paperwritting

Technical Writing - Graduate English of Mechanical EngineeringScientific Paper WritingWei-Ze Wang, Ph. D School of Mechanical & Power Engineering East China University of Science and Technology1Dr. Wei-Ze Wang (王卫泽) Division of process equipment science and engineering (过程设备科学与工程研 究室)wangwz@Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved2Journal• National scientific journal • International scientific journal • (general or important) • SCI / EI / ISTPSCI: Scientific Citation Index EI: Engineering Index ISTP: Index of Scientific & Technical ProceedingsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved3Outline1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brief introduction of scientific paper Paper writing Paper submitting Common mistakes appeared in paper Brief introduction of “final examination”May 27, 2008Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved41:Title2:Author’ s name3: Abstract2:Author’s affiliation3: KeywordsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved54:Main Text: IntroductionWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved64:Main Text: Experimental (Procedure)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved74:Main Text: ResultsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved84:Main Text: DiscussionWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved94:Main Text: ConclusionsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved105: Acknowledgement6: ReferenceWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved11Main Structures of the Scientific Article 1. Title 2. Authors’ name (including the author’s affiliation) 3. Abstract (including 3~8 keywords) 4. Main text 5. Acknowledgement 6. References 7. AppendixWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved12Main Structures of the Scientific Article Main text generally including 4 sections: • Introduction (background) • Experimental procedure (or theoretical analysis depending on the content of the article) • Results and discussion • ConclusionsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved13Outline1. Brief introduction of Scientific paper Paper writing Paper submitting Common mistakes appeared in paper Brief introduction of “final examination”Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved142. 3. 4.5.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@2. Paper writing-title• Short sentence, phrase, generally less than 20 words • The research object (or problem) should be included in the title • Reflect the main outcome and the approach used in your research workWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved152. Paper writing-title1. Title: meaningful and brief Ex. Fatigue of metal foams • Is better than • The mechanical response of cymat and alporas metallic foams to uniaxial cyclic loadingWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved16Ex. TitleWe analyzed the failure reason of the final stage blade in steam turbine 10 wordsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved17Ex. TitleJournal of the American Ceramic Society, 2003, 86(8): 1437-39.Measurement of Fracture Toughness of Plasma Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings Using a Tapered Double Cantilever Beam Method16 wordsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved182. Paper writing-Author’s nameContribution: the name of the authors, with all initials, the institute or organization, with full address Ex. “A.M. Harte and C.Chen, The Cambridge Centre for Micromechanics, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cmbridge CB2 1PZ, UK”Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved192. Paper writing-Author’s name• Basic styles: Weize Wang, • Wei-Ze Wang, (hyphen used) • W.-Z Wang • Reverse the order: Wang Wei-Ze. • Add comma: Wei-Ze, WangWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved20Ex. Name formatFull name styleWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved21Ex. Name formatAbbreviated name styleWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved222. Paper writing-Author’s affiliation• Full address generally needed especially for the corresponding author, including the postalcode, E-mail address, telephone number etc.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved23Ex. Affiliation formatFull address for each authorWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved242. Paper writing-Abstract• A short summary of a longer article• Written after the paper is completed, although it is intended to be read first • Appears on a separate page just after the title page and therefore just before the essay itselfWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved25Importance of Abstract• • • •Decide whether to read an entire article Remember key findings on a topic Understanding a text Index articlesWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved26Key Information in Abstract1. Purpose of the research 2. Method 3. Results 4. ConclusionsRestrictions: ONE page, 200 words MAX (depend on)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@27Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reservedEx. AbstractPurposeAbstract: The fracture toughness of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings in terms of critical strain energy release rate GIc was measured using a Tapered Double Cantilever Beam (TDCB) approach. The fracture method surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The measurement yielded the mean GIc values from 13 to 27 J/m2 for the sprayed Al2O3 coatings at different spray distances. These values agree well with those obtained by the conventional double Results cantilever beam approach. The dependence of the observed GIc on spray distance is consistent with that for lamellar bonding ratio. These results suggest that the TDCB test is a reliable approach to measure GIc of thermal spray coatings without the crack length measurement.ConclusionsCited from J Am Ceram Soc [J], 2003, 86(8): 1437-39.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved282. Paper writing-Main TextIntroduction: • What is the problem and why is it interesting? • Who are the main contributor? • What did they do? • What novel thing will you reveal?Cited from How to write a paper, Ashby M. Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved29Ex. IntroductionWith the development of plasma spraying technology last several decades, thermally sprayed ceramic coatings have been successfully used in various industrial fields because of their excellent wear-resistance, thermal-resistance and corrosion resistance etc. However, a thermal spray coating may experience delaminating or spalling in service under a certain mechanical loading owing to its lamellar structural features. Many experiments confirm that the failure of the coating occurs easily from the interfaces between lamellae in the coating, for example under localized load such as in abrasive wear[1] or erosion[2] and fracture mechanics test[3-5]. To reveal the failure modes and characterize the fracture behavior of sprayed coating, it has been suggested that the fracture mechanics test is a useful approach3. The fracture toughness of the coating can be used to evaluate the 30 Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved resistance of coating to the failure in the form of delaminating. wangwz@The DCB (double cantilever beam) approach is a popular method to measure the fracture toughness of thermal spray coating[3, 611]. But it is difficult to obtain identical fracture toughness value for similar coatings with the DCB specimens because the compliance varies nonlinearly with crack length[6-9, 12]. As for the measurement of critical strain energy release rate, Mostovoy et al. proposed a modified contoured DCB (CDCB) specimen[12]. The proper design of specimen makes the fracture toughness be measured only using the critical fracture load disregarding crack length during test. It would provide a useful approach for the determination of fracture toughness by the application of such CDCB specimen to thermal spray coatings. However, there is no evidence up to now showing that such approach has been applied to thermal sprayed coatings. In this work, the measurement of the fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Al2O3 coatings was carried out using the tapered DCB (TDCB) specimen to examine its 31 Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved suitability for thermal spray coatings. wangwz@Ex. IntroductionCited from Theor. Appl. Frac. Mechanics By Shan-Tung Tu (涂善东)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved322. Paper writing-Main Text2. Experimental procedure or theoretical analysis • Usually a list of all materials or equipments you used for the experiment • The theoretical model used in your analysis• a full descriptive narrative part • list all steps in the correct orderWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved332. Paper writing-Main Text• • • • • • Experimental paper: equipment, materials, method Modeling paper: assumptions, mathematical tools, method Computational paper: inputs, computational tools, method Explain what is especially different about your method Give sufficient detail that the reader can reproduce what you did Don’t mix method with results or discussionCopyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved34Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@2.1 Materials and coating deposition Al2O3 powder used was nominally commercially pure alumina, which had a particle size from 20 to 40μm. Mild steel was used as the substrate. Al2O3 coatings were deposited on the sand-blasted surface to a thickness from 500μm to 700μm using a commercial plasma spray system (GP-80, JIUJIANG, 80kW class). Argon was used as primary gas and hydrogen was used as auxiliary gas. The pressures of both argon and hydrogen were operated at 0.7 MPa and 0.4 MPa during spraying, respectively. The flow of the primary gas was fixed at 47 l/min. