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电子技术应用专业核心课程建设方案第一篇：电子技术应用专业核心课程建设方案清远市清城区职业技术学校电子技术应用专业核心课程建设方案（试行）专业核心课程是指能够对学生职业能力培养和职业素养养成起主要支撑或明显促进作用的课程，是打造专业核心能力的课程。

为深化校企循环、工学交替人才培养模式改革，提高教育教学质量，特制定本建设方案。

一、指导思想核心课程建设，是学校电子技术应用专业教学改革、教学方法与手段创新、教学内容完善、师资队伍建设、加强实践教学、不断提高教学质量的重要措施。

核心课程建设要贯彻以服务为宗旨、以就业为导向的指导方针，突出职业能力培养，体现校企循环、工学交替的鲜明特色，要以岗位分析和具体工作过程为基础设计课程，能恰当运用微课、FLASH、PPT课件、网络等现代教学技术、方法与手段，便于学生自主学习和随时随地的运用智能手机、平板电脑、家用电脑学习，教学效果显著，具有示范、辐射作用，要通过专业核心课程建设工作，带动师资水平提升。

二、建设计划专业核心课程建设工作计划分两期，在2013年6月至2014年6月两年内完成，2013年6月前完成第一期，建成《电子技术基础与技能》、《电工基础与技能》、等二门核心课程；2014年6月前完成第二期，增加《PLC技术》、《手机原理与维修》、《单片机原理与维修》三门核心课程，并且将核心课程在专业教学中全面铺开。

三、建设内容（一）依据职业岗位分析，准确进行课程定位进行充分的行业企业调研，召开企业实践专家访谈会共同研讨，根据岗位任职要求确定专业能力体系。

在专业人才能力分析的基础上，确定课程在专业人才培养目标中的地位与作用、承担的能力培养任务。

（二）校企合作，共同制订课程标准课程标准（即教学大纲）是课程分析、课程设计、课程实施基本思想及做法的载体，是一门课程最基本的教学文件，其基本内容包括课程基本信息、课程主 1要任务描述、课程学习目标描述、课程能力标准要求、课程主要内容、学生能力测试与评价体系、教学资源配置等。

电子信息工程技术专业核心课程综合改革方案教学改革是当前职业教育改革和发展中的重要任务之一，而课程改革是教学改革的核心，起着牵一发而动全身的关键作用。

随着电子信息技术的不断发展进步，特别是近年来电子产品结构的调整升级和技术更新，带动了电子信息工程技术人才的需求变化，反映出本专业的教学改革还不能完全适应新形势下培养高技能型人才的需要。

主要表现在新的培养目标与课程体系之间存在着较大的反差，教学模式和方法创新不够，实践能力的培养和职业技能的训练比较薄弱，教师的教学水平和实践能力急待提高，实训实习基地建设投入不足等，这些方面都影响到了教学质量和效益的提高。

因此，我们应把工作的重点更多地转移到充实专业、苦练内功、深化改革、提高质量的内涵发展的轨道上来，通过课程改革更好地实现本专业的人才培养目标。

一、改革目标1．课程内容取自企业的典型工作任务，根据高职学生的职业发展规律，关注学生的学习兴趣和体验。

2．倡导学生主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动手的学习态度，培养学生合作能力，获取新知识和创新的能力。

3．探索新课程评价机制，发挥评价功能，促进学生主动发展和教师提高，推动新课程的发展。

4．注重学科整合，改变以往学科缺乏整合的现状，形成新型的课程体系。

二、改革内容在对相应电子信息行业、企业调研的基础上，运用工作分析和教学分析的方法，遵循技能型人才职业能力形成的规律，着眼于学习者知识、技能和情感态度的培养以及专业能力、方法能力、社会能力的形成，构建以能力为本位、以职业实践为主线、以项目课程为主体的模块式一体化专业核心课程体系。

1．打破以知识逻辑为主线，通过项目整合知识与实践，重新组织设计教学内容。

降低专业基础课程知识难度、深度，确保学生达到既满足职业生涯需要，又满足学生终身学习需要的基本理论知识素养。

以关键能力为目标，按理论够用的基本要求整合专业基础课程，减少课程中设计类和原理类等知识，增加实用类和操作类知识。

增加专业技能所占的比例，按技能过硬的基本要求，以直接就业（上岗）为主要目标，构建专业技能模块。

《电工与电子技术C》教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程名称电工与电子技术C英文名称Electrical and electronic technology C开课单位电气与信息工程学院课程负责人课程代码3DXD754C学分3课程类别专业教育课程适用专业安全工程，材料成型及控制工程，油气储运工程，复合材料与工程，过程装备与控制工程，海洋油气工程，建筑环境与能源应用工程，勘查技术与工程，矿物加工工程，能源与动力工程，汽车服务工程，石油工程，无机非金属材料工程，物联网工程，消防工程，冶金工程，应用化学等课内学时48课外学时30先修课程《高等数学》、《大学物理》课程简介《电工与电子技术C》课程是安全工程等非电类专业的一门专业教育必修课。

本课程主要介绍“电路基础”和“模拟电子技术”二个模块。

主要内容有直流电路、正弦交流电路、三相交流电路、常用半导体器件、基本放大电路、直流稳压电源等。

通过本课程的学习，使学生获得电工与电子技术的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，了解电工与电子技术的应用和我国电工与电子技术发展的概况，为学生学习后续课程《传感器与测试技术基础》等并为将来从事工程技术工作和科学研究打下一定的理论基础。

二、课程教学目标通过本课程教学，使学生系统掌握电工与电子技术中的基本概念、基本原理和方法，培养学生的科学思维能力，树立理论联系实际的工程观点，提高学生分析问题与解决问题的能力。

