Grammar[V-ing]1

Grammar——动词－ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语[思维导图]一、动词－ing形式作表语作表语的动词－ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。

1．现在分词作表语，往往具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征等。

The result of the game was disappointing.比赛结果令人失望。

His life story sounds very moving.他的人生故事听起来很感人。

[名师点津] 作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。

常见的有：mo v ing，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing...。

这类分词有“令人……的”的含义，常修饰物。

2．动名词作表语多表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，一般说明主语的内容。

What I am tired of is waiting here alone.我厌烦独自在这里等。

My hobby is collecting stamps.我的爱好就是集邮。

二、动词－ing形式作定语动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但有所区别。

1．动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途，相当于for引导的介词短语。

No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室里不准大声说话。

2．现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主动关系，表示所修饰词进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。

The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.＝The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother.在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我弟弟。

Grammar 动词的—ing形式作定语、表语和宾语补足语一、作定语:动词的-ing形式作定语时起下列作用:1.说明被修饰名词的功能或用途,这时，一般是单个v。

—ing 而不是短语，放在被修饰的名词前面。

可以转换成“for + v。

-ing”短语修饰该名词。

这时的v.—ing是动名词。

e.g。

a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping 睡袋a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a drinking cup = a cup for drinking饮用杯a writing desk = a desk for writing写字台a washing machine 洗衣机a swimming pool 游泳池a dancing hall 舞厅2.说明名词的动作、特征、或性质。

这时的v.-ing 是现在分词，它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系。

①单个的现在分词作定语时放在被修饰名词的前面，常可转换成定语从句.e.g。

a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleepinga drinking horse = a horse which is drinkinga moving story = a story which moves peoplea terrifying sound = a sound which terrifies peoplean inspiring leader = a leader who inspires people②现在分词短语作定语时要后置，即放在被修饰名词的后面。

常可转换成定语从句。

e.g. The girl swimming in the river (who is swimming in the river) is good at dancing。

Do you know the man standing / （who is standing ）at the door？The boy studying / (who is studying) in the classroom is our monitor。

grammar--过去分词做定语和⼀般过去式Grammar —The -ed form used as attributives and the simple past tense⼀. 过去分词（短语）做定语分词是动词的⼀种⾮谓语形式，在句中可做定语、状语、补⾜语和表语。

有两种形式，⼀种是现在分词（v.-ing），⼀种是过去分词(v.-ed)。

现在分词⼀般表⽰主动和进⾏的意思，过去分词⼀般表⽰被动和完成的意思。

以下主要是过去分词（短语）做定语的⼏点⽤法。

1. 及物动词的过去分词做定语，表被动和完成。

a broken cup ⼀个破杯⼦ a wounded soldier ⼀个受伤的⼠兵respected leaders 受⼈尊敬的领导们trained camels 受过训练的骆驼们an abandoned farm ⼀个废弃的农场2. 不及物动词的过去分词没有被动的意义，只表⽰动作的完成.a grown woman ⼀位成年妇⼥an escaped prisoner⼀名逃犯a fallen tree ⼀棵倒下的树the retired manager 退休经理fallen leaves 落叶the risen sun 已升起的太阳3. 过去分词可构成合成词作定语。

man-made satellite ⼈造卫星half-finished products 半成品highly-developed industry ⾼度发达的⼯业widely-used language ⼴泛应⽤的语⾔4. 过去分词或短语作定语时，相当于⼀个定语从句。

the color TV set produced last year =the color TV set that were produced last year 去年⽣产的彩⾊电视机a letter written by my daughter =a letter which/that is written by my daughter ⼀封我⼥⼉写给我的信a young girl dressed in white= a young girl who was dressed in white⼀个穿⽩⾐服的年轻⼥孩the food cooked by experts = the food which/that was cooked by experts 烹饪专家做的⾷物5. 过去分词做定语的位置：1）单个的过去分词作定语常放在所修饰的名词之前，叫前置定语。

Grammar 动词的-ing形式作定语、表语和宾语补足语一、作定语：动词的-ing形式作定语时起下列作用：1.说明被修饰名词的功能或用途，这时，一般是单个v.-ing 而不是短语，放在被修饰的名词前面。

可以转换成“for + v.-ing”短语修饰该名词。

这时的v.-ing是动名词。

e.g. a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping 睡袋a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a drinking cup = a cup for drinking饮用杯a writing desk = a desk for writing写字台a washing machine 洗衣机a swimming pool 游泳池a dancing hall 舞厅2.说明名词的动作、特征、或性质。

这时的v.-ing 是现在分词，它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系。

①单个的现在分词作定语时放在被修饰名词的前面，常可转换成定语从句。

e.g. a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleepinga drinking horse = a horse which is drinkinga moving story = a story which moves peoplea terrifying sound = a sound which terrifies peoplean inspiring leader = a leader who inspires people②现在分词短语作定语时要后置，即放在被修饰名词的后面。

常可转换成定语从句。

e.g. The girl swimming in the river (who is swimming in the river) is good at dancing.Do you know the man standing / (who is standing ) at the door?The boy studying / (who is studying) in the classroom is our monitor.＊作定语用的v.-ing 是动名词还是现在分词并不重要。

v-ing形式作定语、宾补、表语一、-ing形式作定语1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。

