招生students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 多科学的multi-disciplinary辅导员assistant for political and ideological work附小primary/elementary school affiliated to…附中middle/high school affiliated to….副教授associate professor高等教育higher education高等学府institution of higher education/colleges and universities高分低能high scores and low abilities高考National College Entrance Examination高校扩招the college expansion plan国家普通话水平考试National Proficiency Test of Putonghua(Mandarin)国家发明奖National Invention Prize国家重点实验室National key laboratories国家自然科学奖National Prize for Natural Science国家科技进步奖National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology函授大学correspondence university工科大学polytechnic university继续教育continuing education基础课basic course教育公平Equal Access to Education奖学金scholarship;fellowship;financial grant教研室/组teaching and research section/group教育投入input in education教学大纲teaching program;syllabus教授professor讲师lecturer九年制义务教育nine-year compulsory education考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课程表school schedule课外活动extracurricular activities科教兴国战略the strategy of invigorating China through science and education客坐教授visiting professor;guest professor理工科大学college/university of science and engineering两院院士academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering民办教育non-government funded education美术学院academy of fine arts农学院college of agriculture普通高校regular institutions of higher learning旁听生auditor强化班intensive training class热门话题hot topic人才交流talents exchange人才流失brain drain人才战competition for talented people扫盲to eliminate illiteracy思想政治教育political and ideological education设计学院academy of design升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade师范大学normal university适龄儿童入学率enrolment rate for children of school age实习internship;field work硕士学位master’s degree素质教育quality-oriented education填鸭式教育cramming method of teaching脱产进修block release文科院校colleges of(liberal)arts希望工程Project Hope校训school motto校园数字化campus digitalization校友alumnus（男）;alumna（女）pl.alumni;alumnae选修课elective/optional course学费tuition fee学分credit学历record of formal schooling学龄儿童school-ager学年school/academic year学期(school)term;semester学前教育preschool education学生会students’union学时credit hours学士学位bachelor’s degree学术报告会symposium/seminar学位证书diploma;degree certificate研究生graduate student;post-graduate(student)应届毕业生graduating student;current year’s graduate应试教育exam-oriented education优化教师队伍optimize the teaching staff优化教育结构optimize the education structure远程教育distance education在职博士生on-job doctorate在职研究生on-job postgraduates智力引进recruit/introduce(foreign)talents智商intelligence quotient(IQ)职业高中（高职）vocational high school职业教育vocational education重点大学key university重点学科key disciplinary areas中等教育secondary education住宿生boarder主修课程major courses助学金stipend/subsidy/financial aid自费留学go to study abroad at one’s own expense自费研究生self-supporting/self-sponsored graduate student 综合性大学comprehensive university走读生extern;non-resident student4.2教育类词汇英译汉a grant-aided student领取助学金的学生ABD—all but dissertation准博士Adjunct Professor(美国某些大学的)副教授，兼职教授admission office招生办公室Alma Mater/alma mater母校Assistant professor助理教授Associate professor副教授BEC—Business English Certificate商务英语证书bilingual education双语教学制；双语教育Boarding school寄宿学校board expenses伙食费community college（美国）社区学院；(两年制)初级学院consecutive interpretation交替传译EMBA—Executive Master Of Business Administration高级管理人员工商管理硕士Emeritus Professor名誉教授，退休教授Exchange student交换(留)学生Functional illiteracy功能性文盲Harvard University哈佛大学heuristic education启发式教学HSK汉语水平测试IELTS—International English Language Testing System雅思，即国际英语语言测试系统IPR—intellectual property rights知识产权job shadowing旁观工作MBA—Master Of Business Administration工商管理硕士non-residential college不提供住宿的大学NYU New York University纽约大学online education网络教育Oxford University牛津大学Ph.D（哲学）博士Princeton University普林斯顿大学Research Professor研究教授；研究讲座教授residential college提供住宿的大学SAT—Scholastic Assessment Test学术能力评估测试simultaneous interpretation同声传译Stanford University斯坦福大学Student loans助学贷款TOEFL—Test of English as a Foreign Language托福考试TOEIC—Test of English for International Communication托业，即国际交流英语考试UC Berkeley加州伯克利大学Visiting Professor客座教授Yale University耶鲁大学5.环保类词汇5.1环保类词汇汉译英白色污染white pollution差别电价differential power pricing大功率电器high-power electrical appliance地面坍塌ground depression地热ground-source heat地下水groundwater电动汽车cell-driven vehicles;battery cars防风林wind breaks防沙林sand breaks海水淡化sea water desalinization环保产品environment-friendly products环境恶化environmental degradation可燃冰flammable ice可再生能源renewable energy可再生资源renewable resources绿色“生物燃料”biofuel绿化面积afforested areas;greening space垃圾填埋场refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator落后产能outdated capacity汽车尾气car exhaust森林砍伐率deforestation rate森林覆盖率forest coverage速生林fast-growing trees水土流失water and soil erosion水资源保护water resource conservation生态建筑ecological construction生态农业environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture 生态旅游ecotourism酸雨acid rain世界环境日World Environment Day碳税carbon tax碳足迹carbon footprint碳减排carbon emission reduction天然气natural gas天然气汽车gas-fueled vehicles无车日car-free day污染者负担的政策“the-polluters-pay”policy污水治理sewage treatment尾气净化器exhaust purifier无铅汽油lead-free gasoline温室效应greenhouse effect小排量汽车small-displacement(engine)vehicles一次性筷子disposable chopstick有机污染物organic pollutants造林工程afforestation project资源节约型、环境友好型社会energy-efficient,environment-friendly society5.2环保类词汇英译汉afforestation造林artificial rain人工降雨bio-diesel生物柴油bio-ethanol生物乙醇biosphere生物圈carbon dioxide(CO2)二氧化碳carbon monoxide(CO)一氧化碳clean energy清洁能源clean fuels清洁燃料crude oil原油debris flow泥石流deforestation森林开伐desertification土壤沙漠化，荒漠化disaster-affected area受灾地区drought干旱El Nino Southern Oscillation(ENSO)厄尔尼诺与南方涛动energy consumption能耗energy-intensive industries高耗能产业energy saving and emission reduction节能减排energy-saving lamps节能灯environmentalist环境保护主义者environment-friendly products环保产品fossil fuel矿物燃料fuel-efficient节能高效的Grain for Green Project退耕还林（还草）工程Green Credit绿色信贷heat island effect热岛效应Kyoto Protocol《京都议定书》La Nina phenomenon拉尼娜现象Natural disasters/hazards自然灾害，危害recycled water再生水reservoir水库，蓄水池sand storm沙尘暴smog工业烟雾，烟雾污染storm surge风暴潮tidal wave(a tsunami)海啸tropical cyclone热带气旋volcano erupting火山爆发UV(ultraviolet)紫外线6.