《傲慢与偏见》和《名利场》中讽刺手法之对比

2019年15期总第455期翻译研究ENGLISH ON CAMPUS浅析《傲慢与偏见》幽默讽刺的手法和幽默翻译文/李世萍 陶亚宁幽默是一种特殊的语言现象，其社会功能主要是能引人发笑，产生乐趣，因此许多作家常常使用幽默来调节作品的气氛，以达到特定的语言效果。

它分为双关语，迂回说法，讽刺、俏皮话、悖论，夸张，矛盾，提喻，转折和误解。

它将幽默元素融入写作中，与其他写作方法相比这种方法更能使读者参与思考，与作者产生共鸣。

在《傲慢与偏见》中，简·奥斯丁正是运用了这种写作方法使小说更加标新立异，吸引了更多的读者。

一、幽默讽刺的手法具有讽刺意味的修辞方法是欧洲文学传统的一种修辞方法。

一些文学评论家习惯使用这个词来表示任何斜反射，任何矛盾的性格，和不可预见的寓言，任何反常的迹象。

所谓讽刺是指有目的地利用嘲弄来暴露个人或整个社会的愚蠢，腐败或不适当的行为。

简·奥斯丁继承了欧洲文学传统的讽刺，在《傲慢与偏见》中多次使用了这种写作手法。

例如: “My dear Mr. Bennet，” said his lady to him one day， “have you heard that Neitherfield Park is let at last?” Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. “But it is，” returned she; “for Mrs. Long has just been here， and she told me all about it.’ Mr. Bennet made no answer. “Do not you want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife impatiently. “You want to tell me; and I have no objection to hearing it.’ This is invitation enough. 其中”You want to tell me， and I have no objection to hearing it” 就是一种讽刺的言语。

yuwenjianshe001@29《傲慢与偏见》的讽刺运用艺术略谈西安培华学院 梁蕊 陕西师范大学 丁礼明摘要：简・奥斯汀在《傲慢与偏见》中，通过娴熟的讽刺艺术，对当时社会以金钱和地位至上的婚姻观进行了深刻的批评。

本文即通过对《傲慢与偏见》中四起婚姻、人物形象刻画以及相关情节中的讽刺艺术的详细分析，使人们能够对简・奥斯汀的讽刺艺术有更清晰的认识。

关键词：《傲慢与偏见》 简・奥斯汀 讽刺艺术引言简・奥斯汀是英国18世纪末19世纪初最有名的女性作家，《傲慢与偏见》是其最成功的作品，被誉为有史以来最伟大的爱情小说之一。

小说以乡绅班内特一家为素材，重点描述了伊丽莎白的爱情故事以及四起不同的婚姻。

小说突破了18世纪末19世纪初英国小说写作流行的感伤内容和矫揉造作的渲染描写，以生动的笔触描写了当时处于保守和闭塞的英国乡下小镇的生活以及人情世态。

在文章中，简・奥斯汀运用娴熟的语言技巧，通过讽刺艺术的反复展示，对当时社会以金钱和地位至上的婚姻观进行了深刻的批判。

在《傲慢与偏见》一文中，简・奥斯汀对讽刺艺术的运用无处不在，通过前后矛盾的事实对比，将当时社会心口不一的爱情观和婚姻观揭露得淋漓尽致，使读者在感觉荒谬和可笑的同时产生深深的思考。

[1]文章即从《傲慢与偏见》中讽刺艺术运用的主要内容进行分析，使人们能对简・奥斯汀的讽刺运用艺术有更清晰的认识。

一、四起婚姻中的讽刺艺术《傲慢与偏见》全文贯穿着财产地位与婚姻关系的主题，简・奥斯汀对财产地位至上的婚姻观的讽刺，主要体现在四起具体的婚姻之中。

[2]（一）伊丽莎白和达西的婚姻伊丽莎白和达西的爱情是《傲慢与偏见》中的主题，作者通过两者由爱情发展到婚姻的曲折过程展现了自己的讽刺艺术。

两人见面之初，彼此并没有一见钟情，而是都不是很喜欢对方。

达西在伊丽莎白的眼中有着令其讨厌的傲慢，而且伊丽莎白一旦形成对某人的偏见就很难改变，并且很干脆地拒绝了达西最初的求婚，从而形成了对达西的傲慢和伊丽莎白一成不变的偏见的讽刺。