如：building materials = materials for building 建筑材料drinking water = water for drinking 饮用水a walking stick = a stick for walking 手杖a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a writing desk = a desk for writing 写字台tiring music = music that is tiring 烦人的音乐a surprising result = a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果2. v-ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。

如：They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street.他们住在一间面朝街的房子。

The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。

3. v-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。

如：His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他的哥哥是个教师，住在北京。

Grammar——动词－ing形式作状语[思维导图]一、动词－ing形式作状语的用法动词－ing形式在句中作状语用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。

1．作时间状语动词－ing形式作时间状语时，常放在句首，相当于一个时间状语从句。

Hearing the noise，I turned round.＝When I heard the noise，I turned round.听到响声我转过身去。

2．作原因状语动词－ing形式作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，也可以放在句首。

Being poor，he couldn’t afford a TV set.＝Because he was poor，he couldn’t afford a TV set.由于贫穷，他买不起一台电视机。

3．作条件状语动词－ing形式作条件状语时，相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。

Working hard，you’ll certainly succeed.＝If you work hard，you’ll certainly succeed.只要努力学习，你肯定会成功的。

4．作结果状语动词－ing形式作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。

The fire lasted a whole night，causing great damage.大火持续了一整夜，造成了巨大损失。

If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles and your brain.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)如果你在户外锻炼，你的身体会学会更深层的呼吸，这样可以让更多的氧气进入你的肌肉和大脑。

ing形式做定语、状语和宾语补足语ing形式是非谓语动词形式之一，它在向中不能做谓语，但是可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。

其时态和语态形式如下(以do为例)：(1) v.ing的一股式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生或发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。

I saw them chatting in the shade of a large tree.我观察他们正在一棵大树的树荫下闲聊。

〔同时〕We met a traffic accident, causing the delay.我们遇到了一起交通事故,所以晚了。

(稍后)(2) v.ing的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

She didn't remember having met him before.她不记得以前见过他。

〔先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生〕Having been played tricks on many times, she now doesn't believe Joe.由于屡次被戏弄，她现在都不信任乔了。

〔先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生且表被动〕1.v.ing形式做定语(1)动名词(短语)做定语，表示名词的作用或用途。

“作……用〞讲，相当于一个介词for短语。

There is a swimming pool( = a pool for swimming) in ourschool. 我们学校有一个游泳池。

Students are not permitted to speak aloud in the readingroom ( = the room for reading).阅览室里不允许同学们大声喧哗。

(2)现在分词(短语)做定语，表示所修饰词的动作或状态,被修饰词与现在分词之间存在主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。

当单个的现在分词做定语时，放在被修饰词前;假设是现在分词短语做定语，那么放在被修饰词后。

Section ⅢGrammar——v.­ing形式作定语和表语v．­ing形式作定语和表语v．­ing形式在句中作定语和表语是本单元的语法内容。

下面讲述一下它的具体含义和用法。

[观察例句]1．It was great fun walking along the streets，enjoying the relaxing atmosphere！The performances were just amazing.2．And I get lucky money in red envelopes from my parents and relatives，so it's always an exciting time for me.3．Perhaps Thanksgiving.What could be better？Families getting together and eating delicious food，people watching sports games on TV，friends laughing and talking，etc.4．I think it's Christmas.I just can't take my eyes off the shining lights on the Christmas trees everywhere.Lots of smiling faces，and people singing Christmas carols and wishing each other“Merry Christmas！”[归纳用法]一、v.­ing形式作定语1．单个动词的­ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。

(1)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。

Grammar(Inversion 倒装)通常英语句子中的主语是在谓语动词之前，这种语序称为自然语序（normal word-order）;反之，如果谓语动词在主语前，这种语序就称为倒装语序（inverted word-order）。

倒装语序又分为部分倒装（partial inversion）[即把谓语动词的一部分助动词（Auxiliary）或情态动词（Modal）移至主语前面]和全部倒装（full inversion）(即把整个谓语动词置于主语之前)。

但是，如果是将表语，宾语，状语或宾语补足语等提到主语之前，在英语里，这种现象则被称作前置。

试比较：She is a nice girl.(自然语序)Is she a nice girl.(倒装语序）What a nice girl she is!(表语前置)使用倒装主要有两种情况：一是因为一定语句结构的需要（如为了衔接）；二是为了强调。

下面从全部倒装和部分倒装两方面对倒装句实行归类。

一、下列情况下需要用完全倒装（一般适用于：一般现在时和一般过去时）1在there be 句型中（be还能够转换成come,exist,go,live,lie,remain,stand,appear to be,happen to be, seem to be,used to be等表示状态的动词），用完全倒装。

(1)There seems to be a dog over there.(2)Long Long ago,there lived a king.(3)There stands a temple on the top of the hill.(4)There is a pen in the pencil-box(5)There used to be a path in front of the house.(6)There remains much to be done.(7)There happen to be nobody in the bedroom when the fire broke out.2.在以副词away,back, down,here,in,now,off,over,on,out,then,there,up,等开头的句子中，为了使情景更生动，用完全倒装。