Regularity control of porous anodic alumina and photodegradation activity of highly ordered tit

flow rate 流动度防错 mistake proofingfatigue 疲劳反应计划 reaction planabrasion resistance 耐磨性编制 compile /审核 audit /认证 certificate fundamental concept 基本原理,基本概念rector矢量，向量blast analogue 爆炸模拟symmetric 对称的，平衡的blast apparatus 鼓风设备neutral line 中性层，中性线prismatic bar 等截面杆dent 凹cross section 横截面indicator 指示器，测量仪表tensile stress 拉伸应力tolerance 公差compressive stress 压缩应力parameter 系数，参数normal stress 正应力coefficient 系数tensile strain 拉应变at right angles 成直角flash；burr 毛刺，毛边，溢料边be perpendicular to 垂直于slag 炉渣with respect to 相对于dross 熔渣，铁渣recondition 检修undercut 前角swarf 切屑，细铁屑tonnag 吨位precaution 维护Go gauge 通规swing 最大加工直径Not go gauge 止规scoring 划痕flowrate 流量indentation 压痕，凹痕differential 差异，差值vernier 游标尺chamfer 倒棱，槽vernier caliper 游标卡尺manipulator 机械手alternate 间隙，余隙diagnostics 诊断clearance 间隙sorting 挑选，分类pore 孔隙ductility 塑性，展延性job－shop 加工车间，机修车间configuration 外形，轮廓perpendicularn 垂线 adj.垂直的, 正交的grade into 分级，分段，分类，分度tensileadj 可拉长的, 可伸长的, [物]张力的, 拉力的elasticity 弹性degree of freedom 自由度dependability 可靠性repeatability 重复性preciseness 精度diversity 多样性finish 光洁度ovality 椭圆度taper 锥度，起模斜度surface roughness 表面粗糙度draft 起模斜度irregularity 不规则性，不均匀性，不对称性clarity 清晰度，透明度versatility 通用性integrability 可积性compressibility 压缩性straightness 直线性，平直度viscosity 粘性credibility 确实性，可信性solubility 可溶性relevancy 关联性uniaxial 同轴的，单轴的toughness 韧性axialadj 轴的, 轴向的brittleness 脆性stretch v.伸展, 伸长 n.一段时间, 一段路程, 伸展孔的作用尺寸 mating size for hole轴的作用尺寸 mating size for shaft实际表面 real surface一般公差 general tolerances表面轮廓 surface profile过盈量 amount of interference原始轮廓 primary profile基本过盈量 basic amount of interference中线 mean line过盈连接 interference coupling取样长度 sampling length纵向过盈连接 lengthways interference coupling 评定长度 evaluation length横向过盈连接 transverse interference coupling 轮廓滤波器 profile filter结合直径 coupling diameter轮廓峰 profile peak结合长度 coupling length轮廓谷 profile valley直径比 diameter ratio轮廓单元 profile element相对过盈量 opposed amount of interference区域参数 field parameters压平深度 press depth特征参数 feature parameters压平量 amount of press齿廓偏差 tooth profile deviation结合压力 coupling pressure齿廓形状偏差 form deviation of tooth profile直径变化量 change amount of diameter齿廓倾斜偏差 angle deviation of tooth profile有效过盈量 active amount of interference基圆齿距偏差 base circular pitch deviation压入力 press-in force螺旋线偏差 spiral deviation压出力 press-out force轮齿接触斑点 contact tracks检修周期 Verify & Repair Cycle轴线平行度误差 parallelism deviation of the axes预期寿命 Expectation Life间隙配合 clearance fit制造厂家 Manufacturer垂直平面内的平行度误差 parallelism deviation on the vertical plane 设计时效模式及后果分析 design failure mode and effects analysis齿厚偏差 thickness deviation of teeth中心距偏差 center distance deviation 最小间隙 minimum clearance位置公差 position tolerance最大间隙 maximun clearence位置误差 position error配合公差 variation of fit形位公差带 tolerance zone基孔制配合 hole-basis system of fits形状误差 form error基轴制配合 shaft-basis system of fits定向误差 orientation error 波纹度 waveness定位误差 location error 塞规 plug gauge跳动误差 run-out error 环规 cylindrical ring gauge直线度 straightness 卡规 gap gauge平面度 flatness 通规 go gauge圆度 roundness 止规 not go gauge圆柱度 cylindricity 极限指示计 limit indicating gauges线轮廓度 profile of any line 基本轮廓 primary profile面轮廓度 profile of any surface 要素 feature基准要素 datum feature 轮廓要素 profile feature形状公差 form tolerance 耐久性 durability圆柱度 cylindricity 金相 metallography沉孔 counter bore 分配 apportionment减重孔 lightening hole 基准数据 benchmark data探伤检查 flaw detection 材料清单 bill of material等距摆放be placed at regular distances 特性矩阵图 characteristics matrix剩磁强度 remanence intensity 力学性能mechanical property刀具磨损 cutting-tool wear 可制造型和装配设计 design for轮廓度 profile tolerance 化学成分chemical composition官僚 bureaucracy 物理性能physical characteristics激进主义者 activist 拉伸极限强度 tension ultimate strength试运行 trial run 无磕碰 no scar预启动 pre-launch 无锈蚀 no rust白班 daily shift 夜班 night shift 划伤 nick 裂纹 crack质量保证 guarantee of qualitypotential cause of failure 潜在失效原因年度回顾 post process review-performance evaluation and business review potential failure mode 潜在失效模式模具评估 tooling assessment potential effects of failure 潜在失效后果首样检验 FAI sev.严重度数小批量试制 pilot order occu 频度数生产阶段 production detec 不易探测数质量问题处理和跟踪 quality issue solving and tracking RPN 风险顺序数下达订单 cut order 订单PO产品先期策划和控制计划：一种结构化的方法，用来确定和制定确保某产品使顾客满意所需的步骤。