从《名利场》的叙事技巧看其对人物形象的刻画摘要：《名利场》是英国著名作家萨克雷的代表作品，小说主要描述了两位女主人公贝基和艾米利亚的生活和性格。

作者使用反讽和独特的叙事技巧来刻画小说中的主要人物，给读者留下了不可磨灭的印象，同时深刻地揭示了当时英国维多利亚时代的社会现实。

关键词：叙事技巧；人物形象；刻画威廉·萨克雷（1811-1863）是19世纪英国的著名作家，是伟大的批判现实作家之一。

其代表作《名利场》是写实主义作品，描绘了维多利亚时代资产阶级和贵族社会在此期间的全景。

这本小说中，作者通过独特的叙事技巧向读者刻画了令人难忘的人物形象，即野心勃勃的贝基和温顺脆弱的艾米利亚。

因此，与萨克雷的其他小说不同，它在大众阅读中很受欢迎，并多次被改编成电影和电视。

《名利场》中萨克雷以其娴熟的技巧向读者展示了典型社会环境中的人物形象，反映了当时的社会情况，引起了批评家的兴趣。

小说反映了艾米利亚和贝基对爱情和家庭、金钱和职业以及宗教的不同看法，故本文旨在探讨《名利场》中的叙事技巧，以解读作者对人物形象的刻画。

一、《名利场》中的叙事技巧分析（一）反讽的叙事技巧叙事技巧是塑造文学作品中人物形象，反映出时代生活的方法和技术，包括对比、象征、讽刺等。

萨克雷的《名利场》是一项现实主义的作品，叙事技巧辅助于角色的刻画，例如贵族和新兴资本家、殖民地的官员和外交官、教会成员以及女性形象。

他们的性格、社会地位和性格都是小说的亮点，共同刻画出名利场。

[1]在《名利场》中，几乎每个人都戴着面罩，具有两副面孔，有阴谋、也有诡计。

因此，萨克雷运用了全方位的叙事视角，全面地介绍了人物故事的来龙去脉，有时留下空白表述，以便读者领会。

通过小说独特的叙事分析，可以发现《名利场》中的隐藏脉络。

《名利场》的特点是讽刺和幽默。

萨克雷用反讽的语气描述了人物角色，以表达愤世嫉俗，甚至同情某些人物的追逐名望的行为。

这经常用讽刺来表现，例如，在贝基的名字之前加上“善良”二字。

《傲慢与偏见》与《围城》讽刺手法比较分析摘要本文首先探讨了讽刺手法的定义和讽刺手法的运用在小说写作中的重要性及意义，指出它是小说写作中一个不可或缺的要素，会因作者文风的不同而有所变化。