结合非电类专业特点，介绍相关专业应用电工与电子技术方面的情况，提高学生对本课程的重视。

教学过程中多采用动画及视频介绍电工与电子技术相关内容。

为本专业的深化学习及知识的拓宽打下基础。

具体细化为：课程目标1：能够正确理解电路基础知识和基本概念，了解复杂电路和简单电路的区别，看懂常用电路符号。

（对应毕业要求指标点1.4）课程目标2：掌握电路的分析方法-基尔霍夫定律、支路电流法、叠加原理和戴维南定理，能够运用数学知识解决交直流的计算。

（对应毕业要求指标点1.4）课程目标3：掌握常用半导体器件的特点和使用方法，能够计算基本放大电路的静态工1390作点和动态参数，了解静态工作点对输出波形的影响。

制定eenc培训计划eenc培训计划是一项旨在提升员工素质和能力的培训项目。

本文将详细介绍eenc培训计划的内容、目标和实施方法。

一、培训计划内容eenc培训计划包括以下几个方面的内容：环境保护意识培养、能源管理技术、碳排放减少、可持续发展等。

通过这些内容的学习和实践，员工将能够更好地理解和应用环境保护和可持续发展的相关知识和技能。

二、培训计划目标eenc培训计划的目标是提高员工对环境保护和可持续发展的认识和理解，培养员工的环保意识和能源管理技能，减少企业的碳排放，促进企业的可持续发展。

通过培训，员工将能够更好地应对环境变化和能源紧缺的挑战，为企业的可持续发展做出贡献。

三、培训计划实施方法1. 培训课程安排：根据员工的实际需求和公司的要求，制定培训课程的安排和内容。

课程可以包括理论学习、案例分析、实地考察等形式，以提高员工对环保和可持续发展的认识和理解。

2. 培训材料准备：准备相关的培训材料，包括教材、案例分析、实验指导等。

确保材料的准确性和实用性，能够满足员工的学习需求。

3. 培训师资培训：培训师资是保证培训效果的重要因素。

培训师资需要具备深厚的专业知识和丰富的教学经验，能够与员工进行良好的互动和交流。

4. 培训评估与反馈：在培训结束后，进行培训评估和反馈，了解员工对培训效果的评价和反馈意见。

根据评估结果，及时调整和改进培训计划，提高培训质量和效果。

四、培训成效评估为了评估培训的成效，可以采取以下几种方式：1. 培训前后的测试：通过培训前后的测试，评估员工对环保和可持续发展知识的掌握程度。

2. 参与度和反馈：评估员工参与培训的积极性和主动性，以及对培训的满意度和改进建议。

3. 培训后的实践成果：通过观察员工在实际工作中的表现，评估培训对员工的影响和改变。

五、总结与展望eenc培训计划是一项重要的企业发展战略，通过培训，可以提高员工的环保意识和能源管理技能，减少企业的碳排放，促进企业的可持续发展。

ENOfficial Journal of the European Communities 28.12.2000L 332/91DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 4December 2000on the incineration of wasteTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,and in particular Article 175(1)thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (2),Having regard to the Opinion of the Committee of the Regions (3),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251of the Treaty (4),and in the light of the joint text approved by the Conciliation Committee on 11October 2000,Whereas:(1)The fifth Environment Action Programme:Towards sustainability —A European Community programme of policy and action in relation to the environment and sustainable development,supplemented by Decision No 2179/98/EC on its review (5),sets as an objective that critical loads and levels of certain pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ),sulphur dioxide (SO 2),heavy metals and dioxins should not be exceeded,while in terms of air quality the objective is that all people should be effectively protected against recognised health risks from air pollution.That Programme further sets as an objective a 90%reduction of dioxin emissions of identi-fied sources by 2005(1985level)and at least 70%reduction from all pathways of cadmium (Cd),mercury (Hg)and lead (Pb)emissions in 1995.(2)The Protocol on persistent organic pollutants signed by the Community within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE)Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution sets legally binding limit values for the emission of dioxins and furans of 0,1ng/m;TE (Toxicity Equiva-lents)for installations burning more than 3tonnes per hour of municipal solid waste,0,5ng/m;TE for installa-tions burning more than 1tonne per hour of medicalwaste,and 0,2ng/m;TE for installations burning more than 1tonne per hour of hazardous waste.(3)The Protocol on Heavy Metals signed by the Community within the framework of the UN-ECE Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution sets legally binding limit values for the emission of particulate of 10mg/m 3for hazardous and medical waste incineration and for the emission of mercury of 0,05mg/m 3for hazardous waste incineration and 0,08mg/m 3for municipal waste incineration.(4)The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organisation indicate that some poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)are carcinogenic.Therefore,Member States may set emission limit values for PAHs among other pollutants.(5)In accordance with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality as set out in Article 5of the Treaty,there is a need to take action at the level of the Community.The precautionary principle provides the basis for further measures.This Directive confines itself to minimum requirements for incineration and co-incin-eration plants.(6)Further,Article 174provides that Community policy on the environment is to contribute to protecting human health.(7)Therefore,a high level of environmental protection and human health protection requires the setting and main-taining of stringent operational conditions,technical requirements and emission limit values for plants incin-erating or co-incinerating waste within the Community.The limit values set should prevent or limit as far as practicable negative effects on the environment and the resulting risks to human health.(8)The Communication from the Commission on the review of the Community Strategy for waste manage-ment assigns prevention of waste the first priority,followed by reuse and recovery and finally by safe disposal of waste;in its Resolution of 24February 1997on a Community Strategy for waste management (6),the Council reiterated its conviction that waste prevention should be the first priority of any rational waste policy in relation to minimising waste production and the hazardous properties of waste.1p.6and OJ C 372,2.12.1998,p.11.(2)OJ C 116,28.4.1999,p.40.(3)OJ C 198,14.7.1999,p.37.(4)Opinion of the European Parliament of 14April 1999(OJ C 219,30.7.1999,p.249),Council Common Position of 25November 1999(OJ C 25,28.1.2000,p.17)and Decision of the European Parliament of 15March 2000(not yet published in the Official Journal).Decision of the European Parliament of 16November 2000and Decision of the Council of 20November 2000.(5)OJ C 138,17.5.1993,p.1and OJ L 275,10.10.1998,p.1.(6)OJ C 76,11.3.1997,p.1.EN Official Journal of the European Communities28.12.2000 L332/92(9)In its Resolution of24February1997the Council alsounderlines the importance of Community criteriaconcerning the use of waste,the need for appropriateemission standards to apply to incineration facilities,theneed for monitoring measures to be envisaged forexisting incineration plants,and the need for theCommission to consider amending Community legisla-tion in relation to the incineration of waste with energyrecovery in order to avoid large-scale movements ofwaste for incineration or co-incineration in theCommunity.(10)It is necessary to set strict rules for all plants incineratingor co-incinerating waste in order to avoid transboundarymovements to plants operating at lower costs due to lessstringent environmental standards.(11)The Communication from the Commission/energy forthe future:renewable sources of energy/White paper fora Community strategy and action plan takes into consid-eration in particular the use of biomass for energypurposes.(12)Council Directive96/61/EC(1)sets out an integratedapproach to pollution prevention and control in whichall the aspects of an installations environmentalperformance are considered in an integrated manner.Installations for the incineration of municipal waste witha capacity exceeding3tonnes per hour and installationsfor the disposal or recovery of hazardous waste with acapacity exceeding10tonnes per day are includedwithin the scope of the said Directive.(13)Compliance with the emission limit values laid down bythis Directive should be regarded as a necessary but notsufficient condition for compliance with the require-ments of Directive96/61/EC.Such compliance mayinvolve more stringent emissions limit values for thepollutants envisaged by this Directive,emission limitvalues for other substances and other media,and otherappropriate conditions.(14)Industrial experience in the implementation of tech-niques for the reduction of polluting emissions fromincineration plants has been acquired over a period often years.(15)Council Directives89/369/EEC(2)and89/429/EEC(3)on the prevention and reduction of air pollution frommunicipal waste incineration plants have contributed tothe reduction and control of atmospheric emissionsfrom incineration plants.More stringent rules shouldnow be adopted and those Directives should accordinglybe repealed.(16)The distinction between hazardous and non-hazardouswaste is based principally on the properties of wasteprior to incineration or co-incineration but not ondifferences in emissions.The same emission limit valuesshould apply to the incineration or co-incineration ofhazardous and non-hazardous waste but different tech-niques and conditions of incineration or co-incinerationand different monitoring measures upon reception ofwaste should be retained.(17)Member States should take into account CouncilDirective1999/30/EC of22April1999relating to limitvalues for sulphur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide and oxidesof nitrogen,particulate matter and lead in ambientair(4)when implementing this Directive.(18)The incineration of hazardous waste with a content ofmore than1%of halogenated organic substances,expressed as chlorine,has to comply with certain opera-tional conditions in order to destroy as many organicpollutants such as dioxins as possible.(19)The incineration of waste which contains chlorine gener-ates flue gas residues.Such residues should be managedin a way that minimises their amount and harmfulness.(20)There may be grounds to provide for specified exemp-tions to the emission limit values for some pollutantsduring a specified time limit and subject to specificconditions.(21)Criteria for certain sorted combustible fraction of non-hazardous waste not suitable for recycling,should bedeveloped in order to allow the authorisation of thereduction of the frequency of periodical measurements.(22)A single text on the incineration of waste will improvelegal clarity and enforceability.There should be a singledirective for the incineration and co-incineration ofhazardous and non-hazardous waste taking fully intoaccount the substance and structure of Council Directive94/67/EC of16December1994on the incineration ofhazardous waste(5).Therefore Directive94/67/ECshould also be repealed.