Constructing and clearing combinatorial exchanges using preference elicitation

a function of …的函数 absorption：吸附 acetone 丙酮acrylics丙烯酸树脂 Aerospace 航空 agricultural engineering农业工程agricultural engineer农艺师 Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉ammonia 氨 ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵 analyte分析物 analytical chemistry分析化学amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的,非结晶的,玻璃状的;无一定目的的,乱七八糟approximate to：接近，趋近 area 面积 argon氩 aromatic 芳香烃的as a whole整体而言 ash纯碱 asphalt沥青a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的accessory heater 附属加热器accident prevention事故预防accountant会计师，会计，出纳 activity coefficient活度系数actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率 adiabatic绝热的，不传热的alkane烷烃 ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物ammonium phosphate磷酸铵anhydrous无水的applied Chemistry应用化学aquatic plant 水生植物 artificial人工的 asphaltene沥青油assay分析化验 at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直bottoms product塔底产品 baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板balance 抵消，平衡 barrier障碍物 batch间歇的；benzene苯binary distillation双组分精馏 bioengineering生物工程 bionics（仿生学）biosynthesis生物合成 blower 风机 boundary layer 边界层brick wall 墙壁 brittleness 脆性 bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗 bulk explosive集装炸药 buoyancy force 浮力by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于 barrel桶(国际原油计量单位)base塔底，基础 biological production生物制品生产biomechanics生物力学 bitumen沥青 blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学boiling point 沸点 bottom 底部，塔底 branched chain支链烷烃branched-chain（带支链的） bulk chemical 大宗化工产品capillary action毛细管作用 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳capital expenditure 基建投资 carbon skeleton碳骨架capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资 carrier载体carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳 straightforward简单明了的 catalyst 催化剂catalyst催化剂， catalytic cracking 催化裂化catalytic oxidation催化氧化 chemical additive添加剂centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离 chemical process safety 化工过程安全chain-shaped链状的 chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization结晶chain链 chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂chemical reaction化学反应 circulating gas 循环气civil engineer土木工程师 closed system封闭系统cleansing agent清洗剂 compound化合物close teamwork紧密的团队协作 computer microchip 计算机芯片coefficient系数 concentration difference 浓度差columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪 concentration gradient 浓度梯度combustion燃烧 condensate冷凝液，凝缩液commercial proportions 商业规模 condensation冷凝commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品 condenser冷凝器compress压缩 condense凝缩，冷凝computationally intensive计算量大的 constitute取代物，取代基concave （凸的，凸面） continuous：连续的concentration 浓度 convection 对流conduction 传导 convection drying对流干燥conduit导流管）, cooling water 冷却水conical funnel 锥形漏斗 coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律 corrosive property 腐蚀性constant-rate drying period恒速干燥阶段 cost engineer造价师control volume 控制体 counterpart对应物，配对物cooler 冷却器 cracking of petroleum石油裂解counteract抵消 cracking裂化counter-current逆流 criteria 指标 conversion转化，转化率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量 crude oil原油cake filtration 饼层过滤 capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力 crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂 depth 深度 derivative衍生物descriptive 描述性的 diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵 dislocation 错位dispersion model分散模型 dissolve 溶解 distillate product塔顶馏出产品distillate section精馏段 downcomer 降液管 drag forces曳力 drying of Solids 固体干燥drying rate干燥速率 ductility 延展性 dairy牛奶deactivate失活 deep bed filtration 深层过滤 defect structure 结构缺陷demonstrate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示density 密度 density difference密度差 deposit沉积物design engineer设计师 detector检测器 detrimental有害的devastate破坏，蹂躏 discolor变色，脱色drop in pressure 压降 drying gas干燥气体 drying干燥durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度eddy diffusion涡流扩散 efficiency improvement 效率提高electromagnetic wave 电磁波 Empirical model 经验模型employ采纳，利用 end-of-pipe solution 最终方案energy efficiency 能量效率 environmental health engineering环境健康工程equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散essential oil香精油 ether 乙醚 ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的）exotic chemistry 奇异化学explosive炸药 extract 萃取液extract萃取液 eddy 尾流，涡流 electrical conductivity 导电性emission释放物，排放物 emulsifying agent乳化剂energy saving 节约能量 enthalpy 焓 extract phase萃取相environmentally benign processing环境友好加工equilibrium constant 平衡常数 ethyl alcohol乙醇)energy conversion 能量转化falling-rate降速 falling-rate period降速干燥阶段feedstock 进料，原料 fermentation发酵Fick’s Law 费克定律 filter cake 滤饼filter paper 滤纸 filtering medium 过滤介质filtering surface 过滤表面 filtrate 滤液flux（通量，流通量） foodstuff 食品forces of friction 摩擦力 forefront最前线，最前沿fouling污垢，发泡 foundation 基础fraction collector馏分收集器fractional crystallization分步结晶fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流 functional group官能团furnace 火炉，燃烧器 fused quartz 熔化的石英factor 因数，因子，系数，比例 family族 feed liquor 进料液fertilizer化肥 fiber纤维 filter cake 滤饼filter 过滤器 filtration 过滤 final-proposal决议Fine chemical 精细化工 first-principles基本原理，基本规则fluid mechanics 流体力学 fluorescence 荧光色，荧光fossil fuel化石燃料 freeze drying冷冻干燥gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gasoline汽油 general service facilities公用工程gravity重力 gas adsorption 吸收；Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱gasoline汽油 governmental regulation政府规定heat exchanger 换热器 heat requirement热负荷heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质 heavy gas oil重瓦斯油helium氦 HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化high-efficiency高效的 high-fidelity高保真的 high-performance高性能human-factors engineering人类与环境工程humidity湿度 hydrodynamic model水力学模型hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应hydroquinone 对苯二酚 hard hat 安全帽hazard identification 危害辩识， health care保健hearing aid助听器 artificial limb假肢 heat exchange 热交换heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热 homologous series同系物human medicine人体医学 hydrocarbon naphthene环烷烃hydrogen cyanide氰化氢i feed tray进料板 ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸 ifetime寿命 impurity杂质in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..,大约…，在…左右information processing 信息处理injection注射 inorganic salt无机盐 insulation 绝缘inter-phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递is proportional to 与…成比例ideal system 理想系统 In principle从原理而言in the absence of无---存在 inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质inflection:折射 intensity强度，程度is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比internal structure 内部结构ketone酮 kilogram千克labor 劳动力 laminar sub-layer 层流底层 latent heat潜热 law 定律 Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸liquid mixture 液体混合物 lubricating oil润滑油Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根least-squares-regression最小二乘法 life scientist生命科学家liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取 locant位次，位标 loss prevention损失预防macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象 thermal stability热稳定性maintenance expense 维修费 macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子materials science材料科学 magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物matte无光泽的，无光的 mathematical expression steady-state model稳态模型mean value平均值 maximum最大的mechanical disturbance 机械扰动 mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）mechanical separation 机械分离） medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械 medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程membrane technology膜技术 medium 介质metal wall of a tube 金属管壁 membrane module膜组件metallic solid 金属固体 methane甲烷metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术 milliliter毫升micro-reactor 微型反应器 miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mobile phase移动相 model identification模式识别moisture content湿含量 molecular diffusion 分子扩散motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动 molecular transfer分子传递mount 安装，固定 moving gas stream移动的气流multi-component distillation多组分精馏natural gas天然气 naphtha石脑油near toequilibrium接近平衡 natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流neural network神经网络 net flow 净流量nitric acid 硝酸 nitric acid硝酸 nylon尼龙nitrogen oxides氮氧化物 nonlinear-equation-solving technique非线性方程求解技术nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法 nuclear power 核能octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值 of the same order具有同一数量级of enthalpy 焓通量 oil drilling采油operating condition操作条件 oil shale油页岩overhead vapor塔顶汽体 one-pass（单程）oxygenate content 氧含量 operating cost 操作费用or convex（凹的，凹面） organic有机的，有机物的outline描绘，勾勒 output产出，输出，产量oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物paraffin石蜡，烷烃parent母链，主链penicillin青霉素partial vaporization 部分汽化particle size 颗粒尺寸pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体pharmaceutical 制药 packed tower 填料塔phaseout消除 packing characteristics填充性质phenomenological model 现象模型 packing material 填料 pump 泵physical process 物理过程 paint涂料physiologists生理学 paraffin石蜡，链烷烃physiologist生理学家 per unit area单位面积plastic塑料 percent conversion百分比转化率plate tower 板式塔 installation 装置 feed 进料 perpendicular to：与----垂直polymers聚合物 Pharmaceutical制药power 动力 phosgene synthesis 光气合成.precipitate 沉淀物 plane chromatography薄层色谱precipitation沉淀，沉析 plant layout工厂布局pressure gradient plant location工厂选址probability of failure失效概率 pollutant 污染物process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师 poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体process engineering过程工程 porous medium 多孔介质process material过程物料(相对最终产品而言的） pretreatment 预处理process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包 processcontrol（过程控制）product 产物，产品 production line生产线prosthetics假肢器官学 protein蛋白质psychology心理学 pyridine砒啶 purify 精制提纯qualitative定性的 quantitative precision定量的精确 quantitative relation 定量关系radiation 辐射 raffinate萃余液ratio of A to B A与B的比值 rate of diffusion扩散速率reactant 反应物 reaction 反应 separation 分离reaction byproduct 反应副产物 reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度 reaction zone反应区reactive distillation 反应精馏 reactive distillation 反应精馏reactor energy input能量输入 recycle 循环回收reboiler再沸器 vaporization汽化 regression model回归模型.refix前缀 release释放，排放reflect 反射， replacement organ器官移植reflux回流 replication 复制 reforming重整 resistance 阻力regenerate再生 resistance 阻力，阻止replicating prefix重复前缀词 retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间 ring-shaped（环状的）Reynolds number雷诺准数 rules and regulations 规章制度reaction kinetics 反应动力学 reactant 反应物retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子safety experience安全经验 safety knowledge安全知识safety management support安全管理基础知识 safety shoe防护鞋sample样品 sandstone砂岩 sedimentary rock沉积岩 sanitation卫生segment段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断screening筛选，浮选sensor 传感器，探头 seepage渗出物 siltstone泥岩 self-taught自学size distribution 粒度分布 semiconductor 半导体sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠 sensible heat（sensible heat：显热）solubility，溶解度，溶解性 separation of solids 固体分离solute溶质 settling tank沉降槽 solution溶液 setup 装置solvent make-up 补充溶剂 optimum 最优的 shape 形状solvent 溶剂 soap肥皂solvent-recovery system 溶剂回收系统 solid state physics固体物理学stage-type distillation column级板式精馏塔 soluble可溶解的 solvent溶剂statistical technique 统计技术 specialized group专业组storage仓库 specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品stripping section汽提段,提馏段 spinning electrons 旋转电子structural steels 结构钢 spray chamber 喷淋室substituent取代基 stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相substitute取代，替代 steam蒸汽suffix后缀 stereoselective立体选择性的surface layer 表面层 straight line：直线surface treatment表面处理 streptomycin（链霉素）surgeon外科医生 styrene苯乙烯suspension 悬浮液 sublime升华supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官 synthetic rubber合成橡胶tanker油轮 kerosene煤油 tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的technical competence技术能力 tangible return有形回报terminology术语，词汇 tar sand沥青石thermal conductivity 导热性 technical advance 技术进步thermal diffusion热扩散 technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难total condense全凝器 technical evaluation技术评估tower shell 塔体 Telecommunication 电信toxic有毒的 temperature gradient 温度梯度transport of momentum 动量传递 temperature gradient 温度梯度tray 塔板 temperature level 温度高低turbulent flow 湍流 test mixture测试混合物two-film theory 双膜理论 the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会two-phase flow两相流 the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动thermal conduction 热传导 thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡 tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量 top 顶部，塔顶trap 收集，捕集 triple bond三健，三价unconverted reactant未转化的反应物 unabsorbed component未吸收组分 purity纯度urea尿素vacant atomic site 原子空位 vacuum drying真空干燥vapor-liquid contacting device汽液接触装置 Vacuum 真空viscous resistance粘性阻力 valve tray浮阀塔板volatility挥发性 vapor pressure蒸汽压voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的 via经，由，通过，借助于 viscosity 黏度waste 废物 wastewater treatment污水处理 waste disposal废物处理water droplet水珠，水滴 water purification水净化wax石蜡 weir溢流堰 with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果water-cooling tower水冷塔yield 产率，收率。

