中科院考博2005年10月英语试题B

05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2005答案解析ⅠVocabularyPart A1.C 译文：景色太美了，超出了我的描述能力所能描述的。

解析：transport运输；transfer 转让；transcend超越，超出；transform转变。

2.A 译文：校长在演讲开始时称赞了女孩的勇敢。

解析：applaud称赞；enhance加强；elevate 提升；clap鼓掌。

3.D 译文：“黄色”的字面意思是一种颜色，但它也可以表示“怯懦地”的意思。

解析：literal meaning 字面意思。

4.C 译文：很多人认为公共意识的标准下降了。

解析：固定短语，public awareness公共意识。

Morality道德；rightness 正义；mentality心态。

5.B 译文：人们惊讶地发现他有能力控制他所参与的所有事情。

解析：precede 领先；dominate控制，支配；pervade弥漫；denominate取名，称为。

6.B 译文：他们的反应如此不同的事实反应了他们个性上的差异。

解析：performance表现；personality个性，性格；quality质量；debut初次登台。

7.C 译文：这个要可以减轻胃痛。

解析：ascertain查明，探知；agitate煽动；alleviate减轻，缓和；allocate分配。

8.B 译文：这栋公寓估价50，000美元，它的主人决定卖掉它。

解析：automate自动化；assess评定，估价；assert维护，坚持；avenge报仇。

9.A 译文：部长嘱咐所有的官员交税。

解析：bid 吩咐，嘱咐；bless 保佑；bark吠叫，咆哮；baffle使困惑。

10.B 译文：人死时，要在遗产分配前把他的债还清。

解析：paradox矛盾；legacy遗产；platitude陈腐，平凡；analogy类比。

Section B11.D 译文：游客从远方聚集而来看首都的景色。

2005年北京中科院考博英语真题CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be askedabout what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose thebest answer from the four choices given by marking the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air.B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friends.B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket.B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information.B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium.B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each.B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman.B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10.A. The man has caught a cold.B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questionswill be read to you only once. After each question, there will be apause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel.B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class.B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It’s a wonderful idea.B. It’s not a smart thing to do.C. It’s too difficult to put into practice.D. It’s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of yourchoice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the _______of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD.credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror _______ curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing’s budget-cutting move might _______ its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job _______ your employer gives youpermission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to _______ about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they_______ from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your _______ invitation, and I’d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must _______ you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomedto eating, but I beg you to grant my _______ and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular achievement was not just about Korea’s arrival as a footballforce but as a self-confident mature nation to be ________ seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a _______ unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help,or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences whichaffected him _______ at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to _______ my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would _______, for he cannot endureto be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists,but they couldn’t _______ any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on morefavorable _______ than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD.specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, whichcould eventually lead to coastal flooding, _______ weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treatedhis employees with _______ contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, _______ to discuss theimplication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during whichthe need to be accepted by peers _______ great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives in PART III CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words orphrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark thecorresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate of medical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs（心电图）are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41.A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42.A. why B. how C. if D. what43.A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44.A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D.indication45.A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46.A. good B. well C. much D. far47.A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48.A. however B. because C. but D. so49.A. at B. to C. for D. in50.A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doingwith51.A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52.A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53.A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54.A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55.A. having B. had C. having been D. have PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Eachquestion or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, andD. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that bestanswers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter ofyour choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed someunusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old man appeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leaving a trace.56. Samarkand lies ________.A.in a desertB.high in the mountainsC.in front of DamascusD.between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by ________.A.the beauty of the sceneB.the sight of DamascusC.the age of the placeD.the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because ________.A.it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB.it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC.the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD.the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to ________.A.the ones his ancestors had keptB.the ones that lived in his own countryC.those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD.those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because ________.A.he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB.he did not think there would be any callsC.the calls came from the mosquesD.the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now ________.A.it does sell jewelleryB.the holy men do not sell thereC.it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD.the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child’s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.” Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that childrenfirst perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered.In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment’s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers’ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children’s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when ________.A.the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults’ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD.the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children ________.A.to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB.to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothersduring infancyC.to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD.to support the point that trust is an early formed and important elementof a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if ________.A.they did not receive food when they were hungryB.they mastered their body movements too quicklyC.someone came too close to themD.they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs ________.A.before maternal affection is providedB.when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC.when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD.as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that ________.A.the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB.the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC.the child’s sense of trust is destroyedD.no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a senseof trust is ________.A.the type of techniques used by the motherB.the sensitivity of the childC.maternal loveD.the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A.By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B.By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C.By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D.By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others are satisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering - and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don't recommend this - and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably - and, usually, utterly benignly - a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob orspoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don't make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don't worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning - and found to be essentially the same. According to Dr. Gerba's research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage?A.We don’t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B.Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C.The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D.The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that _______.A.healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC.unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD.our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoningbacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “…manage this” means “to managethe process of _______.”A.killing the bacteria in your bodyB.multiplying to a significantly large numberC.raising the room temperatureD.sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better _______.A.make the room dryB.keep the food in the refrigeratorC.wash your hands as much as possibleD.clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes _______.A.the danger of virusesB.the common existence of virus particlesC.the short life span of virusesD.the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means _______.A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsiveA.if he washes his hands every time he touches a surface.B.if he only washes his hands with soap and water.C.if he could not win over the bacteria in his home.D.if he does not fight against the bacteria at home.Passage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North’s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North’s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. "We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine," says Bass. "We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop." The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They're now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become ‘cool.’”North’s success demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She’s impressed with North’s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategies throughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids, and we've got to do more.”How to do more was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine’s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University’s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is ________.A.encouragedB.allowedC.unlawfulD.unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapolis school district partly because ________.A.water is provided freeB.most kids can afford nothing but waterC.water machines are put in noticeable positionsD.children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French andsome other experts are ________.A.confident about children’s choicesB.pessimistic about the futureC.puzzled about which approach to takeD.worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that ________.A.more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB.both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C.the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D.obesity and smoking are both health problems.。