SAT填空题从总体难度上来说是比较简单的，相比于GRE填空，逻辑关系简单，所以通过单一的解题方法，可以迅速搞定。

首先找取同还是取反，然后是对什么取同取反，也就是逻辑关系清楚透析，剩下的就是单词功底。

SAT词汇量要求大概在12000左右，此文不对大量词汇探讨归纳，也不留意单词的背诵，而是检视其中常考单词类型。

因为生难单词的背诵要花费大量功夫，求巧不得，而分析常考单词类型却是对已知词汇的梳理，找出利用已知词汇解题的方法，尤其在应对“新”单词方面。

每次SAT考试都会放出“新”单词，所谓“新”就是这些单词你以前从来没见过或者是熟词僻义。

这些词汇本身有生僻意思或者进行了变形，而每次起关键作用的正是这些词。

很多人对此产生误区，认为应该多加准备，甚至有人提出了背字典的方法，想法可敬，实施虚幻，实在是本末倒置，以致“愚公移山”走入“缘木求鱼”。

笔者发现SAT填空方面的熟词僻义大致分为两类，一是多义单词，再就是変义单词。

这些单词考察范围有限，重新出现频率很高，所以“鉴于往事，以资于政道”的思路会一劳永逸，平时做题注意积累以分门别类是至关重要的。

本篇文章无法预测未出现的单词，却对已经出现的熟词僻义进行了些许总结，以飨读者。

一、多义单词：关于此类多义单词，即单词本身我们认识，却没有掌握全面意思，而有些生僻意思是SAT 填空经常考察的，我们先看一个例题。

OG-454-S2-5: Just as glass windows offer buildings both light and insulation, certain atmospheric gases___ incoming sunlight and___ heat radiated from the ground, preventing warmth from escaping.A. conduct…..releaseB.deflect…..transmitC. admit…..containD. absorb…..dispenseE.resist…..trap（正确答案：admit….. contain）首先通过as判断逻辑关系，其次找出关键词light和insulation，对应下面__ incoming sunlight和___ heat radiated from the ground，不难预判第一空格是有，第二空格是没有，依此需找答案，发现C是符合的，这里考察到了contain的一个生僻意，即抑制。

4924,"oafish","[`EJfIF]adj 痴呆的；愚蠢的【记】读：o哦，a fish，哦，这儿有一条鱼－很傻的感觉【区】oak（n 橡树）；oar（n 船桨）；oatmeal＝oat（n 燕麦片）【反】urbanity（n 有礼貌；文雅）－oafishness"4925,"oasis","[EJ5eIsIs]n 沙漠中的绿洲【记】o哦，as好像，is是：哦，好像是绿洲（一般在沙漠中见到绿洲都有一点儿不相信自己的眼睛，所以是“好像”）【类】glade:wood＝oasis:desert＝archipelago:ocean林间空地在树木中＝绿洲在沙漠中＝群岛在海洋中"4926,"obdurate","[5RbdjJrIt; (?@) 5BbdErIt]adj 固执的；不知悔意的＝hardhearted＝intractable【记】ob不，dur＝endure 忍耐，ate一不能忍耐变化一固执的【类】firmness:obdurate＝carefulness:meticulous特别坚定是顽固的＝特别小心是十分小心的energetic:frenetic＝firm:obdurate＝frugal:penurious特积极的是狂热的＝特坚定的是顽固的＝特节俭的是吝啬的penitent:obdurate＝skeptic:credulous悔过者不是顽固的＝怀疑者不是轻信的obdurate:move＝? 顽固的不会动摇＝?【反】toward（adj 温顺的）"4927,"obedient","[EJ5bi:dIEnt]adj （对上级命令、指示或指令）服从的，顺从的【记】源于：obey（v 服从）【反】contumacious（adj 不听令的）；impertinent（adj 鲁莽无礼的）；imperious（adj 专横的）；impudent（adj 放肆无礼的）；imperial（adj 皇帝的）"4928,"obeisance","[EJ5beIsEns]n （表示尊重或敬意的）鞠躬，敬礼【类】obeisance:reverence＝embrace:affection 鞠躬表示敬意＝拥抱表示友情"4929,"obese","[EJ5bi:s]adj 极其肥胖的【记】读：我必死，因为太太太胖了"4930,"obfuscate","[5RbfQskeIt]v 使困惑（使得难于理解）【记】ob，fusc＝fuse导火索，ate吃：在吃的上面插导火索－使困惑【类】headstrong:willfulness＝obfuscate:confusing顽固的:任性＝使困惑:胡涂的（词性不符）cowardice:intimidate＝perplexed:obfuscate懦弱是因为被胁迫＝困惑的是因为被使模糊【反】elucidate（v 阐明）；illuminate（v 照明；阐明）；explain clearly（清楚解释）；clarify（v 澄清）；"4931,"obfuscation","n 困惑【类】equivocation:truth＝euphemis m:offense＝obfuscation:clarity真理不含糊＝冒犯不委婉＝清晰不困惑rationalization:plausible＝obfuscation:indiscernible『equivocation:definite』合理化不是似是而非的＝困惑不是难以识别的『模棱两可不是确定的』【反】lucidity（n 明朗）"4932,"obituary","[E5bItjJErI; (?@) E5bItFJerI]n 讣闻（死后发表的附有死者简要传记）【记】ob离开，it他，uary：他离开我们后写的东西－讣告【类】roster:staff＝obituary:death花名册记录职员＝讣告记录死亡"4933,"oblation","[E5bleIF(E)n]n 供品，祭品（向神供奉，为了敬神或感恩）【记】读：我不累神－我不累的为神提供祭品"4934,"obligatory","[E5blI^EtErI]adj 强制性的；义不容辞的【记】源于：oblige（v 迫使；施恩）；obligation（n 义务）【类】elected:obliged＝? 选举出的:强迫＝?【反】discretionary（adj 自由决定的）；selective（adj 选择性的）；elective（adj 选任的）；oblige（v 迫使；施恩；帮忙）－discommode（v 使不方便）"4935,"obliging","[E5blaIdVIN]adj 热心助人的＝accommodating【记】源于：oblige（v 迫使；施恩；帮忙）【类】visionary:idealistic＝officious:obliging幻想的:理想主义的＝过分插手的:热心的（褒贬）"4936,"oblique","[E5bli:k]adj 斜的；不坦率的【记】读：我不立que一不是站着－斜的【反】direct（adj 径直的）"4937,"obliterate","[E5blItEreIt]v 擦掉（字迹）；切除（肢体）【记】ob去掉，liter字，ate一擦掉（文字）【类】inspire:infuse ＝obliterate:remove＝accomodate:supply＝convey:conduct激励＝除掉＝提供＝运输（同义）inter:burial＝obliterate:removal＝saturated:wet埋葬＝除掉（动名词同义）＝湿的（词性不符）ineffable:description＝irradicable:obliterate不能说的无法描述＝不能根除的无法删除【反】inexpurgate（v 无法除去）"4938,"oblivious","[E5blIvIEs]adj 遗忘的；疏忽的【记】读：我不理vious，我不理你了，我要把你忘了。

