王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第8单元 浪漫主义诗人(2))【圣才出品】

1. Heroic Couplet:A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines.2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。

）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。

第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense,Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world,maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’tknow what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated. However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability,so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection? Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet? Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love canprotect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”, because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part, he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.。

第13单元现代剧作家13.1复习笔记Oscar Wilde(1854-1900)(奥斯卡·王尔德)1.Life(生平)Oscar Wilde,a dramatist,poet,novelist and essayist,was born in Dublin, Ireland.After majoring in classical studies at Trinity College,Dublin,he won a scholarship to Oxford,where he proved a brilliant student and became a disciple of Walter Pater.In1879,he settled in London,and soon won a reputation both as a writer and as a spokesman for the school of"art for art’s sake".He soon became the leader of the“aesthetic movement”.Wilde is a witty conversationalist and dandy.In1895,he was charged of a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas;Wilde recklessly sued for libel,but lost the case and was arrested and sent to prison for two years.As a result,the public strongly detested him and the aesthetic movement suffered a severe setback.After leaving the jail,Wilde was divorced and declared bankrupt.As a ruined man,he immigrated to France and lived out his last three years under a pseudo name with the financial support from his friends.He was buried in Paris in the same cemetery as the poet Charles Baudelaire.奥斯卡·王尔德是个戏剧家、诗人、小说家和散文家。

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well,because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself.What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them.Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing? Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted.As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves.These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.Weshould combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics, subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.。

