LandLand is a delineable [diˈlinieit] area of the earth's terrestrial [tiˈrestriəl] surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface including those of the near-surface climate the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps[swɔmp]), the near-surface sedimentary /ˌsedɪˈmentəri/(沉淀性的) layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.[etˈsetərə](=et cetera)). (UN, 1994)Land useLand use is the human modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions. More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization[səlini'zeiʃən], and desertification. Land-use change, together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas. It has also been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type".From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaLand coverLand cover corresponds to a (bio) physical description of the earth's surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished - basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields and lawn), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses水流(河床), wetlands). There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover: field survey and thorough analysis of remotely sensed imagery. The nature of land cover is discussed in Comber et al. (2005).A Comber, P Fisher, R Wadsworth. What is land cover? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2005DifferenceLand use corresponds to the socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possibleto infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to 'observe'. For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or not for agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts on the development of classification systems, data collection and information systems in general. (UNEP)Land cover is distinct from land use despite the two terms often being used interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and socio-economic activity - urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most commonly recognised high-level classes of use. At any one point or place, there may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a political dimension.Land managementLand management can be defined as the process of managing the use and development (in both urban and suburban settings) of land resources in a sustainable way. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner.Land administrationThe concepts of land administration are the reflection of views on land properties. In China, scholars hold ideas that land administration is the process of organization, coordination, supervision and management on land resources, land use, land property rights and land profit with political instruments for sake of whole society.Other studies on land administration, cadastral [kə'dæstrəl]titles and land market, urban land administration, and land sustainable conservation, altogether make these factors-land resources management, land assets supervision and land political governance for sustainability constitute foundation of land administration.DifferenceThere are many factors according to which administration can be distinguished from management. From the nature of work, administration is concerned about the determination of objectives and major policies of an organization; management puts into action the policies and plans laid down by the administration. From the nature of status, administration consists of owners who invest capital in and receive profits from an enterprise; management is a group of managerial personnelwho use their specialized knowledge to fulfill the objectives of an enterprise. From Main functions, administration involves in planning and organizing functions; management involves in motivating and controlling functions.Land use planningLand use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses [inˈkʌmpəs] various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical /ˈeθɪkəl/way. Despite confusing nomenclature nəuˈmenklətʃə,术语，命名系统, the essential function of land use planning remains the same whatever term is applied. The Canadian Institute of Planners offers a definition that: "Land use planning means the scientific, aesthetic [i:sˈθetik], and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities" From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThere is bound to be conflict over land use. The demands for arable land, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism and urban development are greater than the land resources available. In the developing countries, these demands become more pressing every year. The population dependent on the land for food, fuel and employment will double within the next 25 to 50 years. Even where land is still plentiful, many people may have inadequate access to land or to the benefits from its use. In the face of scarcity, the degradation of farmland, forest or water resources may be clear for all to see but individual land users lack the incentive or resources to stop it.Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. The driving force in planning is the need for change, the need for improved management or the need for a quite different pattern of land use dictated by changing circumstances.All kinds of rural land use are involved: agriculture, pastoralism田园风味, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism. Planning also provides guidance in cases of conflict between rural land use and urban or industrial expansion, by indicating which areas of land are most valuable under rural use.F AO, Guidelines for land-use planningVocabularyMinistry of Land and Resources 国土资源部Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources 市国土资源管理局Municipal Bureau of Land Resourcesand Housing Management 市国土资源和房屋管理局Bureau of State Land Supervision 国家土地监察局land utilization (use) 土地利用extensive land use 土地粗放利用intensive land use 土地集约利用sustainable land use 土地可持续利用land management 土地技术管理land administration 土地行政管理land use planning 土地利用规划general plan of land-use 土地利用总体规划land allocation 土地配置land evaluation/appraisal 土地评价land policy 土地政策land economics 土地经济land market 土地市场land expropriation/requisition 土地征收/征用land registration 土地登记land transaction 土地交易land banking 土地储备land supply/demand 土地供应/需求land grant or transfer 土地出让或转让land negotiation /agreement 土地协议land auction 土地拍卖land public bidding 土地公开招标land value 土地价值land rent 地租land revenue 土地收益land use fee 土地使用费land use term 土地使用期land levelling 土地平整land development 土地开发land rehabilitation/reclamation 土地复垦land consolidation/readjustment 土地整理land retirement 土壤退化land subsidence 地面沉降land pollution 土地污染slope treatment for erosion control 坡面治理工程grain to green 退耕还林land information 土地信息land use interpretation 土地利用判读land use survey 土地利用调查land use monitoring 土地利用监测land use map 土地利用图land use mapping 土地利用制图land use classification 土地利用分类land use zoning 土地用途分区land use control 土地用途管制land use pattern 土地利用模式land use type 土地利用类型land use adjustment 土地利用调整land use capability 土地利用潜力land potential productivity 土地生产潜力land suitability 土地适宜性land efficiency 土地效益land structure 土地结构land use intensity 土地利用密度multiple crop index 复种指数prime cropland preservation 基本农田保护区planning approval 规划许可total dynamic balance of cropland 耕地总量动态平衡compensation institution of cropland occupation 占用耕地补偿制度limitation of land use 土地利用限制因素land reform 土地改革land use certificate 土地使用证land tenure 地权land-ownership 土地所有权land-use right 土地使用权state-owned land 国有土地household-based land contract system 土地家庭承包制土地资源管理是综合经济学、法学、管理学、区域学等诸多学科，用来解决土地规划与利用的一门综合学科。