a r X i v :0806.2170v 2 [c o n d -m a t .m e s -h a l l ] 16 J u n 2008Topological defects in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers with perpendicularanisotropyN.S.Kiselev 1,2,∗U.K.R¨o ßler 1,†A.N.Bogdanov 1,and O.Hellwig 31IFW Dresden,Postfach 270116,D-01171Dresden,Germany2Donetsk Institute for Physics and Technology,83114Donetsk,Ukraine and3San Jose Research Center,Hitachi Global Storage Technologies,San Jose,CA 95135,USAA rich variety of specific multidomain textures recently observed in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy include regular (equilibrium)multidomain states as well as different types of topological magnetic defects.Within a phenomenological theory we have classified and analyzed the possible magnetic defects in the antiferromagnetic ground state and determine their structures.We have derived the optimal sizes of the defects as functions of the antiferromagnetic exchange,the applied magnetic field,and geometrical parameters of the multilayer.The calculated magnetic phase diagrams show the existence regions for all types of magnetic defects.Experimental investigations of the remanent states (observed after different magnetic pre-history)in [Co/Pt]/Ru multilayers with wedged Co layers reveal a corresponding succession of different magnetic defect domain types.PACS numbers:,75.50.Ee,75.30.Kz,85.70.Li,Antiferromagnetically coupled [Co/Pt]/Ru,Co/Ir,Fe/Au,[Co/Pt]/NiO multilayers with strong perpendic-ular magnetic anisotropy represent a new class of syn-thetic magnetic materials characterized by a cascade of field-driven reorientation transitions,extended regions of metastable states and specific multidomain structures [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].These spatially inhomogeneous mag-netic textures can be separated into two fundamentally different groups.Regular multidomain configurations,which correspond to the global or local minima of the sys-tems,and irregular networks of domain walls and bands within the antiferromagnetic ground state.The latter are topologically stable inclusions of “old”phases trapped within the equilibrium states.These defects display a large variability and their hysteretic formation strongly depends on the magnetic and temperature pre-history [1,3,4,6,7].In this Letter we investigate the field-driven evolution of the regular phases and their topological defects using a basic micromagnetic model for antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers with out-of-plane anisotropy.The calculated magnetic phase diagrams show the stability limits of the regular equilibrium states and indicate the regions where different types of magnetic defects can ex-ist.Magnetization processes can be analysed using these phase diagrams.The approach provides a consistent pic-ture for the formation of specific remanent states in an-tiferromagnetically coupled multilayers and explains the physical mechanisms for the configurational hysteresis of multidomain states as recently observed in experiments on [Co/Pt]/Ru [2,4,6,7]and [Co/Pt]/NiO [3]multilay-ers.Antiferromagnetically coupled Co superlattices inves-tigated in [1,3,4,6,7]include N ”ferromagnetic”blocks composed of X bilayers [Co(h )/M (t )]antiferromagnti-cally coupled via A (s )spacers (M =Pt,Pd,A =Ru,h/l0.20.40.6d /lFIG.1:(Color online)The transition region between the ho-mogeneous antiferromagentic phase and the ferrostripes.The first-order transition line between these states is shown by a thick (blue)line o −b −b ′.The ferrostripes are metastable within the shaded area.The ferromagnetic bands (Fig.3a)exist between o −a −a ′and o −b −b ′lines.Thick (red)line δ/l =0.1corresponds to the horizontal axis in Fig.2,h a =0.401,h b =0.923.NiO,Ir)with thicknesses h ,t ,s of the corresponding nanolayers.Following [5,8]we write the reduced energy density (w =W/(2πM 2XN )of ferromagnetic stripes asw =4lhX1−12πM+w m (D,q ).(1)The first term in (1)is the domain wall energy,l =σ/(4πM 2)is the characteristic length with domain wall energy density σ,the exchange length δ=J/(2πM 2)equals the ratio of the antiferromagnetic coupling J >0and the stray-field energy,the reduced magnetization q =(d 1−d 2)/D is defined as ratio of the difference be-tween the widths of up and down domains (d 1,d 2)and2H M /(4)p FIG.2:(Color online)The magnetic phase diagram of the equilibrium states in reduced variables for layer thickness h/l and bias field H/(4πM ).Metamagnetic stripes exist within area c −g −d .The thick line c −d indicates the first-order tran-sition between metamagnetic and shifted ferro stripes.The shifted ferro stripes phase transforms discontinuously into the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases along lines b −c and d −e ,correspondingly.The first-order lines meet in the triple points c (0.874,0.043)and d (0.845,0.072).The dotted (green)line a −f is the stability limit of the ferromagnetic band defects.The lower panel indicates thickness intervals for the different types of remanent states.The inset shows the region of the magneticphase diagram for [Co/Pd]/Ru multilayers invesigated in Ref.[4].the domain period D =d 1+d 2.The stray field en-ergy w m includes the ”self”energies of individual layers and the energies of dipolar interactions between them.This can be expressed as a set of finite integrals [8,10].The equilibrium domain configurations of the stripes are derived by minimization of w with respect to D and q [8].The seven control parameters of the model (δ/l ,H/(4πM ),h/l ,s/l ,t/l ,X ,N )create a complex multi-dimensional phase diagram of possible solutions.To demonstrate main features of these solutions we consider a simple model for N =2(Fig.1).The phase dia-gram for weak enough interlayer exchange in Fig.1con-tains the antiferromagnetic monodomain or ferrostripe phases.These phases are the possible ground states of the multilayers investigated in [1,3,4,6,7].The antifer-romagnetic exchange coupling causes a relative shift of domains (a ∝δ)in adjacent layers (Fig.1).This lat-eral shift induces the instability of the ferrostripe phase at lower thickness [5](Fig.1).In a magnetic field the antiferromagnetic phase transforms into the saturated state via a specific multidomain phase.This is similar to a metamagnetic phase transition in bulk antiferro-magnets [11].In an intermediate (metamagnetic )phase domains arise only in one of the ferromagnetic blocks while the other remains in the homogeneous (saturated)state (Fig.2).In the limit of large domains (D ≫L ,a /hFIG.3:(Color online)The optimal values of the reduced width a/h for ferrobands (a)and metastable shifted fer-rostripes (d)(dashed lines)as functions of the reduced ex-change length δ/h for different thickness ratio s/h .The inset shows antiferromagnetic domains with sharp walls (b)and metamagnetic band defects (c).L =2Xh +2(X −1)t +s is the multilayer thickness)the energy of the metamagnetic phase can be reduced to the following formw =1−4hX2−lnπhX (η∗)2−η2,q =(2/π)arcsin (η/η∗),(3)where η∗=πexp(−Λ+1/2).The upper (H 1)and lower (H 2)limiting fields of the metamagnetic region can be written asH 1,2=2πM δXh +γ(X ).(4)The metamagnetic transition has been observed in [Co/Pd]/Ru multilayers with X =7and N =2,h =0.4nm,t =1.8nm,and s =0.8nm [4].For this multilayer Eqs.(3)yields the domain period D 0=3.43µm in the center of the metamagnetic region H 0(q =0),and the width of this region ∆H =3mT.For the experimental value H 0=0.126T and the saturation magnetization 4πM =1.85T the equation H 0=2πM (δ/h )(η=0)yields δ=0.38nm.The calculated magnetic phase dia-gram,using this value of the exchange length,for these [Co/Pd]/Ru systems (Fig.3,Inset)shows a widening of the metastable region for X >7.In the multilayers with N ≥4the metamagnetic transition occurs first in the surface layer at H ∝δ/h ,and then in the internal layers at higher field H ∝2δ/h .This kind of two-step transition3(a)(b)(c)(f)(e)(d)FIG.4:(Color online)Multidomain patterns observed in Pt(20)[[Co(h)Pt(0.7)]7Co(h)Ru(0.9)]14[Co(h)Pt(0.7)]8Pt(0.13)multilayers with wedged Co layers after out-of-plane saturation (a-c)and in-plane demagnetization (d-f).(h =0.4-0.44nm for a-c,e,f and h =0.36-0.4nm for d,field of view is 7µm ×4µm).in an external field has been observed in [Co/Pt]/Ru sys-tems [7].Similarly,it also occurs in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers with in-plane magnetization [12].The main types of topological defects in the antiferro-magnetic ground state include ferro bands (Figs.3(a),4(e)),antiferromagnetic domains with sharp domain walls (3(b),4(d)),and metamagnetic bands (3(c),4(a),(b)).For isolated ferro bands the total energy can be written asE =2M 2h 2[F (u,τ)+2π(δ/h )u ](5)F (u,τ)=2f (a,τ)−f (u,τ+1)−f (u,τ−1)f (u,ω)=(ω2−u 2)ln(ω2+u 2)−ω2ln(ω2)−4ωu arctan(u/ω).The equation dE/da =0derives the optimal ferroband widths (Fig.3).These solutions are consistent with numerical results in [2,6].The equation d 2E/du 2=0yields the critical value of the band width a cr =。