30 50 3011幕墙常用英语A Cantilever beam 悬臂梁Accessories 附件Capacity n.能力,容量According to 根据Caption n.说明,标题Acid a.酸，酸性的Cast-in 埋入Across ad.prep.横过，交叉Catalogue n.目录,总目Allowable 允许Cement n.水泥Alloy 合金Certificate Vt.n.证明,证明书Aluminum 铝，铝材Channel n.槽,频道，通道Analysis n.分析Check v.检查，查阅Analyze (analyse) v.分析Circular hollow section n.圆通Anchor 锚固 Cladding n.围护Angle steel 角钢Clear glass 透明玻璃Annealed glass 退火玻璃Client n.客户，委托人Anodizing n.阳化Code n.代码，法规Anti-corrosive zinc paint 防锈白漆Coefficient n.系数Appendix 附录Column n.柱Approval 承认,审批Combined a.组合Architect n.建筑师Comparison n.比较Architecture n.建筑Complete v.完成Artificial a.人造的,虚假的Composite a.n.混合物，混合Assume v.假设Compression n.压，压迫Assumption n.假设compressive a.受压的Average =AVG. 平均Concrete n.混凝土Axial a.轴向的Condition n.条件Axis n.轴向的Consider v.认为B Constant n.常数Backer rod 加强棒,泡沫棒Contact n.a.接触Base level 基本平面,海平面Contact surface n.接触面Be equivalent to 等于Content n.内容Bear 负荷Continuous beam 连续梁Bend v.n.弯曲,屈服Contractor n.承包商Bituminous a.含沥青的Copper n.铜Bituminous paint 沥青油Cracked a.开裂的Board n.板Criteria n.标准，要点Bolt n.螺栓Critical a.危险的，临界的Bond v.接合,搭接Curtain wall 幕墙Bonding n.搭接,接合Curved a.弯曲的Booklet n.小册子 DBottom n.底部Data n.数据Bracket n.支托Dead load 恒荷载Buckle vi.使弯曲,使屈服Deduction n.折减，扣除Built-up a.有组织的,密集的Definition n.定义，精确度C Deflection n.挠度C/C =center to center Deform v.变形Canopy n.天蓬,雨蓬Deformation n.变形幕墙常用英语Diagonal 对角线 FDensity n.容重，密度Fabricate v.加工Depth n.深度Fabrication n.加工Derivation n.引出，导出Facial(façade) a.脸部的，表面的Description n.描述Facial glass (façade glass) 面玻璃Design n.设计Fatigue n.v.疲劳Detail n.详图Feature 装饰物，特征Detection n.探知，发现Figured glass 压花玻璃Development n.发展Fillet n.带子，带形的Die n.冲模Fin n.鳍，鳍状物Difference n.不同，差异Fin glass (stiffen fin glass) 肋玻璃Dimension n.尺寸Finish n.完成，装饰Direct a.ad.直接的，v.指挥Finished floor level =F.F.L Distance n.距离Fire prevention 防火Distributed a.均匀的，分布的Fix v.固定Double glazing 双层（中空）玻璃Fixing lug n.摩耳Downward a.向下的Flange n.凸缘，翼缘Downwind a.顺风面Flashing n.防水板，遮雨板Drive pin 射钉Float glass 浮法玻璃Dynamic a.活动的，动态的Folded 折叠的，拦杆Derivation n.引出，导出Force n.力，力量；v.强迫Description n.描述Foreword n.序言Design n.设计Formula n.方程Detail n.详图Free stand type 坐（落）地式Detection n.探知，发现Function n.函数Development n.发展Fixing lug n.摩耳Die n.冲模Flange n.凸缘，翼缘Difference n.不同，差异Flashing n.防水板，遮雨板E Float glass 浮法玻璃Earthquake n.地震Folded 折叠的，拦杆Earthquake load 地震荷载Force n.力，力量；v.强迫Eccentric a.偏心的Foreword n.序言Eccentrically Adv.偏心地Formula n.方程Effect v.影响GEffective a.有效的G.M.S. =galvanized mild steelElastic a.弹性的Galvanization n.镀锌Elevation n.海拨，立面Galvanize v.镀锌Engineering n.工程Glass n.玻璃Equal angle a.等边角钢Glazing n.玻璃窗，玻璃装饰Equivalent a.等于Global a.通用的,全球的,球形的Examined 审定Granite cladding 花岗岩围护，干挂石Example n.例子，样本Gravity n.重量Exposed frame a.明框Grille n.格子Exterior a.外部的Grout n.水泥浆Extrusion n.挤压Grouting （填塞的）水泥砂浆幕墙常用英语Gust n.阵风 Minimum n.最小值Gutter n.天沟，排水沟Modulus n.模量Gyration n.回转，旋转Moment n.瞬间，矩H Movement capacity 变形能力Hanger system 吊挂系统Mullion n.竖框，竖料Hardware n.五金NHeight n.高度Natural a.n.自然的，Hidden frame 隐框Negative a.n.否定，负数Horizontal a.水平的Neutral a.中性的Hot-dipped zinc galvan 热浸锌Normal a.普通的，法向的I Nos. =numbersImmediate a.当地的Nut n.坚果，螺丝帽Include v.包括PIncrease V.增加Panel n.板，仪表板Individual a.个别的Parallel a.n.v.平行Inertia n.惯性Part n.部分，局部Inertia moment 惯性矩Partial a.部分的Interior a.内部的Peak 峰值Investigate n.调查,研究Penetration n.浸透，浸入Issue n.v.发行，发布Penetration butt 对接埋入焊Imposed a.应用的，利用的Period a.句号，周期J Permissible a.允许的Joint n.连接Permit v.允许Joist n.托梁，桁Pile n.桩L Pin n.a.大头钉，栓Laminated glass 夹层玻璃Plan n.计划,平面图,设计图Lateral a.侧面的，旁边的Plastic a..塑性的，可塑的Length n.长度Plate n.盘子，金属板Linear a.线性的Podium n.矮墙，女儿墙Lips n.薄片，唇Poisson’s Ratio泊桑比Load n.v.荷载，加载Polished glass 磨光玻璃Local a.局部的，地方性的Pre-cast 预埋，预置Long a.长的Preliminary a.初步的Louver n.百叶，百页Pressure n.v.压力，压强Lug n.耳朵Principal a.主要的M Property n.财产，性质，属性M.S.. =mild steel Purposed v.计划，打算Manufacturer n.制造高，厂商Protect v.保护Material n.材料Purpose n.目的，企图，论题Maximize v.最大化PVF2 Coating 氟碳喷涂Maximum n.最大值practise n.实行Member n.杆件QMetal n.金属Quantity n.量，数量，总数Micron n.微米RMinimize v.最小化Railing n.扶手，拦杆幕墙常用英语Ratio n.比，比率 SpacingReaction n.反应，反作用SufferRebar =reinforce bar StudRectangle hollow section 矩形管Structure n.结构Reduce v.减少，缩小Structure floor level =S.F.LRefer v.提交，查阅Strut n.支柱Reference n.v.参考，引用Sub-contractor n.分包商Reflective glass 反射玻璃Submission n.递呈,提交,服从Reinforcement n.加强件，加固物Suction n.吸力Resistance v.抵抗Super-structure 主体结构Restrain n.约束Supplier n.供应商Result n.结果Supply n.v.提供，补充，替代Revision n.修订，校订Support n.v.支撑，支持RHS =rectangle hollow section Support on four sides 四边支撑Rod n.小枝，竿Support on two sides 两边支撑Roof n.屋顶Surface n.表面Rigidity n.刚性Symmetry a.对称的S TScope n.范围，广度Technical a..技术的，工业的Screw n.v.螺钉，螺旋浆，拧紧Tee n.T字形，T形物Sealant n.密封胶Temperature n.温度Self-weight 自重Tempered a.调节的，钢化的Serial n.序列，系列Tempered glass 钢化玻璃Setting block 垫块Temporary a.临时的Shape n.v.形状，定形Tensile a.拉力的，张力的Shear n.v.修剪，剪切Tension n.v.张力，拉力SHS =square hollow section Terrain n.地带，地域，范围Silicone n.硅树酯The arm of force 力臂Similar n.a.相似的，相同Thickness n.厚度Simply supported beam 简支梁Thread n.纤维Site-ground 室外地面Tile 砖，磁片Sleeve n.袖子，套筒Tinted 染色的Slope n.v.倾斜Title n.名称，标题Span n.跨度Tolerance n.宽容，公差Specification n.规格，详述Top n.顶部，上总的Spider fixing （玻璃）固定爪Torsion n.扭转，扭矩Splice Vt.n.接合,连接,结婚Total 总的，总数Square hollow section 方形管Transom n.横梁，横档Stability n.稳定性Trapezoid n.梯形，不等边四边形Stainless steel 不锈钢Triangle n.三角形Standard n.标准Type 类型，型号，打字Stiffen v.使变硬UStrength n.强度UB =universal beamStress n.压力，应力UDL =uniformly distributed load Structural a.结构的Unequal angle n.不等边角钢幕墙常用英语Uniformly Adv.统一的，一律的Universal beam 通用梁Universal column 通用柱Unsymmetrical 不对称Upward a.向上的Upwind 迎风面VVariable n.变量Vary v.变化，改变Velocity n.速度，速度Vertical a.垂直的Vicinity n.附近，临近WWasher n.垫片，垫圈Waterproof 防水Weather sealant 耐候胶Web n.网，腹板Weep hole 泄水孔Weight n.重量Weld n.焊缝，焊接处Whorl n.螺纹Wide a.宽的Width n.宽度Wind n.风Wind load 风荷载Wind pressure 风压Withstand v.抵抗YYield n.v.屈服ZZinc n.鋅Zone n.区域mbomb 2004-10-19 02:07 AAMA - American Architectural Manufacturers Association 美国建筑物制造协会ASTM - American Society For Testing And Materials 美国材料试验协会Blade 百页片built-in内建Conceptual designs 概念设计Canopy天蓬Desiccant干燥剂Deformation 变形developed area 展开面积fenestration 开窗法gasket 垫圈glazing玻璃窗、上釉、上光High－span 大跨度Hierarchica分等级的Louver 天窗Monumental 非常规的MR（moisture resistant）防潮metal spacer 金属隔片overall thickness 总厚度polystyrene聚苯乙烯rain－screen 雨幕sunshade天棚，遮阳sash windows上下推拉窗the National Fenestration Rating Council美国门窗保温评估协会NFRC unitized组合的urethane聚氨酯venting 通风4-way lock 四点锁liufaye 2004-11-12 06:56 shopdrawing 施工图as-built drawing 竣工图screwed connection 螺纹连接slag cotton矿棉site-welding 现场焊接leekal 2005-2-16 07:37！！CURTAIN WALL SOUTH ELEVATION 玻璃幕墙南立面图CURTAIN WALL WEST ELEVATION 玻璃幕墙西立面图CURTAIN WALL NORTH ELEVATION 玻璃幕墙北立面图CURTAIN WALL DEVELOPMENT 玻璃幕墙展示图CURTAIN WALL SECTION 玻璃幕墙剖面图CURTAIN WALL PARTIAL ELEVATION玻璃幕墙部份立面图CURTAIN WALL TYPICAL PLAN玻璃幕墙标准层平面图CURTAIN WALL TYPICAL PRE-CAST LAYOUT PLAN玻璃幕墙标准层预埋件平面图CURTAIN WALL DETAIL玻璃幕墙节点图FIRE RATING CLIP防火棉插50mm THICK THERMAL INSULATION 50mm 厚隔热棉1mm THICK EPDM SEPARATOR1mm厚绝缘胶片lillian624 2005-2-18 04:33 TOWER 塔楼PODIUM 裙房FEMALE MULLION 母料MALE MULLION 公料TRANSOM 横料HEAD TRANSOM 头料SILL TRANSOM 尾料BEAD 压条ADAPTOR 扣件GUTTER SLEEVE 过桥EXTERNAL CORNER 外转角INTERNAL CORNER 内转角D.S.T. = DOUBLE SIDE TAPE 双面胶带DOUBLE SKIN FACADE 双层幕墙ZINC CHROMATE 烙酸锌PVF2 氟碳烤漆POWDER COAT 粉沫喷涂NJERRY 2005-4-26 19:32 Sealed unit 中空玻璃spandrel glass 磨砂玻璃heat stengthened 热强化（半钢化）玻璃annealed glass / float glass (浮法玻璃）vertical mullion 立梃horizontal mullion 横梁pressure plate 压板cap 盖板embeds 预埋件clear anodized 铝合金色阳极氧化painted 喷涂hinge 合页latch 门锁mock-up 小样flysnow 2005-12-9 09:14 常用单词warping 扭曲walk-up building 无电梯的房子water bar 隔水条watertightness 抗渗水能力water penetration 水密性能waterproofing compound 防水剂waterproofing membrane 防水膜wedge gasket 楔形密封条weep hole 渗水孔weather strip挡风雨条wired glass 刚丝玻璃片wood screw 木螺丝wool pile 毛条wrap包装unitized system 板块式设计,组装板系统vinyl interlayer 乙烯中间层膜verify 核查vulcanize corner 硫化角thermal insulation 隔热层thermal effect 热效应thermal conductivity 导热性thermal resistance 耐热差性能typhoon bolt/lock 防风锁thermal stress 热应力tie back 牵索timber 木料tack weld 间断焊接tapping 攻牙tap hole 攻牙孔top-hung window 上翻窗top pivot 顶枢轴angel07220 2006-4-21 03:28 汉译英的版本4mm厚复合铝板4mm THK. Composite Aluminum Plastic5mm厚单铝板5mm THK. Aluminum PlateT型螺栓T-head boltU-值U-value矮墙，女儿墙Podium安全玻璃Safety glass暗匣Blind pocket暗箱Shadow box奥氏体Austenitic百叶，百页Louver百叶玻璃Louver glass板，面板Panel板Board半钢化玻璃Half strengthened glass半径Radius半隐框幕墙Semi-exposed framing glass curtain wall棒，竿Rod包括Include保安配置Security configuration保护Protect比，比率Ratio比较Comparison避雷针Lighting protection air terminal变形Deform变形Deformation变形能力Deformation capacity变硬Stiffen标准，规范Standard标准，要点Criteria标准的Typical表面Surface丙烯酸喷涂Crylic acid coating波形的Corrugated玻璃Glass玻璃窗，玻璃装饰Glazing玻璃幕墙Glass curtain wall泊桑比Poisson’s Ratio薄板Sheet薄垫片Shim薄片Lip不等边角钢Unequal angle steel不同，差异Difference不显眼的Inconspicuous不锈钢Stainless steel不锈钢紧固件Stainless Steel Fastener 部分，局部Part部分的Partial材料Material参见，查阅Refer参考，引用Reference参数Parameter槽,频道，通道Channel槽，狭缝Slot侧面的，旁边的Lateral层间滑移Interstorey drift长的Long长度Length常数Constant车间Shop沉头螺钉Countersunk screw衬垫Bedding承包商Contractor尺寸Dimension冲模Die抽芯铆钉Blind rivet初步的Preliminary窗扇Leaf垂直的Vertical磁砖Tile搭接,接合Bonding打孔Perforate大厅Lobby代码，法规Code带空隙的Interstitial带子，带形的Fillet单层钢化玻璃Single toughened glass弹簧Spring弹性Elasticity弹性的Elastic弹性的Elastic灯的安装和走线Light fixture and wiring 等边角钢Equal angle steel等于Equivalent低辐射玻璃Low-E glass低碳钢Mild steel底部Bottom底漆Primer抵抗Resistance地带，地域，范围Terrain地基沉降Foundation settlement地接线Ground connection地心引力,重力Gravity地震Earthquake地震荷载Earthquake load递呈,提交,服从Submission电泳喷涂Electrophoretic coating垫块，支撑块Setting block垫圈Washer雕刻Carve吊杠臂Davit arm吊挂系统Hanger system调查,研究Investigate顶部，上总的Top定位（图）Geometry定位块Location blocks定义，精确度Definition动态的，动力的Dynamic镀锌Zinc-plated镀锌Galvanization镀锌Galvanize镀锌螺栓Galvanized Bolt堆积Accumulation对称的Symmetry对角线Diagonal对接焊缝Butt weld对准，成一条线Align发光的Luminous发行，发布Issue发展Development法线（方向）的Normal反射玻璃Reflective glass反应，反作用Reaction范围，广度Scope方程Formula方通Square hollow section方头紧定螺栓Square-head set-bolt 方头螺栓Square head bolt方形Square防反射涂膜Anti-reflective coating 防滑处理Anti-slip treatment防滑垫Slide bearing pad防火Fire prevention防火卷帘Fire shutter防火涂层Intumescent coating防火岩棉Fire Stop mineral wool防水板，遮雨板Flashing防水层Membrane防锈白漆Anti-corrosive zinc paint 防雨屏Rain screen分包商Sub-contractor分区墙Compart wall分析Analysis粉末喷涂Powder coating风洞研究Wind tunnel study风化的Etched峰值Peak氟碳喷涂PVDF Coating浮雕图案Relief pattern浮法玻璃Float glass俯视图Planform辅助框架Sub-frame负的，否定的Negative负荷Bear附件Accessories附录Appendix盖，帽，封边Cap干燥剂Desiccant杆件Member.刚性Rigidity刚性绝缘体Rigid Insulation钢化玻璃Tempered glass钢化的Tempered高度Height格子,隔栅Grille格子，网格Grid隔板，隔舱Bulkhead隔片Spacer隔音Acoustic attenuation个别的Individual根据According to工程Engineering供应商Supplier沟槽，刻槽Groove构件Element固定Fix固定爪Spider fixing刮痕Scratch管道，沟渠Conduit管井Shaft管状的，空心的Tubular惯性Inertia惯性矩Inertia moment光泽Gloss规格，详述Specification硅胶嵌缝Silicone joint过滤网Filter net含沥青的Bituminous函数Function焊缝Welding line焊接Weld合金Alloy合页Hinge荷载，加载Load恒荷载，静荷载Dead load桁架Truss横档，拱肩Spandrel横梁Transom厚度Thickness护栏Guardrail花岗岩Granite花岗岩围护，干挂石Granite cladding滑动门Sliding door滑移Drift缓冲板，挡板Baffle回转，旋转Gyration混合物，混合Composite混凝土Concrete混凝土蠕变和收缩Concrete creep and shrinkage混凝土外包Concrete encasement 活载荷Live load机制螺栓Machine Bolt基本平面,海平面Base level基础设施Infrastructure基座Plinth激活Activation计划,平面图,设计图Plan计划的，打算的Purposed技术的，工业的Technical加工Fabricate加工Fabrication加强棒,泡沫棒Backer rod加强层Diaphragm加强件，加固物Reinforcement加强角片，防滑片Cleat加强片Stiffener加速度Acceleration夹层的，夹胶的Laminated夹胶玻璃Laminated glass夹丝玻璃Wired glass架空地板系统Raised floor system 假设Assume假设Assumption减少，缩小Reduce剪力Shear force剪力墙Shear wall剪切Shear检查，查阅Check简支梁Simply supported beam建筑Architecture建筑师Architect胶带Adhesive tape胶合板Plywood胶条Gasket角钢Angle steel铰链Pivot接触Contact接触面Contact surface接缝，接合点Joint接合,搭接Bond接合,连接Splice节点Node结构硅胶Structural silicone结构胶Sealant解释Annotation金属Metal金属的Metallic紧固件Fastener紧急出口Egress door浸透，浸入Penetration净（净重）Net净面内力Net in-plane force静态的，静力的Static局部的，地方性的Local矩形管Rectangle hollow section句号，周期Period巨幅玻璃Monumental glazing距离Distance聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料Styrofoam卷帘Shutter均压的Pressure-equalized均匀的，分布的Distributed竣工图As-built drawing开槽圆柱头螺钉Slotted cheese-head screw开窗法Fenestration开口型铆钉Open type rivet开裂的Cracked抗拉强度Tensile resistance strength壳体Shell可变动Variable可拆除挂板Demountable panel可见光反射率Visible Light Reflectance可见光透光率Visible Light Transmittance可开启面板Operable panel可上人的Walkable客户，委托人Clientangel07220 2006-4-21 03:28 汉译英的版本2空气层Air gap空气渗透Air infiltration空气渗透Infiltration空气泄漏Air leakage空气闸Air lock空隙，间隙Clearance跨度Span矿棉Mineral wool框格窗Sash window拉花型抽芯铆钉Peel type blind rivet拉力的，张力的Tensile栏杆Railing肋Fin肋玻璃Fin glass (stiffen fin glass)类型，型号，打字Type力Force力臂The arm of force力矩Moment立即的Immediate立面Elevation沥青油Bituminous paint例子，样本Example连接件Fastener连续梁Continuous beam梁Beam两边支撑Support on two sides量，数量，总数Quantity临界点Critical point临时的Temporary菱形Diamond六角螺栓Hexagon bolt龙骨Aggregate楼板Slab楼梯间Stair box铝，铝材Aluminum铝板Alum. 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⾼层建筑结构设计中扭转效应的控制措施2019-09-13摘要：⽂章对结构扭转机理及扭转变形做了简单分析，结合⼯程实践，提出了⼀些⾼层建筑结构设计中扭转效应的控制措施。