(23)Article4of Council Directive75/442/EEC of15July1975on waste(6)requires Member States to take thenecessary measures to ensure that waste is recovered ordisposed of without endangering human health andwithout harming the environment.To this end,Articles9and10of that Directive provide that any plant orundertaking treating waste must obtain a permit fromthe competent authorities relating,inter alia,to theprecautions to be taken.1p.26.(2)OJ L163,14.6.1989,p.32.Directive as last amended by theAccession Act of1994.(4)OJ L163,29.6.1999,p.41.(5)OJ L365,31.12.1994,p.34.(3)OJ L203,15.7.1989,p.50.Directive as last amended by theAccession Act of1994.(6)OJ L194,25.7.1975,p.39.Directive as last amended by Commis-sion Decision350/96/EC(OJ L135,6.6.1996,p.32).EN Official Journal of the European Communities28.12.2000L332/93(24)The requirements for recovering the heat generated bythe incineration or co-incineration process and for mini-mising and recycling residues resulting from the opera-tion of incineration or co-incineration plants will assistin meeting the objectives of Article3on the wastehierarchy of Directive75/442/EEC.(25)Incineration and co-incineration plants treating onlyanimal waste regulated by Directive90/667/EEC(1)areexcluded from the scope of this Directive.The Commis-sion intends to propose a revision to the requirements ofDirective90/667with a view to providing for highenvironmental standards for the incineration and co-incineration of animal waste.(26)The permit for an incineration or co-incineration plantshall also comply with any applicable requirements laiddown in Directives91/271/EEC(2),96/61/EC,96/62/EC(3),76/464/EEC(4),and1999/31/EC(5).(27)The co-incineration of waste in plants not primarilyintended to incinerate waste should not be allowed tocause higher emissions of polluting substances in thatpart of the exhaust gas volume resulting from suchco-incineration than those permitted for dedicated incin-eration plants and should therefore be subject to appro-priate limitations.(28)High-standard measurement techniques are required tomonitor emissions to ensure compliance with the emis-sion limit values for the pollutants.(29)The introduction of emission limit values for thedischarge of waste water from the cleaning of exhaustgases from incineration and co-incineration plants willlimit a transfer of pollutants from the air into water.(30)Provisions should be laid down for cases where theemission limit values are exceeded as well as for techni-cally unavoidable stoppages,disturbances or failures ofthe purification devices or the measurement devices.(31)In order to ensure transparency of the permittingprocess throughout the Community the public shouldhave access to information with a view to allowing it tobe involved in decisions to be taken following applica-tions for new permits and their subsequent updates.Thepublic should have access to reports on the functioningand monitoring of the plants burning more than threetonnes per hour in order to be informed of their poten-tial effects on the environment and human health.(32)The Commission should present a report both to theEuropean Parliament and the Council based on theexperience of applying this Directive,the new scientificknowledge gained,the development of the state of tech-nology,the progress achieved in emission control tech-niques,and on the experience made in waste manage-ment and operation of the plants and on the develop-ment of environmental requirements,with a view toproposing,as appropriate,to adapt the related provi-sions of this Directive.(33)The measures necessary for the implementation of thisDirective are to be adopted in accordance with CouncilDecision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying downthe procedures for the exercise of implementing powersconferred on the Commission(6).(34)Member States should lay down rules on penaltiesapplicable to infringements of the provisions of thisDirective and ensure that they are implemented;thosepenalties should be effective,proportionate anddissuasive,HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article1ObjectivesThe aim of this Directive is to prevent or to limit as far as practicable negative effects on the environment,in particular pollution by emissions into air,soil,surface water and ground-water,and the resulting risks to human health,from the incin-eration and co-incineration of waste.This aim shall be met by means of stringent operational condi-tions and technical requirements,through setting emission limit values for waste incineration and co-incineration plants within the Community and also through meeting the require-ments of Directive75/442/EEC.Article2Scope1.This Directive covers incineration and co-incineration plants.(1)Council Directive90/667/EEC of27November1990,laying downthe veterinary rules for the disposal and processing of animal waste,for its placing on the market and for the prevention of pathogensin feedstuffs of animal or fish origin and amending Directive90/425/EEC(OJ L363,27.12.1990,p.51).Directive as last amendedby the Accession Act of1994.(2)Council Directive91/271/EEC of21May1991concerning urbanwaste-water treatment(OJ L135,30.5.1991,p.40).Directive asamended by Directive98/15/EC(OJ L67,7.3.1998,p.29).(3)Council Directive96/62/EC of27September1996on ambient airquality assessment and management(OJ L296,21.11.1996,p.55).(4)Council Directive76/464/EEC of4May1976on pollution causedby certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environ-ment of the Community(OJ L129,18.5.1976,p.23).Directive aslast amended by the Accession Act of1994.(5)Directive1999/31/EC of26April1999on the landfill of waste(OJL182,16.7.1999,p.1).(6)OJ L184,17.7.1999,p.23.ENOfficial Journal of the European Communities 28.12.2000L 332/942.The following plants shall however be excluded from the scope of this Directive:(a)Plants treating only the following wastes:(i)vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry,(ii)vegetable waste from the food processing industry,ifthe heat generated is recovered,(iii)fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp productionand from production of paper from pulp,if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and the heat generated is recovered,(iv)wood waste with the exception of wood waste whichmay contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood-preservatives or coating,and which includes in partic-ular such wood waste originating from construction and demolition waste,(v)cork waste,(vi)radioactive waste,(vii)animal carcasses as regulated by Directive90/667/EEC without prejudice to its future amende-ments,(viii)waste resulting from the exploration for,and theexploitation of,oil and gas resources from off-shore installations and incinerated on board the installation;(b)Experimental plants used for research,development andtesting in order to improve the incineration process and which treat less than 50tonnes of waste per year.Article 3DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive:1.‘waste’means any solid or liquid waste as defined in Article 1(a)of Directive 75/442/EEC;2.‘hazardous waste’means any solid or liquid waste as defined in Article 1(4)of Council Directive 91/689/EEC of 12December 1991on hazardous waste (1).For the following hazardous wastes,the specific require-ments for hazardous waste in this Directive shall not apply:(a)combustible liquid wastes including waste oils as defined in Article 1of Council Directive 75/439/EEC of 16June 1975on the disposal of waste oils (2)provided that they meet the following criteria:(i)the mass content of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g.polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)or pentachlorinated phenol (PCP)amounts to concentrations not higher than those set out in the relevant Community legislation;(ii)these wastes are not rendered hazardous by virtueof containing other constituents listed in Annex II to Directive 91/689/EEC in quantities or in concentrations which are inconsistent with the achievement of the objectives set out in Article 4of Directive 75/442/EEC;and (iii)the net calorific value amounts to at least 30MJper kilogramme,(b)any combustible liquid wastes which cannot cause,inthe flue gas directly resulting from their combustion,emissions other than those from gasoil as defined in Article 1(1)of Directive 93/12/EEC (3)or a higher concentration of emissions than those resulting from the combustion of gasoil as so defined;3.‘mixed municipal waste’means waste from households as well as commercial,industrial and institutional waste,which because of its nature and composition is similar to waste from households,but excluding fractions indicated in the Annex to Decision 94/3/EC (4)under heading 2001that are collected separately at source and excluding the other wastes indicated under heading 2002of that Annex;4.‘incineration plant’means any stationary or mobile tech-nical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treat-ment of wastes with or without recovery of the combus-tion heat generated.This includes the incineration by oxidation of waste as well as other thermal treatment processes such as pyrolysis,gasification or plasma processes in so far as the substances resulting from the treatment are subsequently incinerated.This definition covers the site and the entire incineration plant including all incineration lines,waste reception,storage,on site pretreatment facilities,waste-fuel and air-supply systems,boiler,facilities for the treatment of exhaust gases,on-site facilities for treatment or storage of residues and waste water,stack,devices and systems for controlling incineration operations,recording and monitoring incineration conditions;5.‘co-incineration plant’means any stationary or mobile plant whose main purpose is the generation of energy or production of material products and:—which uses wastes as a regular or additional fuel;or —in which waste is thermally treated for the purpose of disposal.(3)Council Directive 93/12/EEC of 23March 1993relating to the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels (OJ L 74,27.3.1993,p.81).Directive as last amended by Directive 1999/32/EC (OJ L 121,11.5.1999,p.13).