医学类词汇6.1医学类词汇汉译英按摩message therapy《本草纲目》Compendium of Masteria Medica拔火罐疗法(Chinese)cupping therapy《黄帝内经》Huang Di’s Classic of Internal Medicine/Yellow Emperor’s Canon ofTraditional Chinese Medicine公费医疗free medical service挂号费registration fee化疗chemotherapy刮痧疗法skin scraping therapy with water,liquor or vegetable oil理疗physical therapy秘方secret prescription(normally of excellent curative effect)减肥lose weight经络main and collateral channels inside human body;meridian切脉feeling the pulse偏方folk prescription食补保健maintain good health through the intake of nourishing food三聚氰胺melamine手术室operation room(OR)太极拳Tai chi quan;Tai chi Chuan;Taijiquan boxing推拿medical massage穴位acupuncture point亚健康sub-health延缓衰老to defer senility阴阳五行学说the theory of yin-yang and five elements(metal,wood,water,fire, and earth)瑜珈yoga中草药Chinese herbal medicine针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia针灸acupuncture中医学Traditional Chinese Medical Science祖传秘方secret prescription handed down from one’s ancestors6.2医学类词汇英译汉AIDS(Acpuired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)艾滋病adrenalin肾上腺素aerobics有氧运动Alzheimer’s disease老年痴呆症anti-aging抗衰老antibiotics.抗生素antibody抗体asthma哮喘anthrax炭疽anti-SARS campaign抗非典斗争arthritis关节炎artificial heart人造心脏artificial hormones人造激素avian influenza(bird flu)禽流感B.O.(Body Odor)体臭bioengineering生物工程blood circulation血液循环BSE(bovino spongiform encephalopathy)疯牛病carbohydrate碳水化合物cardiologist心脏病专家cholesterol胆固醇HBV carriers乙型肝炎病毒携带者coronary disease冠心病dehydration脱水eating disorder食欲紊乱euthanasia/mercy killing安乐死foot-and-mouth disease口蹄疫genetic information遗传信息genome基因组GM food(genetically modified food)转基因食品GMOs(Genetically Modified Organisms)转基因生物health care products保健品high blood pressure高血压high cholesterol胆固醇过高HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)人体免疫缺损病毒，爱滋病病毒HIV-positive爱滋病病毒测试呈阳性insomnia失眠，失眠症ICU(Intensive Cure Unit)重症监护室IVF(in-vitro fertilization)试管受精laser treatment激光疗法living donor器官捐献者leukemia白血病maternity leave产假menopause更年期mental disorder精神紊乱metabolism新陈代谢obesity肥胖症OTC drugs非处方药Parkinson’s disease帕金森综合症passive smoking/second-hand smoking被动吸烟sperm bank（为人工授精提供精子的）精子库sperm donor捐献精子的人STD(Sexually Transmitted Disease)性传染病stem cell干细胞7.社会现象类词汇7.1社会现象类词汇汉译英安居工程housing project for low-income families拜金主义Money worship版权法copyright law曝光make public白马王子Prince Charming传销pyramid scheme;Pyramid selling大龄青年single youth above the normal matrimonial age 代沟generation gap独生子女the only child in one’s family盗版piracy,bootleg地下出版物underground publications吊销驾照revoke one’s driving license恶性循环vicious circle防伪标志anti-fake label扶贫poverty alleviation扶贫办公室Poverty Relief Office惯犯hardened professional(criminal)黑恶势力犯罪crimes committed by Mafia-like gangs户口薄residence booklet婚外恋have an affair/an extra-marriage affair灰色收入gray income基本养老金basic pensions交通拥塞traffic congestion敬老院home for the aged/seniors’home家政服务household management service快递公司courier firm;express company滥用职权abuse of power流动人口transient population留守孩子children left behind良性循环virtuous circle民工migrant laborer农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labor(laborers)派出所local police station贫富悬殊polarization of rich and poor贫富两极化；贫富分化polarization of wealth普及率popularity rate全国人口普查nationwide census全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign全国哀悼日national mourning days人口素质quality of population人口老龄化an aging population人口统计学demography/larithmics人口负增长negative population growth(NPG)弱势群体disadvantaged groups扫黄运动anti-porn drive/campaign社区服务community service收入分化，贫富分化income disparity上诉appeal to a higher court水货smuggled goods社会福利social welfare社会福利彩票social welfare lotteries适者生存survival of the fittest失学儿童dropouts商业炒作commercial exploitation团购group buying;group purchasing体育彩票sports lotteries文盲illiteracy务工农民migrant rural workers洗脑Brainwashing希望工程Hope Project虚拟世界virtual world用工荒labor shortage有机食品organic foods月供monthly installment payment暂住证temporary residence permit(card)肇事逃匿者hit-and-run driver住房公积金Housing public accumulation funds;Housing fund 住房问题housing issues转基因食品genetically modified(GM)food醉酒驾驶Drunk driving钻石王老五diamond bachelor7.2社会类词汇英译汉acculturation文化适应age discrimination年龄歧视antiracism education反种族主义教育altruism利他主义；利他author’s royalty著者版税，作者稿酬bar association律师协会bigamy重婚capital punishment死刑chain effect;domino effect连锁反应court of ethics道德法庭complaint center投诉中心defendant被告discrimination against women歧视妇女divorce calculator离婚计算器drug abuse吸毒drug rehabilitation center戒毒所drug trafficker毒枭drug-related crimes毒品犯罪egalitarian平等主义embezzlement盗用公款emotion quotient(EQ)情商euthanasia安乐死Feminist movement女权运动frequent property-related crimes多发性侵财犯罪Hedonism享乐主义homosexual marriage同性婚姻infant mortality婴儿死亡率job discrimination工作歧视jury陪审团juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪law of the jungle弱肉强食法则lawsuit诉讼life sentence判处无期徒刑male chauvinism男权主义思想Malthusian Theory of Population马尔萨斯人口论meatspace现实世界Money laundering洗钱narcotics squad缉毒队organized crime集团犯罪Pandora’s box潘多拉魔盒plaintiff起诉人；原告pseudo-science伪科学pro-choice主张人工流产为合法的racism种族主义Screen agers整天看电视玩电脑的孩子sexual harassment性骚扰sexual orientation性取向shoplifting在商店偷窃商品smuggling走私soup kitchen（救济农民，灾民的）施舍处，流动厨房urban legend都市传奇violent crimes严重暴力犯罪8.