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas. The coatings were deposited at arc power of 39 kW and under four different spray distances: 70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm and 130 mm. For each coating, at least six specimens were used for the fracture toughness measurements.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved352.2 Fracture toughness test A coated arm was bonded to another coupling uncoated arm but with surface blasted using commercial adhesive (E-7). A pre-crack of 10 to 12 mm long to the loading point was prepared through limiting the bonding of the coating to the coupling uncoated arm by the adhesive. The test was performed using Instron 1195 type tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 5x10-5 m/min following the ASTM-E-399 standard. The loading and displacement of the specimen were recorded simultaneously. To ensure the accuracy of the test, only the specimens which fractured in the coating (as based on the examination of fractured surfaces) were regarded as effective results, which were used to calculate the fracture toughness of the coating. The fractured surface was also examined using SEM to examine the fracture behavior.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved362. Paper writing-Main Text3. Results and discussionResults: • Present the output of the experiments, model or computation • Don’t mix results with discussionWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved372. Paper writing-Main TextDiscussion: • Extract principles, relationships, generalizations. • Present analysis, model or theory. • Show relationship between the results and analysis, model or theory.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved38Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved39Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved40Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved41Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved42Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved432. Paper writing-Main TextFigures Flow charts show methods, procedures. Graphs plot data Schematics show how equipment works, or illustrate a mechanism or model Drawings and photographs illustrate equipment, microstructures etcWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved44Significant Differences ?27 27 26.5 26.5 26 26 25.5 20 25 25 24.5 24.5 0 24 5 10 15 25.5 25 30 25.6 25.8 26 25.7AAAB B45B0FiguresClear Same fonts size and styleWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved46TableType of attack Echo addition Noise Addition Band equalization Classical 0.0% 1.2% 2.31% Pop 0.1% 1.42% 2.5% Jazz 0.27% 1.6% 2.73%三线表 / 共用单位 / 有效数字Type of attackClassical (%) Pop (%) Jazz (%)Echo addition Noise addition Band equalizationWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@0 1.20 2.310.10 1.42 2.500.27 1.60 2.7347Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved2. Paper writing-Main Text• • • • • • Conclusions Must have: Summarize the study work State outcome (or conclusions) of the research May have: Make suggestions of further workWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved482. Paper writing-Main TextConclusions • Draw together the most important results and their consequences. • List any reservations or limitations. • Don’t duplicate the Abstract as the Conclusions or vice versa. • Abstract is an overview of the entire paper • Conclusion is a summing up of the advances in knowledgeWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved49Ex. Conclusion4. ConclusionsThe effect of spray distance on the fracture toughness, elastic modulus parallel to the lamellar plane and Poisson’ ratio were investigated. The fracture toughness was measured using a Tapered Double Cantilever Beam (TDCB) approach. The elastic parameters, including elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio, were obtained through direct tensile tests of bar specimens. It was found that when spray distance ranged from 160 mm to 190 mm, the fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Ni-45Cr coatings changes little although the coating deposited at spray distance of 130mm presented a little lower fracture toughness. Moreover, the fracture toughness showed a significant drop as the coating was deposited at spray distance of 210 mm. It was suggested that the fracture toughness is related with the lamellar bonding ratio based on examination of fractured surface morphology of the coatings deposited at different spray distances. On the other hand, the spray distance has no evident influence on the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of plasma sprayed Ni-45Cr coatings. Cited from Materials Transaction 47（7）, 2006，1643-1648By Wei-Ze Wang (王卫泽)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved50。

Professional Paper Writing and Publication: AbstractsHU Gengshen SHEN Yunzhen(Department of Foreign Languages, Tsinghua University)1. General Functions of an AbstractA successfully composed professional paper depends greatly on its abstract. As a matter of fact, an abstract is usually regarded as the most important component of a professional paper considering its unique functions.1) Miniaturizing the TextBeing the very first part of a professional paper and a self-contained entity, the abstract holds a critical role compared with the other parts of the whole manuscript. Essentially, an abstract is a condensed statement of the contents of a paper. As a short, concise and highly generalized text, an abstract is viewed as a mini-version or a miniature of the document, summarizing the content of the main body. A well prepared abstract, which serves as a useful tool in searching for information, enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interest, and finally to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety.2) Deciding “yes” or “no”The abstract of a paper is important because it may directly influence the paper’s acceptance to a learned journal: the reviewer or editor may be perilously close to a final judgment of the manuscript after reading the abstract alone. What makes a justification crucial is that many international conference sponsors usually review the abstract and make the decision before they accept the full text of the paper from the attendees. So if the abstract fails to generalize the whole paper or to meet the requirements of the conference, the submission of the full paper and the qualification of the attendance would be affected. Further, the submitted and accepted abstracts also serve as an important guide for the conference participants to determine which session they are going to attend. Definitely, a good abstract should attract audiences and promote thorough discussion on the relevant subject.3) Expanding the CirculationAn abstract is usually independent of the paper, because it precedes the whole paper and usually appears separately. With the growth of electronic data storage, abstracts will dramatically facilitate the information retrieval. It may be recorded, sometimes verbatim, by various abstracting services that publish reference volumes used for literature searching, i.e., Science Abstract, Engineering Abstracts, Linguistics Abstracts, etc. So, it is assumed that an abstract will be more widely read than the document itself. In this case, the abstract of a paper can be circulated much wider and further than the paper itself, thus producing wider and deeper academic influence than the full text of the paper.To sum up, a good choice of information elements makes the Abstract a potent and influential piece of “microliterature” in two kinds of situations.First, it frames the writer’s ideas for those who are beginning to read his paper. Second, it identifies the writer’s contribution for those who are using an information-retrieval service.2. Linguistic Features of an Abstract 1) Limited LengthAn abstract is a miniature of the paper with a strictly limited number of words. Normally, 200 words is a sensible maximum for a relatively long paper or report, but never more than 500 words; 50-100 words may suffice for a short article. The length of an abstract greatly varies depending on the length of the paper and where the abstract appears: each journal and/or abstracting index has different requirements. As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3~5% of the length of the paper, but is seldom more than 2/3rds of a page. Keep the length of the abstract to a required percentage of that of the paper.2) Different CategoriesAbstracts can be classified into three categories: descriptive, informational, and informational- indicative.(1) Descriptive (Indicative) AbstractsA descriptive, or indicative, abstract usually states the general subject matter of the document that follows. It tells in a qualitative way what the paper or report contains.The following is a descriptive abstract entitled The Design of a High-efficiency Solar Energy System.Ex. 1AbstractThe successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems depends mainly on the development of higher conversion efficiencies. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array1 that combines reflected and refracted light rays. The theory is applied to the design of a complete system for solar heating of a building. Dynamic operating characteristicsof a one-month interval are given for the collector array and heat transfer devices, and cost efficiency is compared with that of the conventional design. (85 words)This descriptive abstract has several desirable qualities: it is short and self-contained, it provides key information elements; and it serves as a miniature table of contents. A professional scanning by a journal can tell at a glance whether it will be worthwhile to read the full paper.