LARGE-SCALE BIOLOGY ARTICLEA Sister Group Contrast Using Untargeted Global Metabolomic Analysis Delineates the BiochemicalRegulation Underlying Desiccation Tolerance inSporobolus stapfianus C W OAMelvin J.Oliver,a,1,2Lining Guo,b,1Danny C.Alexander,b John A.Ryals,b Bernard W.M.Wone,cand John C.Cushman da U.S.Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service,Plant Genetic Research Unit,University of Missouri,Columbia, Missouri65211b Metabolon Inc.,Durham,North Carolina27713c Department of Biological Sciences,University of Nevada,Reno,Nevada89557-0314d Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Nevada,Reno,Nevada89557-0200Understanding how plants tolerate dehydration is a prerequisite for developing novel strategies for improving drought tolerance.The desiccation-tolerant(DT)Sporobolus stapfianus and the desiccation-sensitive(DS)Sporobolus pyramidalis formed a sister group contrast to reveal adaptive metabolic responses to dehydration using untargeted global metabolomic analysis.Young leaves from both grasses at full hydration or at60%relative water content(RWC)and from S.stapfianus at lower RWCs were analyzed using liquid and gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry or tandem mass parison of the two species in the fully hydrated state revealed intrinsic differences between the two metabolomes. S.stapfianus had higher concentrations of osmolytes,lower concentrations of metabolites associated with energy metabolism,and higher concentrations of nitrogen metabolites,suggesting that it is primed metabolically for dehydration stress.Further reduction of the leaf RWC to60%instigated a metabolic shift in S.stapfianus toward the production of protective compounds,whereas S.pyramidalis responded differently.The metabolomes of S.stapfianus leaves below40% RWC were strongly directed toward antioxidant production,nitrogen remobilization,ammonia detoxification,and soluble sugar production.Collectively,the metabolic profiles obtained uncovered a cascade of biochemical regulation strategies critical to the survival of S.stapfianus under desiccation.INTRODUCTIONThe impact of drought on crop production is of continuous and growing concern as the world struggles to meet food production targets for an increasing global population.The predicted and emerging changes in global climate patterns generally forecast an increase in the number and severity of drought events that will negatively impact the production and stability of food supplies (Schmidhuber and Tubiello,2007).Drought usually implies a composite stress condition that includes soil water deficits, increased daytime temperatures,and reduced nutrient availabil-ity,but,occasionally,also increased salinity in the soil.However, the most important factor limiting growth and impairing plant productivity is the drop in water availability to the plant.For example,Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to mild water deficits cease shoot and root growth at water potentials of only 21and20.6megapascal(MPa),respectively,in controlled conditions(van der Weele et al.,2000).More severe water deficits that send leaf osmotic potentials to22.6860.46MPa result in a95%lethality rate for mature Arabidopsis plants (Columbia ecotype;Yang et al.2005).In general,most crop species are very sensitive to soil water potential and only rarely survive soil water deficits that drive leaf water potentials to24 MPa(Proctor and Pence,2002).Thus,Arabidopsis and other models are not appropriate for studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms of dehydration tolerance.Cellular responses to water deficits include growth inhibition, stomatal closure,limited transpiration,and reduced photosyn-thesis,and those responses that enhance cellular dehydration tolerance(Mullet and Whitsitt,1996).Understanding which re-sponses are critical and adaptive for maintaining plant growth and productivity is essential for developing strategies that1These authors contributed equally to this work.2Address correspondence to mel.oliver@.The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to thefindings presented in this article in accordance with the policy describedin the Instructions for Authors()is:Mel Oliver(mel.oliver@).C Somefigures in this article are displayed in color online but in blackand white in the print edition.W Online version contains Web-only data.OA Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription./cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.110.082800The Plant Cell,Vol.23:1231–1248,April2011,ã2011American Society of Plant Biologistsimprove drought tolerance of all major crops.Work with the major archetypal species,both crop(e.g.,maize)and noncrop (e.g.,Arabidopsis),has established a wealth of information and a substantial catalog of cellular responses to water deficits.How-ever,most studies of water deficit responses in plants do not attempt to reach water potentials that would generate significant cellular dehydration,and many remain in the range where os-motic adjustment can prevent significant dehydration of the cellular environment.This is because most present-day angio-sperms cannot survive dehydration of their vegetative tissues to 20to30%of full turgor(RWC),which translates to between25 and210MPa(Proctor and Pence,2002).The lowest reported water potential reached for an angiosperm that is not DT is212.1 MPa for Larrea divaricata,a desert shrub(Cunningham and Burk, 1973).Despite the array of data characterizing water deficit responses that may relate to dehydration tolerance,there is still little understanding as to which responses,whether at the gene or cellular level,are actually adaptive in nature and truly critical for or central to tolerance(Bray,2002).Much of what we know of dehydration tolerance in vegetative tissues of plants comes from studies involving the so-called DT or resurrection plants that can tolerate water deficits so severe that the plants loose all available free water from their tissues. The increased interest in drought tolerance and the accelerating search for novel genetic components and strategies for improv-ing or maintaining crop production under soil water deficits has renewed interest in DT plants(Moore et al.,2009;Oliver et al., 2010).Several species have been studied in depth with a view toward understanding the genes that control the underlying mechanisms and processes involved in desiccation tolerance. These include a bryophyte Tortula ruralis;the clubmosses Se-laginella lepidophylla and Selaginella tamariscina;the dicots Craterostigma plantagineum,Craterostigma wilmsii,Boea hy-grometrica,and Myrothamnusflabellifolia;and the monocots Xerophyta viscosa,Xerophyta humalis,and S.stapfianus(re-viewed in Ingram and Bartels,1996;Alpert and Oliver,2002; Moore et al.,2009;Cushman and Oliver,2010;Oliver et al., 2010).Many studies using resurrection species are now focusing on gene discovery,large-scale transcriptome profiling of dehy-dration responses(Rodriguez et al.,2010),signaling pathways, and functional roles of individual genes in the desiccation re-sponse(reviewed in Cushman and Oliver,2010;Oliver et al., 2010).Proteomic-level investigations have also been under-taken,and novel insights into the dehydration response of several DT species have enriched our understanding of the cellular protection mechanisms that underpin desiccation toler-ance(Alamillo and Bartels,2001;Georgieva et al.,2009;re-viewed in Cushman and Oliver,2010).Perhaps some of the more revealing insights come from small-scale but in-depth analyses of metabolic processes that emerge or respond during the systemic loss of water from resurrection plants(reviewed in Cushman and Oliver,2010).Soluble sugars accumulate,and associated enzyme activities increase,in all DT tissues studied to date,sometimes in combination with oligo-saccharides(Vertucci and Farrant,1995;Whittaker et al.,2001; Phillips et al.,2002;Illing et al.,2005;Farrant,2007;Peters et al., 2007;Iturriaga et al.,2009).The disaccharide Suc is the most common soluble sugar associated with desiccation tolerance in resurrection plants and