第6单元浪漫主义诗人(1)6.1复习笔记William Blake(1757-1827)(威廉·布莱克)1.Life(生平)William Blake,born on28November1757,was the son of a London haberdasher.The boy never went to school apart from learning to read and write. He only entered a drawing school and later studied for a time at the Royal Academy of Arts.From14,he apprenticed for seven years to a well-known engraver,read widely in his free time and began to try his hand at poetry.In1800,Blake moved to Felpham,under the patronage of William Hayley whose intention to conventionalize him caused his hatred.In1803,Blake was framed of sedition,but later was acquitted.In1827,Blake died in obscurity and poverty.Though generally dismissed as an eccentric during his lifetime,posterity rediscovered Blake and today he is highly rated both as a poet and artist.威廉·布莱克生于1757年11月28日，是伦敦一杂货商之子。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.How is the setting of the tales described?With such a setting,could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key:(1)Chaucer sets the tales in the spring,describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth,and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter.Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively(欢快的)and fresh(清新的),since he speaks of budding flowers,growing crops and singing birds.(2)According to such a setting,we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light,sprightly(活泼的、愉快的)and humorous.2.In your own words,summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key:According to the excerpt,we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth,honor,freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people.He is a brave,wise,modest and“truly perfect gentle-knight”.3.Without comparison with the translated version,are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key:Yes,there are many words can be recognized.Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words.What’s more,sometimes,we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated.However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability, so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action. Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other,they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”,because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part,he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well, because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself. What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children,and he must be responsible for them. Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing?Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself,and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted. As the sentence goes“wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves. These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.We should combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral, grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty;some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.第4单元17世纪英国诗人The Flea1.Why does the poet say that"this cannot be said a sin,or shame,or loss of maidenhead"?Key:Because it is the flea that sucked their blood and made them mingled together,they are not sinful or shameful, and the man’s beloved does not loss her maidenhead.The flea has joined them together in a way that“alas,is more than we would do”.2.What do you think is the addressee’s parents’attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Key:The addressee’s parents’attitude is against the poet’s wooing.3.What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea"thou"are actually killing three lives?Key:The poet compares the killing of the flea to murder.He thinks that if his beloved kills the flea,he and she would be killed within the flea.He even states that the act of killing the flea would be“sacrilege”.If the lover denies the fact that their blood and therefore their lives are contained within the flea,it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to acknowledge that their closeness within the flea is allowable.The importunate lover wishes his mistress to understand that she should accept his wooing because there is nothing wrong with the unity of two people. Holy Sonnet101.Why does the poet say that death is the“slave to fate,chance,kings and desperate men”?Key:Because for the most part,fate,chance,kings and desperate men can threaten some people with Death when they like to,and by this way,Death is exploited and may be forced to do what it does not want to.In this sense,death is a slave.2.What does the poet mean when he says“we wake eternally”after one short sleep?Key:The poet was a priest and he believed that the soul of men would never die.After death,men would enter another world and lived forever.In this sense,after death,men“wake eternally”.John Milton1.Where are the serpent(“the”in line51)and his followers condemned after their defeat?Key:The serpent and his followers are condemned into the hell by God.2.What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines59-74?Key:Those rebellious angels are sent into the horrible dungeon filled with flames,darkness,floods and whirlwinds,in which there is no peace,rest or hope,but full of sorrow and torture.3.What is considered by Satan as“ignominy”and“shame”(line ll5)?Key:Satan considers that“To bow and sue for grace/With suppliant knee,and deify his power/Who from the terror of this arm so late/Doubted his empire-that were low indeed”is“ignominy and shame”.That is,he thinks that it is shameful to bow to God to ask for grace and forgiveness.4.What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?Key:Satan advices the serpent and his followers to fight against God.第5单元冒险小说作家Daniel Defoe1.Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing?Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?Key:Yes,I think it is convincing.Crusoe takes everything into his consideration and makes sure his shelter is comfortable and safe.He takes advantage of the natural resources.Perhaps,there is no way to build a better one than his.2.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time?Why is it important for him to keep track of time?Key:I think it’s a good way.The reason is that Crusoe is a civilized man and time is very valuable to him.In fact,he represents the hard-working middle class,and has the sense of working hard and cherishing time.3.From this excerpt,what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Key:From this excerpt,we can find many admirable characteristics in Robinson Crusoe.He is adventurous,practical, thoughtful,hard-working,brave,shrewd,energetic,optimistic,strong-minded and kind-hearted…Under the special circumstance,Crusoe shows many good and valuable qualities of human beings.Jonathan Swift1.In what ways are Yahoos comparable to human beings in Gulliver’s Travels?Comment on the Houyhnhnms’attitude toward human beings.Key:Both human beings and Yahoos are warlike,greedy,jealous,gluttonous and filthy…What’s more,they eat everything that they can find no matter the food is good or bad for them;they would be sick because of nastiness and greediness;they would suffer from depression because of their idleness;the female Yahoos have nasty qualities,such as lewdness,coquetry,censure and scandal.Yahoos and human beings have many features in common.The Houyhnhnms’attitude toward human beings is critical,malicious and objective.They are not slandering,for human beings indeed have all the defects that the Houyhnhnms have mentioned.It seems that they know about human beings clearly and they compare Yahoos and humankind in a very elaborative way.Their points of view are very convincing.2.What are the symbolic meanings of Yahoos and Houyhnhnms?Key:Yahoos and Houyhnhnms represent the evil human nature and good qualities of humankind respectively.第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1.Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb?What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key:The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God.It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God.So,the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb.In this sense,God,Jesus and the lamb combine together.2.What does the Lamb stand for?Key:The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ,who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind.The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common:gentleness,tenderness,kindness and compassion.So,the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb?Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Key:The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb.Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation.In this poem,the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God. So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes,I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other.The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities,but it lacks the motivation to make progress.While the tiger will cause the social misery,unrest or even disruption,but it can stimulate people’s creativity.So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage.In this sense,the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?What idea does the poet want to express?Key:The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty,strength,vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger.So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1.In what sense do you think the rose is“sick”?Key:On a superficial and literal level,the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick.On a deeper level,the“sick”rose has several symbolic meanings:a)the rose symbolizes young girls,and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’chastity.Thus,the girls are destroyed.b)The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm.It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system.c)The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man,while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity.The rose is“sick”,because that innocence is replaced by experience,and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2.Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm?If so,what meanings would you suggest? Key:Yes,there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm.Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm,we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men,the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert Burns。

第17单元现代主义小说家(2)17.1复习笔记wrence(1885-1930)(D.H.劳伦斯)1.Life(生平)Born in Eastwood Nottinghamshire,David Herbert Lawrence was a prolific writer.His output includes poems,stories,novelettes,novels,plays,literary criticism, essays and travel books.His father was a coal-miner.His mother was a middle-class woman and a school teacher,who had a deep influence upon his life.He studied for two years at Nottingham University College,where he acquired his teacher’s certificate in1908.From1908to1912,he taught in a school.In1914,Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen,a German noblewoman and the ex-wife of a professor at Nottingham University.During the World WarⅠ,Frieda’s German origin and Lawrence’s objection to the war cause them trouble with the authorities. Frustrated,Lawrence sought refuge in many wrence died of tuberculosis in France,at44.戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯是个多产的作家。