中科院考博历年英语写作题目2013年3月What is the one thing that you’ve learned from doing sports which applies to all aspects of your life? Please use examples to illustrate your points.2013年10月People who claim to have supernatural powers, like Wang Lin, Yan Xin and many others, have come and gone in the past few decades and have always had a large following. What conclusion may be drawn from this phenomenon?2012年3月Do you agree that history repeats itself? Provide examples to support your viewpoints.2012年10月What is the true spirit of the Olympic Games? Please use examples to illustrate your points.2011年3月“To get success, you need friends; to get huge success, you need enemies.” Do you agree with this saying or not? Why or why not? 2011年10月If your child were bullied (受欺负), what would you say to him or her? Tell why you would say so.2010年3月People often come up with different decisions when facing the same situation. WHY?2010年10月According to some statistics, by the end of 2009, the resident population(常住人口) in Beijing has reached 17 million, not to mention the large floating population and the number isbecoming bigger. Do you think the population in Beijing should be controlled? Why or why not?2009年03月Should there be two focuses available in Chinese high school (humanity focus and science focus)? Please give specific reason to support your argument.2009年10月There are different kinds of students: those who don’t study; those who study hard, but have to; and those who really want to study and do it well. What kind of students are you? Why?2008年03月When do you think is the best time for a college candidate to dicide on his major: before going to college or while enrolled in college? Provide your reasons and supporting details.2008年10月What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to support your argument.2007年03月How would you react to appearance when you are trying to the discrimination against your physical find a job?2007年10月There have been instances of students humiliating their teacher at school. What do you think is the cause for such happenings? 2006年03月China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of reseach workers, yet it has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. What has caused this situatuin in your opinion?2006年10月A lot of people, especially the young, are crazy about stars. They wish to see their heroes at all costs. Do you think thesepeople are foolish, understandable or desirable? Justify your opinion.2005年10月What does work mean to you? Is it just a means to make ends meet, to cover life expenses?Is a job seeker’s previous work experience important? If so, in what sense and to what extent? If not, why not?2005年03月How to reduce traffic accidents?2004年03月Some people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reason.2003年10月My idea of professional Ethics for a scientist2003年03月Good management can help the organization chieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and reseach workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good management of a group of people?2002年10月As a yung scientist, which live would you prefer to: common or uncommon? Why?2002年03月With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.2001年03月There is no denying that the average living standard of ourcountry has greatly increased since the economic reform started20 years ago. However, neither is it deniable that there has beena growing contrast in income between the rich and the poor. What do you think of this contrast in our country? State your opinion with appropriate supporting details.2000年03月One day Jim gave some money to a man on the street who claimed that he had lost all his money and couldn’t afford a train ticket to be back home. Some time later, Jim met the same man again who told the same story. Jim got very angry with this and decided not to give any more help to anyone whom he did not know.One respose to this story is that we should help whoever in need if it even if we might have the risk of be cheated. That is your opinion? State what you think is proper and give your reasons for your viewpoint.1993年03月T o what extent should university courses be geared to economic needs of society? Discuss.。

中科院博士学位英语bEnglish Proficiency Requirement for Chinese Academy of Sciences Doctoral Degree Candidates.The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a prestigious scientific research institution, requires doctoral candidates to possess a high level of English proficiency. This requirement is essential to ensure that candidates can effectively communicate their research findings, collaborate with international colleagues, and access the latest scientific literature.Importance of English Proficiency in Doctoral Research.In today's globalized scientific community, English has become the lingua franca of academic discourse. Doctoral candidates must be able to communicate their research effectively both in written and oral form in order to disseminate their findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. English proficiency enablescandidates to:Publish their research in international journals and present their findings at conferences.Collaborate with researchers from diverse linguistic backgrounds.Access the vast repository of scientific literatureand research materials available in English.CAS Language Proficiency Standards.To ensure that doctoral candidates meet the necessary English proficiency standards, CAS has established specific requirements:Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL): A minimum score of 105 (internet-based) or 600 (paper-based)。

Question 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery,pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the entire communityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other inland communitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests tothe chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration" in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recent文档收集于互联网，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,有帮助欢迎下载支持.B. most commonC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about theeffects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.答案CACBC ABBDA DCBAB CCACD BBDCC AADBC AAAAD BCBCC1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.。

★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。