关键词：⾼层建筑；结构设计；扭转效应；控制措施Abstract: the paper analyses the mechanism and torsional deformation structure reverse do a simple analysis, combined with the engineering practice, this paper puts forward some high-rise building structural design of controlling torsion effect of the measures.Keywords: high building; Structure design; Torsion effect; Control measures中图分类号：S611⽂献标识码：A ⽂章编号：1引⾔国内外历次震害表明，当结构平⾯不规则、质量中⼼与刚度中⼼偏差较⼤或者结构的抗扭刚度较⼩时，地震时会产⽣较⼤的扭转效应，使得结构产⽣较严重的破坏。

国内⼀些振动台模型的试验结果也表明了这⼀点。

因此，《⾼层建筑混凝⼟结构技术规程》(JGJ3―2002)(以下简称《⾼规》)针对扭转控制提出了⼀些控制措施及控制参数，防⽌结构出现较⼤的扭转反应⽽导致破坏。

下⾯结合⼯程实例讨论下在⾼层建筑结构的设计中如何对结构的扭转进⾏控制。

2结构扭转机理及扭转变形分析2.1结构扭转机理根据材料⼒学可知，当⼀个构件受到扭矩作⽤时，离构件刚度中⼼越远的地⽅剪应⼒越⼤，剪切变形也越⼤。

在整体建筑结构中，当结构受到扭矩作⽤时，竖向构件将承受剪⼒。

如图1所⽰的⼀均匀对称的结构，质⼼和刚⼼重合于O点，当结构受到⼀扭矩T，那么将在各柱中产⽣F1和F2的剪⼒。

穿心螺杆英语Piercing the Heart: The Captivating Journey of the Auger SnailThe auger snail, a captivating creature that dwells in the depths of the ocean, has long been a subject of fascination for marine biologists and enthusiasts alike. These enigmatic mollusks, with their intricate spiral shells and unique hunting strategies, offer a glimpse into the remarkable adaptations that have allowed them to thrive in the underwater realm.At first glance, the auger snail may appear unassuming, but its true allure lies in the intricate details that make it a remarkable predator. Its shell, a testament to the power of evolution, is a masterpiece of engineering, spiraling gracefully in a mesmerizing pattern that has inspired artists and designers throughout history. This architectural marvel not only serves as a protective shield but also plays a crucial role in the snail's hunting prowess.The auger snail's hunting technique is truly awe-inspiring. Unlike many other predatory snails, the auger snail does not rely on brute force or overwhelming numbers to capture its prey. Instead, it employs a unique strategy that combines precision, patience, and aremarkable set of specialized tools. At the heart of this strategy is the snail's radula, a ribbon-like tongue adorned with rows of sharp, harpoon-like teeth.As the auger snail prowls the ocean floor, it uses its radula to meticulously drill through the shells of its prey, often burrowing deep into the vulnerable flesh within. This process, known as "boring," is a marvel of biological engineering, as the snail's radula is perfectly adapted to the task, rotating and flexing with incredible dexterity to penetrate even the most robust of shells.The auger snail's drilling prowess is not the only remarkable aspect of its hunting behavior. These snails also possess a keen sense of chemical detection, allowing them to track their prey with remarkable precision. By detecting the subtle chemical signatures left by their quarry, the auger snail can navigate the vast, murky depths of the ocean with unerring accuracy, homing in on its target with laser-like focus.Once the auger snail has breached its prey's defenses, it injects a potent venom that quickly incapacitates the victim. This venom, a complex cocktail of enzymes and neurotoxins, is a testament to the snail's evolutionary adaptations, allowing it to subdue even the most formidable of prey with remarkable efficiency.The auger snail's hunting prowess is not the only aspect of its biology that has captivated researchers. These snails also possess a remarkable reproductive strategy that is truly unique in the animal kingdom. Unlike many other mollusks, which rely on external fertilization, the auger snail engages in a complex courtship ritual that culminates in internal fertilization.During this process, the male auger snail uses a specialized appendage, known as a penile papilla, to transfer sperm directly to the female's reproductive tract. This intricate mating dance, which can last for hours, is a testament to the snail's sophisticated nervous system and the intricate coordination required to successfully reproduce in the challenging underwater environment.The auger snail's life cycle is also a subject of intense study, as these snails exhibit a remarkable ability to regenerate lost body parts, including their radula and even portions of their intricate shell. This remarkable capacity for regeneration has captured the attention of researchers, who are exploring the potential applications of this ability in fields ranging from medicine to materials science.As we delve deeper into the world of the auger snail, it becomes increasingly clear that these captivating creatures are far more than just another species in the vast ocean ecosystem. They are living embodiments of the incredible adaptations and evolutionarystrategies that have allowed life to thrive in the underwater realm, offering us a window into the incredible diversity and complexity of the natural world.Through the study of the auger snail, we gain a greater appreciation for the intricate web of life that sustains our planet, and the countless wonders that still await discovery in the vast, unexplored depths of the ocean. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of these remarkable mollusks, we are reminded of the importance of preserving and protecting the delicate balance of the marine environment, ensuring that these captivating creatures and countless others like them can continue to captivate and inspire generations to come.。

华南农业大学学报 Journal of South China Agricultural University 2024, 45(1): 71-79DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1001-411X.202210001冯为迅, 杨源通, 苏立城, 等. 施用复合肥对巴戟天产量、养分吸收和寡糖累积量的影响[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2024, 45(1): 71-79.FENG Weixun, YANG Yuantong, SU Licheng, et al. Effects of applying compound fertilizer on yield, nutrient absorption and oligosaccharide accumulation of Morinda officinalis[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2024, 45(1): 71-79.施用复合肥对巴戟天产量、养分吸收和寡糖累积量的影响冯为迅1，杨源通1，苏立城1，盛　晗1，隆曼迪1，储双双2，曾曙才1(1 华南农业大学 林学与风景园林学院, 广东 广州 510642； 2 中山大学 环境科学与工程学院/广东省环境污染控制与修复技术重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006)摘要: 【目的】研究复合肥施用量对巴戟天产量、养分吸收和主要有效成分寡糖累积量的影响，为巴戟天的施肥管理提供理论依据。

【方法】以巴戟天为研究对象，通过盆栽试验，设置每株施用复合肥0、2、4、6、8和10 g (CK、T1、T2、T3、T4和T5)共6个处理，测定巴戟天在不同施肥处理下的产量、养分含量和寡糖含量，分析各指标间的相关性，并运用主成分分析方法进行综合评价。

【结果】施用复合肥可以显著提高巴戟天产量和N、P、K含量，并有利于提高寡糖的累积量。

其中，单株施肥量为6 g处理的巴戟天产量和寡糖总累积量最高，与CK相比，分别提升114.47%和75.36%。

引言装配式建筑作为未来建筑的重要形式之一，是以构件工厂预制化生产、现场装配式安装为模式，以标准化设计、工厂化生产、装配化施工、一体化装修和信息化管理为特征[1]，整合从研发设计、生产制造、现场装配等各个业务领域，实现建筑产品节能、环保、全周期价值最大化的可持续发展的新型建筑生产方式[2]。

预制混凝土构件（下简称“PC构件”）是将建筑的部分部品、部件在预制构件工厂进行生产加工，然后运输到现场进行组装[3]。

在建筑上，外墙面使用瓷砖作为装饰材料已得到广泛应用，铺贴瓷砖的传统方式是利用粘结砂浆以人工的方式粘贴于建筑外墙上，通过基层处理、找平、贴砖或涂料。

这个方法有多个弊端，一方面，瓷砖粘结于外墙上有砂浆与墙面及砂浆与瓷砖两个粘结层，无论哪个粘接面遭到破坏，均会引起瓷砖脱落；其次，由于瓷砖是通过人工方式粘结，必定会因工人熟练程度不同而引起铺贴误差，降低整体美观程度，施工费时费力，平整度不高，且风险系数大，可靠性低。

在建筑工业化中，瓷砖不再使用上述工艺，变为采用反打工艺进行铺贴，瓷板反打也是装配式建筑重要的外立面设计手法[4]。

所谓反打工艺，是将要铺贴的瓷砖反向铺放于混凝土模具内，使墙板的外叶板在下面，内叶板在上面，然后直接在上面浇筑混凝土，振捣成型。

与国内主流的外墙饰面“正打”施工方式正好相反，反打工艺可以在浇筑外墙混凝土墙体的同时一次性将外饰面的各种线型及质感带出来，其建筑效果与墙板质量都是“正打”所不能比拟的，反打工艺成品表面光洁平整，定位精准，附着牢固，能够有效避免冻胀、老化等问题。

目前该技术在国外已相对成熟，并开发了多种预制外墙装饰效果。

例如，最早日本在基于反打工艺的装配式建筑结构保温装饰一体板生产工艺研究高洪军北京金隅新型建材产业化集团有限公司 北京 100013摘 要：本文从装配式建筑反打工艺的技术特点出发，系统地分析了装配式构件工业化生产的外墙夹心保温装饰一体化反打饰面技术的主要施工工艺流程以及注意事项，主要包括瓷砖饰面反打外墙板与石材饰面反打外墙板的工艺流程，以期为相关建筑工作人员提供技术方案参考，并通过工程案例，验证了该工艺方案的可行性。

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0引言高速铁路以其快速、安全、绿色等特点成为世界各国争相发展的交通方式之一。

我国高速铁路中桥梁段占据主导地位，铁路桥梁施工过程当中，作为起始平台的0#托块施工尤为重要，目前对于高墩0#块施工采用托架现浇法已较成熟。

预压对0#块托架的安装质量和结构安全至关重要，可以对托架整体稳定性和安全性进行检验，消除托架不均匀沉降，计算出托架预计变形量，为预拱度设置提供重要参考[1]。

现阶段，用于0#块托架预压施工的方法主要有堆载法、水箱法及反力法[2]，其中反力法因其施工方便、安全可靠、受力明确等特点在桥梁工程中得到了广泛应用[3]。

李湛[4]以某钢筋混凝土连续梁桥0#块托架预压施工为研究背景，对比分析了不同预压方案的优缺点。

李红强[5]以唐乃亥黄河特大桥为研究背景，提出了一种利用钢绞线反拉对0#托架进行预压的施工方案，并基于现场监测结果分析该技术的预压效果。

基于此，本文以东柳河特大桥连续梁0#块托架预压施工为背景，提出并设计采用三角型反力架对托架进行反预压，并采用Midas Civil 有限元程序按照三角型反力架实际结构建立空间模型进行整体分析计算，并对预压施工过程中各杆件的受力和变形进行计算分析，得到的相关数据可为类似工程提供参考。

1工程概况东柳河特大桥位于达州市大竹县柏林镇新桥村，横跨大竹县、达川区，全桥长1101.58m ，沿线地势起伏较大，设计标准为时速350.0km/h 的双线高速铁路。