文化类词汇8.1文化类词汇汉译英中国传统节日Chinese Traditional Holidays中国法定节日Chinese Legal Holidays阳历Solar calendar阴历Lunar calendar过年celebrate the spring festival买年货do shopping for the spring festival;do spring festival shopping老字号an old and famous shop or enterprise春联spring festival couplets年画new year paintings版画a picture printed from an engraved or etched plate；woodcut；woodblock 除夕the Spring Festival Eve;Eve of the Lunar New Year年夜饭supper of the Chinese new year’s eve;family reunion dinner饺子jiao-zi/dumpling;Chinese meat ravioli年糕nian-gao;rice cake;new year cake春节联欢晚会the Spring Festival Gala单口相声monologue comic talk,standup comedy相声witty dialogue comedy,comic cross talk小品short sketch戏曲traditional opera京剧Peking Opera昆曲Kunqu Opera辞旧迎新to ring out the old year and ring in the new year烟花爆竹fireworks and firecrackers去晦气get rid of the ill-fortune拜年pay new year’s call；give new year’s greetings；pay new year’s visit 红包red packets压岁钱money given to children as a Lunar New Year’s Gift元宵节Lantern Festival(the15th day of the first lunar month)汤圆glutinous rice dumplings in soup灯谜riddles written on lanterns清明节清明节Pure Brightness Day/Tomb-sweeping Day祭祖offer sacrifice to one’s ancesters孝道filial piety端午节Dragon Boat Festival(5th of the fifth lunar month)粽子rice dumpling舞龙dragon dance舞狮lion dance中秋节Moon Festibal/Mid Autumn Day(15th of the eight lunar month)重阳节Double Ninth Day/the Aged Day天干地支the heavenly stems and earthly branches本命年one’s year of birth considered in relation to the12Terrestrial Branches 十二生肖zodiac二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms闰年leap year闰月leap month佛Buddha佛教Buddhism佛教徒Buddhist道教Taoism气功Qigong;controlled breathing exercises武术martial art;Kong Fu符Talisman儒家思想Confucianism四书The Four Books《大学》The Great Learning《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius《孟子》The Mencius五经the Five Classics《诗经》The Books of Songs;the Book of Odes《尚书》The Books of History《易经》the Book of Changes《礼记》the Book of Rites《春秋》the Spring and Autumn Annals世界文化遗产World cultural heritage故宫the Imperial Palace故宫博物院the Palace Museum紫禁城Forbidden City天坛the Temple of Heaven民间传说folklores民间艺术folk arts皮影戏shadow play;leather-silhouette show杂技acrobatics杂耍variety show说书story-telling旗袍Cheongsam唐装traditional Chinese garments(clothing),Tang suit中山装Chinese tunic suit唐三彩Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass文房四宝The four stationery treasure of the Chinese study—a writing brush,an ink stick,an ink stone and paper文人men of letters文物cultural relics中国画traditional Chinese painting书法calligraphy水墨画Chinese brush painting;ink and wash painting工笔traditional Chinese realistic painting中国文学Chinese literature《三字经》three-character scripture;three-word chant《孙子兵法》The Art of War《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游记》Journey to the West;Pilgrimage to the West《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes;Tales of the Water Margin《山海经》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers《史记》Records of the Grand Historian《汉书》the Book of Han《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror;Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Ruler《聊斋志异》Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio;Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio 《围城》Fortress Besieged《阿Q正传》The True Story of Ah Q8.2文化类词汇英译汉Academy Awards学院奖（奥斯卡金像奖）action film动作片atheism无神论avant-garde（艺术风格）前卫/先锋；先锋派baby shower迎婴聚会Badger game美人计Beat generation垮掉的一代buffet自助餐cable television有线电视Catholic天主教徒Catholicity天主教Cathedral大教堂Chinese knot中国结Cultural shock文化冲击Darwinism达尔文主义Dog days七八月份的酷暑期，伏天Double agent双重间谍fable寓言homophobia对同性恋(者)的憎恶（或恐惧）high tea下午茶Hollywood blockbuster好莱坞大片Hooligan足球流氓infomercial电视购物June-December wedding双方年龄悬殊的婚姻King’s English标准英语lacquer painting漆画Love child私生子legend传说paparazzo(singular).paparazzi(plural)狗仔队Poet laureate桂冠诗人premiere首映式Pulitzer Prize普利策奖punch line广告妙语Silent contribution隐名捐款Silly money来路不明的钱Silver screen银幕，电影界special effects特效stand-in;double替身演员stunt man特技演员sonnet十四行诗taboo禁忌three-D(three-dimensional)3D电影。

1. Abstract adj. based on general ideas or principles rather than specific examples or real events2. Amusement n.the feeling you have when you think something is funny3. Ballad n. a slow love song;a short story in the form of a poem or song4. Chorus n. a large group of people who sing together5. Bulletin n. a news report on radio or television;an official statement that tells people about something important;a letter or printed statement that a group or organization produces to tell people its news6.Carnival n. a public event at which people play music, wear special clothes, and dance in the streets:7. Carve v.to make an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood or stone8. Statue n.an image of a person or animal that is made in solid material such as stone or metal and is usually large9. Conservative adj. not liking changes or new ideas;not very modern in style, taste etc10. Colloquial adj. language or words that are colloquial are used mainly in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal speech11. Compile v. to make a book, list, record etc, using different pieces of information, music etc12. Cornerstone n. something that is extremely important because everything else depends on it13. Coverage n. when a subject or event is reported on television or radio, or in newspapers14. Diverse adj.very different from each other15. Embroider v. to decorate cloth by sewing a pattern, picture, or words on it with colored threads16. Fabricate v. to invent a story, piece of information etc in order to deceive someone17. Festoon v.to cover something with flowers, long pieces of material etc, especially for decoration18. Gallery n.a large building where people can see famous pieces of art19. Hermit n.someone who lives alone and has a simple way of life, usually for religious reasons20. Horizon n.the line far away where the land or sea seems to meet the sky21. Improvise v. to do something without any preparation, because you are forced to do this by unexpected events:22. Maxim n. a well-known phrase or saying, especially one that gives a rule for sensible behavior23. Mythology n. set of ancient myths; ideas or opinions that many people have, but that are wrong or not true:24. Ominous adj. making you feel that something bad is going to happen25. Opaque adj.difficult to understand:26. Portrait n. a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person27. Premiere n. the first public performance of a film, play, or piece of music28. Prologue n. the introduction to a play, a long poem