accumulates during drying(Smirnoff, 1992;Ghasempour et al.,1998).Amino acids such as Arg and Asn,perhaps derived from the breakdown of damaged proteins, accumulate in large amounts during the later stages of dehydra-tion in some resurrection species,as observed in S.stapfianus (Whittaker et al.,2007),and may,in addition to their roles as osmolytes,provide nitrogen and carbon for the return of growth and metabolism upon rehydration(Martinelli et al.,2007a).In addition to metabolites associated with cellular protection, other metabolites are thought to play important roles in protect-ing cellular constituents from reactive oxygen species(ROS)that build up during dehydration and in the desiccated state,partic-ularly under high light conditions.Anthocyanins,which may act as photoprotectants by masking photosynthetic pigments and by quenching free radicals,typically increase during dehydra-tion in resurrection angiosperms(Sherwin and Farrant,1998; Hoekstra et al.,2001).Antioxidants and their attending enzymes also appear central to the desiccation response in DT plants and tissues(Sherwin and Farrant,1998;Illing et al.,2005;Kranner and Birtic,2005;Berjak,2006;Farrant,2007).For example, ascorbate-glutathione cycle metabolites are often elevated during drying to combat ROS activity in resurrection plants (Navari-Izzo et al.,1997;Jiang et al.,2007).In fact,the length of time a resurrection plant can survive the dried state has been correlated to the level of antioxidants in its tissue(Kranner et al., 2002).Lastly,polyphenol oxidase,which catalyzes the oxidation of mono-and o-diphenols to o-diquinones,showed increased protein abundance and enzyme activity in the dehydrating leaves of several resurrection species(Jiang et al.,2007;Veljovic-Jovanovic et al.,2008).Polyphenols are powerful detoxifiers of toxic ROS and may function as antioxidants during thefirst few hours of rehydration(Veljovic-Jovanovic et al.,2008).Although we begin to grasp how resurrection plants respond to desicca-tion or rehydration,without a relevant comparison between the responses of sensitive and tolerant tissues,any insight into the adaptive processes remains simply speculative.Martinelli et al. (2007a)compared the metabolic response of older DS leaves of S.stapfianus to that of younger DT leaves.Although there are significant and seemingly important differences in the desicca-tion response of these two leaf types,it remains unclear whether they result only from a change in leaf maturity or if they do indeed relate to a loss in DT.What might cause more mature leaves (cellular or otherwise)to lose their desiccation tolerance remains unknown.Another metabolic comparison performed by Farrant et al.(2009)in the fern Mohria caffrorum,which is DT during the dry season and DS during the wet season,led to clear differ-ences between the DT and DS fronds in terms of response to dehydration,but was limited to only a few metabolites.In this study,we have taken advantage of a natural experiment, comparing the metabolomic responses of closely related spe-cies(sister group contrast)that differ in their sensitivity or tolerance to desiccation.We compared the metabolome of young leaves from the DT grass S.stapfianus with that of young leaves from the DS species S.pyramidalis.By contrasting two closely related species that differ primarily in their abilities to tolerate dehydration of their vegetative tissues,we hope to better infer not only which processes or components relate directly to desiccation tolerance in these angiosperms,but also the1232The Plant Cellmetabolic mechanisms by which desiccation tolerance is ac-quired.We compared167metabolites in S.stapfianus and S. pyramidalis at full hydration and at various RWC levels during dehydration,and,in the case of S.stapfianus,all the way to the desiccated state.The data demonstrate that S.stapfianus is metabolically primed for a desiccation event and responds quickly as water is lost from the plant.In contrast,S.pyramidalis fails to respond in a measurable way to dehydration to60%RWC and is metabolically focused on energy metabolism,presumably for growth.The data also point to the strong involvement of the glutathione biosynthesis pathway,other antioxidant processes, and sugars in the desiccation tolerance phenotype of S.stapfia-nus.A novel plant compound also appears to be associated with the response of S.stapfianus to desiccation:ophthalmate,which is also linked to the glutathione biosynthesis pathway.These findings not only enable us to better understand how plants withstand desiccation of their vegetative tissues,but also to make inferences as to the processes and genetic components of adaptive value to the evolution of this important plant phenotype. RESULTSPhenotypic Responses to DehydrationThe two species exhibited similar drying curves(Figure1a),but S.stapfianus displayed an initially lower absolute water content and throughout the drying process(Figure1b).Both species initially lose water at a rate that is consistent withfield observa-tions for S.stapfianus(Gaff et al.,2009).S.pyramidalis loses water faster once the overall water contents decline around d16 or17.The leaves of S.stapfianus curl as dehydration progresses after the cessation of irrigation,and,under our conditions, appear to curl to particular degrees at specific RWCs;leaves are halfway curled at68%RWC and fully curled(leaf margins touching)at44%RWC,as described previously(Gaff et al., 2009).Leaves of S.pyramidalis also begin to curl,but only when RWCs are between80and60%.At60%RWC,the leaves of S. pyramidalis are fully wilted and curled,but have not yet begun to visibly lose chlorophyll.At RWCs below60%,the leaves of S. pyramidalis start to yellow,and between40and30%RWC,they start to senesce and turn brown.Under our drying regimen,if the plants are allowed to dry beyond40%,all of the extant leaves loose viability.Based on this phenological data,we chose60% as our dehydration level for comparisons between the two species—a level at which S.pyramidalis is severely stressed (beyond the wilting point,but not to the point where chlorophyll islost or senescence is initiated).A RWC of60%for S.pyramidalis is the equivalent to a leaf water potential of23to23.5MPa,a water potential that results in leaf senescence in maize(Boyer, 1976).Metabolomic Profiles and Statistical AnalysisThe metabolomic profiling approach used in this study was a nonbiased,global analysis technology based on ultrahigh-per-formance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHLC/MS/MS2)and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).In short,the leaf samples were extracted,analyzed on the three MS platforms,ion peaks were matched to standards in a reference library,and their relative levels were quantified.A total of167metabolites that matched biochemicals with known structures was detected in the samples(see Supplemental Data Set1online).The metabolites were mapped onto general bio-chemical pathways,as illustrated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(http://www.genome.jp/kegg/)and the Plant Metabolic Network(/).As illus-trated in Figure2,interspecies comparisons were performed at each dehydration level,where possible.Within each species,the Figure1.Drying Curve and the Relationship of RWC to Water Content on a Gram Dry Weight Basis for Both S.stapfianus(s)and S.pyramidalis (d).Each point in the drying curve(A)is an average of a minimum of four samples from individual plants;the vertical lines through each point represents the standard deviation from the mean.Each point in the RWC to water content plot(B)is an individual sample taken from individual plants from multiple drying experiments(solid line,S.pyramidalis;dashed line,S.stapfianus).Metabolic Responses to Desiccation1233metabolomic data for each dehydration level were compared with its fully hydrated control.The full statistical table generated from this analysis is presented in Supplemental Data Set 2online.Metabolomic Differences between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis under Fully Hydrated ConditionsFrom 167metabolites detected,a