(2) Informational (Informative) AbstractAn informational, or informative, abstract highlights the findings and results, briefly but quantitatively. It is a condensed version of the research work, without discussion or interpretation. An informational abstract, instead of indicating the general content, should be specific and quantitative, giving only essential data. The following example shows how this type of abstract should be written for the foregoing paper mentioned in Ex. 1.Ex. 2AbstractIn the design of a solar energy system using arrays of multiple solar panels, the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) model is generally used to evaluate steady state efficiency. The HWB equation did not accurately predict dynamic thermal performance for the present system, which uses a novel collector array. The theoretical limit of energy gain for this new array is BTU,which extends into the nonlinear mode of the HWB equation. A modified form of the equation was, therefore, developed for improved linearity, effective for collector efficiencies up to 54%. The new collector array, using the principle of successive concentrations. was incorporated into the design of a complete system of solar heating of buildings. The transport fluid for transferring energy from the solar array to the storage tank was important to overall efficiency. An optimum ratio of 64/36 was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol to water. Dynamic performance tests during the month of July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, yielded an average efficiency of 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m2 when the array faced south at an angle of 35o from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8 x 108 J per month. the cost efficiency of the system was a 9% improvement over that of the SOLTHERM system operating in Phoenix during the same month. (222 words)This is an example that shows how net results can be cited from various portions of a paper to give a clear picture of the significant contents.(3) Informational-Indicative AbstractsAn informational-indicative abstract is a combined form that bears specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of the document. This type of abstract offers fewer details, instead, giving emphasis to the author’s chief contribution. In doing so, the following abstract highlights the same technical information that is emphasized in Ex. 2.Ex. 3AbstractThe successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems for heating buildings depends chiefly on high-efficiency conversion of light energy into heat. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array. The Hollel-Whillier Bliss (HWB) model is modified for accurate prediction of the energy gain of the new solar array. This three-stage collector, using the principle of successive concentration, was incorporated into the design of a complete solar energy system. An optimum ratio was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol to water for the fluid transferring energy from array to storage tank. In dynamic tests during July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, the average efficiency was 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m2 when the array faced south at 35C o from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8 x 108 J per month. The cost efficiency compared favorably with that of the SOLTHERM system operating in the same area that month. (155 words)In this example the theoretical model and the configuration of the array are mentioned in general terms. For many readers the main interest is how well the new system will perform, and this informational-descriptive abstract fills the need.3) Complete ContentThe abstract of a paper, which is self-contained, should be unified and coherent in content. It is a concise summary of the results, conclusion and / or other significant items in the paper. Together with the title, the abstract must be adequate as an index to all the topics treated in the paper. It may also be used as a base for indexing. An informational abstract, for instance, should at least contain the following three elements:(1) A Statement of the ProblemA statement of the problem (or subject) is usually boiled down to a single sentence. This kind of writing clears the air of any hazy expression of your real purpose. Therefore, state the subject of the paper, indicate its scope and objectives.(2) A Statement of the Approach to Solving the ProblemThe “approach” might be an analytic method, a design technique, a system concept, a device improvement, a testing scheme, etc. Describe the treatment of the subject by one or more such terms as brief, comprehensive, preliminary, experimental or theoretical. Indicate the methods used to obtain experimental results. If the methods/designs are novel, state the basic principles involved, the operational ranges covered, and the degree of accuracy attained.(3) The Principal ResultThe writer’s new accomplishment may be a theoretical or an experimental finding, a new design with improved properties, a recommended course of action, etc. Summarize the theoretical or experimental result, the conclusion, and / or other significant items in the paper. If space permits, include any important quantitative data; if not, at least indicate the nature of such data.Usually, an abstract is confined to a single paragraph (one paragraph of running text). However short the abstract may be, all the pertinent elements of information should be included. 4) Formalized StructureFrom the dimension of structure, a comparatively complete abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences.(1) Topic SentenceThe first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforward to the subject or the problem and indicates the primary objectives of the paper. For example:Ex. 4AbstractThe paper presents a simple prescription for estimating the energy at which nuclear forces begin to play a role in heavy-ion Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments. ...Some sentence patterns frequently used as topic sentences are listed as follows: The purpose of this paper is ...The primary goal of this research is ...The intention of this paper is to survey ...The overall objective of this study is ...In this paper, we aim at ...Our goal has been to provide ...The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of ...The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish ...The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following ...The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of ...With his many years’ research, the author’s endeavor is to explain why ...The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of ...The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of ...With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of ...The author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena ...The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of ...Experiments on ... were made in order to measure the amount of ...The emphasis of this study lies in ...(2) Supporting SentencesThe topic sentence is usually followed by more than one supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented. Research methods, experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analyses, results, and other significant information will be provided in this part. These supporting sentences, therefore, can be taken as the “main body” of an abstract.Useful sentence patterns used in this part include the following:The method used in our study is known as ...The technique we applied is referred to as ...The procedure they followed can be briefly described as ...The approach adopted extensively is called ...Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using ...The research has recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.This is a working theory which is based on the idea that ...The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.The theory is characterized by ...The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in ...The test equipment which was used consisted of …Included in the experiment were …The winch is composed of the following main parts: …We have carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of ...They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which ...Recent experiments in this area suggested that ...A number of experiments were performed to check ...Examples with actual experiment demonstrate ...Special mention is given here to ...This formula is verified by ...We also supply ...