然后，本文重点分析了《傲慢与偏见》与《围城》两部作品讽刺手法的异同。

本文先分析了两部作品讽刺手法上的相同点:心理描写中的暗讽，人物活动的嘲讽性描写和讽刺性话语。

然后分析了两者的不同点：前者的反讽和后者的讽刺。

最后，通过研究这两部作品的异同，归纳出各自讽刺手法的特色和隐藏在幽默讽刺背后的深刻寓意，使读者对小说的讽刺艺术和这两部著作有更深刻的体会、认识和了解。

关键词：讽刺手法；傲慢与偏见；围城；异同点ABSTRACTThis paper first clears the definition of means of satire and the importance of satire in novel creation. It points out that satire is an indispensable element in writing novels and different novelists use different means of satire according to individual writing style. Then this paper emphasizes on analyzing the differences and similarities between Pride and Prejudice and Fortress Besieged. First, this paper analyzes their similarities; they are innuendo in psychological description, ridicule in characters’activities and satirical dialogues. Second, this paper states the two differences: irony in Pride and Prejudice and sarcasm in Fortress Besieged. Finally, through the study on each novel’s differences and similarities, it summarizes their individual features and implied meanings to make readers have a deeperunderstanding of their works.Keywords：Means of Satire; Pride and Prejudice; Fortress Besieged; Differences and Similarities1．IntroductionSatire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humor in itself so much as an attack on something of which the author strongly disapproves, using the weapon of wisdom. In satire, human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, irony, derision or other methods. A very common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony or sarcasm, writers often not directly point out things they intended to criticize but cover it in various means of writing. In order to achieve satirical effect, writers use the common figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, hyperbole, irony, innuendo, Using satire can highlight characters’ images, improve the plumpness of plot structure, enhance the sense of humor in works, and deepen articles’ implied meanings. Therefore, satire is widely applied to novel creation. Jane Austen, Thackeray, Mark Twain, Lu Xun, Qian Zhong shu etc are the classic satire novel writers. In Pride and Prejudice which is written by Jane Austen, the art of irony is brought into full play. In Fortress Besieged wrote by Qian Zhong shu, he satirized the drawbacks of traditional feudal ideologies, cultural and feudal education system through diverse rhetorical devices and people’s activities. Al though both works have been abundantly studied on their means of satire, they never put into comparison. In view of this, make a comparative study of satire between these two works, can not only deepen our understanding of the art of satire used in novels but also broaden our knowledge of both western and eastern culture. The comparative analysis is divided into two parts: similarities and differences. The similarities include: innuendo in psychological description, ridicule in characters’activities and satirical dialogues. The differences contain irony in Pride and Prejudice and sarcasm in Fortress Besieged.2. The purpose and method of satire2.1 The purpose of satireIt seems to me a contradiction in terms to say that satire need have no moral lesson or didactic purpose, for the essence of satire is aggression or criticism, and criticism has always implied a systematic measure of good and bad. An object is criticized because it falls short of some standard which the critic desires that it should reach. Inseparable from any definition of satire is its corrective purpose, expressed through a critical mode which ridicules or otherwise attacks those conditions needing reformation in the opinion of the satirist. I believe there is no satire without this corrective purpose. Accordingly, the best definitions of satire should be formulated from a combination of its corrective intent and its literary method of execution. A reasonable definition of satire, then, is "a literary manner which blends a critical attitude with humor and wit to the end that human institutions or humanity may be improved. The true satirist is conscious of the frailty of institutions of man's devising and attempts through laughter not so much to tear them down as to inspire a remodeling". The best satire does not seek to do harm or damage by its ridicule, unless we speak of damage to the structure of vice, but rather it seeks to create a shock of recognition and to make vice repulsive so that the vice will be expunged from the person or society under attack or from the person or society intended to benefit by the attack (regardless of who is the immediate object of attack); wheneverpossible this shock of recognition is to be conveyed through laughter or wit: the formula for satire is one of honey and medicine. Far from being simply destructive, satire is implicitly constructive, and the satirists themselves, whom I trust concerning such matters, often depict themselves as such constructive critics. It may be objected here that not all satire is meant to be corrective, because satirists occasionally attack foibles or failings basic to man's nature which cannot be changed, or for which change is unlikely. But it can be argued in reply that such satire of inexpugnable vices is still corrective, for it seeks to establish proper moral attitudes toward those vices. For example, if it be impossible to rid men of jealousy or egotism, the satirist will try to make men despise those feelings, resist them, and cease encouraging them. In cases where the satirist ridicules man because of the necessity for eating or elimination, or some other condition basic to man, he seeks to correct man's view of himself--to reduce mankind's pride by reminding him of his limitations and his humble human lot. Derived by implication from this corrective purpose, the theme of satire must be the maintenance of standards, the reaffirmation of values, and the necessity of reform. According to Maynard Mack, "Satire asserts the validity and necessity of norms, systematic values, and meanings that are contained by recognizable codes". Satire is inescapably moral and didactic even when no definite, positive values are stated in the work as alternatives to the gross corruptions depicted by the attack. The satirist does not need to state specific moral alternatives to replace the villainy he attacks because the morality is either already present in the lip service his target pays to virtue, or it is apparent by implication. The satirist presupposes an educated readership which will easily be able to discover the implicit morality without any help other than a few ironic hints from the writer.2.2 The method of satireThe application of the satiric method can be quite broad because satire itself is more of an attitude or stance, than a genre or type of literature: It is not bounded by form and structure but exists as an approach to a situation