number of them had missing values (not detected)in certain experimental samples.This was likely due to biological variations.To build a robust model using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA),we ex-cluded metabolites with missing values in either species and metabolites lacking more than 66%of sample replicates (four or more of six replicates missing),resulting in n =105for the hydration state comparisons within S .stapfianus ,and for the comparisons between S .stapfianus and S.pyramidalis at 100and 60%RWC.PLS-DA with three components produced discrete clustering of 100and 60%RWC treatments for both species (Figure 3;R 2=0.65,Q 2=0.61).Different metabolites are clearly responsible for the differences observed in the model,suggesting an obvious metabolic predisposition to water deficit stress at 100%RWC that also persists at 60%RWC.PLS-DA was also performed on S.stapfianus at all hydration states tested,and also revealed clear differentiation among the treat-ments (see Supplemental Figure 1online).The supervised clas-sification method produced a slightly less robust model,with three components separating the treatments (R 2=0.68,Q 2=0.31).In the comparison of the metabolomic profiles for fully hy-drated S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis ,a total of 70metabolites with significantly altered concentrations (P <0.05)was identified;36had higher concentrations in S.stapfianus and 34had higher concentrations in S.pyramidalis .From these significant differ-ences,two clear clusters of metabolism emerged that involve 34of the 70metabolites:amino acid biosynthesis and energy production (Figure 4).Amino acid biosynthesis in the hydrated state is remarkably different between the two species (Figure 4;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).To some degree,with the exception of Trp,all amino acids had accumulated to higher concentrations in S.stapfianus .Among the 18amino acids detected,nine (Ala,Arg,Asn,Asp,Glu,Gln,Ser,Thr,and Val)exhibited significantly higher concentrations (from three-to 451-fold increase)in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis .In fully hydrated plants,Asn exhibited the largest difference in concentration between the two species,a 451-fold higher level in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis (Figure 4).In many plants,Asn is the major metabolite for nitrogen storage and transportation,along with allantoin and Gln (Schubert,1986),which are also in greater abundance,eight-and sixfold,respectively,in S.stap-fianus than in S.pyramidalis (Figure 5;see Supplemental Data Set 2).Amino acids are often associated with osmoregulation (Morgan,1984),and in concordance with this possible role,other osmolytic metabolites also exhibit relatively higher con-centrations in S.stapfianus than S.pyramidalis ,including a threefold difference in arabitol,erythritol,and mannitol concen-trations,although the concentration of galactinol was much lower in S.stapfianus (Figure 6;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).The concentration of glycerophosphorylcholine,a well-recognized osmolyte in mammalian cells (Neuhofer and Beck,2005)only sparsely described in plants,also markedly differed between the two species,with an 11-fold greater accumulation in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis (Figure 6).In energy metabolism,differences in the glycolytic pathway between the two species were observed.Both fructose-6-P and glucose-6-P levels were significantly lower in S.stapfianus ,as were the concentrations of Suc,maltotetraose,and malto-pentaose,which are key metabolites in starch synthesis.ByFigure 2.Statistical Comparison Design.Statistical comparisons of samples from each species,indicated by arrows,were conducted between hydrated (Hyd),60,50,40,20,and ;5%RWC (Dry)within S.stapfianus ,Hyd and 60%RWC within S.pyramidalis ,and Hyd and 60%RWC between species.[See online article for color version of thisfigure.]Figure 3.Global Metabolite Comparison at 100%Hydrated and at 60%RWC between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .PLS-DA model is constructed from 105variables (i.e.,metabolites)generating a three-PLS-DA component model with R2=65.2,and Q2=61.0.S.pyramidalis :squares,100%hydrated;crosses,60%RWC.S.stapfianus :asterisks,100%hydrated;upside down triangles,60%RWC.[See online article for color version of this figure.]1234The Plant Cellcontrast,the concentrations of Glc,the primary substrate for glycolysis and starch biosynthesis,and kestose,another storage carbohydrate,were higher in S.stapfianus.Downstream of glycolysis,the difference between the two species in energy metabolism is clear.Levels of lactate and citramalate,both derived from pyruvate,were lower in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidali s.In addition,concentrations of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)cycle metabolites citrate,malate,and oxaloacetate were significantly lower in S.stapfianus .In summary,the metabo-lomes of S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis under fully hydrated conditions were significantly different.S.stapfianus had higherconcentrations of osmolytes,lower concentrations of com-pounds that would indicate a lower apparent rate of energy metabolism,and higher concentrations of nitrogen storage compounds.Metabolic Regulation during Early Stages of Dehydration In the initial phase of dehydration,both species were sampled at 60%RWC,a dehydration level that,while nonlethal to both species,did result in a visible dehydration phenotype:leaf-curling in S.stapfianus and wilting and leaf curl in S.pyramidalis.Figure 4.Differences of the Metabolites in Glycolysis/TCA Cycle and Amino Acids between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .(A)Amino acid biosynthetic pathway and glycolysis/TCA cycle.The metabolites in red indicate higher levels in S.stapfianus .The metabolites in blue indicate lower levels in S.stapfianus .The metabolites in black indicate that there were no significant differences between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .The metabolites in gray indicate that they are below detection level (not detected).(B)Heat map showing the ratio of the metabolite levels between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis and their statistical significance of the differences.Cells shaded with red indicate higher levels in S.stapfianus with P <0.05.Cells shaded with green indicate lower levels in S.stapfianus with P <0.05.Cells not shaded indicate that the difference between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis are not statistically significant (P >0.05).The number in each cell indicates the fold change between S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis .Metabolic Responses to Desiccation 1235The leaf metabolism of each species responded differently to the imposition to this level of pared with its fully hydrated state,leaves of S.stapfianus displayed an increased abundance of many metabolites,chiefly,putative cellular osmo-lytes,including amino acids and antioxidants (Figure 7;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).The amino acids Gly,Ile,Leu,Pro,Trp,Tyr,and Val all increased between two-and fivefold.Sugars such as Fru,Gal,Glc,maltose,raffinose,sophorose,and Suc increased between 1.8-fold and more than 18-fold.The sugar alcohols arabitol and mannitol were elevated 2-and 1.6-fold,respectively,which had not been reported for S.stapfianus in previous studies (Gaff et al.,2009).In addition,b -tocopherol,a strong cellular antioxidant,increased more than threefold,also novel information for this species.By contrast,S.pyramidalis did not appear to respond to dehydration by instigating a significant metabolic shift toward the production of these potentially pro-tective antioxidants and osmolytes,of which there was no apparent statistically significant accumulation.Only the amounts of Pro,Glc,and Fru exhibited substantial elevations,but as none of these reached the threshold of significance set for the analysis,their response to dehydration in S.pyramidalis remains