(3) Concluding SentencesAs the ending part of an abstract, concluding sentences usually analyze the results, explain the application, and point out the significance of the research. For example:Ex. 5Abstract... The result of the measurement indicates that the direct method is in good agreement with the impedance method.Some useful sentence patterns are listed below:In conclusion, we state that ...In summing up it may be stated that ...It is concluded that ...The results of the experiment indicate that ...The studies we have performed showed that ...The pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated in ...We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that ...The research we have done suggests that ...The investigation carried out by ... has revealed that ...Laboratory studies of ... did not furnish any information about ...All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of ...As a result of our experiments, we concluded that ...From our experiment, the authors came to realize that ...This fruitful work gives explanation of ...The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of ...The research work has brought about a discovery of ...These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that ...The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by ...Our work involving studies of ... prove to be encouraging.The author has satisfactorily come to the conclusion that ...Finally, a summary is given of ...We have discussed the general structure of an abstract and listed a number of sentence patterns used in different parts of abstracts. However, each abstract has its own characteristics due to its subject and purpose. In preparing abstracts, therefore, we should choose the structure suitable to our specific paper and avoid rigidly adhering to the patterns.3. Writing Requirements of an AbstractIn order to write an effective abstract, it is helpful to observe these guidelines in writing:1) IntegratedAlthough an abstract should be brief in form, usually confined to a single paragraph of running text, it should still contain certain elements of information. Generally, an abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and/or experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.2) ConcisenessAn abstract should be concise, which is a characteristic of a well-prepared abstract; otherwise people would rather read the main part of the paper. The writer should be especially sensitive to the needs of his audience when he writes the abstract. Use only essential information. As already pointed out, there will be a much larger number of people who may take interest in reading his abstract rather than his full paper, and many will have broader interests. The writer needs to orient them to his subject in an efficient manner, using great economy of words. A lengthy abstract defeats its purpose. So it is necessary to make clear what is most important and should be included.To write a good abstract, the writer must strip away the peripheral, supporting information in his paper and expose the hard core of his contribution, defining the real substance of his manuscript in the simplest terms. Avoid displayed mathematical expressions; never number equations; omit tables.The writer’s abstract is then a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous.3) ConsistentAs a mini paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper. A good abstract has to exclude all information that is not based on the content of the paper. So never include what has not been mentioned in the paper and no modification in meaning is permitted. 4) ConcentratedTo write concentratively, you need to omit certain elements of information. Do not use figures, tables, or literature references in this part. There are other elements that conventionally appear in other sections of the manuscript but do not belong in the abstract. For example, a brief historical review with reference to previous work in the field, is suitable for the introduction. A discussion of the significance of an internal report is generally relegated to a separate summary for the executive reader. An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.4. “5 Steps” for Abstract WritingWhen preparing an abstract for your paper, don’t begin writing till you feel satisfied with it both in structure and meaning. The main steps involved in writing an abstract can be summed up as follows:1) Underlining Key Words and SentencesUnderline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional markers: carefully examine the headings, topic, supporting and concluding sentences of paragraphs, such transitional devices1 as first, second, third; key words indicating comparison/contrast (e.g., however, on the other hand, etc.) or essentials (e.g., best, foremost, central, crucial, etc.).2) Listing Essential Points of the PaperList main points you have drawn from your thorough reading of the whole paper. Take care to keep the same emphasis as that of the original paper. Check the table of contents (if there exists one) or the outline (if you are abstracting your own paper) for the main points of the paper.3) Summarizing Each Section in a Sentence or TwoTo summarize each section of your paper in one or two sentences proves effective in preparing your abstract. This is especially important for a descriptive (or indicative) abstract.4) Drafting the AbstractUse your own words wherever possible. If you borrow some words or phrases, or whole sentences, you may find your abstract too long or unnatural. Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as “as noted in...”, “as shown by ...” or “for example, ...”. Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources found in the references list of the original paper. Write concise, straightforward English; make every word count. Your abstract must be completely independent of the paper. Let the abstract sit for as long as possible without reading or editing it.5) Checking the Final DraftRegardless of the length of the final draft of your abstract, study it again with a view toshortening it further to a minimum length.Check the final draft to make sure your abstract is useful, representative and readable. Recheck your abstract until you are satisfied with it.As with the paper itself, have the abstract read critically by some of your colleagues for clarity, consistency, proper emphasis, and objectivity.5. “5A Strategy”Incorporating with the above “5 Steps” of abstract writing, the following “5A Strategy” will further assist you in writing a standard and ideal abstract.Before writing your abstract, you need to answer some basic questions. Suppose you disclose your research in 200 words, make sure what you say is critical and objective for your future readers. It will be easier for you to finish your abstract satisfactorily by answering the following questions:Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?Q3: What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?Q4: What conclusion will you draw?Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?Then the abstract can be improved on by using the following formula:Abstract = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5where, A1 (one sentence)A2 (one topic sentence, one or two supporting sentences that set forth the research topic if necessary)A3 (two or three sentences to give specific information about the research)A4 (one sentence)A5 (one sentence)Let us take a look at the following example and see how the above formula works.Ex. 6Abstract(1) Modern management is essentially about managing people as well as processes in a rapidly changing environment. (2)The author presents the factors which make “strategic management” effective. (3)A dominant factor is the organization climate which, in turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives. (4) To improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the quality of the mangers is a crucial factor. (5) The scope for alternatives also proves an important constraint. (6) The author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure. (7) It is concluded that the correct judgment and optimal operation of the essential factors will enhance the effectiveness of strategic management in general.The above example illustrates what we call the 5A strategy. All the points disclosed can help the author of the abstract to formulate an integrated overview of the whole paper. By quoting a well-known remark, the author prepares a setting in which his subject is oriented. Then, the author starts his work by pointing out the effective factors of “strategic management”, which serves as a topic sentence ushering in the main points naturally. The essential factors for strategic management are specifically presented. Upon depicting the importance of the organization climate and the quality of managers, the author turns to the scope of alternatives. As the result of the investigation, the author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure. Finally, the last sentence summarizes the author’s conclusion and the significance of the present study.In terms of the “5A strategy”, the structure of the above abstract can be shown in the following table.Table 1. The Structure of “5A Strategy”A1: background Sentence (1)A2: main topic Sentence (2)A3: research specifics Sentences (3) (4) (5)A4:result & suggestion Sentence (6)A5: conclusion & contribution Sentence (7)With the “5A Strategy” in mind, you can get some very useful prompts. Though different papers require different abstracts, yet, many abstracts of many papers may share similar functions and lead to a similar organization scheme. Once you are equipped with this strategy, an appropriate and even a strong abstract can naturally be produced almost without too much trouble.3. Likely Mistakes / Common ErrorsThere are, in general, five types of likely mistakes and/or common errors found in students’ assignments in writing abstracts.1) Mixed Writing StyleProfessional or academic papers, even a course paper or a term paper, and their abstracts in particular, belong to the category of formal writing. This type of writing, which is characterized by using written language, is different from writings in the colloquial style. However, these two different styles are sometimes mixed up in writing abstracts. The following are some examples taken from our students’ writing assignments.Ex. 7AbstractIn this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical andeconomical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.The meaning of the abstract is clear. However, among other shortcomings, the continuous employment of such words and phrases “we have a reason that is why ...”, “Because ...”, “get”, “So”, “In this way”, etc. make the passage rather colloquial, with a note of spoken language.Similar drawbacks can also be found in the following example:Ex. 8AbstractThis paper will explore the analytical components and anomalies of admiralty jurisdiction as it relates to marine insurance and will conjugate,if you will, the “irregular verb” that constitutes admiralty jurisdiction of marine insurance contracts. I think, admiralty jurisdiction should include all maritime contracts. My study has confirmed the saying that...The interposing of “if you will”, “I think”, “my study ”, “saying”, etc. can, more or less, affect the rigid and smooth presentation of the subject.2) Over-simplified StatementsThough short and concise, an abstract should not be too simple. The following examples have violated the general rule.Ex. 9AbstractIn this paper, reconstruction of many holograms are presented by computer with an analyzed mathematical model.The above abstract is far too simple to tell the reader how the reconstruction of holograms is performed, how the analysis is carried out, and what are its results, etc. In fact, the abstract is only an expansion of the paper title, which fails to function as a mini-version of the full text.In a similar manner, the following abstract can also be thought to be a failure being too general and global:Ex. 10AbstractThe author in this paper presents a process of fuel-saving innovation. The process is proved to be effective, and the authors are satisfied with the results.Without thorough understanding of the original paper, we will not be able to rewrite the above abstract successfully. However, if we analyze this abstract and compare it with the guidelines of abstract writing discussed in previous paragraphs, it may be not very difficult for us to find out the inappropriateness of this abstract.。

Writing Paper: A Vital Tool for EnglishCompositionIn the realm of academic writing, the significance of writing paper cannot be overstated. It serves as the canvas for ideas, the medium through which we express our thoughts and arguments. Writing paper is not merely a blank sheet of paper; it's a powerful tool that facilitates the communication of ideas and concepts. Its role in English composition is even more crucial, as it acts as the foundation for building coherent and engaging essays.The choice of writing paper is often overlooked, yet it significantly impacts the readability and overall impact of the composition. Ideal writing paper should possess certain qualities that enhance the writing experience. Firstly, it should have a smooth surface that allows the ink to flow smoothly, ensuring legibility. Secondly, the paper should have good absorption, preventing ink from bleeding or feathering. Finally, it should have a consistent thickness and weight, ensuring that the writing feels comfortable and doesn't cause undue strain on the hand.Beyond the physical qualities of the paper, its use in English composition involves a deeper understanding of its role in the writing process. Writing paper is not just a means to record words; it's a tool for organizing thoughts and ideas. It acts as a visual aid, helping writers visualize the structure of their essays and ensure coherence. By dividing the paper into sections, writers can plan their essays more effectively, allocating space for different sections such as the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.Moreover, writing paper is essential for drafting and revising. It allows writers to experiment with their ideas freely, making changes and corrections as needed. The physical act of writing on paper is also therapeutic, helping writers focus and clear their minds. The tactile feedback from the paper and the feeling of the pen on the surface are integral to the writing process, enhancing creativity and flow.In the digital age, where computers and laptops have become the norm for writing, the role of writing paper might seem outdated. However, the fact remains that paperstill has a unique place in the writing process. There's something about the tangibility of paper that makes the writing experience more personal and engaging. The act of putting pen to paper creates a connection between thewriter and their words that is difficult to replicate on a screen.In conclusion, writing paper is a vital tool forEnglish composition. It's not just a medium for recording words; it's a tool for organizing thoughts, expressing ideas, and creating engaging essays. Its physical qualities, such as smoothness, absorption, and consistency, enhancethe writing experience, while its role in the writing process helps writers visualize their essays, plan effectively, and revise freely. In the digital age, while technology has brought about many conveniences, the unique value of writing paper in English composition cannot be denied.**英语写作纸：英语作文的重要工具**在学术写作领域，写作纸的重要性不言而喻。

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING MANUSCRIPTSGeneral Procedures∙Our goal is to publish high quality papers in well-respected journals. It is not easy to publish in good journals. Therefore, you should read lot of papers, understand what is going on in the field, think deeply, develop good strategy, carry out thoughtfulexperiments, obtain good data, and analyze the data logically to publish in goodjournals. If you do not read the papers published in the literature, it is guaranteed that you will not do good work and will not have good publications. Reading is critical for your success and to find a good career. There is no easy way around it.∙Read the instructions in the journal for the style and requirement. Look at a few papers published in that journal and become familiar with the format, style, reference format, etc. before you begin to write the paper.∙Do not write long sentences. Readers will get lost with long sentences and your message will be lost.∙Do not write long paragraphs. Any paragraph should not be more than a page (double-spaced). Break the paragraphs at the logical places.∙Present the facts and data in a crisp and concise manner without prolonging the presentation with redundancy.∙Do not copy sentences from any published papers. This is called plagiarism and is illegal. Do this only if you don’t like me and want me to get into trouble!∙You should have the habit of reading lot of published papers from others to become familiar with the presentation and writing styles and to prepare good manuscripts.There is no substitute for reading the published papers if you want to do good work and publish good papers.∙Draw good quality figures with large font size; remember the figure size may be reduced when published in the journal, so it should be readable. Use contrastingsymbols and/or colors to differentiate different data sets presented in the same Figure.Use good software to draw good figures.∙You are responsible for the accuracy and reproducibility of the data you present in the paper. If you are not sure about your data, then you should not put it in the paper; you should repeat the experiment to confirm the reliability of the data. You should also think logically to see whether the data you got make sense.∙You should analyze the data you obtained in a logical manner, find holes or problems, design new experiments, get good data, and make your arguments and paper strong. ∙The manuscript should have page numbers at the bottom of each page, centered at the bottom of the page as in this document.∙List of references should start on a separate page, figure caption should start on a separate page, and each Figure should be on a separate page unless the journal requiresa specific format.Tips and guidelines for Formatting and Style∙Write as x and y when you have two things. Write as x, y, and z when you have three or more things.∙Write x, y, and z give, respectively, a, b, and c. i.e.put the “respectively” in between rather than at the end of the sentence.∙Put the “.” before the reference number if the refe rence number is a superscript except in the case of Nature journals. Put the “.” after the reference number if the reference number is in [] or ().∙Each abbreviation should be dined the first time it comes in the text beginning in the introduction. If it is in the abstract already, you should still define it when it occurs the first time in the introduction onwards. Do not use abbreviations without defining them. ∙Write as “x = 0.5” instead of “x=0.5” in the text Figures, table, etc.∙Write as “~ 15” instead of “~15”∙Leave a space between number and the unit, e.g., 150 nm∙Write as “0 ≤ x≤ 1” instead of “0≤x≤1”∙Write as “x < 1” instead of “x<1”∙Write as “Mn : Ni = 3 : 1” instead of “Mn:Ni = 3:1”∙Write as “mA h g-1” instead of “mAh/g”∙Write as “m2g-1” instead of “m2/g”。