etc29. Riddle n. a question that is deliberately very confusing and has a humorous or clever answer30. Transmission n.the process of sending out electronic signals, messages etc, using radio, television, or other similar equipment:31. Trumpet n.a musical instrument that you blow into, which consists of a curved metal tube that is wide at the end, and three buttons you press to change the notes32. Versatile adj.someone who is versatile has many different skills33. Academic adj.relating to education, especially at college or university level:34.Audiovisual n.involving the use of recorded pictures and sound:35. Auditorium n. the part of a theatre where people sit when watching a play, concert36. Certificate n. an official document that states that a fact or facts are true37. Diploma n.a document showing that someone has successfully completed a course of study or passed an examination38. Credentials n. someone's education, achievements, experience etc that prove they have the ability to do something39. Dissertation n. a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree40. Doctorate n.a university degree of the highest level41. Co-education a system in which students of both sexes are educated together42. Commencement n.a ceremony at which university, college, or high school students receive their DIPLOMA s43. Seminar n.a class at a university or college for a small group of students and a teacher to study or discuss a particular subject:44. Fraternity n. A body of people associated for a common purpose or interest, such as a guild.45. Confer v.To bestow;To invest with46. Credit n.an arrangement with a shop, bank etc that allows you to buy something and pay for it later47. Curriculum n.the subjects that are taught by a school, college etc, or the things that are studied in a particular subject:48. Infuse v.to fill something or someone with a particular feeling or quality49. Dean n.someone in a university who is responsible for a particular area of work:50. Discipline n.a way of training someone so that they learn to control their behavior and obey rules51. Elementary adj.simple or basic52. Encyclopedia n.a book or CD, or a set of these, containing facts about many different subjects, or containing detailed facts about one subject53. Enrollment n.the process of arranging to join a school, university, course etc:54. Erudite adj.showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study55. Postgraduate n. someone who is studying at a university to get a MASTER'S DEGREE or a P H D56. Forum n.an organization, meeting, TV program etc where people have a chance to publicly discuss an important subject57. Lecturer n.someone who gives lectures, especially in a university58. Kindergarten n.a school or class for children aged five59. Instruct v.to officially tell someone what to do60. Mentor n.an experienced person who advises and helps a less experienced person61. Orientation n.the type of activity or subject that a person or organization seems most interested in and gives most attention to62. Pop quiz v.a short test that a teacher gives without any warning, in order to check whether students have been studying63. Qualification n.if you have a qualification, you have passed an examination or course to show you have a particular level of skill or knowledge in a subject64. Revise v.to change something because of new information or ideas65. Chancellor n. the person who officially represents a British university on special occasions; the person in charge of some American universities66. Audit v.to attend a course at university without intending to take examinations in it or get a CREDIT for it67. Drill v.to teach students, sports players etc by making them repeat the same lesson, exercise etc many times68. Extension n.part of a university or college that offers courses to people who are not full time students69. Primer n.a book that contains basic information about something70. Propaganda rmation which is false or which emphasizes just one part ofa situation, used by a government or political group to make people agree with them:71. Slate n.a small black board or a flat piece of slate in a wooden frame used for writing on in the past72. Counsel v.to advise someone73. Detention n.a punishment in which children who have behaved badly are forced to stay at school for a short time after the others have gone home74. Confession n.a statement that you have done something wrong, illegal, or embarrassing, especially a formal statement:75. Prose n.written language in its usual form, as opposed to poetry76. (state)stipend/subsidy n.money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc.77. Undergraduate n.a student at college or university, who is working for their first degree.78. chairman; chairperson n. someone who is in charge of a meeting or directs the work of a committee or organization.79. Minor n. the second main subject that you study at university for your degree.80. Foundation n. an organization that gives or collects money to be used for special purposes, especially for CHARITY or for medical RESEARCH.81. Principal n.a man who has control or authority over middle school.82. pass：a successful result in an examination.83.boarder n. a student who stays at a school during the night, as well as during the day.84. Instructor n. someone who gives lectures, especially in a university.85. Rewards n. something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked hard.86. Scholarship n. an amount of money that is given to someone by an educational organization to help pay for their education.87. Professor n. a teacher of the highest rank in a university department.88. Course n. a course of lessons in which the student works at home and sendscompleted work to their teacher by post.89. Intern n. someone, especially a student, who works for a short time in a particular job in order to gain experience.90. Climax