to be validated.The only significant changes in metabolites during the response of S.pyramidalis to dehydration were decreases in various metabolites,most likely due to the suppression of their biosynthesis by dehydration stress (Figure 7;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Metabolic Regulation during the Late Stages of Dehydration toward DesiccationReduction of leaf RWC below 60%rapidly and severely damages S.pyramidalis leaves,resulting in leaf senescence.If leaves dehydrate to ;40%RWC,then extant leaves of S.pyramidalis do not survive desiccation.Therefore,only the DT S.stapfianus was employed to study the regulation of metabolism during stages of increasing dehydration leading to the fully desiccated state.Samples from S.stapfianus at four additional dehydration states were collected for analysis:50,40,and 20%RWC and dry (;5%).Compared with the fully hydrated control state,the totalnumber of metabolites with altered relative abundance increased gradually with decreasing RWC.At the dry stage,over one-half (89of 167metabolites)of the metabolome had changed signif-icantly (see Supplemental Data Set 2online)on a dry weight basis.Mapping the altered metabolites to their respective bio-chemical pathways clearly indicated that the major responses to severe dehydration were directed toward antioxidant produc-tion,continued amino acid production,and an accumulation of several carbohydrates.Further dehydration of S.stapfianus leaves beyond 60%RWC resulted in a significant increase in glutathione,predominantly in the oxidized form,primarily late in the drying regimen,to an ;100-fold greater amount in desiccated versus hydrated control tissue (Figure 8;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Coincident with the increase in glutathione,its precursors Gly (to threefold)and Cys (to twofold)also accumulated as drying continued.The most dramatic increases associated with the glutathione pathway were observed for a number of g -glutamyl dipeptides that play a role in glutathione recycling via the g -glutamyl cycle (Grzam et al.,2007).These included,on a dry weight basis:g -glutamylphenylalanine (up to 1873-fold),g -glutamyltryptophan (up to 955-fold),and g -glutamylisoleucine (up to 21-fold).Addi-tional glutathione conjugates with increased relative abundance included g -glutamyl-Glu,Met,Ile,and Leu (Figure 8).The increase in g -glutamyl dipeptides during dehydration is a novel discovery and,given the magnitude of the response in S.stapfianus during dehydration,it appeared possible that this might be an important aspect of the mechanism of desiccation tolerance in this plant and perhaps for vegetative desiccation tolerance in general.To explore the latter possibility,we ex-tended the metabolite profile to investigate whether or not g -glutamyl dipeptides accumulated in response todehydrationFigure 5.The Relative Amounts of Asn,Gln,and Allantoin between S.pyramidalis and S.stapfianus under Fully Hydrated Condition by Box Plots.The box represents the middle 50%of the distribution and upper and lower whiskers represent the entire spread of the data.The hyphen refers to the median.The outlier determined by the statistical program R,if any,is represented by a circle.The y axis is the median scaled value (relative level).The P values for all comparisons are referenced in the Supple-mental Data online.P,S.pyramidalis ;S,S.stapfianus.Figure 6.The Relative Amounts of Several Osmolytes between S.pyramidalis and S.stapfianus under Fully Hydrated Conditions by Box Plots.The P values for all comparisons are referenced in the Supplemental Data online.P,S.pyramidalis ;S,S.stapfianus .1236The Plant Cellin two other species that have long served as models for vege-tative desiccation tolerance:the bryophyte T.ruralis (moss)and the lycophyte (spike moss)S.lepidophylla .The results of this analysis are presented in Figure 9.In T.ruralis ,the four most dehydration responsive g -glutamyl dipeptides,as evidenced by a statistically significant increase in accumulation in the dried state,are g -glutamyl-isoleucine (26-fold),-leucine (19-fold),-va-line (20-fold),and -phenylalanine (22-fold).For S.lepidophylla ,the accumulation levels are less but still significant for g -glu-tamyl-isoleucine (twofold),-leucine (twofold),Met (twofold),and -Thr (1.6-fold).Along with the increased abundance of glutathione pathway metabolite,the concentrations of related compounds ophthal-mate and 2-aminobutyrate (Figure 8;see Supplemental Data Set 2online)also increased during dehydration.Ophthalmate (glu-2-aminobutyrate-gly)is an analog of glutathione that has not been previously reported in plants and has not been demonstrated to have antioxidant properties.Other antioxidants that accumu-lated in dehydrating S.stapfianus leaves included a -,b -,and d -tocopherols (2.8-,35-,and 89-fold,respectively;Figure 10),and the polyamine putrescine (up to twofold)and its precursor agmatine (up to 4.7-fold),which are known to have antioxidant activities that prevent lipid peroxidation.Ascorbate does not appear to be an important antioxidant in S.stapfianus ,as its concentrations did not display significant alterations in response to dehydration stress.Lysolipids accumulated in the latter stages of dehydration when the RWC of leaves reaches 20%or lower (Figure 11;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Of the seven lysolipids identified,1-palmitoylglycerophospocholine appeared to increase to the greatest degree,a 45-fold elevation,but several others increased between two-and 10-fold above control concentrations.The accumulation of these compounds might have significant ramifi-cations for membrane properties in desiccating tissues.A steady accumulation of many amino acids was observed during the progression of desiccation in S.stapfianus (Figure 12;see Supplemental Data Set 2online).These included the branched chain amino acids (Ile [up to 16-fold],Leu [up to 6.9-fold],and Val [up to 16.5-fold]),and the aromatic amino acids (Phe [up to 3.3-fold],Trp [up to 18-fold],and Tyr [up to eightfold]).The most prominent amino acid accumulations were for Pro (up to 34.5-fold)and His (up to 21-fold).The nitrogen storage and ammonia capture metabolites Asn (which was in greater abundance in S.stapfianus than in S.pyramidalis ),allantoin,and Gln also exhibited a positive response to dehydration (Figure 13).Changes in these metabolites were not readily identified by the statistical analysis,possibly ob-scured by the wide dynamic range of these metabolites in the fully hydrated group.Asn decreased rapidly during initial dehy-dration to 60%RWC.During later stages of dehydration,Asn accumulated dramatically,with allantoin and Gln exhibiting a similar pattern.Carbohydrates are another major class of metabolites that accumulate in leaf tissues in response to dehydration in all vegetative DT tracheophytes studied to date (Alpert and Oliver,2002).In S.stapfianus ,as reported earlier (Whittaker et al.,2004),Suc accumulated steadily during dehydration to a maximum elevation of 10.5-fold above control concentrations in the des-iccated state (Figure 14,see Supplemental Data Set 2online).Raffinose and stachyose also gradually increased over the course of dehydration,and reached 74-and 62-fold increases in concentration,respectively,above the hydrated control.Sig-nificant increases were also observed for maltotetraose (up to 46-fold)and myo-inositol (up to threefold),which are likely synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate,which might store phos-phate during the dehydrationprocess.Figure 7.Heat Map of Metabolic Responses of S.stapfianus and S.pyramidalis to the Dehydration Stress Reducing RWC from Fully Hy-drated to 60%.Cells shaded with red indicate higher levels in 60%RWC conditions with P <0.05.Cells shaded with green indicate lower levels in 60%RWC conditions with P <0.05.Cells not shaded indicate that the difference between 60%and fully hydrated are not statistically significant (P >0.05).The number in each cell indicates the fold change between 60%and fully hydrated.Metabolic Responses to Desiccation 1237。