Int. J. Technology Enhanced Learning, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2014105Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Basics of research paper writing and publishingMichael DerntlRWTH Aachen UniversityAdvanced Community Information Systems (ACIS), Lehrstuhl Informatik 5, Ahornstr. 55, 52056 Aachen, GermanyEmail: derntl@dbis.rwth-aachen.deAbstract: Publishing research results is an integral part of a researcher’s professional life. However, writing is not every researcher’s favourite activity, and getting a paper published can be a very tedious and time-consuming process. Fortunately, many of the obstacles along the writing and publishing path can be avoided by following some simple guidelines and practices. This paper presents a synthesis of guidelines found in literature about structuring and writing scientific papers. The paper outlines the process of publishing research papers in journals and conference proceedings, aiming to provide early-stage researchers with a handy introduction to essential issues. The paper takes an interdisciplinary stance by giving examples from technology-enhanced learning research and borrowing from literature in social, natural and computing sciences.Keywords: paper writing; publication process; paper structure; journal publications; conference publications; writing tips; scientific practice.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Derntl, M. (2014) ‘Basics of research paper writing and publishing’, Int. J. Technology Enhanced Learning , Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.105–123.Biographical notes: Michael Derntl is a Senior Researcher at the Information Systems chair at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. He has conducted and managed R&D in several publicly funded projects in the area of technology-enhanced learning at University of Vienna and RWTH Aachen University. He holds a PhD in Information Systems from University of Vienna. He has given seminars and workshops on scientific writing and publishing at the University of Vienna and the Joint European Summer School on Technology Enhanced Learning, respectively.1 IntroductionThe dissemination of research results and findings is an integral part of the research process and the career in academia. Researchers write to keep records of their work for themselves, but more importantly for readers and peers who are expecting a standard form, language and style when reading research papers. Writing in a scientific style may be hard in the beginning for novices, but clear communication and concise writing for a scientific audience can be trained (Davis, 1997).106 M.DerntlRobert Day (1983) defines a scientific paper as “a written and published report describing original research results” (p.1). Day claims that scientific papers have to meet certain requirements regarding how the paper was written and the way it is published. He stresses that the process leading to publication is equally important as the content, style and organisation of the published paper. According to this view, a scientific paper must be a valid publication, i.e. it must be published in the right place, like in a peer-reviewed journal or in a top-ranked conference. The publication outlet nowadays heavily relies on the field of research, for instance in computer science, papers in proceedings of some of the top-ranked conferences are equally or even more prestigious than articles in highly ranked journals, while in the natural sciences, conference publications have little to no value in the track record. Regardless of the publication outlet, a validly published scientific paper must contain the “first disclosure of results with sufficient information to enable peers (i) to assess observations, (ii) to repeat experiments, and (iii) to evaluate intellectual processes” (Council of Biology Editors, 1968, pp.1–2, as cited in Day, 1983, p.2).Editors and publishers expect a standard form and structure of submitted papers and published versions for reviewers and readers. The form may vary considerably by type of paper (e.g. a case study is presented in a different form from a survey paper), but the basic building blocks are similar. Some parts of a paper are also relevant for indexing services, which expect title, authors, affiliations, abstract and similar pieces of (meta)information. Dealing with these issues, the first part of this paper (Sections 2–4) focuses on the structural components of scientific papers and basic writing guidelines. Dealing with publishers, editors, peer reviewer’s comments, deadlines, submission and style guidelines, and other obstacles on the way to the paper appearing in a printed volume is probably one of the most exhausting tasks in a researcher’s life. To shed light on these issues, Section 5 of this paper outlines motivations and avenues to publish research papers.The main objective of this paper is to serve early-stage researchers with handy introduction to the structural components of scientific papers and the processes that lead to their publication. This paper assumes no explicit disciplinary perspective. It borrows from the literature on paper writing and publishing and gives examples from the social, natural and technical sciences, since the prestige associated with different types of publications varies greatly by discipline. In computer science, for instance, it is possible to make career steps based mostly or exclusively on publications in conference proceedings, which would be unthinkable in most other fields of science. In interdisciplinary research, for instance in technology-enhanced learning, it is therefore essential to be aware of these disciplinary differences and also the commonalities that drive scientific progress and propel personal career development.2 Intentions for paper writingOne may ask why researchers write up what they have been doing or what they are currently working on. Booth et al. (1995) deliver three obvious reasons (pp.8–9): to remember, because once something is forgotten, it cannot be reproduced correctly without having written notice; to understand, as writing about a subject can only be accomplished by approaching the subject in a structured way, which itself leads to betterBasics of research paper writing and publishing 107 understanding thereof; and to gain perspective, as writing includes looking at something from different points of view.Still the question remains why researchers turn their writing into formal papers. Writing for others is more demanding than writing for oneself, but it can also contribute to obtaining a better understanding of the own ideas and results (Booth et al., 1995). As publications have system-maintaining roles in their respective sciences, additional motivations for researchers to write and publish their research work are (Stock, 2000) are follows:∙scientific communication: O’Connor(1995) points out that this is essential if science is to progress;∙ideal and legal protection of intellectual property;∙gaining reputation;∙thinking in economic measures, ‘sale to achieve high prices’ may be transformed to ‘publish to achieve many citations’ (economic theory of science).Peat et al. (2002) provide a list of rather pragmatic reasons for writing up and publishing research results. Among them are having results that are worth reporting; wanting to progress scientific thought; wanting to reach a broad audience; improving the chance of promotion; and it is unethical to conduct a study and not report the findings.For many academics, it is actually an implicit or explicit requirement to publish papers. For instance, this is the case for PhD researchers whose institutions or supervisors demand a certain record of published, peer-reviewed papers, or for researchers whose follow-up contract or salary depends on their publication record.3 Structure of scientific papersThe structure of a research paper comprises three core parts, namely introduction, body and discussion. The progression of the thematic scope of a paper within these parts typically follows a pattern called the ‘Hourglass Model’ (see Figure 1, light-grey parts; cf. Swales, 1993): The introduction leads the reader from general motivations and a broad subject to a particular research question that is tackled in the body of the paper. The body of the paper stays within a tight thematic scope and describes the research methods and results in detail. Eventually, the discussion part aims to draw general conclusions and present implications from the results. This thematic progression is also reflected in Berry’s (1986) claim that a research paper should be circular in argument, i.e. the conclusion should return to the opening, and examine the original purpose in the light of the presented research.However, there are additional parts of a paper with similar importance. These are title, abstract and references. The extended Hourglass Model, which I chose to call the ‘King Model’ of paper structure for its visual resemblance of the chess piece, is shown as an extension of the Hourglass Model indicated by the dark-grey parts in Figure 1. The following subsections describe all parts of a paper following the King Model.108 M. DerntlFigure 1 The ‘Hourglass Model’ (light-grey parts) and the ‘King Model’, which covers anextended set of parts in a typical paper’s structureSource: Based on Swales (1993)3.1 TitleThe title is the part of a paper that is read the most; it is usually read first and most often, it is the only thing that is read. Electronic indexing services rely heavily on the accuracy of the title to allow users to find papers that are relevant to their research. Day (1983) defines a good title “as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper” (p.9). When the title is too long, it usually contains too many waste words such as ‘Investigations on’ at the beginning. On the other hand, titles that are too short often use words which are too general. For instance, the title “Writing Reports” does not provide any information on which kind of reports the paper is focusing on. Thus, according to Peat et al. (2002), effective titles ∙ identify the main issue of the paper; ∙ begin with the subject of the paper;∙ are accurate, unambiguous, specific and complete;∙do not contain abbreviations unless they are well known by the target audience, e.g. HTML or CPU in titles of computer science papers or ADHD in titles of psychology papers; ∙attract readers.Basics of research paper writing and publishing 109 There are different types of title. In Jamali and Nikzad (2011), the authors differentiate descriptive titles, which describe what the paper is about (e.g. ‘Investigating the role of academic conferences on shaping the research agenda’); declarative titles, which make a statement about the results presented in the paper (e.g. ‘Academic conferences shape the short-term research agenda’); interrogative titles, which pose a question (e.g. ‘Do academic conferences shape the research agenda?’); and compound titles, which may combine several of the above separated by colons or question marks (e.g. ‘Do academic conferences shape the research agenda? An empirical investigation’). The authors investigated the impact of the title type on the download and citation count of a paper. Interrogative titles have more downloads but fewer cites. Compound titles with colon are longer and have fewer downloads and cites. Long titles tend to get fewer downloads than shorter titles.Let us examine some examples of titles from published papers and see what types and characteristics they expose:∙‘Educational Technology and Culture: The Influence of Ethnic and Professional Culture on Learners’ Technology Acceptance’: a compound, mostly descriptive title, which is relatively long with 15 words. Despite its length, it does not reveal the findings of the study.