主桥采用预应力混凝土连续梁桥，全长145.5m ，计算跨度为40.0m+64.0m+40.0m 。

连续梁梁体为单箱单室、变高度、变截面箱梁。

梁底下缘按二次抛物线变化，抛物线方程为：Y=0.0045245X2。

悬臂浇筑梁体分段：墩顶梁段（0#块）为9m ，悬臂部分7个节段，合龙段2m 和边跨直线段7.75m 。

主墩和边墩基础均采用Φ1.5m 群桩、承台组合结构，其中主墩为圆端形空心墩。

2反力架预压圆端形空心墩上0#块采用预埋托架体系进行浇筑，依据现场地形、墩柱结构形式设计了三角型反力架对托架进行预压施工，如图1所示。

ReviewClay in cement-based materials:Critical overview ofstate-of-the-artM.L.Nehdi ⇑Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Western Ontario,London,Ontario,Canadah i g h l i g h t sCritical overview of effects of clay in cement-based materials is provided. Dimensional stability of aggregates bearing clay minerals is examined. Treatment of clays to mitigate their detrimental effects in concrete is outlined. Research on nano-clays in cement-based materials is highlighted.How to resolve ambiguity related to clays in cement-based materials is discussed.a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 23May 2013Received in revised form 10October 2013Accepted 31October 2013Available online 28November 2013Keywords:Clay SandAggregate Concrete Workability Admixture Swelling Durability Nanoa b s t r a c tLimitations in guidelines and standards on the amount of clay in sand and coarse aggregate micro-fines and the influence of such micro-fines on fresh and hardened concrete properties is often ambiguous for practitioners and quality control professionals.This is compounded by conflicting related data in the open literature and the inadequacy of some standard test procedures for capturing the real problems associated with the presence of clays in cement-based materials.This paper examines the various types of clay,limitations on clays in aggregates in various standards,and the test methods used to assess the presence of clays in aggregates.A critical overview of literature on the possible effects of clay in cement-based materials is provided,including effects on water demand,workability,mechanical strength,dimensional stability and chemical admixtures dosage.The problem of dimensional stability of aggre-gates bearing clay minerals is examined.Possible chemical treatment of clays to mitigate their detrimen-tal effects in concrete is also outlined.Finally,emerging research on using nano-clays in cement-based materials is highlighted and recommendations to resolve ambiguity related to the presence of clays in cement-based materials are proposed.Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction (373)2.Different clay minerals and their behaviour................................................................................3733.Mechanisms of clay swelling............................................................................................3744.Effects of clay on properties of concrete...................................................................................3745.Effects of clay on chemical admixtures....................................................................................3766.Expansion of aggregates with clay bearing minerals.........................................................................3767.Test methods for clay in cement-based materials ...........................................................................3767.1.Aggregate durability index ........................................................................................3777.2.Sand equivalent test .............................................................................................3777.3.Methylene blue test .............................................................................................3777.4.Grace colorimetric modified methylene blue method ..................................................................3788.Standard limitations on clay content in aggregates..........................................................................3789.Chemical treatment of aggregates to mitigate effects of clay ..................................................................37810.Nano-clay in cement-based materials....................................................................................3790950-0618/$-see front matter Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.059⇑Tel.:+1(519)6612111x88308.E-mail address:mnehdi@uwo.ca11.Concluding remarks (381)References (381)1.IntroductionThe Spanish proverb puts it best:‘‘clay and lime conceal much evil’’.This author sensed such perception of clay through personal involvement in high-profile international projects(e.g.two of the tallest buildings in the world,world’s deepest and second largest water pumping and treatment plant,one of the world’s largest air-ports,a world landmark bridge,etc.).Ambiguity arises when stan-dards,technical provisions and subsequently project specifications may be unnecessarily restrictive on the amount of micro-fines al-lowed in aggregates used in concrete,while locally available sands and/or coarse aggregates cannot meet such limitations at compet-itive cost.Often futile debate emerges on what exactly is the nat-ure of aggregate micro-fines at hand,is it responsible for any performance issues of the concrete produced,how such an influ-ence can be accurately quantified for various microfine contents, and can the limits on micro-fines be relaxed without short-or long-term performance problems of the concrete.The discussion can be fuelled with conflicting pieces of information sourced from the open literature or through personal communications.Therefore,this article is an attempt to demystify clay in con-crete,critically overview the state-of-the-art on this issue,and pro-vide a self-contained document that can scrutinise existing related data and the various pieces of evidence,examine the available test methods for evaluating the existence and effects of clays in ce-ment-based materials,and essentially savefort of navigating through this often2.Different clay minerals and theirDetailed information on clay mineralsin Fowden et al.[24].Clay minerals areand layered crystalline substances thatweathering of certain rock formingicates of aluminium and other metallictially two fundamental crystal layers,alumina(octahedral).It is basically theare stacked together with differentthe crystal lattice that differentiates clayite,illite and montmorillonite from onegeological conditions and prevailingmine which type of clay is formed.Clay minerals are commonly found in75l m material)of natural aggregates.ically less than2l m in size,but can be10sized clay materials and their unit cellsative charges on their surfaces.Whenbetween clay particles gets occupied byThe simultaneous presence of negativelyand the dipoles of water create electro-tract and hold the dipoles of water.Claymulti-layer formations.The chargedcharge around the particles are togetherlayer[39].The space between layers and the freeinterlayer space are the chief reasons formineral has a swelling behaviour.Theabsorption of water dipoles to theto be achieved.With decreased interlayeramong the layers become powerful and of water,so swelling does not occur.Conversely,as the interlayer space becomes more significant,interlayer forces are so that water absorption in the interlayer space can progress until interlayer bonds fail.Hence,the clay particles get separated and rearranged and swelling occurs.The extent and kinetics of the mechanisms de-scribed above depend on several other parameters acting individ-ually or in combination.These include the density of the surface charge,the type and valence of the cations,the concentration of the electrolytes and the dielectric constant.Therefore,swelling depends on the type of clay mineral.Gener-ally,smectite minerals,with montmorillonite being a chief repre-sentative of this group,are considered swelling.Such smectites encompass repeat units of silica,gibbsite(aluminium hydroxyl groups)and adjacent silica layers joined by Van der Waals bonds (Fig.1).The substitution of aluminium for magnesium in the gibb-site layer and for silicon in the silica layer results in a net negative charge in smectites,thus imparting a high cation exchange capac-ity.In addition to their high cation exchange capacity,the inter-layer spacing between silica layers can increase in smectites through water absorption,causing substantial swelling.Con-versely,clay minerals such as pyrophyllite,margarite and illite are considered non-swelling.For instance,kaolinites comprise re-peat units of silica and gibbsite and lack the inter-layer spacing found between adjacent silica layers in smectites.Hence,their cat-ion exchange capacity is less than that of smectites and is predom-1.Schematic illustration of the layered structure present in montmorillonite (courtesy of J.Plank,2013).M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–382373d-spacing when exchangeable cations are hydrated by an aqueous solution[7].The presence of clay minerals in coarse andfine aggregates can have remarkable effects on the workability of fresh concrete,effec-tiveness of chemical admixtures,and on the mechanical strength, dimensional stability and durability of hardened concrete.There-fore,it is paramount to determine the type and content of clay minerals in aggregates,develop rapid and reliablefield test meth-ods to quantify deleterious clay minerals in aggregate stockpiles and recommend remedial techniques,if any,to make the clay-con-taminated aggregates adequate for use in concrete.In this article,a critical overview of the effects of clay minerals in cement-based materials is provided.The test methods used to assess the presence of clay in aggregates are examined,and inter-national standards on clay minerals in concrete are highlighted. The problem of dimensional stability of aggregates bearing clay minerals is discussed.Possible chemical treatment of clays to mit-igate their detrimental effects in concrete is also outlined.Finally, emerging research on using nano-clays in cement-based materials is highlighted.It is hoped that this critical analysis of international literature could mitigate existing ambiguity on the topic of clay in concrete among engineers and practitioners.3.Mechanisms of clay swellingThe mechanisms of clay swelling have been extensively dis-cussed in the literature.Only aspects relevant to clays in cement-based materials are considered herein.Much of this discussion is based on a review by Anderson et al.[8].In contact with water, exchangeable cations in the clay interlayer space tend to hydrate, forcing clay layers apart.Swelling can occur via two different re-gimes;crystalline and osmotic swelling.Crystalline swelling can occur in all types of clay minerals.This was shown to be a short-range swelling occurring in a discrete fashion,through the stepwise formation of mixtures of interlayer hydrates.Several layers of water molecules line up to form a qua-si-crystalline structure between unit layers resulting in an in-creased interlayer spacing.For instance,smectite clays absorb water and form one-,two-,three-and four-layer hydrates.The equilibrium layer spacing for a certain clay mineral is the state whereby the thermodynamic potential(free energy)is a global minimum given thermodynamic constraints of temperature,pres-sure,and water chemical potential(Anderson et al.[8]).Typical interlayer spacing recorded in the crystalline swelling regime ranges from9to20Å.Osmotic swelling occurs in particular clay minerals known to contain exchangeable cations in the interlayer region.When the concentration of cations in the interlayer space is higher than that in the surrounding solution,water molecules migrate into the interlayer space to restore cation equilibrium.This type of swelling can cause appreciably larger volume increases(interlayer spacing of20–130Å)than that resulting from crystalline swelling.For in-stance,smectites can swell in this osmotic fashion.Conversely, K+saturated smectite clay do not swell in this manner and form crystalline hydrates even in aqueous suspension[52].Thus,the K+ion can be used to prevent the swelling of sodium saturated clay minerals(Anderson,2010).The type,size and charge of exchangeable cations present in the clay interlayer space have a predominant effect on the magnitude of clay swelling.Water desorption isotherm measurements of montmorillonite intercalated with different monovalent exchange-able cations(Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+and Cs+)indicated that for larger cations,less water is adsorbed[40].Clay minerals incorporating monovalent cations having larger hydration energies tend to swell more than those containing cations with lower hydration energies.Furthermore,the type of substitutions present and layer charge of a clay mineral can significantly influence its swelling characteris-tics.This is discussed in greater detail in Anderson et al.[8].4.Effects of clay on properties of concreteThere has long been concern that clay particles may be harmful to concrete because of their ability to absorb water and swell, which increases the water demand in fresh concrete.As early as 1933,Parsons[48]studied the effects of partially substituting clay for either10%by volume of cement or7.5%by volume offine aggregate,on the compressive strength,absorption,and perme-ability of concrete.Three different clays were used:red surface clay from Occoquan,blue clay from Baltimore,Maryland and yellow clay from Alexandria,Virginia,It was believed the clays were free from organic matter as they were used in brick manufacturing.It was observed that substituting10%of clay for cement by volume caused around0–10%decrease in compressive strength at ages be-yond three months,but there was no appreciable effect on perme-ability.Also,substituting clay for7.5%offine aggregate increased compressive strength by up to37%.The effects of clay on the water absorption,permeability,and resistance to freezing and thawing cycles of concrete were not significant.In1934,Lyse[37]reported that experimental work at Lehigh University supported the claim that severe limits on the contents offines in concrete were unnec-essary and even could become illogical when chemical admixtures are permitted.More recently,Solomon and Ekolu[60]investigated the incor-poration of clay soil into concrete mixtures as a means of making low-cost,low-strength construction materials for infrastructure in developing countries.Four control concrete mixtures with 350kg/m3of cement and water-to-cementitious content(w/cc)ra-tio of0.70,0.75;and with280kg/m3cementitious content with w/ cc=0.80and0.85were tested.Further mixtures had10%,20%,30%, 40%,and60%partial substitution of cement with local raw clay.It was found that clay–cement concrete mixtures with a maximum w/cc=0.80and20–30%clay replacement for cement can be suited to fulfil the strength and workability requirements for low-cost, low-strength applications including housing,roads and dams.Olanitori[47]reported that the higher the clay and silt content in sand,the higher was the cement dosage increment needed to maintain the compressive strength of concrete beyond20MPa, which is the value generally specified at28-d in Nigeria for a mix-ture ratio1:2:4.He recommended carrying out a comparative cost analysis between the cement dosage increments used for sand with a particular clay/silt content,and washing the sand to reduce the clay/silt content,so as to determine which is more cost-effec-tive to maintain20-MPa compressive strength.Li et al.[32]studied the workability,strength and modulus of elasticity,drying shrinkage and creep,freeze–thaw resistance and chloride ion permeability of C60high-performance concrete (HPC)made with manufactured sand(MS)containing 3.5–14% crushed limestone dust,versus that made with river sand(RS)with clay amounts of3%and5%.The clay content in MS decreased work-ability,increased drying shrinkage and accelerated freeze–thaw damage of the C60-HPC,but did not affect its compressive strength and chloride ion permeability.It was concluded that C60-HPC can be made with MS with a high content of crushed limestone dust, but the amount of clay in MS should be controlled.Norvell et al.[46]explored the effects of clay minerals present in natural aggregates versus that of clay-sized particles present in manufacturedfine aggregates on concrete performance by‘‘dop-ing’’micro-fine aggregates with clay minerals and non-clay con-taining particles of similar size.Specifically,they investigated the effects on water demand,water-reducing admixture demand,374M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–382compressive strength and drying shrinkage.It was concluded that clays do increase the water and superplasticizer demand in accor-dance with their interlayer absorption and cation exchange capac-ity,respectively(Table1).However,clay-sized particles(particles of similar size to clay but with different mineralogy)did not signif-icantly affect the water and superplasticizer demands at the levels studied.At constant w/c,only smectite(montmorillonite)clay was found to decrease compressive strength and to increase drying shrinkage.Li et al.[33]explored the effects of the clay content and charac-teristics,methylene blue value(MBV ranging from0.35to2.5)of manufactured sand(MS)and the limestonefines content on the performance of concrete.Results showed that with an increase in MBV,the workability,flexural strength and7-d compressive strength of the MS concrete decreased,while the28-d compressive strength was not affected.Also,increasing MBV enhanced plastic and drying shrinkage cracking of the concrete and remarkably accelerated its freeze–thaw damage and abrasion loss.It was con-tended that the critical MBV was1.4;a value below which the per-formance of MS concrete is not significantly compromised by the presence of clay.Since different specifications and code provisions define various limits for thefine impurities content of the concrete coarse aggre-gate,Seleem and El-Hefnawy[56]evaluated the effects of different levels offine impurities normally found in coarse aggregates in Egypt on the compressive strength and dimensional stability of concrete.Based on their test results,a higher limit offine impuri-ties(5%)in coarse aggregate was suggested,particularly when the increase in shrinkage is overcome using a superplasticizer and low-er water-to-cement-ratio.Chan and Wu[14]argued that research has shown silts and clays to be deleterious because in the mixing of concrete con-taining silts and clays more water is added to achieve adequate workability.They reasoned that the use of a superplasticizer at similar w/c ratio to that of a control OPC concrete not containing silts and clays may provide good quality concrete.They con-ducted trial concrete mixtures with particles less than150l m in size consisting of silts and clays obtained from crushed gran-ite stone along with a sulphonated naphthalene superplasticizer. They concluded that durable concrete could be made with25% partial replacement of cement with silt and clay using a w/c ra-tio of0.5.However,Chan and Wu[14]explored workability, strength and permeability of the silt and clay concrete,but did not assess its dimensional stability,abrasion and freeze–thaw resistance.Courard et al.[18]investigated the effects of various limestone fillers on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting mortars.Six different limestonefillers were used at15%,25%and 35%partial mass replacement of cement.Thefillers incorporated clays and had methylene blue absorption values between0.7and 5.0.Among the sixfillers,two contained swelling clays.It was found that the water requirement of limestonefillers was primar-ily affected by their content of swelling clay.The water require-ment had a direct correlation with the methylene blue absorption and the BET specific surface of thefillers.The consis-tency of fresh mortars decreased with increasing swelling clay con-tent of the limestonefillers.It was argued that despite the effect on fresh mortar properties,no major influence of clays on the behav-iour of hardened mortars was observed.Even the swelling clays did not hinder the porosity of limestonefiller modified mortars.It was contended that should superplasticizers be used to solve rheologi-cal problems,fillers from the aggregate industry and stone sawing could be used in concrete manufacturing.Fernandes et al.[22]carried out an experimental study on clay–cement–sand composites.They compared the effects of pure quartz sand to that of two synthesized sands made by dry mixing of this pure sand with either20%by mass of kaolin or20%by mass of montmorillonite.They made various mortars with Type I OPC and variable sand types,water/cement ratios and sand/cement ratios.The28-d compressive strength was measured and X-ray diffraction was employed to examine whether any reactions between the clay and cement had oc-curred.A linear relationship existed between the amount of clay and corresponding amount of water needed to maintain certain workability.XRD analysis did not identify any secondary prod-ucts forming in the presence of clay.Moreover,the mixtures incorporating kaolin clay followed similar strength-w/c relation-ship to that of normal concrete,with lower strengths attributed to increased water demand and/or increased compaction diffi-culty,while those including montmorillonite followed a different relationship,suggesting that this clay had other deleterious ef-fects beyond the increased water demand.It was postulated that for the typical w/c and strength values of building materials in developing countries,satisfactory mortar and blocks can be made from clay-contaminated sand.However,the effect of the type of clay is significant and structural concrete made with such materials needs proper durability and dimensional stability investigation.The effects of coarse aggregate coatings on concrete proper-ties were explored by Muñoz et al.[43].Seven concrete mixtures were made with coarse aggregates containing two types of coat-ings:naturalfield-coated aggregates,and manufactured coated samples of dust and clayfines.The effects of these coatings on concrete performance were examined by comparing the relative changes in physical and mechanical properties of the concrete versus that of a control concrete made with washed aggregates. It was concluded that microfine coatings on coarse aggregates can influence the properties of fresh and hardened concrete even when their amount in the passing No.200sieve is less than 1.5%.The extent and nature of such influence depend on the quantity and type of the microfine.Thus,ASTM C117,which only accounts for the quantity of micro-fines present in the aggre-gates,was not considered an adequate monitoring tool for this problem.It was suggested that the product of MBV(methylene blue value)and P200(maximum percentage of material passing the No.200sieve),referred to as the MMBV was the best overall predictor.Table1Water and admixture demand with clay minerals and non-clay sized minerals (modified after[46].Type of Mineral Waterdemand Superplasticizer dosage (w/c=0.42)Control:granite sand0.47 4.5Clay mineral1%Kaolinite0.50 6.04%Kaolinite0.608.01%Illite0.49 5.54%Illite0.5110.01%Montmorillonite0.6218.54%Montmorillonite0.90186.0Clay sized particles1%Fine calcium carbonate(60%<2l m)0.48–4%Fine calcium carbonate(60%<2l m)0.48 4.01%Ultrafine calcium carbonate(90%<2l m)0.49–4%Ultrafine calcium carbonate(90%<2l m)0.49 4.01%Ground silica(96%<5l m)0.47–1%Ground silica(96%<5l m)0.47 2.5M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–3823755.Effects of clay on chemical admixturesIt is believed that their ability to readily exchange cations is the most deleterious feature of clays in concrete.Cations are ex-changed in order to balance inherent electrical charges on the sur-face of clay particles.Such cations can be readily exchanged with organic materials such as water-reducing admixtures and superp-lasticizers.This high affinity to organic substances competes with the adsorption and dispersing mechanisms of chemical admixtures at the surface of cement and supplementary cementitious materi-als particles.Subsequently,as clay particles consume part of the chemical admixture,a higher dosage will be required to achieve certain workability.This not only has cost implications,but the very high admixture dosage can lead to excessively long setting time,delays in strength gain and formwork removal.Table1exhib-its the substantial effect observed by Norvell et al.[46]of swelling clay on the superplasticizer demand of concrete.In particular,there has been growing evidence that polycarbox-ilate-based superplasticizers(PCEs)are more sensitive to clays than poly-condensate superplasticizers.This is primarily due to their incorporation into the layered clay structure via their side chains,which impedes their dispersing ability.It was observed by several researchers(e.g.[55,31]that different types of PCEs show pronounced sensitivity to clay and their dispersing force de-creases significantly in its presence.The predominantly used side chain in PCE superplasticizers is poly(ethylene oxide),which is known to easily intercalate within alumosilicate layers of clays (e.g.[36].Montmorillonite(MMT)was found to be particularly harmful to concretefluidity compared to other clay minerals such as kaolinites(e.g.[27].This is caused by the expanding lattices of MMT,allowing intercalation,swelling and cation exchange[38].Li et al.[34]studied the influence of clay on the disperse-ability of polycarboxylate superplasticizers.They investigated thefluidity and viscosity of cement paste and examined the influence of clayfiltrate on the molecular structure and kinetics of adsorption of PCE on the surface of clay particles in a simu-lated alkaline environment consisting of saturated calcium hydroxide solution.Theirfindings indicate that PCE has no dis-persing effect on cement paste once the clay content reached 15%.Increasing the PCE dosage mitigated this negative effect of clay.Moreover,it was found that the clayfiltrate did not change the molecular structure of PCE nor did it affect its disperse-abil-ity.The kinetics of clay adsorption in the simulated alkaline environment on PCE was rapid,with an adsorption capacity about4times that on cement,with clay reaching its equilibrium adsorption within6min.Ng and Plank[44]tested PCEs consisting of methacrylic acid/ MPEG methacrylate-ester with molar ratios of6:1and1.5:1.They found that the tested PCEs sorb chemically and physically onto clay by amounts about100times higher than that on cement.Chemi-sorption appeared to take place via intercalation of the poly(ethyl-ene oxide)side chains into the interlayer region between alumos-ilicate layers,while physic-sorption occurred on positively charged clay surfaces through uptake of Ca2+.The type of sorption was dos-age dependent,with side chain intercalation dominating at higher PCE dosage,while electrostatic attraction via the clay surfaces an-ionic backbone prevailed at lower dosage.Since PCEs possessing high grafting density were more vulnerable to clay effects,it was argued that poly-glycols can be utilised as sacrificial agents when highly grafted PCEs are employed at high dosages.Lei and Plank[31]asserted that new PCE superplasticizers pos-sessing modified chemical structure for enhanced robustness to-wards clay need to be developed.Hence,they synthetized modified PCEs from methacrylic acid and hydroxyl-alkyl methac-rylate esters and tested their dispersion performance in cement with and without montmorillonite clay.The new PCE was found to disperse cement effectively in the presence of clay and was much less affected by clay than conventional PCEs.A mechanistic study including adsorption and XRD experiments revealed that the new PCE only adsorbs on the surface of clay and does not incor-porate into its layered structure,which explains its tolerance to clay contamination.6.Expansion of aggregates with clay bearing mineralsThe dimensional stability of aggregates versus moisture changes has been discussed in detail by Shayan[59].Generally, dense and un-weathered aggregates are not affected by changes in moisture content.Their water absorption is generally less than 1%by mass of rock.Hence they usually retain their dimensions un-der wet or dry conditions.However,some vesicular rocks may ex-hibit high water absorption,yet can remain dimensionally stable provided they are free of expansive clay minerals.Once altered or weathered,rocks can exhibit expansive minerals,yielding high water absorption due to the ability of clay minerals to accommo-date water in its interlayer spaces.The formation of expansive clay minerals has been reported by several authors in basaltic rocks and in granophyre(e.g.in[59];its effects on the properties of the rock as a source of concrete aggregate have also been well documented.Water absorption by clay minerals in aggregates can cause expansion of the granular matrix,hence causing expansion of the concrete.Drying can exhibit excessive shrinkage,possibly leading to cracking,especially under repeated wetting/drying conditions (e.g.[16,54].Water vapour and nitrogen absorption studies and measurements of internal and external surface area of basalts (e.g.[16,58]revealed a direct relationship between the length change of rock prisms subjected to wetting/drying cycles and their clay content.Similar relationships have also been established for granophyre and basalt[58,67].The dimensional stability and moisture sensitivity of rocks can be experimentally measured on prism specimens subjected to re-peated wetting–drying cycles and monitoring the associated length changes using accurate length measurement comparators (e.g.[16,57].Some indirect methods including correlating drying shrinkage with moisture absorption of aggregate or with adsorp-tion of other polar molecules such as methylene blue dye,have been used to predict the drying shrinkage of aggregates[59].In particular,the MBV value had a reasonable correlation with the clay content of tested materials and was successfully used to eval-uate a source rock for drying shrinkage before the development of a quarry at the site[57].Using124test specimens,a correlation was developed by Sha-yan[57]between drying shrinkage of aggregate and its MBV value. It was shown that MBV levels beyond1.75ml/g were associated with unacceptable aggregate drying shrinkage.Table2lists typical ranges of moisture-induced length changes measured on different rock prisms from Australian aggregate source rocks and reported by[59].It can be observed that andesitic tuffs,grey basalts and sandstones undergo significant length changes upon wetting and drying,at times exceeding1000micro-strains.Except grey basalt, substantial dimensional instability in rocks has been linked to higher clay content.Likewise,when clay occurred in the form of an interconnected network in basalt(e.g.[17]or in the form of veins in granophyre(e.g.[57],the length change was much larger than when a similar amount of clay was present in isolated patches or in vesicles.7.Test methods for clay in cement-based materialsConsidering the significant influence of the type and content of clay on the water and chemical admixture demand,mechanical376M.L.Nehdi/Construction and Building Materials51(2014)372–382。