Artisans and Industrialization1.核心词汇总结steady 稳定的，不变的intense 强烈的，紧张的alternate 交替，轮流manufacturing 制造业impart 给予，传授apprentice 学徒journeyman 学徒capitalist 资本家give way to 让位于credit 贷款stimulate 刺激shift 变化，转变accustomed to 习惯于artisan 工匠supervise 监督finished 精湛的elegant 高雅的regimented 严格管制的constant 持续的discard 丢弃alert 警觉的dependable 可靠的self-disciplined 自律的obedience 服从carpenter 木匠momentum 动力depression 萧条collapse 衰弱spearhead 带头agitation 鼓动resent 愤恨2.长难句总结(1)After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.(2)Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.(3)With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.(4)Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management.(5)Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business.(6)Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.P1: introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 & after 1815Before 1815 manufacturing(制造业) in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted(给予，传授) the knowledge of their trades to apprentices(学徒) and journeymen(学徒). In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists(资本家). After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to(让位于) factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit(贷款) all stimulated(刺激) the shift(变化，转变) to factory production.P2: ways of manufacturing before 1815The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to(习惯于) working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans(工匠) had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising(监督) their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady(稳定的，不变的) pace, but rather in bursts of intense(强烈的，紧张的) labor alternating(交替，轮流) with more leisurely time.P3: ways of manufacturing after 1815The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished(精湛的) or elegant (高雅的)as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented(严格管制的) schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant(持续的) pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard(丢弃) old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert(警觉的), dependable(可靠地), and self-disciplined(自律的). Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.P4: workers were hard to accustomed to new systemThe first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. Thefactory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience(服从) to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.P5: workers organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of lifeIn this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters(木匠), printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum(动力) in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression(萧条) that followed, labor's strength collapsed(衰弱). During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头)the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation(鼓动) did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.P6: workers were dividedWorkers were united in resenting(愤恨) the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms(敌意), gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilledcredit all stimulated the shift to factory production.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?推断题○They were primarily produced by women.○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 句子简化题○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.3. The word “disrupted” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○prolonged○established○followed○upsetParagraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we aremasters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan'sEven well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to 目的题○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of 选非题○freedom○status in the community○opportunities for advancement○contact among workers who were not managersParagraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头) the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.means to advance with increasing speed6. The phrase “gathered some momentum” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○made progress○became active○caused changes○combined forces7. The word “spearheaded” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○led○accepted○changed○resisted8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5? 细节题○It was most successful during times of economic crisis.○Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.○It was slow to improve conditions for workers.○It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives,For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that 目的题○encouraged workers to demand higher wages○created divisions among workers○caused work to become more specialized○increased workers' resentment of the industrial system10. The word “them” in the passage refers to 指代题○workers○political patty loyalties○disagreements over tactics○agents of opportunityParagraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. 句子插入题This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit?12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1850 period. This question is worth 3 points. 配对题Before 18151815-1850●● ●●Answer choices○A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.○Workers took pride in their workmanship.○The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.○Transportation networks began to decline.○Emphasis was placed on following schedules.○Workers went through an extensive period of training.○Few workers expected to own their own businesses.Key: C B D A D A A C B A D BF CEG。

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

SPSS词汇(中英文对照)Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, ***列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, ***列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), ***尺度/***标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。