which can be present in any of the many literary forms. There are several characteristics which distinguish satire, however; as I said above, it must be ironic in tone to cope with the hypocritical situation of the reprobates in the world, and for the same reason it tends to be hyperbolic in form to force recognition of vice upon the guilty. Hyperboleor irony alone does not constitute satire: a critical element must be involved.Another characteristic of most satire is the use of wit to make the attack clever, or humor to make it funny. Satire, like all literature and poetry, must be intellectually rewarding, be reasonably well written, and especially must entertain in order to survive--and in the particular case of satire, in order to be received at all. The basic mood of attack and disapproval needs to be softened to some extent and made more palatable; wit and humor serve this end by making the criticism entertaining, and even attractive. In the words of that old philosopher, Swift, "As Wit is the noblest and most useful Gift of humane Nature, so Humor is the most agreeable, and where these two enter far into the Composition of any Work, they will render it always acceptable to the World".Certain specific literary techniques and constructions lend themselves easily to satire because they can contain a measure both of wit and humor, and of the necessary irony or satiric association; among them are exaggeration, distortion, understatement, innuendo, paronomasia, zeugma, ambiguity, simile, metaphor, oxymoron, parable, and allegory. A brief example of each of these will perhaps help illustrate the versatility of the satiric method, and the numerous ways the satirist can present his criticism. It is important that the satirist vary his critical approach with as many devices as possible, for people very soon grow weary of criticism of themselves.Irony is the overriding and guiding principle behind satire, and is everywhere apparent in it; no "examples" need be given. As I mentioned, irony informs the whole work because it is the necessary means of aggressing hypocrites. It is not therefore one of the "techniques" of satire, but, like the purpose of correction, is part of the essence. Exaggeration is one of the most commonly used techniques in satire, since the depiction of an extreme or blatantly vicious case is one of the best ways to get the target to recognize or admit that a vice exists at all: recognition must precede correction. The satirist brings his description of a wrong to its logical extreme, or at least exaggerates by overemphasis in order to make the unseeing see, and the seeing-but-complacent oppose and expunge corruption. Distortion--changing the perspective of a condition or event by isolation (separation from its ordinary surroundings), or by stressing some aspects and deemphasizing others. Understatement is the converse of exaggeration and is useful in cases where the evil is already so great that it can scarcely be exaggerated. The mention of theevil by understatement serves to call attention to its true degree. Innuendo is a valuable tool for the satirist because it allows him to implicate a target by a completely indirect attack. This is especially useful when the target is dangerous, for it is often possible to deny the insinuation. Ambiguity is likewise useful becaus e the intention can always be denied, but it also serves to make the satiric comparison more pointed, by making difficult any distinction between the target and the object to which it is compared. One often used satiric technique which apparently has no name; I call "the list": it is a list of items, people, or ideas generally similar, except for one or two incongruous items, which the satirist is aggressing. The attack is thus quite similar to that in zeugma, for the satirist claims that the incongruous elements belong in the list as they are considered of the same value either by his target or by himself. The list can also show the satirist's own attitude toward something by placing the item among appropriate elements. Similes and metaphors are easily constructed as satiric weapons, especially when they are extended, because the satirist can describe a very fitting irony in detail, or draw out a comparison or contrast, allowing the audience to see how the thing aggressed is like a thing of which they disapprove or scorn. That is, similes and metaphors give the satirist freedom to yoke together entire concepts of totally different natures to produce a self-critical statement. Oxymoron used satirically makes for a pointed emphasis on some contradiction in the target's philosophy, such as a Modern Author's joy at leaving the idealism of the past behind: "No silly perfect visions plague us now" seems to indicate that the writer is a fool, since visions (ideals) cannot be silly and perfect at the same time. Parable and allegory, both have the same benefits as simile and metaphor, for they can conduct a prolonged discussion on two levels of meaning while at the same time inherently comparing and contrasting those levels without further comment. The satiric message is more likely to be remembered in the parable because of the vehicle of the story and its use of physical realities (such as the meeting, the park, and people) to represent the concepts presented. Tale of a Tub also offers a good example of allegory, that of the three brothers, their coats, and the will. The religious allegory is a long one, making up nearly a third of the tale, but it is well contrived, for it not only works on both levels (as any good allegory must) but it works satirically on both levels, too. Swift aggresses both the religionists who add ceremony to their faith (especially Roman Catholics) and the fops who insist on adding decorations to their clothes, and who are constantly changing fashions.With both tenor and vehicle under attack, the satirist gains twice the effect with half the effort. Satirical works often contain "straight" (non-satirical) humour - usually to give some relief from what might otherwise be relentless "preaching". This has always been the case, although it is probably more marked in modern satire. On the other hand some satire has little or no humour at all. It is not "funny" - nor is it meant to be. Humour about a particular subject (politics, religion and art for instance) is not necessarily satirical because the subject itself is often a subject of satire. Nor is humour using the great satiric tools of irony, parody, or burlesque always meant in a satirical sense.It is perhaps by now apparent that almost all of these techniques have one element in common: each provides a way to say two or more things at one time, and to compare, equate, or contrast those things, usually with heavy irony. The application of the ironic method of satire uses those techniques which most