盾构英语词汇目录A (1)B (3)C (5)D (10)E (12)F (14)G (16)H (18)I (20)J (21)K (22)L (22)M (24)N (26)O (27)P (28)Q (32)R (32)S (35)T (42)U (45)V (46)W (47)X (48)Y (48)Z (48)Aabnormal 异常abrasion 磨损acceleration 加速acceptance 验收，赞同，容忍accessories 附件，辅助程序accumulator 蓄电池accuracy 准确性，精度acknowledge 确认acquisition 采集activation 激活active carbon 活性炭active center cutter 主动中心刀盘actual 实际的actuated 操纵，控制actuation 驱动adaptor 适配器additive 添加剂，附加的adhere 粘贴adjustable bolt 调整螺栓adjustable speed moter 调速电动机adjustment 调试admission 供油，供气aeration 曝气，充气aggressive carbonic acid 强腐蚀性的碳酸agitator 搅拌机air bubble 气泡air-buffer 气体缓冲器air cleaner 空气滤清器air-compressor 空气压缩机air-conditioner 空调air dryer 空气干燥机air filter 空气过滤器air-lock 气闸，人舱air mass flow control valve 空气流量控制阀air outlet 放气，排气air pump 气泵air receiver 储气罐air regulator 空气调节器air tank 空气箱air valve 气阀air vent 气孔alarm 警告alarm bell 警铃alert 警报align cylinder 校正油缸alignment pin 定位销allowed variation 容许偏差alternator 交流发电机aluminum 铝aluminum manifold 铝制支管ambient 周围的，周围环境ambient temperature 环境温度amperage 安培数ampere 安培amplifier 放大器analog 模拟的，模拟量analog combination 电子表analog module 模拟模块analogue amplifier 模拟放大器anchored 被固定的anchoring point 支撑点andesite 安山岩angle 角度annular gear 内齿轮annulus 注浆环面间隙antenna 天线anticorrosive quality 抗腐蚀性anti-roll bar 防倾杆anti roll protection 防翻滚保护anti-rotation device 防止旋转装置anti-wear plate 耐磨板AnyLan 网路aperture controlled 孔径控制apprentice 学徒arm 臂arm retainer 臂固定架armoured 装甲的，蛇皮管的articulate 发音，用关节连接articulation 铰接articulation cylinder 铰接油缸articulation jack 铰接千斤顶articulation jack pin 铰接千斤顶连接销articulation jack pin mounting jig 铰接油缸连接销安装夹具articulation lip seal 铰接唇式密封articulation rubber sponge seal 铰接海绵橡胶密封assembly 装配，组装assembly drawing 装配图ASSY 总成，组装assign 指定assortment 分类audible 可听的authorized 经授权的automatic 自动化的，自动机械automatic control 自动控制automation 自动化auto grease lubricator 自动滑脂润滑器auto oil lubricator 自动注油器auto valve 自动阀automatic control 自动控制automatic drain 自动放泄阀automatic feed water pump 自动供水泵automatic oil lubrication 自动润滑auxiliary 辅助auxiliary circuit 辅助回路auxiliary contact 辅助触点auxiliary cutter bit 辅助切削刀auxiliary transformer 辅助变压器axis 轴线axial override 刀盘强制驱动Bback filling injection device 填充注浆装置back filling injection port 填充注浆孔back flow 回流back lash 间隙，齿隙，反冲back pressure valve 背压阀back up 后配套装置back up system 后配套系统backloading 背部换刀balance device 平衡装置balancing valve 平衡阀ball joint 球窝接头ball tap 球形旋塞ball valve 球阀band 带，频带base plate 底座battery 蓄电池beam 梁，横梁bearing 轴承bearing bolts 轴承螺栓bearing house 轴承座bearing house stopper 轴承座挡块bearing lubrication unit 轴承润滑装置bearing pad 轴承垫bell 铃，铃声belt 皮带belt conveyor 皮带输送机belt tensioning cylinder 皮带张紧油缸benchmark 基准bend 弯管，弯头，弯曲bentonite 膨润土bentonite feed 膨润土供应bentonite slurry 膨润土泥浆binder 粘合剂binding 扎带blade 叶片，刀片bleed 排气bleeder 排气孔blind hole 盲孔blind plug 绝缘插头，废堵，盲塞blinking 闪烁block （阀）板，（阀）块bogie 转向架，车轮bogie steering 转向轮bolt 螺栓bolting 螺栓连接bonnet 阀盖boom 起重臂boom cylinder 动臂油缸boost 推进，增压boost inlet 推进输入boost outlet 推进输出boost pump 增压泵bore diameter 孔径，内径boring machine 镗机，钻机boss 轮毂，老板boulders 漂石braided 编织的braided hose 编织的软管bracket 托架，支柱brake 制动器brake torque 制动扭矩breakaway torque 脱困扭矩breakdown 故障breaker 断路器，开关（电）breather 通气孔；通风装置breather valve 通气阀breathing air 可呼吸的空气broken line 虚线，点线brush 刷子，毛刷brush seal 刷式密封bucket 铲斗，挖斗bucket drag bits 边缘刮刀bucket tooth 齿形铲斗buffered data 缓冲数据built-in stroke sensor 内置式行程传感器bulkhead 舱壁，隔板bull gear 大齿轮，从动齿轮bundle 束，捆bus 母线bush 衬套，轴瓦bushing 套管butterfly valve 蝶阀butt joint 对接button 按钮buzzer 蜂鸣器bypass 旁路Ccabinet 橱柜cable 电缆cable bearer 电缆支架cable duct 电缆导管，电缆槽cable gland 电缆衬垫cable rack 电缆架cable reel 电缆卷盘cable tray 电缆桥架cable way 电缆通道cable with connector 带接头的电缆calibration 校核caliper 卡尺caliper door 出渣前闸门cams 凸轮cam follower 凸轮从动件camlock 凸轮锁紧器can 罐头，开罐器cantilever 悬臂cap 盖，帽capability 能力capacitance 电容capacitive 电容电流capacitor 电容器capacity 容量carbonatite 碳酸盐岩cardan joint 万向接头carriage 车架cartridge 筒式cartridge 插装阀cassette 储仓cat walk 走道，过道，通道cat walk bracket 走道支架cavitation 气穴现象cavity 腔，凹处CCTV 闭路电视Celsius degree 摄氏度center cutter 中心转刀center line 中心线center shaft 中轴center slide deck 中间的移动平台centistocke 厘斯，运动粘度单位centralized 集中的centralized grease system 集中润滑系统central location 中央单元centre shield 中盾centrifugal 离心的centrifugal pump 离心泵centrifugation 离心分离certificate 证书chain 链条chain block 导链滑车，起重机chain link 链节chamber 室channel 通道charge 装料；充电charge pump 充电泵，进料泵charger 装料设备，装（送）料机charging hopper 装料料斗，装料仓chart 图，图表chassis 底盘check valve 单流阀，止回阀checking 检测chemical grouting 化学灰浆choking effect 节流作用chromium carbide 碳化铬chuck 卡盘chute 斜槽；滑槽circuit 电路，一圈circuit breaker 断路开关，断路器circumstance 情况，环境clamp 钳，夹紧clay 粘土cleaner 滤清器cleaning pump 洗涤泵cleaning water injection port 清洗水注入孔clearance （机器零件之间的）间隙clearance 间隙clearance fit 间隙配合clear boot 护罩clevis 弹簧钩，Ｕ形夹CLM 衬砌破碎机clog 障碍，阻碍clogging 堵塞closed loop 密封圈，闭合环路closed loop pressure pump 闭环压力泵closed operating mode 关闭操作模式clutch 离合器coaxial cable 同轴电缆coefficient 系数coil 线圈collapse detector 土体塌陷探测器collar 轴衬colour display 彩显column 立柱combo 联合体comment 评论，意见communication 交流communication adapt 通信适应性，通信适配器communication cable 通信电缆compact 小粉盒，紧密compact trailer 集成式拖车compensator 补偿器component 部件compressed air 压缩空气compressible 可压缩的compressor 空气压缩机computer 计算机concentric 同轴的concentric reducer 同心变径concrete 混凝土的，凝结物condensation 冷凝，凝结conditioning 土壤改良conditioning agent 调节剂conductor 导体cone crusher 锥形破碎器configuration 配置confinement 限制conglomerate 砾岩connector 联接器connecting beam 联结双梁connecting pin fixing plate 联结销固定板connecting shaft 联结轴connecting stay 联结支柱connection tool 联结工具connector 接头consent 插座console 控制台consolidation 固结constantly 不断地consumption 消耗量contactor 接触器，开关contact block 接触块contaminant 污染物contaminant sensor 污染物感应器contamination 污染continuous duty 连续运行contra fan 逆流式通风机control 控制control box 控制箱control cabin 控制室control circuit 控制回路ControlLogix 控制器control panel 控制面板control room 控制室control stand 控制台control valve 控制阀controlled inlet valve 可控进给阀controlled outlet valve 可控排出阀controller 控制装置，控制器cooling water pump 冷却水泵copper 铜copper wire braid shield 铜编织线屏蔽copy cutter 仿形刀copy cutter bit 仿形刀刀片copy cutter cylinder 仿形刀油缸copy cutter jack 仿形刀千斤顶corrective 矫正的corrective action 校正动作corrective maintenance 故障排除corrosive 腐蚀的corrosive resistance 防腐蚀counterbalance valve 背压阀，平衡阀coupler 联结器coupling 联结器，耦合coupling for cutter detector 刀盘探测器的联结器cover 盖子cover plate 盖板crane 起重机，吊车crank 曲柄crest 峰值crest voltage 峰值电压crewmember 工作人员crosshead 十字结联轴节crown 顶点crusher 破碎器cst 厘斯，运动粘度单位cubicle 柜current 电流current carrying capacity 载流量current draw 电流损耗current failure 断电，停电current-limiting circuit breaker 限流断路器curve 曲线cushion rubber 缓冲橡胶customized 自定义custom items 自定义项目cutter bit 刀盘切割刀，硬质合金刀cutter bit hold 切削刀刀架，硬质合金刀刀架cutter bit pin 切刀定位销cutter chamber 刀盘隔仓cutter driving motor 刀盘驱动马达cutter drive power 刀盘驱动电源cutter driving unit 刀盘驱动装置cutter drum 刀具盘体cutter head 刀盘cutter head gear motor 刀盘减速箱cutter ring 刀圈cutter seal 刀盘密封cutter spoke 刀盘轮辐cutter tooth 刀齿cutter torque 刀盘扭矩cutter motor 刀盘驱动马达cutting edge 刃口cutting wheel 刀盘CW 顺时针CCW 逆时针cycle 周期，循环cylinder 油缸cylinder guide ring 油缸导向环cylinder pad 油缸垫片DDAM 数据采集模块danger zones 危险区域data 数据data logging 数据记录data manipulation 数据处理debugging 故障排除，调试deceleration 减速decomposed granite 风化花岗岩deck 平台；面板deck handrail 平台扶手deck stand 平台架子deck stand support 平台支柱dedusting system 除尘系统defect 缺陷defective 有缺陷的deformation 变形degrees of freedom 自由度dehydration 脱水delay 延迟delay time 延期delayed relay 延时继电器delta connection 三角形连接demonstrate 展示dent 缺陷depth of embedded grounding wire 接地线埋深desiccant 干燥剂，干燥的detail 细节detection 检查detector 探测器dewatering 脱水，排水dewatering pump 排水泵development application 二次开发device net 设备网diagnostic 诊断法，诊断diagram 图表dial indicator 刻度盘指示器，千分表diameter 直径diaphragm 隔板，光圈，快门diaphragmatic 隔膜式的diffuser 扩散器digger 挖掘机digging machine 挖土机digital 数字的digital amplifier 数字放大器dimensional 空间的，尺寸的DIN mount 德国工业标准式安装DIN rail 德国工业标准式铁轨diode 二极管directional 定向的directly actuated 直接控制的directly burying 直埋敷设disabled 失效disc cutter 盘形滚刀discharge flow 排放流量discharge hopper 卸料斗discharge pump 排污泵discharge valve 卸料阀，排出阀disclaimer of warranty 免责声明discrete signal 离散信号displacement 位移，排量displacement detector 位移传感器disposal 处理dissipated power 耗散功率distribution 分配distribution block 接线板distribution line 配电线distribution valve 分配阀distributor 配电器dowel 定位销down time 停机时间drag bit 刮刀drain 排出口，排干drain line 泄油管路drainage 排水，排水系统drainage water lifting pump 排水提升泵drainage water tank 排水水箱drawing 图纸drier 干燥剂，干燥机drill 钻头drill equipment 钻头装置drill machine 钻机drive 驱动drive reduction gear 驱动减速齿轮drive system 驱动系统driveline 动力传动系统driving motor 驱动马达driving motor cooling system 驱动马达冷却系统drum 滚筒，鼓dry powder 干粉dosing pump 计量泵double arm 双臂（式）double blade 双刀片double disc cutter 双刃滚刀double gate 双闸门double nut 双螺母downstream 下游的dual 双的duct 空气通道duct cassette handle 风筒装置duct line 管道，风道ducting 导管，管道dump 倾倒，垃圾场dust wiper 除尘器Eearth collapse detector 土体勘查装置earth and sand destruction detection device 土砂破坏检测装置earth and sand seal 土砂密封earth leakage circuit breaker 漏电开关earth load gauge 土压测量计earth pressure balance shield 土压平衡盾构earth pressure detector 土压勘查装置earthing 接地earthing rod 接地极earthing switch 接地开关earthing terminal 接地端子efficiency 功率elastic ring 弹性圈elbow 弯头elbow joint 弯管接头electric cabinet 配电柜electric component 电气元件electric motor 电动马达electric valve 电磁阀electric welding mechine 电焊机electrical pale 电极electrode 电焊条，电极electrode holder 电焊钳electrode wire 电焊丝electromagnetic 电磁铁elongation 伸长率elongation capacity 延展性elongation sensor 延伸传感器ELS 激光标靶Encoder 编码器end plate 端板emergency break 紧急制动器emergency dewatering hose 紧急排水软管emergency dewatering pump 紧急排水泵emergency generator 应急发电机emergency light 应急灯emergency shut down 紧急停机emergency stop 紧急停机emulsify 乳化emulsion 乳化液enclosure specific 特制外壳encoder 编码器end cover 端盖engine 引擎engineering plastic knob 工程塑料把手entanglement 缠绕，铁丝网envelope 壳体EPB 土压平衡式equalizer 平衡器equipment 设备equivalent 等效erect 安装erector 拼装机erector grip assembly 拼装机夹紧装置erector platforms 拼装机平台erector support 拼装机支撑框架erector torque 拼装机扭矩escape routes 逃生路线essential service 基础服务设施estimated consumption 预计消耗Ethernet 以太网evaluate 评估examination 审查excavation 开挖excavation bucket 铲斗excavation chamber 土仓excavation diameter 开挖直径excavation face 开挖面excavation speed 开挖速度excavator 铲斗式挖掘机exchange of tools 换刀exclusion 排除executive summary 摘要expansion ratio 膨胀比expansion tank 油枕，蒸发器external leakage 外泄漏extend-retract 伸缩extension 伸展，扩径extension jack 伸缩油缸extension port 延伸出口extra 额外的eye plate 眼板eye bolt 螺丝圈，环首螺钉Ffacilities 设施failsafe 失效保护fan 风扇，风机fast acting 快速启动，迅捷起效fastener 紧固件fault 故障feed 供给；送料feed valve 进给阀feeder hopper 加料器feeder hopper 进料斗fiber optic 光纤fiberoptical cable 光纤电缆filter 过滤器，滤波器filtration 过滤fire extinguisher 灭火器fire fighting system 消防系统fishtail cutter 鱼尾形切削刀fitting 安装，配件，接头fixed displacement 固定排量fixed flow 固定流量fixing bolt 紧固螺栓fixing plate 固定板fixture 固定装置flange 法兰flange connection 法兰接头flange mounting 法兰安装flank 侧面flapper 铰链板flapper 有铰链大门flashing light 闪灯flexible 弹性的flexible coupling 弹性联结器float 漂浮float valve 浮球阀float switch 浮动开关floor drain 地面排水flow 流量flowing carriage 后续车架flow control valve 流量控制阀flow conveyor 流动输送机（输送水泥用）flow divider valve 分流阀flow indicator 流量监视器flow-meter 流量计flow monitor 流量监视器flow rate 流量，流速flow rate set point 流量设置控制点flow pipe 输送管flow sheet 流程图flow regulator 流量调节器flow regulator valve 流量调节阀fluid 流体fluid dynamics 流体动力学fluid level 液面fluid mechanics 流体力学fluid viscosity 流体粘度fluorescent light 荧光灯flush 奔流，冲洗，发亮fly number 转速foam 泡沫foam skid 泡沫单元foot mounting 底座安装force 力forced outage 强制停机forman 工头，领班forward and reverse 正反向forward shell 前盾found 铸造fracture 断裂frame 框架frequency 频率friction 摩擦front gripper 支撑靴front shield 前盾front trunk 前壳体full bore ball valve 球阀（四面都带接头）full face tunnelling machine 全断面隧道掘进机full stroke 全冲程fully automat IC 全自动集成电路fuse 保险丝，熔断器fuse blow 熔断器熔断fuse switch 熔线开关Ggalvanized steel pipe 镀锌钢管gantry 构台，起重机架，台车gantry clearance 台车间隙gangway 舷梯gap 空隙gas 气体gas detection 气体检测gasket 垫片，垫圈gate 闸门gate plate 闸门板gate valve 门阀gauge 计量器，测量gear 齿轮gear box 齿轮箱，变速器gear box with brake 带制动器的变速箱gear pump 齿轮泵gear reducer 减速箱general controls 通用控制generator 发电机geology 地质状况geothermy 地热GF 地面故障gland 电缆封头；密封套glare 眩光glassbody 