第24单元V.S.奈保尔24.1复习笔记Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul(1932-)(V.S.奈保尔)1.Life(生平)Naipaul was born in Chaguanas,Trinidad and Tobago,to parents of Indian descent.He was educated at Queen’s Royal College,Trinidad.In1950,he won a government scholarship to University College,Oxford to study literature.After graduation,he worked briefly for the BBC as an editor for the“Caribbean Voices”program.His first three books are comic portraits of Trinidadian society.The Mystic Masseur won the Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in1958.His Miguel Street,a collection of short stories,won a Somerset Maugham Award.Subsequent novels developed more political themes and he began to write about colonial and post-colonial societies in the process of decolonization.In1989,he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth.Naipaul won Nobel Prize for Literature in2001“for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”.奈保尔出生于岛国特里尼达和多巴哥的查瓜那斯，是印度婆罗门的后裔。

第12单元托马斯•哈代12.1复习笔记Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)(托马斯•哈代)1.Life(生平)Thomas Hardy,novelist and poet,is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the19th century.He was born in Dorsetshire,which he called Wessex in his books.At16,he was apprenticed to a local architect.In1862he left for London to continue working as an architect.Meanwhile,he tried writing poetry but was rejected by publishers.In1867,poor health forced him to return to Dorsetshire.After he turned to fiction,his novels of country life won success. Although he preferred poetry to fiction,he had to write stories to support himself, for he got married and gave up architecture in1874.However,in1896Hardy turned from Victorian novels to post-Victorian lyrical poetry,which was considered to be as great as his novels.His last years were full of honors.He succeeded Tennyson and Meredith as president of the Society of Authors.When he died of a cold in1928,his ashes were deposited in the Poets’Corner of Westminster Abbey and his heart was interred in the graveyard at Stinsford Church.托马斯·哈代，小说家，诗人，19世纪末英国批判现实主义的代表。