(1)OJ L 377,31.12.1991,p.20.Directive as amended by Directive 94/31/EC.(OJ L 168,2.7.1994,p.28).(4)Commission Decision 94/3/EC of 20December 1993establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1a of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste (OJ L 5,7.1.1994,p.15).(2)OJ L 194,25.7.1975,p.23.Directive as last amended by the Accession Act of 1994.EN Official Journal of the European Communities28.12.2000L332/95If co-incineration takes place in such a way that the main purpose of the plant is not the generation of energy or production of material products but rather the thermal treatment of waste,the plant shall be regarded as an incineration plant within the meaning of point4.This definition covers the site and the entire plant including all co-incineration lines,waste reception,storage, on site pretreatment facilities,waste-,fuel-and air-supply systems,boiler,facilities for the treatment of exhaust gases, on-site facilities for treatment or storage of residues and waste water,stack devices and systems for controlling incineration operations,recording and monitoring incin-eration conditions;6.‘existing co-incineration or co-incineration plant’means anincineration or co-incineration plant:(a)which is in operation and has a permit in accordancewith existing Community legislation before28December2002,or,(b)which is authorised or registered for incineration orco-incineration and has a permit issued before28December2002in accordance with existingCommunity legislation,provided that the plant is putinto operation not later than28December2003,or(c)which,in the view of the competent authority,is thesubject of a full request for a permit,before28December2002,provided that the plant is put intooperation not later than28December2004;7.‘nominal capacity’means the sum of the incinerationcapacities of the furnaces of which an incineration plant is composed,as specified by the constructor and confirmed by the operator,with due account being taken,in partic-ular,of the calorific value of the waste,expressed as the quantity of waste incinerated per hour;8.‘emission’means the direct or indirect release ofsubstances,vibrations,heat or noise from individual or diffuse sources in the plant into the air,water or soil;9.‘emission limit values’means the mass,expressed in termsof certain specific parameters,concentration and/or level of an emission,which may not be exceeded during one or more periods of time;10.‘dioxins and furans’means all polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans listed in Annex I;11.‘operator’means any natural or legal person who operatesor controls the plant or,where this is provided for in national legislation,to whom decisive economic power over the technical functioning of the plant has been dele-gated;12.‘permit’means a written decision(or several such deci-sions)delivered by the competent authority granting authorisation to operate a plant,subject to certain condi-tions which guarantee that the plant complies with all therequirements of this Directive.A permit may cover one or more plants or parts of a plant on the same site operated by the same operator;13.‘residue’means any liquid or solid material(includingbottom ash and slag,fly ash and boiler dust,solid reaction products from gas treatment,sewage sludge from the treat-ment of waste waters,spent catalysts and spent activated carbon)defined as waste in Article1(a)of Directive 75/442/EEC,which is generated by the incineration or co-incineration process,the exhaust gas or waste water treatment or other processes within the incineration or co-incineration plant.Article4Application and permit1.Without prejudice to Article11of Directive75/442/EEC or to Article3of Directive91/689/EEC,no incineration or co-incineration plant shall operate without a permit to carry out these activities.2.Without prejudice to Directive96/61/EC,the application for a permit for an incineration or co-incineration plant to the competent authority shall include a description of the measures which are envisaged to guarantee that:(a)the plant is designed,equipped and will be operated in sucha manner that the requirements of this Directive are takinginto account the categories of waste to be incinerated;(b)the heat generated during the incineration and co-incinera-tion process is recovered as far as practicable e.g.through combined heat and power,the generating of process steam or district heating;(c)the residues will be minimised in their amount and harm-fulness and recycled where appropriate;(d)the disposal of the residues which cannot be prevented,reduced or recycled will be carried out in conformity with national and Community legislation.3.The permit shall be granted only if the application shows that the proposed measurement techniques for emissions into the air comply with Annex III and,as regards water,comply with Annex III paragraphs1and2.4.The permit granted by the competent authority for an incineration or co-incineration plant shall,in addition to complying with any applicable requirement laid down in Directives91/271/EEC,96/61/EC,96/62/EC,76/464/EEC and 1999/31/EC:(a)list explicitly the categories of waste which may be treated.The list shall use at least the categories of waste set up in the European Waste Catalogue(EWC),if possible,and contain information on the quantity of waste,where appro-priate;EN Official Journal of the European Communities28.12.2000 L332/96(b)include the total waste incinerating or co-incineratingcapacity of the plant;(c)specify the sampling and measurement procedures used tosatisfy the obligations imposed for periodic measurements of each air and water pollutants.5.The permit granted by the competent authority to an incineration or co-incineration plant using hazardous waste shall in addition to paragraph4:(a)list the quantities of the different categories of hazardouswaste which may be treated;(b)specify the minimum and maximum mass flows of thosehazardous wastes,their lowest and maximum calorific values and their maximum contents of pollutants,e.g.PCB, PCP,chlorine,fluorine,sulphur,heavy metals.6.Without prejudice to the provisions of the Treaty, Member States may list the categories of waste to be mentioned in the permit which can be co-incinerated in defined categories of co-incineration plants.7.Without prejudice to Directive96/61/EC,the competent authority shall periodically reconsider and,where necessary, update permit conditions.8.Where the operator of an incineration or co-incineration plant for non-hazardous waste is envisaging a change of opera-tion which would involve the incineration or co-incineration of hazardous waste,this shall be regarded as a substantial change within the meaning of Article2(10)(b)of Directive96/61/EC and Article12(2)of that Directive shall apply.9.If an incineration or co-incineration plant does not comply with the conditions of the permit,in particular with the emission limit values for air and water,the competent authority shall take action to enforce compliance.Article5Delivery and reception of waste1.The operator of the incineration or co-incineration plant shall take all necessary precautions concerning the delivery and reception of waste in order to prevent or to limit as far as practicable negative effects on the environment,in particular the pollution of air,soil,surface water and groundwater as well as odours and noise,and direct risks to human health.These measures shall meet at least the requirements set out in para-graphs3and4.2.The operator shall determine the mass of each category of waste,if possible according to the EWC,prior to accepting the waste at the incineration or co-incineration plant.3.Prior to accepting hazardous waste at the incineration or co-incineration plant,the operator shall have available informa-tion about the waste for the purpose of verifying,inter alia, compliance with the permit requirements specified in Article 4(5).This information shall cover:(a)all the administrative information on the generatingprocess contained in the documents mentioned in para-graph4(a);(b)the physical,and as far as practicable,chemical composi-tion of the waste and all other information necessary to evaluate its suitability for the intended incineration process;(c)the hazardous characteristics of the waste,the substanceswith which it cannot be mixed,and the precautions to be taken in handling the waste.4.Prior to accepting hazardous waste at the incineration or co-incineration plant,at least the following reception proced-ures shall be carried out by the operator:(a)the checking of those documents required by Directive91/689/EEC and,where applicable,those required by Council Regulation(EEC)No259/93of1February1993 on the supervision,and control of shipments of waste within,into and out of the European Community(1)and by dangerous-goods transport regulations;(b)the taking of representative samples,unless inappropriate,e.g.for infectious clinical waste,as far as possible beforeunloading,to verify conformity with the information provided for in paragraph3by carrying out controls and to enable the competent authorities to identify the nature of the wastes treated.These samples shall be kept for at least one month after the incineration.5.The competent authorities may grant exemptions from paragraphs2,3and4for industrial plants and undertakings incinerating or co-incinerating only their own waste at the place of generation of the waste provided that the requirements of this Directive are met.Article6Operating conditions1.Incineration plants shall be operated in order to achieve a level of incineration such that the slag and bottom ashes Total Organic Carbon(TOC)content is less than3%or their loss on ignition is less than5%of the dry weight of the material.If necessary appropriate techniques of waste pretreatment shall be used.1p.1.Regulation as last amended by Commis-sion Regulation(EC)No2408/98(OJ L298,7.11.1998,p.19).。