玻璃体globe valve 球心阀glove 手套glycol 乙二醇gouging 刨，开槽governor 调节器，调速器grabing system 抓举系统gradient 坡度gram 克grantry 台架，起重机架graphic 图表的graphic interface 图形界面graphical symbol 图形符号gravel 砂砾，砂砾层grease 油脂grease barrel 油脂桶grease gun 润滑脂枪，牛油枪grease lubrication 滑脂润滑grease pump 油脂泵grease seal 润滑脂密封grease system 润滑脂系统grime 尘垢grip 夹具，把手grip bolt 夹紧螺栓grip cylinder 夹紧油缸gripper 夹具装置，支撑靴gripper cylinder 支撑靴油缸gripper shoes 支撑靴gripping pressure 支撑压力ground 地面ground conditioning 渣土改良ground pad 接地端子grounding 接地grounding conductor 接地导体grounding fault 接地故障grounding system 接地系统grounding terminal 接地端子groundwater 地下水grout conditioning 注浆改良grout system 注浆系统grouting 注浆grouting pipe 注浆管grouting unit 注浆系统guarantee 保证guide pipe 导管guide rod 导杆guide roller 导向滚筒guidance system 导航系统guillotine 闸床，断头台，切纸机guillotine door 卸渣闸门gyro 陀螺仪Hhalf coupling 半联结器hammer 锤handle 摇柄handrail 栏杆，扶手hanger 吊钩hand-operating device 手动操作hard 硬的hard ware 硬件hatch 舱口hazard 危险HCS 海瑞克复合式盾构机headstock 主轴箱heat 热量，温度，加热，压力heat exchange 热交换器heave 举起，起伏heavy duty cutter bit 重型刀具heed 留心helical 螺旋形的helix 螺旋hertz 赫兹hexagon 六边形，六边形的hexagon head bolt 六角头螺栓hexagon nut 六角螺母hexagon socket screw 内六角螺栓high density slurry 高密度泥浆high density slurry shield 高密度泥水盾构high pressure filter 高压滤油器high pressure sodium 高压钠灯high-pressure VCB panel 高压ＶＣＢ配电板hinge 铰链HMI 人机界面hob 滚刀hoist 起重机hoist beam 起吊运输梁hoist rail 起吊运输轨道holder 刀架holder－mount 支架hole 孔hole plug 孔塞hollow shaft 空心轴homogeneous 同质的hook 弯钩；吊钩hood 盖，套；防护罩hopper 料斗horizontal thrust 水平方向，水平推力hose 软管hose clamp 软管夹hose rack 软管托架hose reel 软管卷盘hourmeter 小时表housing 外罩hub 集线器，插孔humidity 湿度H.V 高压H.V. cable reel 高压电缆卷筒H.V. cell 高压单元hydraulic 液压的Hydraulic block 液压阀组hydraulic control unit 液压控制系统hydraulic couple 液压联轴器hydraulic drive 液压驱动Hydraulic hammer 液压锤hydraulic oil tank 液压油箱hydraulic motor 液压马达hydro－pneumatic 液压气动的hyperbar 高气压hyperbaric 高气压的Iidling 空转illuminance 照度impact 碰撞，冲击imperfection 不合格in situ casting 现场浇筑inactive 暂停，闲置inclinometer 倾斜仪，倾角计increment 增加，增值incremental encoder 增量式编码器independent 独立控制indicating light flickering 指示灯闪烁indicating light off 指示灯关闭indicating light steady 指示灯常亮indicator 指示器individually 单独地inductive 感应的inductive current 感应电流industrial air 工业压缩空气infirmary 医务室injection 注射injection hole 注入孔injection point 注入点injection port 注入口injection pipe 注浆管injection pump 注浆泵injection valve 喷射阀；注浆阀inlet 入口inlet line 吸油管线，吸入管路inlet valve 进给阀inner diameter 内径inner tube 内壳体，内胎inside diameter 内径inspection 检查inspection chamber 检查、检验仓inspection cover 观测盖板，检查盖inspection hole 检查孔inspection lamp 检修（用）灯inspection trap 检查井inspection window 观察窗installation board 安装板instantaneous 瞬态instruction 说明，指令insulation 绝缘insulation class 绝缘等级integral system 完整的系统integrate circuit 集成电路integrated 综合的integrated 综合泵integrity 完整intensity 强度interference fit 过盈配合interlock 联锁interlock pin 联锁销intermediate 中间媒介intermediate beam 中间梁intermediate bearing 中间轴承intermediate body 中盾intermediate coupling device 中间联结（藕合）装置intermediate jacking station 中继顶压站intermediate shaft 中间轴internal leakage 内泄漏interpret 说明interrupt 中断insert 插入，嵌入instrumentation 仪表insulated neutral 不接地中性点interphone 对讲机interphone network 对讲机网络invalidation 无效inverter 变换器，倒相器isolation 隔离，绝缘Jjack 油缸，千斤顶，插座jacking pipe 顶管jam 堵塞jam nut 止动螺母，安全螺母JB 接线箱jet valve 喷射阀jib 旋臂jib crane 旋臂起吊装置jobsite 工作场地jog 点动jog mode 点动模式joint 接头joystick 操纵杆junction 连接，交叉点junction box 接线盒junction valve 连接阀Kkey 键，封闭管片key plate 止转板key segment 封闭管片keyway 键槽kilogram 千克kilowatt 千瓦kit 工具箱knock pin 定位销Llabyrinth 迷宫ladder 梯子lamp 灯landscape 横向，景象lap 搭接；重叠laser 激光laser beam 激光束laser cutting 激光切割laser sensor 激光传感器laser target 激光靶laser window 激光窗口latch 门闩，锁存器latch kits 锁存器组lateral force 侧力latticed face 格构表面launch shaft 始发井laying 铺设LDT 线性位移传感器leader pin 导销leak 泄漏leakage 泄露物legend plate 外壳level 水平，水位level gauge 液位计，水平仪level switch 液位开关，电平开关lever sensor 水平传感器lifetime 使用寿命lift 升降机；电梯lift cylinder 提升油缸lift jack 提升油缸lifting beam 提升梁lifting hoist 提升绞车，起重卷扬机lifting lug 吊耳，吊环lifting piece 吊攀lifting rod 提升杆light 光，灯光lighting 照明lighting fixture 灯具lime 石灰limestone 石灰岩limit 限制limiter 限制器limit switch 限位开关line filter 线路滤波器liner 衬套，衬垫lining 衬板，衬垫，内衬lining segment factory 管片生产工厂link chain 扁节链，平环链liquid 液体liquid contamination 液体污染lip seal 唇形密封liter 公升litre 公升load 载荷load center 负载中心load lose 负载损耗load support 支架lock 锁locking handle 止动柄locking pin 锁紧销，插销locknut 防松螺母，自锁螺母locksmith 钳工，锁匠locomotive 机车，电瓶车long distance tunneling 长距离隧道掘进longitudinal cutting head 纵向刀盘loosen 松开low profile 低标准的lowering 下降lube 润滑油lube pump 润滑泵lubrication 润滑lubricating unit 润滑装置lubricator 油雾器，润滑器lug 柄，螺帽LV cell 低压单元LV room 低压室Mmachine plane 机加工面MAG 磁性的magnet 磁铁magneto strictive 磁致伸缩传感器malfunction 故障，误动作main bearing 主轴承main bearing lubrication unit 主轴承润滑装置main circuit 主回路main contact 主触点main drive 主驱动main jacking station 主顶进站main seal 主密封main transformer 主变压器maintenance 维护maintenance 检修箱maker 生产厂家，制造厂商manhole lid 人行孔盖manifold 阀板manifold block 集成块man lock 人闸mandatory sign 指示标记manganese 锰manipulator 操纵装置，机械手manometer 压力表manual 手动的manual hoist 手拉葫芦manually operated type 手动式manufacturer 制造商marl 泥灰marlstone 泥灰质岩mastic injection 盾尾油脂注入match 匹配material 材料material handing 物料运输material lock 材料进出闸maximum gradient 最大坡度measure 测量；量度measure stroke sensor 测量行程传感器measuring tape 卷尺mechanical 机械的mechanical drawing 机械制图mechanical gripping of segment 机械抓举管片mechanical life 机械寿命mechanical seal 机械密封medium 介质，中间的megger test 绝缘电阻测试mesh 啮合metal deactivators 金属钝化剂methane gas 瓦斯metric 公制micromachines 小型隧道掘进设备micrometer calipers 千分尺micron 微米microprocessor 微处理器middle beam 中间梁midget 微型的mine 采矿，挖坑道mineral oil 矿物油miniature breaker 小型断路器misaligned 错位，未对齐的miscellaneous 其他mis-operation 误操作mixing arm 搅拌翼mixshield 混合式盾构机mode 模式modulus 系数moisture 湿度molten metal 熔融金属monitored automatic control system 监督自动控制系统monkey trap 活动扶梯mortar 砂浆mortar injection system 注浆系统mortar pump 砂浆泵motion 动作motor 马达,电动机motor maximum torque 马达最大转矩motor protection 电机保护装置motor pump 电动泵motor switch 电动机开关motorisation 机械化的motorized 机动化的mount ASSY 底座总成mounting pin 安装销mounting plate 安装板mounting type 安装方式movable bearing 可动轴承movable deck 可动平台moving 移动muck 淤泥muck chute 渣土槽muck conveyance 泥浆输送器muck conveying system 渣土输送系统muck pump 泥浆泵muck train 渣土车mudstone 泥岩multi-drive system 多传动系统multifunction 多功能multiple 并联mushroom 蘑菇形的Nname plate 名牌nature cooling 自冷式needle valve 针筒negative pole 负极neoprene 氯丁橡胶(人造橡胶) neutral 中位neutral point 中性点neutral interlocks 中位互锁neutralize 中和net 网network 网络nipple 管接头,螺纹接套nipple joint 螺纹接头,管接头nipple nut 管接头螺母nitrate 硝酸盐nitrite 亚硝酸盐no-load current 空载电流nominal 标称的nominal size 公称尺寸nominal torque 额定扭矩non-reactive 非电抗性的normal 正常nozzle 喷嘴nuisance tripping 继电保护装置的误动作null 零位numerical 数值的nut 螺母nut collar 螺母垫圈Oodor 气味off 关闭offset 偏移ohm 欧姆ohmmeter 欧姆表oil 油oil clearner 滤油器oil cooler 油冷却器oil cooling heat exchange 油料冷热交换器oil cup 油杯oil drain pump 泄油泵,排油泵oil bearing 注油式轴承oil feeder 注油器oil filter 滤油器oil gear pump 齿轮油泵oil hole 注油孔oil level gauge 油位计oil meter 油量计oil pump 油泵oil seal 油封oil tank 油箱oil tank cover 油箱盖open model 开放模式open TBM 敞开式隧道掘进机opening radio 开口率operating pressure 工作压力operating time 工作时间operator interface 操作界面optical instrument 光学仪器orifice 孔orifice plate 挡板，孔板oscillation 振荡，振动outer diameter 外径outlet 排出口output current 输出电流output module 输出模块output signal 输出信号output voltage 输出电压outstanding 未解决的overburden 超载，超负荷overburden collapse 超负荷over arm 横杆;悬臂,横臂over charge 超载,超负荷over cut 超挖over cutter 超挖刀overburden 覆土深度overhaul 彻底检修，大修overload 过载,超载overload protector 过载保护器overload valve 超负荷调节阀override 超驰oxidation 氧化oxidization 氧化oxygen 氧气oxygen sensor 氧气传感器Ppacking 密封,衬垫packing list 装箱单packing ring 密封圈,填密环packing seal 填料密封pad 垫板pad offset 垫片偏移padlock 挂锁painted steel 涂漆钢painting 涂漆panel 仪表板parallel 并联parallel branch 并联支路parameter 参数part drawing 零件图parts 零件,部件partial face excavation 部分断面隧道掘进passive 被动的passive articulation 被动铰接pattern 模式pawl 制动爪pebble 卵石，砾石pendant 悬挂物pendant box 悬吊开关盒pendant mounted 悬挂安装penetration 渗透performance 性能,特性performance test 性能试验perimeter 周界peripheral protection bits 周边保护刀periphery 周边permanganate 高锰酸盐permeability 渗透率petroleum based 基于石油的phase 相phase lose 缺相phase reversal 反相phase unbalanced 三相不平衡phenomenon 现象physical feature 物理性能piece 零件pilot actuated 先导控制的pilot check valve 液控单向阀pilot lever 控制手柄pilot light 指示灯pilot pin 导销pilot piston 导向活塞pilot-operated type 先导式pin 销，引脚pinpoint 查明，精确地找到pin stopper 销止转板pinion 小齿轮pinion cover 小齿轮端盖pipe 管路,管pipe adapter 管接头pipe arch 管棚法pipe bend 管弯头,弯管接头pipe colour code 管路颜色码pipe duct 管道,导管pipe jacking 顶管法pipe joint 管接头pipe line 管线,管道pipe lubrication 管道润滑pipe plug 管塞pipe thruster 顶管推进器pipeline 管道piston 活塞piston displacement 活塞位移，活塞排量piston pin 活塞销piston pump 活塞泵piston rod 活塞杆pitch 节距，螺距pitch sensor 螺距传感器pitching 俯仰，倾斜的pitching and rolling sensor 俯仰及滚动探测器planetary gear 行星齿轮，齿轮箱plastic braided hose 塑料编织软管plasticity 塑性plate 平板platinum 铂金PLC 可编程控制器plumbing 管道plunger 活塞plug 螺塞,闷头plug bush 塞套plug valve 旋塞阀plywood 胶合板pneumatic 气动的pneumatic valve 气压阀poiner 指针pole 电极，杆polyurethane 聚氨酯polymer 高分子polypak 苯乙烯poppet valve 提升阀porcelain insulator 瓷质绝缘子pore 细孔port 端口porthole 检查孔portion 部分positioning pin 定位销position sensor 位置传感器positive 正极potassium 钾potential 电势，电位potential risks 潜在危险potentiometer 电位计power 电源，动力power cable 动力电缆power cylinder 动力油缸power factor 功率因数power pack 动力单元power panel 配电盘,仪表板power pump 动力泵power supply 电源供应器power system 电力系统power unit 动力装置precast concrete 预制混凝土precaution 预防措施predetermined 预定的prefabricated 预制的preparation 预备,准备preset 预置pressure 压力pressure control 压力控制pressure detector 压力探测器pressure drop 压力下降pressure gauge 压力表pressure plate 压板pressure reducing valve 减压阀pressure relief valve 压力溢流表pressure sensor 压力传感器pressure set point 压力设置点pressure spike 压力尖峰pressure switch 压力开关pressure transmitter 压力传送器pressurization 高压密封pressurized pump 加压泵pressurized slurry 承压泥浆prestart warning system 预启动警告系统preventative 预防性的primary voltage 一次电压printer 打印机probe 探头probe drilling holes 探测钻孔process meter 过程万用表product pipe 成品管道profibus 现场总线profile chart 剖视图profiled 外观，轮廓program 程序program control 程序控制programmable logic controller 可编程逻辑控制器progressive cavity delivery pump 螺杆式输送泵projectile 弹丸projection type 投射型proportional 成比例的proportional valve 比例阀propulsion 推进protector 护板,保护装置protection 保护protective device 保护装置protective gear 防护装置protrusion 突出proximity 接近proximity switch 接近开关pull switch 拉线开关pulley 滑轮，皮带轮pump 泵pump case 泵壳pump unit 泵站punch 凿子push rod 推杆Qquadrant 象限qualified personnel 合格人员quality 质量quality assurance 质量保证quarter turn 四分之一转quick 快速的quick release coupling 快换接头quint 五件一套Rradial 径向的radial ball bearing 径向球轴承radial roller 径向滚柱radio control 无线电控制radio of gear box 齿轮箱传动率radius 半径radius of curvature 曲率半径rail 轨道rail gauge 轨距random sampling 随机取样random signal 随机信号rated 额定的rated flow 额定流量rated load 额定载荷rated pressure 额定压力rated value 额定值rated voltage 额定电压reactive current 感性电流real efficiency 实际功率reamer 铰刀;扩孔reamer bolt 铰螺栓reamer cutter 铰铣刀rear body 尾盾rear scaffold 后部拼装平台rear scaffold assembly 后部拼装平台安装rear shield 尾盾rear trunk 后壳体receiver 接收器receiver tank 储浆罐;储气罐receptacle 插座reception shaft 接收井recommend 推荐recovery 恢复recovery time 还原时间rectifier 整流器rectify 校正，整流reducer 减压器，减速器reducing valve 减压阀reduction gear 减速箱reduction gear ratio 减速齿轮速比reel 卷盘reference 参考,参照regulation loop 自动控制回路regulation ring 调整环regulator 调整器,调节器regulator valve 调节阀reliability 可靠性reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforcing plate 加强板,筋板relay 继电器relief valve 溢流阀，安全阀remark 备注remote control 遥控removal 移除repair 修理repeator 中继器replacement 代替reservoir 蓄水池residual 剩余residual current circuit breaker 漏电开关residue 残渣resinous 树脂的resistance 电阻resistor 电阻器retainer plate 固定板retaining washer 弹簧垫圈retardant 阻滞剂，抑止剂retract 缩进,缩回return pipe 回油管return pressure 回油压力reversible 可逆的，可反转的rigid 刚性的rigid connection 刚性连接rigid tube 硬管rigidity 硬度，刚性rim 边缘ring 环,圈ring building 管片环拼装ring guarder 支承环梁rinse 冲洗ripper 撕裂刀risk reduction 风险降低roadheader 巷道掘进机rod 杆,棒roller 滚轮roller chain 滚轴链rolling 滚压,回转rolling stopper fixing boss 固定于凸台上的止转挡板rolling stopper 止转装置rolling stopper mounting jig 止转装置安装夹具。

