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TEXT1783年和平条约承认美国独立和沿东海岸的大西洋前13个英国殖民地成为13个新的民族国家。
这13个国家是：马萨诸塞州，康涅狄格州，罗得岛州和新罕布什尔州的新英格兰东北部，马里兰州，宾夕法尼亚州，特拉华州，纽约和新泽西州的大西洋中部，和弗吉尼亚州，北卡罗来纳州，南卡罗来纳州和格鲁吉亚南方。
虽然独立宣言，宣布13日联合殖民地“是，和权利应该是自由和独立的国家”，他们并不十分关注未来的政治制度，美国和有关国家之间和政府的关系，明确新国家。
阿宪法迫切需要。
Articles of Confederation当独立战争结束后，美国并没有一个统一的国家，因为它是今天。
每一个新的国家有自己的政府和组织一个独立的国家一样十分。
每个做出了自己的法律和处理其内部事务的。
在战争期间，各国已同意派代表工作的全国代表大会后，一起图案的“代表大会”是与英国进行的战争。
战争结束后获胜，国会将只处理的问题和需要的个别国家不能单独处理。
这将筹集资金，偿还债务的战争，使条约建立货币制度，与外国交易。
该协定，规定这一合作计划被称为的邦联。
邦联的失败，因为国家并没有与国会合作，或与对方。
当国会需要钱支付国家军队或支付所欠法国和其他国家的债务，一些国家拒绝作出贡献。
国会已获得无权迫使任何国家做任何事情。
它不能税务任何公民。
只有国家在公民生活可以这样做。
许多美国人担心未来。
怎么能赢得尊重其他国家，如果国家没有偿还债务？他们怎么能够提高建筑物的道路或运河的国家，如果美国不一起工作？他们认为，国会需要更多的权力。
国会要求每个国家都派代表参加在费城公约，城市的独立宣言签署了，讨论改变，就必须加强对邦联。
最小的州，罗得岛，拒绝，但来自其他12个国家的代表参加了会议。
这次会议后来被制宪会议，已知5月开始的1787年。
乔治华盛顿在独立战争的军事英雄，是主持人。
其他54人出席了会议。
一些想要一个强有力的，新的政府。
有的没有。
Constitution在该公约，设计了政府对美国新形式的代表课程。
英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译伦敦是一座充满反差的城市，历史和传统悠久，但始终处于当代时尚和思想的前沿。
景点不胜枚举，但包括威斯敏斯特大教堂、白金汉宫和伦敦塔等世界著名景点。
在特拉法加广场漫步，在牛津街购物，千万不要错过最新的热门之旅——伦敦眼——一个巨大的摩天轮，可以俯瞰壮丽的景色。
对于那些喜欢戏剧的人来说，伦敦西区有大量精选的戏剧和演出。
对于博物馆迷来说，大英博物馆和科学博物馆是世界上最好的博物馆之一。
泰特美术馆和国家美术馆收藏了一些世界上最伟大的艺术作品。
有关伦敦附近游客目的地的信息，请访问英国母国、东安格利亚和英格兰中部的WorldWeb旅行指南。
威斯敏斯特大教堂威斯敏斯特大教堂可追溯到1045年，当时由爱德华一世国王建造。
今天，它仍然是一个经常礼拜的地方，也是许多王室庆祝和抱怨的场所。
国王和其他庄严的人物埋葬在这里。
它占地32000平方英尺，是一个建筑奇迹。
教堂使用的钟可以追溯到13世纪和16世纪。
白金汉宫白金汉宫是英国女王在伦敦的官邸，也是世界上最知名的建筑之一。
它装饰和装饰着艺术作品，这些作品是皇家收藏的一部分，皇家收藏是世界上主要的艺术收藏之一。
宫殿的部分区域定期向游客开放。
游客可以参观女王接待和款待客人的一些国务室。
国务室里有一些皇家收藏中最好的物品和令人叹为观止的法国家具。
客人还可以探索宫殿内的一些公寓。
塔桥于1885年开始建造，9年后开放。
这是伦敦唯一一座可以升高的桥。
桥内有塔桥体验，这解释了这座桥100年的历史。
伦敦塔景点。
白塔始建于1078年，是后来成为伦敦塔的第一座建筑。
官方名称是“女王陛下的皇宫和要塞——伦敦塔”。
随着时间的推移，原始结构中添加了一些内容。
一些额外的塔楼包括皇冠珠宝，圣。
托马斯之塔、盐塔以及更多。
威斯敏斯特宫外的钟楼通常被称为大本钟。
关于大本钟，大多数人不知道的是，真正的大本钟实际上是塔内的钟，而不是塔楼本身。
威斯敏斯特宫包括议会大厦。
empire n.帝国imerial adj.帝国的emncounter v.遇到，受到immigration n.移居ethnicity n.种族Pakistan n.巴基斯坦Caribbean n.,adj.加勒比海（的）stereotype n.陈规sovereignty n.主权distinction n.差别，特征constituent adj.组成的，构成的multiracial adj.多种族的exaggerate v.夸张stockbroker n.股票（证券）经纪人tend v.倾向（于），趋向（于）gallery n.画廊，美术馆urbanished adj.都市化的Scottish n.adj苏格兰人，苏格兰的Welsh n. adj.威尔士人，威尔士的Irish n.,adj.爱尔兰人，爱尔兰的Celtic adj.凯尔特人的，凯尔特语的originate v.开始；起始于某地Germanic adj.日耳曼人的Angles n.盎格鲁人 （5世纪由德国北部移居英国）Saxon n.撒克逊人（原住德国，一部分于5世纪中叶至6世纪上半叶移居英国）derive v.由……而来Excalibur n.亚瑟王之魔剑embellish v.传颂，歌颂castle n.城堡Tintagel n.延塔哲岬（在英格兰西南部，传说 中的亚瑟王诞生地）Cornwall n.康瓦尔（英国西南部一郡，首府为Bodmin)knight n.(中古时的）骑士，武士Camelot n.卡米洛（传说中亚瑟王宫殿所在地）fort n.要塞；堡垒，城堡Somerset n.索美塞得郡（英格兰南部一郡）precedence n.上帝；较高位置monarch n.君主；帝王Scandinavia n.斯堪的纳维亚（北欧国家的，指：瑞典、挪威、丹麦、荷兰、冰岛）ferocious adj.凶残的，野蛮的versus prep.对（多用于诉讼或竞技之中，缩写作v.或vs.)sophisticated adj.老于世故的arrogant adj.骄傲自大 的，傲慢的Normans n.诺曼人descendant n.后代，后裔throne n.王位aristocracy n.贵族，贵族阶级outlaw n.被流放着，罪犯longbow n.大弓interior adj.内部的externally adv.外表上punk n.朋克，小阿飞，小流氓dyed adj.染色的spiky adj.竖起的；直立的conceal v.隐藏，掩盖porch n.门廊overrule v.推翻execute v.处决component n.组成部分substantial adj.大量的，可观的；重大的，实质的rugged adj.崎岖的，不平坦的sparsely adv.稀少地span v.,n.跨越retreat v.撤回domain n.领土；领地Gaelic n.盖尔语change hands(财产等）转换所有者；易手intermarriage n.民族通婚；近亲通婚quell v.镇压heri n.继承人depose v.废黜（国王等）reassert v.再次申明tartan adj.用格子呢制的souvenir n.纪念品depopulatin n.人口减少vanish v.消失transmit v.传送dual adj.双重的deposit n.存储，矿床adjacent adj.邻近的tongue n.(特定的）语言chieftain n.族长，酋长guerrilla n.游击队员baron n.男爵（英国等级制中最低的一级）；（由国王直接分封领地的）贵族第二章Ulster n.北爱尔兰Belfast n.贝尔法斯特，北爱首府promontory n.海角hexagonal adj.六角形的，六边形的lava n.熔岩，火山岩armoured adj.武装的acclaim v.受到称赞，赞扬peripherality n.周边persuaion n.信念，信仰indigenous adj.本土的endemic adj.某地游行的，某地特有的be overtaken by v.(由于事件的变化而）遭受阻碍，无法进行suspend v.暂停，中止guerilla n.游击队suppress v.镇压descendant n.