图 5. 使用TOPSwitch-HX的标准反激式电路图5所示为使用Power Integrations (PI)的TOPSwitch™-HX控制器设计的恒流输出反激式电源。

输出电压由输出端的齐纳二极管决定。

这样可通过光耦器向控制器提供反馈信号。

Input VoltageDuty-CycleŒŒI n s t a n t a n e o u s I n p u t V o l t a g e (V )I n s t a n t a n e o u s S w i t c h D u t y C y c l e (D C )Œ•••图 7. LinkSwitch-PH 占空比在AC 半周期内的变化在接近过零点时，瞬态输入电压较低，占空比较大。

在整流AC 输入峰值点时，电压达到最大值，占空比最小。

对于每个开关周期，MOSFET 电流在每个周期内被积分，以得到一个电荷量。

将每个周期的电荷量与参考值进行比较，当两个数值相等时就停止开关。

V 引脚输入设置输入电压增益参数，用于提供线电压补偿。

调光控制LinkSwitch-PH 可通过链接输入R 和0 V 的编程电阻设置为调光模式，也可设置为非调光模式。

在非调光模式下，电路可以接近1的功率因数在全AC 输入范围内提供恒流输出。

在调光模式下，整流输入的过零点和相位角用于设置输出电流水平，从而提供调光功能。

LinkSwitch-PH 可用来设计这样的高性能LED 驱动器：可在全输入电压范围内工作，并使低成本可控硅调光器的调光范围达到1000:1，同时无任何闪烁现象。