剑桥模型1.剑桥模型（Cam-clay Model ）剑桥模型是由英国剑桥⼤学Roscoe 等于1963年提出的，这个模型基于正常固结⼟和超固结⼟试样的排⽔和不排⽔三轴实验基础上，提出了⼟体临界状态的概念，并在实验基础上，再引⼊加⼯硬化原理和能量⽅程，提出剑桥模型。

这个模型从试验和理论上较好的阐明了⼟体弹塑性变形特征，尤其考虑了⼟的塑性体积变形，因⽽⼀般认为，剑桥模型的问世，标志着⼟本构理论发展的新阶段的开始。

（1）剑桥模型。

剑桥模型基于传统塑性位势理论，采⽤单屈服⾯和关联流动法则屈服⾯形式也不是基于⼤量的实验⽽提出的假设，⽽是依据能量理论提出的。

依据能量⽅程，外⼒做功dW ⼀部分转化为弹性能e dW ，另⼀部分转化为耗散能（或称塑性能）p dW ,因⽽有dW =e dW +p dW （1-154）e dW =e eV qd d p γε+' （1-155）p pV p qd d p dW γε+'= （1-156）剑桥模型中，由各向等压固结实验中回弹曲线确定弹性体积变形p p d e k d eV ''+=1ε（1-157）式中，k 为膨胀指数，即 p In e '-回弹曲线的斜率。

同时，假设弹性剪切变形为零，即0=e d γ（1-158）则弹性能 p d ekp p d k dW e '+=''=1υ（1-159）剑桥模型中还建⽴如下的能量⽅程，即塑性能等于由于摩擦产⽣的能量耗散，则有p p pV d p qd d p γνγε'=+'- （1-160）式中第⼀项改⽤负号，是因为p V d ε取以压为正。

代⼊式（1-161）==ij pij p d s d d λεεθθσ（1-161）并考虑式（1-158），则有γγγνd p M d p M d p dW p p p '='='= （1-162）式中，M 为q p '-'平⾯上的破坏线的斜率，即=sin 3sin 6M （1-163）式中?'为⼟体有效摩擦⾓。

水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest,dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier,land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸(排沙闸) silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 就是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel,waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NATM(New Austrian Tunneling Method) 胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝construction joint 反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake 通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate 工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench;berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水与泄水系统locking filling and emptying system 船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator;ship lift鱼道fish canal水利水电工程英文专业词汇旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall。

施耐德疏水减法模型英文原版Schneider's Dewey Reduction ModelThe Schneider's Dewey Reduction Model is an approach toproblem-solving and decision-making that allows individuals to simplify complex situations by breaking them down into manageable parts. The model is based on the work of philosopher John Dewey and was developed by psychologist Paul Schneider.The model consists of four steps:1. Identify the problem or situation: The first step is to clearly define the problem or situation that needs to be addressed. This may involve gathering information, clarifying the issue, and determining the scope of the problem.2. Break down the problem: In this step, the problem is broken down into smaller, more manageable parts. This can involve identifying key factors, trends, or patterns that contribute to the problem, as well as any underlying assumptions or biases.3. Construct possible solutions: Once the problem has been brokendown, it is easier to develop possible solutions. This can involve brainstorming ideas, considering different options, and evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of each potential solution.4. Evaluate solutions and take action: Finally, the solutions that have been developed are evaluated based on their potential effectiveness and feasibility. The best solution is then selected and implemented, with ongoing monitoring and reflection to ensure that the problem is fully resolved.The Schneider's Dewey Reduction Model is a powerful tool for tackling complex problems and making effective decisions. By breaking down the problem into manageable parts, individuals can more easily understand the situation and develop effective solutions. This approach can be used in a variety of contexts, from personal decision-making to complex organizational problem-solving.。