easily allow the presentation of irony: the several techniques also provide variety, concision, and an opportunity for employing wit and humor. The essential meaning of a satire is seldom if ever consistent with a literal interpretation, yet the literal interpretation is extremely important for what it says about the essential meaning, and about the target or audience which can be reached only in an indirect way. Men's vices are a threat to the civilization in which the satirist lives, and the satirist feels compelled to expose those vices for the society's good and his own, in a way that will allow the ones attacked to comprehend and remember the attack, and to see a direction they may take for correction. The satire must be presented in a manner which will bring action, and in a world of complacent hypocrites, irony, with its various means of presentation, is essential; the message cannot be delivered without it, if that message is to have any tangible effect. In a two word abstract, the purpose of satire is the correction or deterrence of vice, and its method is to attack hypocrisy through the ironic contrast between values and actions3. The similarities between Pride and PrejudiceAnd Fortress BesiegedAlthough, the two works wrote in different times, the former was completed in 18th century, the later finished in 1940s; both of works are expert in using innuendo, ridicule and paradoxical dialogues to satirize roles in their works, the dark sides of human nature and setbacks of the society they lived in. By applying these satirical skills, the story became more interesting and attractive. Innuendo is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person or subject mentioned [17]128.The definition of ridicule is remarks concerning a subject or a person designed to excite laughter with a degree of contempt; wit of that species which provokes contemptuous laughter; disparagement by making a person an object of laughter; banter; a term lighter than derision. The description of characters’ activities is the clue of plot development and provide another aspect for readers to perceive people’quality; Satirical dialogue pours fresh air into the story, making it funny but thoughtful, which is a wit weapon to attack readers’ heart.3.1 Innuendo in psychological descriptionThrough describing mental activities the two satirist indirectly reference the to reveal characters’ temperaments which actually in hope of unmasking human beings’nature qualities that are deeply affect by social standard of value, the educations they received and their living environment.In Pride and Prejudice, Austen emphasized in delineating the psychological process of Elizabeth’s attitude toward Mr. Darcy. The heroine Elizabeth Bennet experienced misunderstanding, prejudice, became aware of her fault, felt ashamed of herself, finally eliminated all bias and married to Darcy. For example: when Charlotte told Elizabeth that Darcy might not as proud as she thought, she said “Heaven forbid! That would be the greatest misfortune of all! To find a man agreeable whom one is determined to hate! Do not wish me such an evil.”[2]68.However when she finally figured out the true temper of Darcy, she felt very distressed, she began now to comprehend that he was exactly the man who, in disposition and talents, would most suit her. His understanding and temper, though unlike her own, would have answered all her wishes. It was a union that must have been to the advantage of both. But no such happy marriage could now teach the admiring multitude what connubial felicity really was [2]168. The innuendo here is Elizabeth as the most intelligent and reasonable girl in this novel, also suffered critic from the author, for she did not only formed severe prejudice toward Darcy just because Mr. Wickham’s blandishments but also married to fortune which herself deeply scorned. Though she looked down upon money, she can’t marry to a man without enough fortune. It is undoubted that if Mr. Darcy was not wealthy enough, no matter how excellent he was, Elizabeth would never marry him. It was his glorious villa and tasteful artistic decoration that gave great impact on Elizabeth, making her attitude toward Mr. Darcy began to change. Because she thought a man with such good taste mustn’t be so selfish, cold and detached, adding with his maidservant’s compliments，She became more aware of her mistake of refusing his proposal.There is another psychological clue also satirized Elizabeth’s unreasonable and prejudice—her attitude toward Mr. Wickham. At first she was deeply attracted by his courteous behavior and genial attitude toward people, she confirmed he is a good man, thus believed all his slanders about Darcy without thinking seriously, when she finally found the truth, she felt too disgusting to say one more word to him.It seems all remarks about Elizabeth reveal her good quality, but her psychological activities imply though as clever as Elizabeth, she also unable to prevent blindness, common views and fall into ordinary values at last [10].In Fortress Besieged, the author mainly depicted the hero Fang Hung-chien’s mental activities, through Fang’s psychological activities, the author satirized both the hero, the other characters that Fang ever met or had an intimate association with, human being’s defects and varied social problems as well. For example, Fang was sponsored by his father-in-law to study abroad for several years, but as a lazy bone as he is; he got no diploma not to mention PHD as his father required. It was not until his coming home that he found himself pressured on both sides. Fang Hung-chien finally realized the importance of a foreig n diploma. ‘This diploma, it seemed, would function the same as Adam and Eve's fig leaf. It could hide a person's shame and wrap up his disgrace. This tiny square of paper could cover his shallowness,ignorance, and stupidity. Without it, it was as if he were spiritually stark naked and had nothing to bundle up in’[5]11. This paragraph about Fang and PhD diploma not only made a crack on Fang’s folly and incompetent but also satirized people always evaluate one person only by his education level. When Fang came back to his hometown, his mother was indented to find a local girl for him. The matter is taking a serious turn, thought Hung-chien. All his life he had detested those modern girls from small towns with outdated fashions and a provincial cosmopolitanism. They were just like the first Western suit made by a Chinese tailor with everything copied from a foreigner's old clothes used as a model down to the two square patches on the sleeves and trouser legs [5]59.It seems Fang’s view is rather right, however, the author again satirized both sides, one is Hung-chien’s prejudice toward girls from small place, the other is some affected girls; and he even satirized