图8中的电路图说明了这是如何实现的。

Analyses the development of e-commerce in China. TXT[abstract] the electronic commerce is an emerging business form, and have been paid much attention by all over the world. The development of China's e-commerce has experienced a hard course, has been developed greatly. This article mainly introduced the advantages of electronic commerce, as well as China's e-commerce development situation, then analysis the development trend of e-commerce in China, and is the development of electronic commerce in our country puts forward some feasibility Suggestions.[key words] the advantages of the electronic commerce to adviceOne, forewordSince the 20th century, along with the rise of the network and the development of network technology, e-commerce era also will rise. From the enterprise internal information management to the electronic data interchange (EDI) between domestic enterprises, and then to the internationalization of e-commerce activities, it experienced a hard development, has now have been paid much attention by governments around the world, the enterprise's.Electronic commerce as a new way of trade, it greatly changed people's traditional way to trade and thinking habits, brings along the changes of the economic system structure and become a great power to promote the development of the economy. The Chinese government also attaches great importance to and support the construction and development of electronic commerce. For example: in the 1990 s, our government have implemented a series of "gold" word engineering; To carry out a number of e-commerce demonstration project; The electronic commerce, the stipulation of relevant laws and regulations, Financial, telecommunications and other departments close cooperation, provide security guarantee for the development of e-commerce; Earlier this year, the China electronic commerce association chairman comrade Song Ling in summarizing the development of China's e-commerce situation report in 2005, special emphasis on the development of e-commerce also strive to cultivate excellent talents, etc., is a very good case in point. So, took advantage of the network information technology development, our country not only to the development of e-commerce, but also to achieve a qualitative leap development is the absolute principle.Second, the advantages of electronic commerceE-commerce (Electronic Commerce) refers to the computer to the Internet under the support of a series of business activities. It not only contains the important link in traditional trade, and innovation of traditional trade way, such as low cost, high efficiency, high benefit form fully embodies the advantages of electronic commerce. Compared with traditional trade way, e-commerce advantages mainly reflects in the following points:1. Low cost, high speed and efficiencyE-commerce mode is mainly dependent on the Internet and build up the global marketing network, reducing the traditional trade of the intermediate links, thus greatly save the cost management and link. In the process of business activities, through the electronic payment, not only greatly improve the speed, speed up the order processingand payment settlement and payment, and reduce human negligence and improve corporate profits.2. High quality and big marketE-commerce can reduce the space of the obstacles to trans-regional, cross-border transactions; And can provide a day, seven days a week, 24 hours a day all climate services, for customers to provide the latest data at any time, strengthen the cooperation between enterprises. In guarantee the quantity and complete customer's original deal, advertising through the network, also can explore potential recessive customers, expanding the market.3. Promote the competitiveness of the enterpriseTraditional way of trade caused by the enterprise's management mode is a pyramid, top-down control management. Under the e-commerce environment, makes the enterprise internal information communication is no longer constrained by the original "transfer" step by step or pass "one to one" mode, and realize the "one to many" or "many-to-many" flexible mainstream model, shape made the high efficiency of management and business process. At the same time, with the development of economic globalization and e-commerce, increasingly fierce competition between enterprises and consumers on product requirements, a variety of external pressure to form the invisible power, forcing companies in such aspects as production, management and management reform.Under the condition of market economy, only to adapt to and meet the demand of the market,The sustainable and stable development. For large companies, electronic commerce is not only make the enterprise original performance to the next level, but also maintain the brand promotion, the sustained and stable development of enterprises. For small and medium enterprises, such as can through the electronic commerce platform, integrating enterprise's business activities and resource management, business process restructuring, improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, increase exchanges and cooperation between enterprises, improve enterprise management to a new level, so as to improve enterprise competitiveness, more quickly into the international market.Third, our country electronic commerce development present situation analysis Since 1995 since the introduction of Chinese e-commerce, in support of the Chinese government and the competent department of information and guidance, China's e-commerce has been developed greatly. Among them, the success and failure. But as to our country electronic commerce development present condition mainly presents the following characteristics.1. China's e-commerce development is still in its infancyAfter ten years of ups and downs, although China's e-commerce has begun to take shape, but most of the companies or consumer is in holding the wait-and-see attitude, restricts the further development of e-commerce. Overall, China's e-commerce development is still in its infancy.2. Needs to improve the supporting environment of electronic commerceThe support of e-commerce environment mainly includes the construction of network infrastructure, legal environment and market environment, etc. Electronic commercebased on Internet, largely depends on the construction of network infrastructure. Network bandwidth, for example, the serious influence the network real-time speed; Network security issues involving capital security, information security, business secret and security of goods, etc. Online trading in digital signature way instead of traditional way of handwritten signature, the tax payment also realize online declare dutiable goods, e-commerce will completely change the traditional business model, which also bring some economic problems and disputes, this needs related to formulate the synchronous development of laws and regulations. At present, our country market economy environment is not perfect, laws and regulations on the management of the market, the social credit system has not yet been fully established. Therefore, as the network infrastructure of e-commerce based on running environment, legal environment and market environment to accelerate the development of synchronization, can better ensure the smooth development of e-commerce.3. The function of a singleAlthough in the early stages of the development of electronic commerce in our country, but of all walks of life related to the economic trade e-commerce sites have to exist. Although trade industry is complete, but slightly single function, is more ads, electronic directory, electronic query, commodity information release, etc.; A few part of electronic trading, use the Internet for business negotiation, contract, exchange of text, so most didn't really play the electronic commerce function. Due to the national economy informationization foundation weak, the commercial automation level is low, will cause the traditional business and electronic commerce will co-exist for a long time.4. The unbalanced development in various regionsBecause our country on the industry and regional economic development imbalance, southeast coast and the great differences in the Midwest, also cause the unbalanced development of electronic commerce. At present, the rapid development of the coastal areas of e-commerce is the central and western regions. Coastal city of electronic commerce development faster than the villages and towns, there are many coastal towns and the central and western regions has not yet to develop electronic commerce. Four, simple to predict the development trend of electronic commerce in our country According to our country electronic commerce development and application status, predicting the development of our country in the next few years to:1. The gradually perfecting laws and regulationsAccording to the social and historical development rule, the rule of law society provide good environment for economic development, perfect the legal system construction as the economy provide a strong guarantee. The government under the strong support and guidance in our country, the electronic commerce laws and regulations will be issued continuously, and gradually improve, guarantee the healthy development of electronic commerce.2. The diversified developmentWith the popularity of the Internet,Electronic commerce is more and more accepted by the general public. With the development of network security technology, the establishment and perfection of social credit system, online shopping will be morecommon and popular. Followed, e-commerce will from imitation to innovation, from the traditional simple B2B, B2C mode for the development of complex mixed mode of electronic commerce, gradually toward diversification.3. The cities surrounding rural roadsAs an emerging trade mode of e-commerce, first introduced to China from science and technology in developed countries. In our country, the development of e-commerce is walking by the economically developed areas to backward areas; By the high degree of urban turned backward rural way of communication.Five, the Suggestions to promote the development of electronic commerce in our country 1. To strengthen the construction of network infrastructure in our countryDue to the slow network infrastructure construction, which limits the development of electronic commerce. The imbalance of economic development in China, in particular, are more likely lead to regional difference of information infrastructure. To make the rapid development of national economy, we must have vision, have a plan to increase the intensity of network construction, reducing the gap between eastern and western regions, north and south, as well as urban and rural, telecom departments at all levels should be in the national information under the correct guidance of the competent department of strengthening the construction of the network.2. Enterprises should recognize The Times, to accelerate developmentAfter China's accession to the WTO, along with the rapid development of economic globalization, electronic commerce as a new mode of business, for our country enterprise brought infinite business opportunities. Enterprises should recognize The Times, strengthen management, to improve the quality of the products and services, on the basis of the electronic commerce development to overall planning, step-by-step implementation, steady progress, to improve its competitive ability. In this way can reduce cost and increase economic benefits. That said, only the correct use of e-business model for enterprise services, will further promote the development of electronic commerce.3. To provide security for electronic commerce developmentE-commerce activities is relying on the Internet, including online payment security issues directly related to the vital interests of the consumers and businesses. In technology, to strengthen the computer network security research, the establishment of security protocol, for example, password technology, the establishment of the certification authority, etc. In law, to study the areas of e-commerce activities, establish a standardized electronic commerce legal system, safeguard the legitimate interests of the parties, promote the healthy development of electronic commerce.4. To speed up the cultivation of talentsTo the development of science and technology, the cultivation of the talent must never less. Electronic commerce is the combination of information modernization and business, need a lot of master the modern information technology and interdisciplinary talents of modern trade theory. National government, the education department according to the need, the talent training plan, make full use of all kinds of good way to develop, introduce and reasonable use of a batch of high quality, reasonable level, form a complete set of professional computer and businessmanagement professionals, to speed up the pace of construction of China's e-commerce. Six, the conclusionOverall, China's e-commerce is in the early stages of development. This new business model, and has great potential in the development of our country. Our country should seize the opportunity, carefully, as soon as possible to solve every constraints, the development of China's e-commerce healthy good external environment. The corporate sector, also should have a plan, step by step for the website construction, so as to promote our country electronic commerce development. Believe in our country during the period of "11th five-year plan", the accelerated development of information construction, will write a new chapter of China's e-commerce development. reference[1] chan yuet-bo: an introduction to e-commerce [M]. Tsinghua university press, 2004[2] kefeng liu: real network marketing - the theory and practice [M]. Tsinghua university press, 2000[3] ZhuKe quite: electronic commerce future. Market modernization, in August 2006[4] Tan Xueqing: for China's e-commerce development pulse. Hna magazine, 2001。