State of the Art on Shield Tunnelling in Japan- Automation of Shield TunnellingYoshihiro Takano, Chiyoda Engineering Consultants Co., LTD., Tokyo, JapanPrefaceThe shield method is a tunnelling method using a steel tube (shield) to support temporarily the face in ground and secure the safety of both of excavation and lining works which are performed inside shield. This method is a mechanized tunnelling method and adopted in tunnelling works in soft ground in the world.1 History of Development of Shield Tunnelling1.1 Principle of Shield MethodThe tunnelling works are divided into the excavation, the construction of lining and the muck transportation, and the shield method adds the shield drive to these three works. The shield method is defined as "the method to construct a tunnel by the excavation and lining works in shield which drives in ground with the function to prevent the collapse of ground", and shield is defined as the machine comprising the hood part, the girder part and the tail part which excavates ground.Generally, shield starts from starting shaft and arrives at arrival shaft. (See Fig.1.1-1.) Shield drives forward with shield jacks. In prototype shields, screw jacks were used and nowadays hydraulic shield jacks are used. During shield drive, shield jacks are pushed out against the lining using segments as the recipient of the thrust force of at the rear part (the shield tail). The excavation work at the face (the front part ) of shield pushed into ground and the lining works at its tail features the shield method. The face must be stabilized to excavate ground. If excavated ground is not self-stable at face, auxiliary methods are necessary or the closed type shield with bulkhead at face described in 1.3.3 shall be adopted. Lining of shield tunnel consists of assembled segments. One piece of segment is an arc in shape. Some piece of segments are assembled as a ring. The excavation is concurrently performed with shield advance and the lining work is performed during shield stopping. Shield tunnel is constructed by the cycle works comprising the excavation concurring with shield advance and the lining.G.L.Fig.1.1-1 Schematic drawing of shield method1.2 Development of Shield MethodThe first application of shield was made by Mark I.Brunel. He excavated a tunnel underpassing Thames River with the shield method and completed it in 1843. (See Fig.1.2-1.) It took 18 years for him to construct the tunnel due to some accidents caused by the bad soil condition. The section of this tunnel was rectangular, and the shield consisted of threecontainers and the lining was constructed with bricks.In 1869, J.H.Greathead excavated a shield tunnelin London. This tunnel was located in impermeableclay and underpassed Thames River. He used thebackfill grouting in this shield method.In 1886,he adopted the compressed air method as anauxiliary method to excavate the shield tunnel in water-bearing sand in City and South London Railway Project.In 1897, J.Price introduced an excavator into a shield.Shield with an excavator enabled more efficient excavation.In Japan, the first slurry shield method was applied to arailway tunnel in 1974 and the first earth pressurebalanced shield was applied to a sewer tunnel in 1976.The mechanized and automatic systems have beenintroduced into these shields. Fig.1.2-1 First Shield developedby Brunel 1.3 Classification of Shield MethodsThe shield is divided into the open type shield, the partially closed type shield and the closed type shield.1.3.1 Open Type ShieldThe open type shield is a prototype shield and has no bulkhead. Manual shield, partially mechanical shield and mechanical shield belong to this type.The manual shield method is a method that excavation is manually performed byshovel, pickaxe, pick and/or breaker. (See Fig.1.3-1.) This method is the cheapest among the shield methods. The partially mechanical shield is a manual shield that is equipped with mechanical facilities exclusively used for excavation and loading of muck. (See Fig.1.3-2.) This shield enables to make a rapid advance and automated works, compared to the manual shield. Me mechanical shield has a cutterhead with cutter bits. (See Fig.1.3-3.) This shield can make continuous excavation which leads to shortening of construction period and reduction of labors. Cutterhead functions as face-supporting system but this function is imperfect, compared to closed type shield because contact between ground and cutterhead is not perfect due to projected cutter bits and there are slits(openings) for intake of excavated muck.The open type shield method is suitable for dense sand, gravel, hard silt and hard clay which belong to diluvium. Auxiliary methods such as the compressed air method, the dewatering method and/or the chemical injection method are necessary for loose sand, soft silt and soft clay where face is unstable, which belong to alluvium.Fig.1.3-1 Manual ShieldFig.1.3-2 Partially Mechanical ShieldFig.1.3-3 Mechanical Shield1.3.2 Partially Closed Type ShieldThe partially closed type shield has a bulkhead with openings to support face which is adjacent to face. Blind shield belongs to this type. (See Fig.1.3-4.) Openings play a role of intake of excavated muck. This method is suitable for soft silt and soft clay and unsuitable to sand, hard silt and hard clay because excavated mud must be plasticized to move into shield.Fig.1.3-4 Blind Shield1.3.3 Closed Type ShieldThe closed type shield has a cutterhead and a bulkhead. Slurry shield and earth pressure balanced shield belong to this type. This type shield is available for sand, silt and clay of alluvium or diluvium. The former support face with pressurized slurry andthe latter with excavated soil. They are equipped with automatic systems. Details are described in 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.2 Mechanization and Automation of Shield Tunnelling2.1 Mechanized Shield TunnellingThe application of the closed type shield has developed the mechanization and the automation of shield tunnelling.2.1.1 Slurry ShieldSlurry shield stabilizes face with pressurized slurry with which cutter chamber is filled. (See Fig.2.1-1.) The pressure of slurry at face shall be a little bit higher than the earth pressure and water pressure from ground. The liquid transportation system of excavated muck features the slurry shield method. Slurry circulates between face and slurry treatment plant on ground surface, as follows.Slurry is supplied from slurry treatment plant to face through feed pipe. Excavated muck at face is taken into slurry not as block but as particle. Slurry returns to slurry treatment plant through discharge pipe and excavated muck is removed and transported to spoil bank. The specific gravity, the viscosity and the sand content of slurry is regulated and slurry is re-supplied to face. This method is available not only for both of soft ground but also for passage under water (sea, river, lake, marsh, e.t.c) and/or near existing pipes or utilities by controlling the pressure, the specific gravity and the viscosity of slurry.Fig.2.1-1 Slurry ShieldFig.2.1-2 and 3 shows the circulation of slurry and an example of slurry treatment plant, respectively.Fig.2.1-2 Schematic Drawing of Circulation of SlurryFig.2.1-3 Slurry Treatment Plant2.1.2 Earth Pressure Balanced ShieldEarth pressure balanced shield (EPB shield) supports face stably with excavated muck with which cutter chamber is perfectly filled. (See Fig.2.1-4.) EPB shield stabilizes face by balancing the earth pressure and the water pressure from ground and the earth pressure in cutter chamber. The earth pressure in cutter chamber is controlled by the advance rate of shield and the rotation number of screw conveyor through which excavated muck is discharged from cutter chamber. Fig.2.1-5 shows the control system of earth pressure in cutter chamber. EPB shield is available for soft silt and soft clay but unavailable for unflowable soil condition. To excavate such soil that can not be moved from cutter chamber to screw conveyor, EPB shield shall be equipped with the liquid injection system to make excavated muck plastically flowable. This system is a system that water, slurry or slime is injected into cutter chamber and excavated muck in it is forced to be agitated. The agitated muck becomes muddy and flowable to be discharged to screw conveyor. EPB shield with the liquid injection system is available only for alluvial soft ground but also for sand or gravel where blind shield is available.Fig.2.1-4 Earth Pressure Balanced Shield2.1.3 Technology for Automation of worksAutomatic systems are being introduced in shield tunnelling works such as assembling of segments, backfill grouting and mucking. They are the computer-aided systems.Fig.2.1-5 Control System of Earth Pressure in Cutter Chamber1) Automatic segment assembling systemThe segment assembling work needs skillful labors and is a dangerous work. The automatic segment assembling system has been developed to solve the problem of shortage of skillful labors and secure the safe work.Fig.2.1-6 shows the sequence of the automatic segment assembling system. This system automates the handling, the transportation and the assembling of delivered segments. When computer-aided erector assembles segments, high performance censor controls the positioning of assembled segments and segments to be assembled.Fig.2.1-6 Sequence of Automatic Segment Assembling System2) Automatic backfill grouting systemThe shield method cannot avoid gap (tail void) between ground and segmental lining (between excavated diameter and outer diameter of segmental lining). Tail void shall be filled with mortar-based grout behind shield tail without vacant space. The automatic backfill grouting system has been developed to control the pressure and volume of backfill grout automatically in accordance with the volume of tail void. This system supports the simultaneous grouting. Fig.2.1-7 shows this system applied to the EPB shield method.Fig.2.1-7 Automatic Backfill Grouting System3) Automatic mucking systemMuck cars pulled by electric locomotive were used to transport excavated muck from face to shaft. The automatic mucking system using pipe line has been developed to reduce labors and secure safe work. This system is divided into the liquid transportation system, the pumping system and the compressed- air transportation system. This system using pipe line has the following merits.a) Excavated muck can be efficiently transported concurrently with shield advance.b) Horizontal transportation from face to shaft can be combined with vertical transportation from shaft to ground surface.c) Safe and clean work can be secured.The liquid transportation system is applied to the slurry shield method as the slurry transportation system. (Details are described in 2.1.1.) The pumping system and the compressed-air transportation system are applied to the EPB shield method. (See Fig.2.1-8.)Fig.2.1-8 Pumping System for Mucking2.2 Integrated Control System for Shield TunnellingThe integrated control system for shield tunnelling comprises the excavation monitoring sub-system, the automatic surveying sub-system, the direction control sub-system, the excavation control sub- system, the emergency detecting sub-system and the survey management sub-system. This system has been developed for the purpose of the long and rapid advance, the improvement of accurate performance and the automation of works and has the following merits.a) This system can be applied to the shield method including the slurry shield method and the EPB shield method.b) This system can combine the six sub-systems arbitrarily, in accordance with the construction condition.c) Engineers can manage shield drive in the central control room.d) This system controls shield works with the fuzzy theory as well as skillful operators. The outline of the six sub-systems is as follows.1) Excavation monitoring sub-systemThis sub-system measures the following data automatically and make real time processing of them. They are displayed on the computer in the central control room.Slurry Pressure of Slurry ShieldA Earth Pressure at Cutterhead of EPB ShieldB Cutter TorqueC Thrust Force and Speed of Shield JackD Probing of Face e.t.c.2) Automatic surveying sub-systemThis sub-system surveys the position of shield with the laser survey system or the gyrocompass survey system automatically and calculates its deviation against the designed alignment. Data on surveying are displayed with real time processing and automatically recorded. This makes shield operator accurate direction control of shield.3) Direction control sub-systemThis sub-system enables the automatic selection and operation of shield jacks to control the direction of shield in accordance with data on deviation of shield given by the automatic surveying sub-system. The fuzzy theory is applied to the selection of shield jacks.4) Excavation control sub-systemThis sub-system makes the following control on shield drive.a) Advance rate of shieldb) Backfill grouting workc) Slurry pressure at face (Slurry shield)d) Discharge of slurry in discharge pipe (Slurry shield)e) Earth pressure in cutter chamber (EPB shield)f) Volume of additives injected into cutter chamber (EPB shield)5) Emergency detecting sub-systemThis sub-system detects emergency on shield drive and deals with it with the application of the fuzzy theory immediately.6) Survey management sub-systemThe deviation of segmental lining measured by surveying with transit can be immediately calculated with computer by using this sub-system. This sub-system gives the coordinate of measured tunnel center. This sub-system makes complicate processing of survey easy.Fig.2.2-1 shows the display of computer of the sub-systems of the integrated control system for shield tunnellingExcavation Monitoring Sub-System Automatic Surveying Sub-System Direction Control Sub-System Excavation Control Sub-SystemEmergency Detecting Sub-SystemFig.2.2-1 Display of Computer of Sub-Systems of Integrated Control System for Shield Tunnelling3 New Technology of Shield Tunnelling3.1 Extruded Concrete Lining Method (ECL Method)In the case of the conventional shield method, after excavating ground with shield, segments are assembled at its tail part and tail void is filled with backfill grouting. Contrary to this method, in the case of the ECL method, fresh concrete for lining is placed at shield tail without using segments. For this purpose, shield for the ECL method is equipped with tubing shutters at the back of shield and stop end form between shield skin plate and tubing shutter. This method constructs concrete liningwithout making tail void and loosening ground by continuously placing concrete under the designed pressure concurrently with shield advance. The thrust force of shield jacks is transmitted through the friction between concrete and tubing shutters. Fig.3.1-1 is the schematic drawing of the ECL method.Fig.3.1-1 ECL Method3.2 Novel Material Shield-cuttable Tunnel-Wall System (NOMST)Shield tunnels are mainly constructed in soft ground with high ground water pressure. When shield starts from a shaft or arrives at a shaft, their walls have to be broken by hand. This work possibly leads to gush of ground water into shaft, cave-in or settlement of ground surface. Ground improvement of the outer space of wall is necessary to prevent above-mentioned troubles. Both works of wall-breaking and ground improvement are subject to prolongation of construction period.The NOMST has resolved these problems. This system enables shield to start or arrive by directly cutting the entrance or exit part of wall of shaft with cutter bits of shield without the ground improvement work. In the NOMST, this part of wall is constructed with precast concrete beams using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) as reinforcement and limestone as coarse aggregate. CFRP reinforced concrete (CFRP-RC) can be easily cut by cutter bits of shield. Beams of CFRP-RC (NOMST beams) in the vertical direction which are jointed with steel beams at both ends functions as retaining wall at entrance or exit part. Fig.3.2-1 shows the starting method by the NOMST.Fig.3.2-1 Starting Method by NOMST3.3 Analysis of Ground MovementThe finite element method (the FEM) using computer enables the accurate analysis of ground movement induced by shield tunnelling. Usually, the two dimensional FEM is used in consideration of its cost performance because it is assumed that tunnel lining is in plane-strain state. This method is numerical analysis and application of the mechanics of continuous body on the assumption that a block of soil would be a triangular or quadrangular plane stress element having parameters of the unit weight, the elastic modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and a tunnel lining is a beam element having parameters of the unit weight, the area, the moment of inertia and the elastic modulus. To evaluate the three-dimensional effect of tunnel lining and ground, the conception on the stress release is used in this method. This conception is as follows. 30 or 40 % of earth pressure and water pressure would be released at face when tunnel is excavated. It is sustained by ground at face itself. The rest of stress of ground would be sustained by both of lining and ground. Fig.3.3-1 shows the steps of analysis by the FEM.Fig.3.3-1 Steps of FEM2nd step: 30•40 % of earth pressure and water pressure is loaded on excavated ground surface at face and is sustained by ground.3rd step: 60•70 % of earth pressure and water pressure is loaded on lining and supported by lining and ground.Nowadays, the development of three-dimensional FEM or the distinct element method (the DEM) in which adjacent blocks of soil are combined with spring and damper. Analysis result calculated by the FEM shall be compared with measurement result in site to establish the more rational and economical design method.4 Shield Tunnelling in FutureThere are many existing pipes, tunnels and foundations in underground of urban areas of Japan. In such condition, complicate alignment including sharply curved one is demanded to construct a new tunnel or non-circular section such as rectangle, oval or multi-faced circular section is done to excavate an economical section. Moreover, tunnels shall have to be constructed in deep underground under very high water pressure in future. Then, long distance shield driving shall be required. Such tunnels shall be excavated by more mechanized shield in more dangerous working condition and the automatic shield tunnelling shall be more necessary.This paper is published in the proceedings of Modern Engineering and Technology Seminar CIE, 1996. All of copyrights are reserved by Yoshihiro Takano from Chiyoda Engineering Consultants Co., LTD, the author of this paper.。