Chinese’s being blind faith to foreign goods at that time. That is Qian Zhong shu’s writing style, he is good at using these humorous psychological activities to make mock at anything he thought to be ridiculous.3.2 Ridicule in characters‟ activitiesRidicule means words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing. Though sometimes the two authors use no direct word to depict their character, acute readers are till easy to find roles’qualities through writers’ridiculous description of characters’activities. These descriptions not only ridicule the defects of characters, strengthen the plumpness of each role’s character but also make the story more brilliant and interesting.In Pride and Prejudice, the most classic ridiculous chapter was Mr. Collins’ visit to Bennets. Either from his behaviors during dinner time or his marriage proposal to Elizabeth, all revealed a flattery, timid man. For example, when Mr. Collins arrived at Mr. Bennet’s house, he seemed neither in need of encouragement, nor inclined to be silent himself. He had not been long seated before he complimented Mrs. Bennet on having so fine a family of daughters; and when in dinner, every dishes was highly admired by Mr. Collins and he begged to know to which of his fair cousins the excellence of its cookery was owing, but here he was set right by Mrs. Bennet, who assured him with some asperity that they were very well able to keep a good cook, and that her daughters had nothing to do in the kitchen [2]89. When Mr. Bennet asked him about Lady Catherine de bourgh, he immediately showed his eloquence inpraising her. The subject elevated him to more than usual solemnity of manner, and with a most important aspect he protested that he had never in his life witnessed such behavior in a person of rank-such affability and condescension as he had himself experienced from lady Catherine. Even when he made a proposal to Elizabeth, he emphasized that it was Lady Catherine’s will to let him find a wife for himself as quickly as possible. From all his behavior, it is not hard to figure out that his veneration for her as his patroness, mingling with a very good opinion of himself, of his authority as a clergyman, and his rights as a rector, made him altogether a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility.In Fortress Besieged, the descriptions of characters‟activities are of the same aim as the former work, to highlight roles‟ image and satirize the defects in their quality. For example, one of Fang‟s colleagues Lu Tzu-hsiao, because he had never married, his attitude toward his age inevitably fell behind times. At first he would give his full age according to the Western way of reckoning, but as the year went by, he secretly bought a translation of the book life begins at forty and would simply not tell anyone his age or give the animal sign of the year of his birth, merely saying, “ oh, quite young! Still just a little kid!”and then acting lively and mischievous the way a little kid should [5]275. He liked to mutter furtively under his breath as though every remark he made were a military secret [5]275.Of course, he did know a few military secrets, for didn‟t he have a relative in the Executive Yuan and a friend in the ministry of foreign affairs? His relative had once sent him a corner was written “Mr.lu Tzu-hisao “ in large letters, making it look as though the Executive Yuan was all set to give him the major position at the center [5]275.Though the envelope foe the letter he wrote to his friend in the ministry pf foreign affairs was not very big, the seven words “ministry of foreign affairs European American bureau “ of the address were written in such bold, black, neatly penned glance in the depth of night. These two pieces of incoming and outgoing mail alternately adorned his desk [5]276. Two days ago that morning the damned errand boy while straightening up his room, had accidentally knocked over inkbottle, making a blackened mess of the Executive Yuan. Too late to save it, Lu had jumped about screaming curses [5]276. Meanwhile, preoccupied with the nation, the relative forgot about his family and never wrote again. Caught up with foreign affairs, the friend had no time for domestic matters, and never sent a single reply. From then on, Lu could only write to the Executive Yuan, so the two letters on his desk were both outgoing mail. That day was the day for the letter to the ministryof foreign affairs. Lu waited until Hung-chien had seen the envelope on his desk, then hurriedly put it away in his drawer, saying,”it‟s nothing. A friend is asking me to work at the ministry of foreign affairs, and so I am answering his letter.”This paragraph vividly satirized a hypocritical, artificial man who likes showing up before others. The expression here is funny but no less bitterly, it reveals the character‟s defect unsympathetically; we an easily perceive the feeling of scorn from the author toward this kind of people.3.3 Satirical dialoguesSatirical dialogues is an indispensable element in both novels, for it’s like a bunch of light in the two stories, which contain heavy themes, it give readers who immerse themselves in deep thinking a chance to laugh and relax. Though funny it is, no less sarcasm and irony in it.In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bennet’s words are rather humorous and satirical. For example, in one occasion, he refused his wife’s request of visiting Mr. Bingley, making his wife rather irritated. Mrs. Bennet said “Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion on my poor nerves.”[2]2. He replied “You mistake me, my dear; I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration theses twenty years at least.”[2]2.And when Mrs. Bennet returned from dancing party, started her endless comments about Mr. Bingley’s behavior in that night, he can’t bear it any more and cried “if he had any compassion for me, he would not have danced half so much! For god’s sake, say no more of his partners. Oh! That he had sprained his ankle in the first dance!”[2]8.Though his words are very funny, it showed Mr. Bennet was an odd man mixed with quick parts, sarcastic humor, reserve, and caprice.Qian Zhong shu was a great master of satirical dialogue, in Qian’s work, satirical dialogue can be found in almost every one’s talk, especially in Fang Hung-chien’s remarks. For example, "Women are natural political animals. Political tactics, such as saying yes and meaning no, retreating in order to advance, are what they know from birth [5]235. For a woman to study political science is really developing the innate through the acquired; it is as superfluous as adding flowers to embroidery [5]235. In Europe when I attended Professor Ernest Peygmann's lectures, he said men have the capacity for creative thought and women for social activity. Thus, men's work in。