∙‘HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read’: an interesting variant of a descriptive title that is self-reflective. The paper is about tagging, published at the Hypertext conference in 2006 (HT06) and it uses a list of tags as its title including a reference to the conference. Due to its unusual style, it will probably stand out in a table of contents and thus attract readers.∙‘A New Framework for Dynamic Adaptations and Actions’: a descriptive title that reveals only little about the content of the paper. Moreover, it is fairly unspecific by not clarifying what kinds of adaptations and actions are dealt with. Unless this is clear in the target community, the title should include some declarative pieces (e.g.what characteristics does the framework expose other than that it is ‘new’?)∙‘Go To Statement Considered Harmful’: a declarative, short title, which will be rather meaningless to non-computer scientists. This is the title of an influential paper published by Edsger Dijkstra in 1968, and the style of the title referring to a common practice that is suboptimal as being ‘considered harmful’ has since been adopted for many other papers.3.2 AbstractBasically, an abstract comprises a one-paragraph summary of the whole paper. Abstracts have become increasingly important, as electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research reports in a certain subject area today (Koopman, 1997). Hence, everything of relevance to potential readers should be in the abstract, everything else not.According to Day (1983), there are two basic types of abstract:∙An informative abstract extracts everything relevant from the paper, such as research objectives addressed, methods employed in solving the problems, results obtained and conclusions drawn. Such abstracts may serve as a highly aggregated substitute for the full paper.110 M.DerntlOn the other hand, an indicative or descriptive abstract rather describes the content of the paper and may thus serve as an outline of what is presented in the paper. This kind of abstract cannot serve as a substitute for the full text.A checklist defining relevant parts of an abstract is proposed in Koopman (1997), whereas the author suggests packing each part into one sentence. Note that the thematic scope of an abstract progresses in a similar way as the complete paper following the Hourglass Model:1 Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results?2 Problem: What problem is the paper trying to solve and what is the scope of thework?3 Solution: What was done to solve the problem?4 Results: What is the answer to the problem?5 Implications: What implications does the answer imply?Also, there are some things that should not be included in an abstract, i.e. information and conclusions not stated in the paper, references to other literature (although this may vary by journal), the exact title phrase and illustrative elements such as tables and figures (Day, 1983). It is also not beneficial to use the exact phrases that appear later in the introduction. Further useful hints and comments on preparing and writing abstracts are given on various educational and professional websites, such as in Koopman (1997), Hammermeister (2002) and Procter (2002), to mention a few.An example of an informative abstract that meets all mentioned requirements is given in Table 1 (left-hand side). In contrast, the right-hand side of the table shows an abstract that is lacking a clear description of results and conclusions.3.3 IntroductionThe introduction serves the purpose of leading the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. Three phases of an introduction can be identified (Swales, 1993):1 Establish a territory: bring out the importance of the subject and/or make generalstatements about the subject and/or present an overview on current research on the subject.2 Establish a niche: oppose an existing assumption or reveal a research gap orformulate a research question or problem or continue a tradition.3 Occupy the niche: sketch the intent of the own work and/or outline importantcharacteristics of the own work; outline important results; and give a brief outlook on the structure of the paper.In brief, the introduction should guide the reader to current state of the art in the field and should allow the reader to understand the rest of the paper without referring to previous publications on the topic (Day, 1983). Even though the introduction is the first mainBasics of research paper writing and publishing 111 section in a paper, many researchers write – or at least finish – it rather late in the paper writing process, as at this point the paper structure is complete, the reporting has been done and conclusions have been drawn.Table 1Parts of an abstract: two examplesTitle: ‘Paper interfaces for learning geometry’ Title: ‘Unsupervised auto-tagging for learning object enrichment’Motivation An online presence is gradually becoming an essential part of every learning institute. Assuch, a large portion of learning material isbecoming available online. Paper interfaces offer tremendous possibilities for geometry education in primary schools.Problem Incongruently, it is still a challenge for authorsand publishers to guarantee accessibility, supporteffective retrieval and the consumption oflearning objects. One reason for this is that non-annotated learning objects pose a major problemwith respect to their accessibility. Non-annotatedobjects not only prevent learners from findingnew information; but also hinder a system’sability to recommend useful resources. Existing computer interfaces designed to learn geometry do not consider the integration of conventional school tools, which form the part of the curriculum. Moreover, most computer tools are designed specifically for individual learning; some propose group activities, but most disregard classroom-level learning, thus impeding their adoption.Solution To address this problem, commonly known as the cold-start problem, we automaticallyannotate specific learning resources using astate-of-the-art automatic tag annotationmethod: α-TaggingLDA, which is based onthe Latent Dirichlet Allocation probabilistictopic model. We performed a user evaluationwith 115 participants to measure the usabilityand effectiveness of α-TaggingLDA in acollaborative learning environment. We present an augmented reality-based tabletop system with interface elements made of paper that addresses these issues. It integrates conventional geometry tools seamlessly into the activity and it enables group- and classroom-level learning. In order to evaluate our system, we conducted an exploratory user study based on three learning activities: classifying quadrilaterals, discovering the protractor and describing angles. We observed how paper interfaces can be easily adopted into the traditional classroom practices.Results The results show that automatically generatedtags were preferred 35% more than the originalauthors’ annotations. Further, they were 17.7%more relevant in terms of recall for users.–Implications The implication of these results is thatautomatic tagging can facilitate effectiveinformation access to relevant learning objects.– Sources:Diaz-Aviles et al. (2011) and Bonnard et al. (2012)112 M.Derntl3.4 BodyThe body of a paper reports on the actual research done to answer the research question or problem identified in the introduction. It should be written as if it were an unfolding discussion, each idea at a time (Dees, 1997). Often, the body comprises several sections and subsections, whereas structure, organisation and content depend heavily on the type of paper, publication outlet, publisher and the creativity of the authors. Some examples are given below.∙In empirical papers, the paper body describes the material and data used for the study, the methodologies applied to answer the research questions and the results obtained. It is very important that the study is described in a way that makes it possible for peers to repeat or to reproduce it (Day, 1983).∙Case study papers describe the application of existing methods, theory or tools.Crucial is the value of the reflections abstracted from the experience and their relevance to other designers or to researchers working on related methods, theories or tools.