n. the most exciting or important part of a story or experience, which usually comes near the end91. Librarian n. someone who works in a library.92. Nursery n. someone who has been trained to look after young children.93.alumnus; alumna n. a former student of a school, college etc.94.thesis; dissertation n. a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree such as an MA or a PhD.95. tuition (fee)n. the money you pay for being taught.96.graduate n. someone who has completed a university degree, especially a first degree.97. Serial n.a story that is broadcast or printed in several separate parts on television, in a magazine etc:98. graduation certificate n.a document showing that someone has successfully completed a course of study or passed an examination.99. doctor (Ph. D)n.someone who holds the highest level of degree given by a university.100. Bachelor n. a first university DEGREE, such as a BA,B.S., or BSC.。

EDUCATION教育1.Alma Mater 母校2.Bachelor’s degree 学士学位3.college equivalency大学同等学力4.degree 学位5.diploma毕业文凭6.division 分校7.doctoral degree / Ph.D degree博士学位8.eliminate illiteracy扫盲9.intercultural exchange 国际文化交流10.Jurist Master (JM) 法律硕士11.Jurum Doctor (JD) 法学博士12.life-long learning 终身学习13.Master’s degree 硕士学位14.MIT 麻省理工学院15.non-residential college 不提供住宿的大学16.on -job training 在职培训17.open universities (采用电视、广播、函授进行教学的)开放大学18.polytechnic adj./ n. 工艺学校, 工艺的，19.Princeton 美国普林斯顿大学20.qualifying examination 资格考试21.residential college 提供住宿的大学22.school dropout / leaver 辍/失学青少年23.self-discipline 自我约束24.Stanford斯坦福大学25.study by correspondence 通过函授学习26.the Open University, UK （英国）开放大学27.tuition (fee) 学费28.UC Berkeley 加洲伯克利大学29.Univ Edinburgh 爱丁堡大学30.Univ Munich 慕尼黑大学31.Univ Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学32.Univ Toronto 多伦多大学33.vocational school 职业学校34.1.电视广播大学television and radio broadcasting university2.函授学院correspondence school3.成人夜校night school for adults4.业余艺术/体育学校amateur arts/athletic school5.附中middle / high school affiliated to …6.在职进修班on-job training course7.政治思想教育political and ideological education8.自学成才to become educated through independent study9.奖学金scholarship; fellowship; financial grant10.领取助学金的学生 a grant-aided student11.伙食费board expenses12.伙食补助food allowance13.博士生Ph.D candidate14.博士后post–doctoral15.毕业鉴定graduation appraisal16.毕业生分配graduate placement17.伯乐 a good judge of talent (a name of a legendary person in the state of Qin during theSpring and Autumn Period who excelled in evaluating horses)18.博导supervisor of Ph.D. candidate / doctoral advisor19.成人高考/自学考试the national higher education exams for self-taught adults20.充电update one's knowledge21.初等教育elementary education22.大学城college town大学社区college community大专文凭associate degree23.分数mark; grade24.学习成绩academic record; school record25.成绩单transcript26.毕业论文(大学)paper; （研）thesis; （博）dissertation27.实习internship; field work28.毕业典礼graduation ceremony; commencement 毕业证书certificate29.高等教育higher education30.高等教育“211工程”the“211 Project”for higher education31.高等学府institution of higher education32.综合性大学comprehensive university33.文科院校colleges of (liberal) arts34.理工科大学college / university of science and engineering35.师范学院teachers' college / normal college36.工科大学polytechnic university37.农学院college of agriculture38.医学院medical school39.中医院institute of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)40.音乐学院music school41.美术学院academy of fine arts42.高分低能high scores and low abilities43.高考(university / college) entrance examination44.高校扩招the college expansion plan45.高中同等学力highschool equivalency46.广播电视大学radio and television university47.国家普通话水平考试National Proficiency Test of Putonghua (Mandarin)48.函授大学correspondence university49.副教授associate professor50.客座教授visiting professor; guest professor51.讲师lecturer52.助教assistant53.辅导员assistant for political and ideological work54.教研室/组teaching and research section/group55.教学法pedagogy; teaching method56.教育界education circle57.教育投入input in education58.九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education59.考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools60.课外的extracurriculum61.课外活动extracurricular activities62.课堂讨论class discussion63.必修课required / compulsory course64.选修课elective / optional course65.基础课basic course66.专业课specialized course67.课程表school schedule68.研究小组；讨论会seminar69.教学大纲teaching program; syllabus70.学习年限period of schooling71.学历record of formal schooling72.学年school/academic year73.学期(school)term; semester74.学分credit75.两院院academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy ofEngineering76.启发式教学heuristic education77.热门话题hot topic78.人才交流talents exchange79.人才战competition for talented people80.商务英语证书Business English Certificate (BEC)81.设计学院academy of design82.体育学院institute of physical culture83.适龄儿童入学率enrolment rate for children of school age84.授予某人学位to confer a degree on / to sb. /for sth (e.g. thesis)85.升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade86.（国家）助学金(state)stipend/subsidy/ financial aid87.硕博联读 a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study88.松江大学城Songjiang College Town89.素质教育quality-oriented education90.填鸭式教学cramming method of teaching91.同声传译simultaneous interpretation92.托福Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)93.脱产进修block release94.短训班short-term training course95.师生员工faculty, students and staff96.教学人员the faculty; teaching staff97.中、小学校长headmaster/headmistress; principal98.大专院校校长(美)president; （英）chancellor ; vice-chancellor99.教务长, (系)主任dean100.希望工程Project Hope101.小组讨论group discussions102.校训school motto103.校友alumnus(男); alumna（女）pl. alumni; alumnae104.学生会students' union/association105.走读生extern; non-resident student106.住宿生boarder107.旁听生auditor108.研究生graduate student; post-graduate (student)109.应届毕业生graduating student; current year’s graduate110.课程course; curriculum111.校园数字化campus digitalization112.校园文化campus culture113.学分credit points114.学汉语热enthusiasm in learning Chinese115.学历教育education with record of formal schooling116.