解析《傲慢与偏见》中的英式语言创作风格1. 《傲慢与偏见》简介《傲慢与偏见》是英国著名作家简奥斯汀（Jane Austen）的一部经典小说，首次出版于1813年。

这部作品以独特的英式语言创作风格展现了19世纪英国乡村中产阶级的生活和社会风貌。

故事围绕着女主角伊丽莎白班内特（Elizabeth Bennet）和男主角达西先生（Mr. Darcy）之间的爱情纠葛展开，通过描绘了当时英国社会中各种人物的性格特点、婚姻观念以及社会等级制度，展现了作者对社会现实的深刻洞察。

小说以其精湛的叙事技巧和丰富的人物塑造，被誉为英国文学史上最受欢迎的作品之一。

1.1 作者简介简奥斯汀(Jane Austen),1775年生于英国汉普郡，是英国18世纪末至19世纪初最著名的女作家之一。

她的作品以描绘当时英国社会风俗和家庭生活为主，具有浓厚的现实主义色彩。

奥斯汀的作品风格独特，被誉为“英国文学的瑰宝”。

她的主要代表作品有《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》、《曼斯菲尔德庄园》等。

简奥斯汀在文学创作上注重细节描写，善于捕捉人物性格的细微差别。

她的作品中的角色形象鲜明，具有鲜明的个性特征。

奥斯汀还擅长运用讽刺手法，对当时社会的种种弊端进行批判。

她的作品不仅具有很高的文学价值，还为后世的作家提供了丰富的创作灵感。

1.2 作品背景英国作家简奥斯汀（Jane Austen）创作的长篇小说《傲慢与偏见》是其文学史上的瑰宝。

小说以当时的英国社会背景作为创作的舞台，真实地展现了那个时代的情感和社会面貌。

十八世纪末期的英国，正处于工业革命的前夕，整个社会正处于新旧交替的过渡阶段。

在乡村社会和经济关系不断变化的背景下，小说通过描写年轻男女间的情感纠葛和婚姻问题，折射出了英国社会普遍的价值观和风俗习惯。

小说的语言创作风格，深受当时的社会语境和文学风格的影响，呈现出独特的英式语言特色。

奥斯汀的作品被认为是英国古典文学的杰作之一，不仅继承发展了欧洲传统的文学作品风格，还融入了当时英国社会的时代特征。

傲慢与偏见爱情的喜剧与社会的讽刺傲慢与偏见：爱情的喜剧与社会的讽刺在人类文化史上，爱情一直是一个永恒的主题。

小说《傲慢与偏见》以其独特的方式，既展现了爱情的喜剧面，又通过社会的讽刺揭示了人性的弱点。

本文将从这两个方面对《傲慢与偏见》进行探讨。

爱情的喜剧，在《傲慢与偏见》中，主要通过两对夫妻来展现。

第一对是伊丽莎白·班内特和弗里茨·威廉·达西。

起初，他们因为彼此对外表的“偏见”而对对方嗤之以鼻。

然而，在一系列的误会与争吵中，他们逐渐认识到了彼此的真实内心。

最终，他们克服了傲慢和偏见，相爱并走入了婚姻的殿堂。

这个过程中，喜剧的元素贯穿始终：误解、戏剧性的对话、令人捧腹的场景等等，为读者带来了笑声与欢乐。

第二对是简·班内特和查尔斯·巴金。

他们之间的爱情同样也是喜剧的体现。

简是伊丽莎白的妹妹，她天真纯洁，对爱情抱有美好的憧憬。

而查尔斯是一个宠坏的富家子弟，妄自尊大。

他们的相爱过程不仅经历了一系列的曲折，还有父母的阻挠。

然而，在喜剧的气氛中，他们最终克服了困难，收获了幸福。

爱情的喜剧不仅增添了小说的趣味性，更向读者传达了积极的人生态度。

除了爱情的喜剧，小说《傲慢与偏见》也通过对社会的讽刺，揭示了人性的弱点。

作者简·奥斯汀以严肃的笔调，描绘了当时英国上层社会的种种荒谬与虚伪。

小说中的女性人物大多受制于传统社会观念，她们的一切努力似乎只是为了追逐好婚姻。

而男性则被塑造成自大、自负的角色，他们把地位和财富看得比一切都重要。

通过对社会人物的夸张描写，作者不遗余力地讽刺了当时的社会弊端。

其中，最具代表性的社会讽刺人物是达西先生和威克姆·德·伯格。

达西先生是一位极富有、自负的绅士，他出于傲慢的自尊心，一度否定了班内特家的地位和品格。

然而，最后他的爱情和伊丽莎白的坚持却打破了他的傲慢，让他认识到了自己的错误。

而威克姆·德·伯格则是另一个反面教材，他是一个无所事事的军官，见风使舵，为了金钱而追求班内特家的姐妹们。

关联理论视角下《傲慢与偏见》中的反语探析作者：闫文珍来源：《青年文学家》2016年第14期摘要：本文通过简要论述《傲慢与偏见》中反语的定义和识别方法，阐述了反语研究的重要性，分析了其在文中的应用以及起到的重要作用。