后裔，后代ethnically adv.种族地Catholic n.天主教徒Protestant n.新教徒emigrate v.移居（外国）compromise n.折衷partition n.分离，分割advent n.出现，引来pacifist n.和平主义者，反战主义者riot n.暴乱，骚乱constabulary n.警察overwhelm v.使不知所措run candidates参加竞选faction n.宗派，派别barrack n.兵营，军营paramilitary adj.半军事化的at random任意地，无目的地ghettoise v.使成为少数民族聚居区exclusively adv.全部地internment n.拘留，收容mythologise v.对……作神话解释sectarian adj.宗派的caualties n.(事故、灾难等的）死伤者tit-for-tat n.以牙还牙，针锋相对telescopic adj.用望远镜看的cruise v.巡逻flare-up n.突然发生的事件revitalise v.使新生，给予……新的活力consulation n.协商strategic adj.战略上的watchword n.口号，格言jurisdiction n.司法权，管辖权decommission v.正式停止使用（武器等）forestall v.抢先unraveling n.阐明，说明protocol n.协议palpable adj.明显的第三章arguably adv.可认证地，可能，大概trace v.追溯，查考instablility n.不稳定性，不稳固evolution n.演变，深化monarchy n.君主政体，君主制derive v.取得，得到，形成divine adj.神授的，天赐的sovereignty n.君主subject n.臣民legitimate adj.合法的，法律认可的heir n.继承人，继任者throne n.王位，宝座hereditary adj.世袭的，承袭的defy v.(公然）违抗，藐视oust v.驱逐，罢黜medieval adj.中世纪的exercise v.运用，行使baron n.（由国王直接分领地的）贵族charter n.宪章，共同纲领abuse v.滥用（职权等）pqrley v.(法语）讲话，会谈，谈判county n.县，郡summon v.召唤，召集wage v.进行，展开make ends meet使收支相抵，免费维持生计say n.发言机会，发言权decree v.命令，颁布grant n.授 予物（如补助金等）formula n.惯例，常规prerogative n.特权，独有的权利councillor n.顾问，（市、镇等的）政务会委员vis-à-vis prep.同……相对，同……相比reassert v.再断言，重申execute v.将……处死consent v.同意，准许parliamentarian n.议会议员cabinet n.内阁assemble v.召集，聚集electorate n.(总称）选举人，选民Governor-General n.(英国殖民地或英联邦国家的）总督governance n.统治方法，管理方法statute n.成文法，法令，法规working n.(常用复数）运转，运行，活动scruitinise v.检查，仔细观察restraint n.限制，约束overturn v.推翻，废除，使无效supremacy n.至高无上，最高地位bear sth. in mind记住（某事）precedent adj.先例，前例matter of course理所当然的事executive n.(政府的）行政部门，行政当局integral adj.基本的，不可缺少的legislature n.立法机关，议会judiciary n.司法部，司法系统commander in chief 总司令allege v.声称，断言extramarital adj.婚外的jet-setting adj.乘坐喷气飞机，飞来飞去的squander v.浪费，挥霍recognisance n.承认，确认controversy n.争论，争议Texan n.(美国）得克萨斯州人lounge v.闲逛，闲荡decadence n.堕落，颓废come to a head(事情）达到决定性阶段recession n.（经济的）衰退，衰退期Forbes magazine《福布斯》杂志yacht n.快艇，游艇endear v.使受喜欢，使受钟爱confidante n.知己的女友neutrality n.中立，中立地位regeneration n.恢复，新生toxic adj.毒性的substance n.物质Lord Spiritual目议院的神职议员peer n.贵族civil-minded adj.关心公益的，热心公民事务的law lord目议院执掌最高司法职务的议员，上议院法官sitting n.(议会的）开会elitist adj.杰出人物统治（论）的patrilineal adj.父系的，父传的constitueancy adj.选区，选举区veritable adj.名副其实的，十足的allowances n.津贴，补贴，零用钱移居英国）麦、荷兰、冰岛）地的）贵族。
美国UNIT 3 1.What is an American?He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. ... Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. ... The American is a new man, who acts new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. 4 . In what way did Puritanism influence American culture? A. Today, Puritans are no longer in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American society and culture. For example, the Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill" an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans. B. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.UNIT 4 1 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time? The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that. 2. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation? The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court. 3. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way theCongress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments 4．What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution? The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the rightof peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.5 What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different? The United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.UNIT 6 1. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?1. By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America.2. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a "revival" movement that sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations.3. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs.4. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. 3 What promotes the diversity in American religion?1. The United States has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier America provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community.2. Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America.3. Americans with different religions live together under the same law.4. The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.5. In the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.6. Continuous immigration.UNIT 8 1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education. 答：The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal towardwhich the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it. 2. How did American education begin to develop? In 1634, they opened a “lateen grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college. In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers. In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school. In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children. At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands. 3. What are the major characteristics of education in America? (1)Different education laws for different states. (2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling. (3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States. (3)Compulsory education for all students. (4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups. (5)Strong demand for higher education. (6)The complex system of higher education. Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.或者3.What do you think some of the characteristics of education in America? 1. About 85% of American students attend public schools (schools supported by American taxpayers). The other 15% attend private schools, for which their families choose to pay special attendance fees. Four out of five private schools in the United States are run by churches, synagogues or other religious groups. In such schools, religious teachings are a part of the curriculum. 2. Each of the 50 states in the United States has its own laws regulating education. From state to state, some laws are similar; others are not. Education in the United States was to remain in the hands of state and local governments. 3. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concerns—problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs.Unit9 1, what were the major social movement of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade? 一（1）the Civil Rights Movement, the Youth Movement, the Anti-War Movement, Free Speech Movement, Counter Culture, Women's Liberation Movement. （2）1. During World War Two, many American Negroes had a taste of life outside the South. They knew that life in the segregated South, where Negroes were prevented from working at good jobs and getting good education, was not the American way of life. 2. Women earned less money and had fewer opportunities to advance than men working in the same jobs, or they became housewives, isolated at home with their children. 3. Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. 4. When the US army began to fight in Vietnam, many people thought the war was wrong. They did not understand why US troops were fighting in Asia.。