∙Methodology papers describe a novel method which may be intended for use in research or practical settings (or both), but the paper should be clear about the intended audience.∙Theory papers describe principles, concepts or models on which work in the field (empirical, experience, methodology) is based; authors of theoretical papers are expected to position their ideas within a broad context of related frameworks and theories. Important criteria are the originality or soundness of the analysis provided as well as the relevance of the theoretical content to practice and/or research in the field.Generally, the body of a paper answers two questions, namely how was the research question addressed (materials, methods) and what was found (results; Davis, 1997; Day, 1983; Peat et al., 2002).3.5 DiscussionThinking in terms of the Hourglass Model (cf. Figure 1), the discussion part (sometimes presented as ‘Discussion’, ‘Discussion and Conclusion’, or simply ‘Conclusion’) is the counterpart to the introduction since this part should lead the reader from narrow and/or very specific results to more general conclusions. Generally, this part includes (cf. Day, 1983; Swales, 1993) the following:∙ A presentation of background information as well as recapitulation of the research aims of the study.∙ A brief summary of the results, whereas the focus lies on discussing and not recapitulating the results.∙ A comparison of results with previously published studies.∙Conclusions or hypotheses drawn from the results, with summary of evidence for each conclusion.∙Proposed follow-up research questions and outlook on further work.Basics of research paper writing and publishing 113 According to Day (1983), something that is often not adequately dealt with is a discussion about the significance and implications of the results; a good place for doing so is the end of the discussion part.3.6 ReferencesEmbedding the own work in related literature is one of the essential parts of research writing. This is achieved by citing related work within the text and by listing all cited references at the end of the paper. Different publishers require different formats or styles for citing a paper in the text and for listing references. The most commonly used referencing systems are variations of the following (cf. Day, 1983):∙Name and year system. References are cited by their respective authors and the year of publication, e.g. ‘Chuck and Norris (2003) define …’. This system is very convenient for authors, as the citation does not have to be changed when adding or removing references from the list. The fact that sentences become hard to read when subsequently citing many references in one single parenthesis this way is one negative aspect for readers.∙Alphabet-number system. This system lists the references in alphabetical order and cites them by their respective number in parentheses or (square) brackets, e.g. ‘As reported in [4], …’. This system is relatively convenient for readers, as it does not break the flow of words while reading a sentence with many citations. On the other hand, the author has to keep an eye on the references cited in the text as their numbers may change when the reference list is updated.∙Citation order system. This system is similar to the alphabet-number system with one major difference: the reference list is not sorted alphabetically, but in the order of appearance (citation by number) in the text.Variations of the referencing systems mentioned above are used in most of the common style guides, for instance American Psychological Association (APA) style (American Psychological Association, 2003), Chicago style (The University of Chicago, 2010), Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style and Modern Language Association (MLA) style (Gibaldi, 1995). In computer science, the most widely used styles are variations of the number system, e.g. the style used by Springer Verlag in the Lecture Notes series, the style used by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Press and the style guides issued by the IEEE Computer Society for most of their publications. In general, the citation system used depends on the scientific discipline (e.g. psychologists mainly use APA style), on the publisher (different publishers may require to use different referencing styles even in the same field) and on the publication outlet. Authors have no other choice than adhering to the style required by publishers.Regardless of the citation style, there are two basic rules for the list of references: (1) every cited source must be listed and (2) every listed source must be cited.4 Writing for publicationPapers must be written for a specific audience. This is particularly important for doctoral students trying to publish parts of their thesis. A scientific paper is written for the editor114 M.Derntland audience of the intended publication outlet, while the key audience of the thesis is the supervisor (Berry, 1986). Hence, the place of publication should be selected prior to writing the paper, and chapters extracted from theses have to be reconsidered accordingly (Davis, 1997). Related to parts of theses being published as research papers; Berry (1986, pp.105–108), notes that∙“Theses are written for supervisors who have to be convinced that one has really done work. No corners are cut. Space is no object […] Nothing of this applies to learned journals.”∙The professional public does not need to have everything spelled out, instead it “would like to learn something it did not already know, expressed in succinct prose, the points made in an agile and alert manner.”∙Two of the most important rules are ‘target the journal’ (i.e. its editor and audience) and ‘research the market’ to get to know available and appropriate journals in the field.∙After having chosen the preferred journal for publication, all efforts should be directed to place the paper in that specific journal. It is helpful to study papers previously published in that journal with respect to paper organisation, presentation and writing style.According to O’Connor (1995), several steps have to be taken to prepare a research paper for professional publication. First, the researchers have to ask themselves some preliminary questions to make sure that the studies are designed to answer precisely the research question under examination, that the experiments meet accepted standards and that the process of keeping records of the research work is agreed upon in the target community. Subsequently, the research work has to be assessed constantly in order to be able to decide whether the work is suitable for submission (speaking to colleagues and writing while work is in progress may turn out to be very helpful in this respect). A paper that “records significant experimental, theoretical or observational extensions of knowledge, or advances in the practical application of known principles” is worth publishing (O’Connor 1995).Even if the work reported on is considered worth publishing, a major prerequisite for a paper to pass a rigorous peer review process (cf. Section 5.1) prior to publication is a clean, concise and coherent writing style (cf. Section 4), as well as thorough organisation and elaboration of the statement unfolding in the paper. To achieve this, many revisions may be necessary, as Davis’ (1997) proposed plan for paper writing shows (Figure 2).There are many sets of writing tips available from different authors. Two sets of frequently stated tips or rules are presented here. Davis (1997) gives the following set of rules for technical and scientific writing:∙If it can be interpreted in more than one way, it is wrong.∙Know your audience, know your subject, know your purpose.∙If you cannot find a reason to put a comma in, leave it out.∙Keep your writing clear, concise and correct.∙If it works, do it.。

Title of Your Paper (居中，小四，Times New Roman)FirstName LastNameCourse TitleInstructor’s NameDateTitle(居中)The first paragraph is a brief introduction of your topic and how are you going to discuss the related issue. It should include a thesis statement --or in other words-- the main idea of your paper……….（两倍行距，正文，小四，Times New Roman，每段第一行空六格，文章居左对齐)The first sentence of your second paragraph should be the main idea of this particular paragraph. Then you will elaborate on this idea in the rest of your paragraph.The following paragraphs should also be like the second paragraph –offering the other sub-points to support your thesis statement in the first paragraph. Thesesub-points when put together, should be able to provide a strong support for your thesis statement.At the end of the paper, you should have a concluding paragraph where you summarize your paper.During your writing, you shall offer your opinions in YOUR OWN WORDS—do not copy and paste others’ opinions without acknowledgingthem---that’s called plagiarism—It is prohibited and the paper would be graded ZERO if it happens.If you do need to quote others’ opinions in your writing, you should give the source. If you need a very short and direct quote, you put it in ―…..‖ and give the page number, for instance (Smith, 2009, p. 10). If you cite someone’s opinions in your paper, you also need to acknowledge it by giving the author’s last name and year likethis: ―Zhang (2010) discussed…‖…or ―according to Acee (2009) …‖ or in their book ―Bache & Kang (2011) found…‖. Then you are going to give the detailed information about the author at the end of your paper, in the Reference section. If you are quoting materials we used in class, quote Xiao & Wang (2003) other than those specified.Finally, your paper should have a minimum of 1500 words.参考文献部分，如果有中文有英文，先排中文，格式按照作者姓氏拼音排序，依次是作者姓名、出版年份、文章名称、期刊名称、卷（期）、页码。