关键词：《傲慢与偏见》；反语；关联理论[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A [文章编号]：1002-2139（2016）-14-0-02反讽起源于古希腊，后来逐渐演变成一种修辞手法，被很多著名的文学家运用在作品当中，并起到了重要的作用。

针对反语的研究一直是文学家和语言学家的研究重点，在反语逐渐的发展过程中，其内涵更加深刻，其应用场景也在不断地扩展。

因此，本文主要阐述了反语的定义及其识别，进而论述了反语研究的重要性，最后论述了关联理论视角下《傲慢与偏见》中反语的应用和起到的良好效果。

一、反语的定义和识别方法反语是一种较为常见的修辞手法，在很多文学作品和日常生活中都得到了广泛的应用，其主要的定义为，利用词语时不是表达词语本身的含义而往往是表达词语相反的含义，比运用反义词语更加具有讽刺作用，从而能够更好地突出说话人或者写作者要表达的思想。

随着对反语的深入研究，反语的应用范围和使用方法也得到了不断地丰富，如果是A和B 进行对话，那么反语的识别可以分为以下三个步骤：第一，A需要判断出B所说的话语是否是需要回答的话语；第二，A需要识别出B所说话语的来源，主要是由于A所说的话所以引起了B所说的话语；第三，A同时需要识别出B对于A所说话语的态度，如果做出相反的反应，那么基本可以断定B所说的话语是反语。

二、反语研究的重要性反语作为一种非常重要的修辞手法，不仅常见于一些文学名著中，而且在日常交际中也非常常用。

因此，针对反语的研究一直是文学研究的重点领域，其重要性主要体现在以下几个方面：（一）推动了反语在文学中的应用反语在修辞学里有着重要的应用，这也是反语应用最普遍的一个场景，尤其是很多著名的文学家，常常借用反讽的修辞手法来抨击一些社会现象，或者集中突出某个人物的性格，往往会使得文学作品更加生动形象，从而产生更好的讽刺效果。

艺术特色。

《傲慢与偏见》是简•奥斯丁的代表作，它不仅是英国文苑的奇葩，也是世界文库的珍品，被英国著名小说家和戏剧家毛姆列为“世界十大小说经典名著之一”。

她的出色之处在于塑造人物性格方面“堪与莎士比亚比肩”，她在书中塑造了各种人物性格，使全书显得饱满圆润。

她运用的对比手法和反讽艺术渗透于《傲慢与偏见》整部小说中，贯穿于人物刻画、情节发展与小说结构之中。

她对语言的描写和对心理活动的刻画尤其成功。

（一）主要人物的性格分析1、伊丽莎白班纳特家的五个女儿中排行第二，可爱聪明机智，是《傲慢与偏见》的女主角，也是英国文学作品中最著名的女性角色之一。

她具有很多优点——可爱，聪明，从她机智的谈吐中可以发现她不逊色于小说中任何一个人物。

虽然伊丽莎白聪明过人，自称是研究性格的专家，却受到恶棍式人物魏克翰的愚弄，以至于对达西的偏见发展到怒不可遏的地步。

在对待婚姻上像所有的少女一样充满幻想，柯林斯的求婚以及朋友夏洛蒂的所作所为，使她愤慨于爱情受到了物质利益的亵渎，她被魏克翰的翩翩风度吸引，几乎相信他具备了一切美德。

直到了解魏克翰各种劣迹之后，她才认识到对仪表的心醉以及令人神往的交谈都不是心的契合，爱情必须建立在真诚的基础上。

经历了一连串的事件之后，伊丽莎白真的长大了，不再对人对事抱有偏见。

有了达西这样明理的丈夫之后，她会变得更成熟。

2、达西出身于一个等级观念浓重的贵族家庭,父母已经去世，继承了大庄园，与妹妹一起生活。

他仪表堂堂，非常富有，但是非常傲慢，不易近人。

就是他的这种傲慢才导致女主角伊丽莎白不喜欢他，经魏克翰的加油添醋，更是对他存在很大的偏见。

他想追求伊丽莎白，但态度傲慢，最终被伊丽莎白断然拒绝。

被拒绝后的他痛苦离开，留下书信解释自己的行为，伊丽莎白才知道自己错信了魏克翰，伤害了达西，十分后悔，于是逐渐改变了对达西的看法。

之后达西变了，变得不再傲慢，不仅对人彬彬有礼，对他妹妹非常爱护，而且在当地很受人们尊敬，伊丽莎白对他的偏见消除了。