学龄儿童school-ager117.学前教育preschool education118.学生减负alleviate the burden on students119.学时credit hours120.学位证书degree certificate121.学英语热enthusiasm in learning English122.义务教育compulsory education123.应试教育exam-oriented education124.优化教师队伍optimize the teaching staff125.在职博士生on-job doctorate126.在职研究生on-job postgraduates127.招生办公室admission office128.招生就业指导办公室enrolment and placement office129.职业道德work ethics130.职业高中（职高）vocational high school131.职业教育vocational education132.三学期制the trimester system133.定向招生students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 134.示范试点demonstration pilot project135.动员mobilize136.多学科的multi-disciplinary137.重点大学key university138.被授权be authorized to do139.博士后科研流动站center for post-doctoral studies140.国家发明奖National Invention Prize141.国家自然科学奖National Prize for Natural Sciences142.国家科技进步奖National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology143.学术报告会，专题讨论会symposium/ seminar144.记者招待会press conference145.国家教委State Education Commission146.国家统计局State Statistical Bureau147.国家教育经费national expenditure on education148.财政拨款financial allocation149.职业培训job training150.职业文盲functional illiterate151.专职教师full-time teacher152.智力引进recruit / introduce (foreign) talents153.智商intelligence quotient (IQ)154.中等教育secondary education155.主观能动性subjective initiative156.助学行动activity to assist the impoverished students157.准博士all but dissertation (ABD)158.自费留学go to study abroad at one's own expense159.自费研究生self-supporting/ self-sponsored graduate student2.2 中国现行教育制度问题1. 片面追求升学率to place undue emphasis on the proportion of students entering schools of a higher level2. 全面实施以德育为核心、以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育to carry on the quality education centering on moral education and emphasizing creativity and practice3. 教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德智体全面发展的建设者和接班人。

Chapter Five Learning Theories第五章学习理论Section B Behaviorism B部分行为主义What is Behaviorism? 什么是行为主义？Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.给我一打健康、外形完好的婴儿，把他们放在我设计的特殊的环境里培养，我敢保证，随便挑出一个来，我就能把他训练成为我所选择的任何一类专家---医生、律师、艺术家、商业首领，甚至是乞丐或小偷，而无论他的才能、爱好、倾向、能力或他的先辈的职业和种族是什么。

Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.行为心理学，也称为行为主义，是一种基于所有的行为都是通过条件刺激而产生的学习理论。

哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy夕卜国哲学Foreig n Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Scie nee of Religio n科学技术哲学Philosophy of Scie nee and Tech no logy经济学Econo mics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Econo mic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Populatio n, Resources andEn vir onmen tal Econo mics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (i ncludi ng Taxatio n)金融学(含保险学) Finance (in clud ing In sura nee)产业经济学In dustrial Econo mics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Scie nee of Law法学理论Jurisprudenee法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprude nee民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (in clud ing Scie nee of Labour Law and Scie nee of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Scienee of Procedure Laws经济法学Scienee of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Scienee of Environment and Natural Resources Protectio n Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、)Intern ati on al law (in clud ing Intern ati onal Public law,Intern ati onal Private Law and In ter nati onal Econo mic Law)军事法学Scienee of Military Law政治学Political Scie nee政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scie ntific Socialism and Intern ati onalCommunist Moveme nt中*史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party of Chi na(in cludi ng the Doctri ne of Chi na Party and Party Buildi ng)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Educatio n of Marxist Theory and Educatio n in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations夕卜交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学)Folklore (including Chinese FolkLiterature)民族学Eth nology民族学Eth nology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Eth nic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Educatio n教育学Educati on Scie nee教育学原理Educational Principle课程与教学论Curriculum and Teachi ng Methodology教育史History of Education比较教育学Comparative Education学前教育学Pre-school Education高等教育学Higher Education成人教育学Adult Education职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学Special Education教育技术学Education Technology心理学Psychology基础心理学Basic Psychology发展与心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology 应用心理学Applied Psychology体育学Scie nee of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Scienee of Sports运动人体科学Human Movement Scienee体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学Scienee of Ethnic Traditional Sports 文学Literature中国语言文学Chinese Literature文艺学Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学Lin guistics and Applied Lin guistics汉语言文字学Chinese Philology中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Moder n and Con temporary Chin ese Literature中国少数民族语言文学Chi nese Eth nic Lan guage and Literature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature夕卜国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学English Language and Literature俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学French Language and Literature德语语言文学German Language and Literature 日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature 印度语言文学Indian Language andLiterature 西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature 阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature 欧洲语言文学European Language and Literature 亚非语言文学Asian-African Language and Literature 夕卜国语言学及应用语言学Linguisticsand Applied Linguistics in Foreig n Lan guages 新闻传播学Journalism and Communication 新闻学Jour nalism 传播学Communi cati on 艺术学Art 艺术学Art Theory 音乐学Music 美术学Fi ne Arts 设计艺术学Artistic Design 戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera 电影学Film 广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art 舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History ofHistorical Scie nee考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学)Studies of HistoricalLiterature (in cludi ngPaleography and Studies of Dun hua ng)专门史History of Particular Subjects中国古代史Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史Moder n and Con temporary Chin ese History 世界史World History 理学Natural Scie nee数学Mathematics基础数学Fun dame ntal Mathematics计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics 应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics 物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Con de nsed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学(含化学物理) Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography In formation System大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric En vir onment海洋科学Marine Scie nces物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Mari ne Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学(含古人类学) Paleo ntology and Stratigraphy (in cludi ng Paleoa nthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Bota ny动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Gen etics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Scienee系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史History of Scie nee and Tech no logy工学Engin eeri ng力学Mecha nics一般力学与力学基础Gen eral and Fun dame ntal Mecha nics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mecha nics工程力学Engin eeri ng Mecha nics机械制造及其自动化Mecha ni cal Manu facture and Automation 机械工程Mecha ni cal Engin eeri ng机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engin eeri ng仪器科学与技术In strume nt Scie nee and Tech no logy精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器Measuri ng and Testi ng Tech no logies and In strume nts材料科学与工程Materials Scienee and Engineering材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学Materialogy材料^口工工程Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程Metallurgical Engin eeri ng冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engin eeri ng and Engin eeri ng Thermophysics工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics热能工程Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment电气工程Electrical Engin eeri ng电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automati on 高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and In sulati on Tech no logy 电力电子与电力传动Power Electr onics and Power Drives 电工理论与新技术Theory and New Tech no logy of Electrical Engin eeri ng电子科学与技术Electro nics Scie nee and Tech no logy物理电子学Physical Electronics电路与系统Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectro nics and Solid StateElectro nics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and MicrowaveTech no logy信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程Control Scienee and Engineering检测技术与自动化装置Detection Tech no logy and Automatic Equipme nt控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering系统工程Systems Engin eeri ng模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制Navigatio n, Guida nee and Co ntrol计算机科学与技术Computer Scie nee and Tech no logy计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology建筑学Architecture建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计(含风景园林规划与设计) Urban Pla nning and Desig n (in clud ing Lan dscape Planning and Desig n)建筑技术科学Building Technology Scienee土木工程Civil Engin eeri ng岩土工程Geotech ni cal Engin eeri ng结构工程Structural Engin eeri ng市政工程Muni cipal Engin eeri ng供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, GasSupply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Preve ntion and ReductionEngin eeri ng and Protective Engin eeri ng桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程Hydraulic Engin eeri ng水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dyn amics水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engin eer ing摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engin eeri ng and Tech no logy化学工程Chemical Engin eeri ng化学工艺Chemical Tech no logy生物化工Biochemical Engin eeri ng应用化学Applied Chemistry工业催化In dustrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological 矿产普查与Engin eeri ng勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术Geodetecti on and In formatio n Tech no logy 地质工程Geological Engin eeri ng矿业工程Min eral Engin eeri ng采矿工程Mining Engin eeri ng矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程Safety Tech no logy and Engin eeri ng石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程Textile Scienee and Engineering纺织工程Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material a nd Textiles Desig n纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engin eeri ng服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程The Light In dustry Tech no logy and Engin eeri ng 制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程Sugar Engin eeri ng发酵工程Ferme ntati on Engin eeri ng交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规戈U与管理Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Desig n and Co nstruction of Naval Architecture and Ocea n Structure轮机工程Marine Engine Engin eeri ng水声工程Un derwater Acoustics Engin eeri ng航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Scienee and Tech no logy飞行器设计Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程Aerospace Propulsion Theory andEngin eeri ng航空宇航器制造工程Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术Armame nt Scie nee and Tech no logy武器系统与运用工程Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术Armame nt Launch Theory and Tech no logy火炮、自动武器与弹药工程Artillery, Automatic Gun andAmmun iti on Engin eeri ng军事化学与烟火技术Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术Nuclear Scie nee and Tech no logy核能科学与工程Nuclear Energy Scienee and Engineering 核燃料循环与材料Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials 核技术及应用Nuclear Tech no logy and Applicati ons 辐射防护及环境保护Radiation and Environmental Protection 农业工程Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological En viro nmental and En ergy Engin eeri