EE337IntroductionEE337 is a course designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of electrical engineering principles and concepts. This document aims to give an overview of the course, its objectives, and key topics covered.Course ObjectivesThe main objectives of the EE337 course are as follows:1.To develop a deep understanding of the fundamental principles ofelectrical engineering.2.To gain knowledge and skills in electrical circuit analysis and design.3.To understand the operation and analysis of various electronicdevices and systems.4.To learn about the different methods used in signal processing andcontrol systems.5.To enhance problem-solving skills by applying electrical engineeringconcepts to real-world scenarios.Course StructureThe EE337 course is divided into several modules, each focusing on a specific area of electrical engineering. The course structure is as follows:1.Module 1: Introduction to Electrical Engineering - Provides anoverview of electrical engineering, its history, and its impact on society.Students will also learn about the different career paths available in this field.2.Module 2: Circuit Analysis - Covers the fundamentals of electricalcircuits, including Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws, and circuit analy sis techniques.Students will learn how to analyze and solve complex circuits using variousmethods.3.Module 3: Electronic Devices and Circuits - Explores thecharacteristics and operation of different electronic devices, such as diodes,transistors, and operational amplifiers. Students will study their applications in electronic circuits.4.Module 4: Signals and Systems - Introduces the concept of signalsand systems, including their representation and analysis in both time andfrequency domains. Students will learn about Fourier analysis and filteringtechniques.5.Module 5: Control Systems - Focuses on the principles andtechniques used in control systems. Students will study different types ofcontrol systems, such as feedback and feedforward control, and understandtheir applications.6.Module 6: Communication Systems - Covers the basics ofcommunication systems, including modulation techniques, multiplexing, and error detection and correction. Students will gain an understanding of various communication technologies.7.Module 7: Power Systems - Introduces the concepts of powergeneration, transmission, and distribution. Students will learn about different types of power systems, electrical machines, and power electronics.AssessmentThe EE337 course assessment will consist of various components, including: •Assignments: These will be given periodically to test students’ understanding of the concepts covered in each module. Assignments mayinclude theoretical questions, problem-solving exercises, and analysis of real-world case studies.•Laboratory Experiments: Students will participate in laboratory sessions where they will carry out practical experiments related to the topics covered in the course. These experiments will help students gain hands-onexperience and reinforce their theoretical knowledge.•Midterm Exam: A comprehensive midterm exam will be conducted to assess students’ understanding of the course material covered until that point.The exam will include both theoretical and problem-solving questions.•Final Exam: A final exam will be conducted at the end of the course to evaluate students’ overall knowledge and understanding. The exam will cover all the topics discussed throughout the course.ConclusionThe EE337 course provides a solid foundation in electrical engineering principles and concepts. By completing this course, students will be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to analyze, design, and troubleshoot electrical and electronic systems. The course assessment methods will enable students to demonstrate their understanding and application of the concepts covered.。

ieee tac 几篇全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：IEEE Transctions on Automation Science and Engineering 是一本关于自动科学和工程的权威期刊，它涵盖了广泛的领域，如自动化系统，控制理论，机器学习，优化，计算机视觉，传感器网络等。

在这篇文章中，我们将介绍几篇在该期刊上发表的精彩论文，展示了该领域最新的研究成果和发展趋势。

第一篇论文是《A Survey on Industrial Internet of Things: A Cyber-Physical Systems Perspective》。

这篇论文由业界知名学者撰写，针对工业物联网（IIoT）进行了详细的调查和分析。

IIoT 是将智能设备、传感器和互联网技术融合在一起，实现工业系统的实时监测和控制。

论文从网络结构、数据安全、实时性能等多个方面对IIoT 进行了全面的介绍和评估，为研究人员和工程师提供了重要的参考和指导。

第二篇论文是《Event-Triggered Control for Multi-Agent Systems: A Brief Overview and Recent Advances》。

这篇论文介绍了事件触发控制在多智能体系统中的应用和发展。

传统的时间驱动控制方法可能会导致系统资源的浪费和能耗的增加，而事件触发控制可以根据系统状态的变化主动触发控制器的更新，实现更有效的控制。

论文总结了事件触发控制的基本原理和设计方法，并介绍了最新的研究成果和应用领域，为多智能体系统的控制提供了新的思路和方向。

第三篇论文是《Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robot Manipulation: A Survey》。

这篇论文涵盖了深度强化学习在机器人操作中的应用和研究进展。

机器人操作是自动化科学和工程领域的重要应用领域，深度强化学习可以帮助机器人根据环境反馈和奖励信号学习最优的控制策略。

ieice electronics express的文章格式引言概述：IEICE Electronics Express是一本国际知名的电子工程期刊，它对于发表电子工程领域的研究成果起到了重要的作用。

本文将详细介绍IEICE Electronics Express 的文章格式，包括引言、正文和总结三个部分。

正文内容：1. 引言部分1.1 介绍IEICE Electronics Express的背景和目的1.2 引言部分的写作要点和注意事项1.3 引言部分的长度和结构要求2. 正文部分2.1 标题和作者信息2.1.1 标题的撰写规范和要求2.1.2 作者信息的格式和排列顺序2.2 摘要和关键词2.2.1 摘要的撰写要点和长度限制2.2.2 关键词的选择和排列方式2.3 引言和背景2.3.1 引言部分的写作目的和内容要求2.3.2 背景部分的撰写重点和结构安排2.4 方法和实验2.4.1 方法部分的详细描述和实验设计2.4.2 实验结果的呈现和数据分析2.5 结果和讨论2.5.1 结果部分的清晰展示和数据可视化2.5.2 讨论部分的深入分析和解释2.5.3 结果和讨论的结合和呈现方式3. 总结部分3.1 总结研究成果和主要发现3.2 讨论研究的局限性和未来工作的方向3.3 提出建议和对读者的启示总结：IEICE Electronics Express的文章格式要求严格，但是遵循一定的规范可以使文章更加清晰和易读。

在撰写文章时，需要注意引言部分的背景介绍和目的阐述，正文部分的标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、背景、方法和实验、结果和讨论等内容的详细描述，以及总结部分的研究成果总结、未来工作展望等内容的准确表达。

只有在严格遵循IEICE Electronics Express的文章格式要求的基础上，才能使文章更具可读性和学术价值。

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journal of the electrochemical society 模板[Journal of the Electrochemical Society 模板]Title:Author(s):Affiliation(s):Corresponding Author:Email:Abstract:The abstract should provide a brief summary of the main objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions of the study. It should not exceed 250 words and should be written in a concise and clear manner.Keywords:Provide 3-5 keywords that accurately reflect the main topics or themes covered in the study.Introduction:The introduction should provide a background to the research topic, explaining its significance and relevance to the field of electrochemistry. It should also present the research objectives and the problem that the study aims to address.Experimental Section:This section should describe the experimental setup and methodology used in the study. Include sufficient details for reproducibility, such as instrumentation, materials, and procedures. If applicable, include any sample preparation or characterizationtechniques used.Results and Discussion:Present the results of the study in a clear and organized manner, utilizing tables, figures, and graphs as necessary. Discuss and interpret the results in the context of the research objectives. Compare the findings with previous studies and explain any observed similarities or differences.Conclusion:Summarize the main findings of the study and their implications. Briefly discuss the significance of the results and suggest directions for future research. Avoid introducing new information or references in this section.Acknowledgments:If there are any individuals or organizations that contributed to the research but do not qualify as authors, acknowledge them in this section.References:List all the references cited in the main text in the desired citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, IEEE). Ensure that all citations are accurate and properly formatted.Figures and Tables:Include any figures or tables within the main body of the article where they are first mentioned. Label each figure and table accordingly and provide a clear and concise caption.Note: This template serves as a general guide. Please refer to the specific guidelines of the Journal of the Electrochemical Society for more detailed instructions on formatting, citation style, and any additional sections required.。

DANIEL D. HOOLIHANHoolihan EMC ConsultingLindstrom, Minnesota USA前言新版本的电气与电子工程学会（IEEE）标准C95.1于2006年初发布，已被使用了将近一年的时间。