ng农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification andAutomati on林业工程Forestry Engin eeri ng森林工程Forest Engin eeri ng木材科学与技术Wood Scie nee and Tech no logy林产化学^口工工程Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程Environmental Scienee and Engineering环境科学En viro nmen tal Scie nee环境工程En viro nmen tai Engin eeri ng生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程Food Scienee and Engineering食品科学Food Seie nee粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engin eeri ng农产品加工及贮藏工程Processi ng and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程Processi ng and Storage of Aquatic Products农学Agriculture作物学Crop Scie nee作物栽培学与耕作学Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学Horticulture果树学Pomology蔬菜学Olericulture茶学Tea Scie nee农业资源利用学Utilization Scienee of Agricultural Resources土壤学Soil Scie nee植物营养学Plant Nutrition植物保护学Plant Protection植物病理学Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学Pesticide Scie nee畜牧学Animal Scienee动物遗传育种与繁殖Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Scie nee动物营养与饲料科学Animal Nutrition and Feed Scienee草业科学Practaculture Scie nee特种经济动物饲养学(含蚕、蜂等) The Reari ng of Special-type Econo micAn imals (in clud ing Silkworm, Hon eybees, etc.)兽医学Veteri nary Medic ine基础兽医学Basic Veter in ary Medici ne预防兽医学Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学Cli nical Veter in ary Medici ne林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用Wildlife Con servation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil and Water Co nservation andDesertification Combating水产学Fisheries Scie nee水产养殖学Aquaculture Scienee捕捞学Fishi ng Scie nee渔业资源学Scienee of Fisheries Resources医学Medici ne基础医学Basic Medici ne人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human An atomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学Immuno logy病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Fore nsic Medici ne放射医学Radiatio n Medici ne航空航天与航海医学Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学(含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学)Internal medicine (in cludi ng Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory,Gastroe nterology, En docri no logy and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, In fectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics 神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Men tal Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学Nurs ing外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学) Surgery (Gen eral Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, CardiothoracicSurgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gyn ecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学On cology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emerge ncy Medic ine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Scienee of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Scienee of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Health and Preve ntive Medic ine 流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics 劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupati onal and En vir onmen tal Health 营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal, Child and Adolesce nt Health 卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military Preventive Medicine中医学Chi nese Medic ine中医基础理论Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础Cli nical Fou ndation of Ch in ese Medic ine中医医史文献History and Literature of Chinese Medicine 方剂学Formulas of Chin ese Medici ne中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chi nese In ter nal Medici ne中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gyn ecology of Chi nese Medici ne中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of ChineseMedici ne针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medici ne民族医学Eth no medic ine中西医结合医学Ch in ese and Wester n In tegrative Medic ine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipli ne of Chi nese and WesternIn tegrative中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western In tegrative Medic ine药学Pharmaceutical Scie nee药物化学Medic in al Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacog nosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Scie nee of Chin ese Pharmacology军事学Military Scie nee军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Scie nee of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Scie nee of Operati ons联合战役学Joi nt Operation军种战役学(含第二炮兵战役学) Armed Service Operation (in cludi ng Operatio n of Strategic Missile Force)战术学Scie nee of Tactics合同战术学Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学Branch Tactics军队指挥学Scie nee of Comma nd作战指挥学Combat Comma nd军事运筹学Military Operation Research军事通信学Military Communication军事情报学Military Intelligenee密码学Cryptography军事教育训练学(含军事体育学) Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Trai ning)军制学Scie nee of Military System军事组织编制学Military Organizational System军队管理学Military Management军队政治工作学Scienee of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学Scie nee of Military Logistics and Military Equipme nt军事后勤学Military Logistics后方专业勤务Rear Special Service军事装备学Military Equipment管理学Man ageme nt Scie nee管理科学与工程Management Scienee and Engineering工商管理学Scie nee of Busin ess Admi nistratio n会计学Accounting企业管理学(含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学)Corporate Man ageme nt (in cludi ng Finan cial Man ageme nt, Marketi ng, and Huma n Resources Man ageme nt)旅游管理学Tourist Management技术经济及管理学Tech no logy Economy and Man ageme nt农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics &Man ageme nt农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学Scienee of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medici ne and Health 教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management 社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Scie nee of Library, I nformatio n and Archival Man ageme nt图书馆学Library Scie nee 情报学Information Science 档案学Archival Science。