新标准是对1999年版C95.1和2004年修订版的修正。

它包括因暴露于3KHz-300GHz频率范围内电场，磁场和电磁场而对人体造成的不良健康影响的防护建议。

这些建议用于防护来自于电刺激和组织/全身受热的危害。

该标准共有238页，但是标准的主要内容在最初的29页。

其余的是七个附件，包括44页有关射频暴露等级的文献总结，76页文献数据库，含有1143个参考文献，以及参考了144个文件的10页文献目录。

参考文献该标准中有三个参考文献：IEEE标准C95.3?-2002，IEEE建议的有关人体暴露于100kHz-300GHz射频电磁场的测量与计算操作。

IEEE标准C95.6?-2002，人体暴露于0～3KHz电磁场的安全等级IEEE标准。

IEEE标准C95.7?-2005，IEEE建议的3KHz～300GHz射频安全项目操作。

定义该标准中使用了81个定义。

它们包括如下术语：不良健康影响，慢性暴露，既成影响，局部暴露，非均匀场，基强度，空间平均值，强度-时间关系曲线和热效应。

关键首字母缩写词和缩略语该标准的关键首字母缩写词和缩略语包括：●ANSI—美国国家标准学会●BR（基本限值）。

考虑到适当的安全因素，基于不良健康影响的暴露限值，用下列术语表述，原位电场（3KHz～5MHz），比吸收率（100KHz～3GHz）或者入射功率密度（3～300GHz）。

●ICES—国际电气安全委员会●ICNIRP—国际非电离辐射防护委员会●IEC—国际电工委员会●IEEE—电气与电子工程学会●MPE（最大容许暴露）。

电场或者磁场强度的最大均方根或者峰值，它们的平方值，或者这些场的平面波等效功率密度，或者人体被暴露时的感应或者接触电流（没有对健康造成不良影响，且具有可接受的安全限度）。

7月3日，全国“扫黄打非”办公室在安徽合肥召开“扫黄打非”基层站点建设现场会，回顾总结“扫黄打非”进基层工作成效和经验，进一步推进基层站点建设的规范化、标准化。

中央宣传部副部长梁言顺参加会议并讲话。

安徽省委常委、宣传部长、省“扫黄打非”领导小组组长虞爱华出席会议并致辞。

会议认为，“扫黄打非”进基层工作开展3年多来，各地各有关部门主动担当作为，积极探索创新，着力从“扫黄打非”声音进基层、职责进基层、成效进基层三个方面，使工作力量向基层延伸。

目前，全国已建成“扫黄打非”基层站点54.8万个，创建全国“扫黄打非”进基层示范点400个、示范标兵30个，基层“扫黄打非”日常监管力量日益壮大，基层线索发现和协助办案能力持续提高，群众参与支持“扫黄打非”的热情也显著攀升，“扫黄打非”进基层的成效已初步显现。

会议指出，推动“扫黄打非”进基层，是落实总书记关于加强基层工作重要思想的有力举措，要把“扫黄打非”基层站点打造成党密切联系群众、全心服务基层的新载体，巩固基层政权、完善基层治理的新平台;是巩固基层意识形态阵地的有效抓手，要强化基层党委政府对贯彻落实意识形态工作责任制重大意义的认识，守好阵地、把好关口，坚决打击扫除各类非法出版物和文化垃圾，有力维护基层意识形态安全和文化安全;是宣传思想工作服务引领群众的重要平台，要倾听群众呼声和感受，及时发现、稳妥解决群众反映强烈问题，在扎根基层中服务基层、在服务群众中引领群众;是新时期宣传思想队伍增强“四力”的必要途径，要让队伍在基层实践中锻造过硬本领，动员更多社会力量参与到“扫黄打非”工作中。

会议要求，当前和今后一段时间推进“扫黄打非”进基层，要总结安徽等地“扫黄打非”基层站点建设运行的经验，结合规范化标准化建设要求，重点抓好四个方面工作，一是进一步完备工作体系，始终把握“中央统筹部署、省级负总责、市级抓推进、县级抓落实”的总原则;二是进一步健全工作队伍，着力打造专职、兼职以及群众和志愿者“三支队伍”，特别要注重发挥好乡镇、街道、社区和村党政干部、文化馆(站)工作人员，“扫黄打非”监督员、信息员、网格员、联络员以及其他志愿者的作用并加强培训;三是进一步夯实工作基础，必须做到标识明显、人员到位、职责明确，有切实可行的工作制度和要求，设立相对固定、面向群众的宣传设施，有条件的应开设面向群众的微博、微信公众号等新媒体平台，顺畅举报电话或其他接受举报监督的渠道;四是进一步密切工作衔接，切实把“扫黄打非”工作开展与社会治安综合治理、精神文明建设、公共文化服务平台特别是与建设新时代文明实践中心试点建设等重大决策部署相结合，借用平台、主动融入，相互推进，形成长效机制，切实发挥工会、共青团、妇联的桥梁纽带作用，利用城乡群团组织网络和基层阵地推进“扫黄打非”工作。

新EEA下的软件技术概述前言新电子电气架构的变革确确实实正在发生，而且势不可挡。

车内的行驶电脑需要和IT后端的数字服务系统连接，通过V2X与基础设施及其他车辆建立起低延时的无线通信以获取外界环境的信息，中央电脑将这些路线信息和车辆传感器获取的周边数据汇总在一起，最后经处理后显示在用户高度定制化的大屏上。

这些看似平常的功能，实际上需要一个很先进的车辆架构来支撑。

而且要想将这些功能的用户体验逐步提升至极致，更需要强大的软件技术作为后盾。

更让人意外的是，车辆新架构的革新带来的影响不仅限于技术层面，更是撬动了经久沉淀的组织架构划分，以及项目执行层面固有的标准流程。

本文将从汽车软件技术创新开始，给大家分享这些变化。

本期视频及材料，请后台回复'SW点映'1汽车系统软件工程的创新技术发展离不开创新，在汽车软件领域的创新，主要是IT技术的创新。

如图1所示，从汽车系统软件工程的角度，主要分为现代嵌入式系统，云计算技术，分布式计算，实时系统，混合安全(Safety & Security)系统。

在新架构下，这些方面有着技术方面的创新。

仔细琢磨的话，会发现这些创新点多少投射出互联网领域IT技术的影子。

图1 汽车系统软件工程以上谈到了详细的技术革新，那从宏观层面，汽车行业又在经历哪些变化呢？①数字化转型趋势现在很多车企都实施数字化转型，其原因是车联网，移动空间，自动驾驶这些都让汽车趋向于数字化消费品。

而数字化消费品的特点就是产品迭代速度快。

那怎样才能跟上快速的产品迭代速度呢，数字化转型实际上就是要解决这个问题。

它将从企业产品研发，制造，运维各环节通过数字化技术打通，从而加快产品创新与生产效率。

这也是未来企业具有竞争力的关键因素。

②新EE架构以及软件再接着谈谈新电子电气架构，新EE架构最大的变化是设计思路上的转变。

以往设计某个功能模块，典型的方法就是是将产品功能映射到独立的软件系统和物理硬件，这种设计会导致一个问题，在产品复杂性达到一个限值后，将会变得难以维护，现有一些豪华车型动则上百的ECU，带来的影响除了软件开发太过复杂外，光是要把这些ECU布置到车内，留出足够安装这些ECU的空间就是一个很大的难题。