目录第1单元杰弗里•乔叟 (7)1.1复习笔记 (7)1.2课后习题详解 (8)1.3考研真题与典型题详解 (8)第2单元威廉•莎士比亚 (13)2.1复习笔记 (13)2.2课后习题详解 (16)2.3考研真题与典型题详解 (17)第3单元弗朗西斯•培根 (26)3.1复习笔记 (26)3.2课后习题详解 (26)3.3考研真题与典型题详解 (27)第4单元17世纪英国诗人 (30)4.1复习笔记 (30)4.2课后习题详解 (32)4.3考研真题与典型题详解 (33)第5单元冒险小说作家 (39)5.1复习笔记 (39)5.2课后习题详解 (41)5.3考研真题与典型题详解 (42)第6单元浪漫主义诗人(1) (50)6.1复习笔记 (50)6.2课后习题详解 (54)6.3考研真题与典型题详解 (56)第7单元简•奥斯汀 (66)7.1复习笔记 (66)7.2课后习题详解 (67)7.3考研真题与典型题详解 (67)第8单元浪漫主义诗人(2) (72)8.1复习笔记 (72)8.2课后习题详解 (74)8.3考研真题与典型题详解 (75)第9单元夏洛蒂•勃朗特 (86)9.1复习笔记 (86)9.2课后习题详解 (87)9.3考研真题与典型题详解 (88)第10单元查尔斯•狄更斯 (92)10.1复习笔记 (92)10.2课后习题详解 (93)10.3考研真题与典型题详解 (94)第11单元维多利亚时代的诗人 (100)11.1复习笔记 (100)11.2课后习题详解 (102)11.3考研真题与典型题详解 (104)第12单元托马斯•哈代 (115)12.1复习笔记 (115)12.2课后习题详解 (116)12.3考研真题与典型题详解 (117)第13单元现代剧作家 (121)13.1复习笔记 (121)13.2课后习题详解 (123)13.3考研真题与典型题详解 (124)第14单元约瑟夫•康拉德 (130)14.1复习笔记 (130)14.2课后习题详解 (131)14.3考研真题与典型题详解 (132)第15单元20世纪英国诗人(1) (134)15.1复习笔记 (134)15.2课后习题详解 (136)15.3考研真题与典型题详解 (137)第16单元现代主义小说家(1) (152)16.1复习笔记 (152)16.2课后习题详解 (154)16.3考研真题与典型题详解 (155)第17单元现代主义小说家(2) (163)17.1复习笔记 (163)17.2课后习题详解 (164)17.3考研真题与典型题详解 (164)第18单元E•M•福斯特 (168)18.1复习笔记 (168)18.2课后习题详解 (169)18.3考研真题与典型题详解 (170)第19单元威廉•戈尔丁 (173)19.1复习笔记 (173)19.2课后习题详解 (174)19.3考研真题与典型题详解 (174)第20单元多丽斯•莱辛 (177)20.1复习笔记 (177)20.2课后习题详解 (178)20.3考研真题与典型题详解 (178)第21单元约翰•福尔斯 (181)21.1复习笔记 (181)21.2课后习题详解 (182)21.3考研真题与典型题详解 (182)第22单元20世纪英国诗人(2) (184)22.1复习笔记 (184)22.2课后习题详解 (187)22.3考研真题与典型题详解 (188)第23单元 A. S. 拜厄特 (192)23.1复习笔记 (192)23.2课后习题详解 (193)23.3考研真题与典型题详解 (193)第24单元V. S. 奈保尔 (195)24.1复习笔记 (195)24.2课后习题详解 (196)24.3考研真题与典型题详解 (197)第25单元格雷厄姆•斯维夫特 (199)25.1复习笔记 (199)25.2课后习题详解 (200)25.3考研真题与典型题详解 (200)第26单元石黑一雄 (202)26.1复习笔记 (202)26.2课后习题详解 (203)26.3考研真题与典型题详解 (203)第27单元伊恩•麦克尤恩 (205)27.1复习笔记 (205)27.2课后习题详解 (206)27.3考研真题与典型题详解 (206)第28单元朱利安•巴恩斯 (207)28.1复习笔记 (207)28.2课后习题详解 (208)28.3考研真题与典型题详解 (208)第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1. Life (生平)Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer‘s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets‘ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。

王守仁-英国文学选读第三版-期末复习资料整理/A N2015 12 6 英国?学期末复习资料PART one 作家作品- 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗?乔叟-《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集- 2 William Shakespeare 威廉莎??亚-《Romeo and Juliet》罗密欧与朱丽叶-《The Macbeth》麦克?-《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商?-《Twelfth Night》??夜-《Hamlet》哈姆雷特-《Othello》奥赛罗-《King Lear》李尔王-《The Tempest》暴风?-《Winter’s Tale》冬?传说- 3 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根-《Advancement of Learning》学术的推进-《New Instrument》新?具-《Essays》论说?集-《New Atlantis》新?西岛-《Of ……》论- 4 John Donne 约翰邓恩-《The Flea》跳蚤-《The Good-Morrow》早安-《Break of Day》破晓-《Elegies》挽歌- 5 John Milton 约翰?尔顿-《Lycidas》利西达斯-《Areopagitica》论出版?由-《Paradise Lost》失乐园-《Paradise Regained》复乐园-《Samson Agonistes》??参孙- 6 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福-《Robinson Crusoe》鲁滨逊-《Captain Singleton》?格顿船长-《Moll Flanders》摩尔弗兰德斯-《Roxana》洛克萨拉-《A Journal of the Plague Year》?灾年纪-7 Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特-《A Tale of A Tub》?只桶的故事-《The Battle of Books》书的战争-《The Drapier’s Letter》布商来信-《A modest Proposal》?个温和的建议-《Gulliver Travels》格列佛游记-8 William Blake 威廉布莱克-《The song of Los》罗斯之歌-《The Lamb》灯-《The Tyger》虎-9 Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯-《A Red Red Rose》?朵红玫瑰-《Auld Lang Syne》昔?时光、友谊天长地久-10 William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯-《I wondered lonely as a cloud》我好似?朵流云独?漫游-11 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒科乐吕致-《Kubla Khan》忽必烈汗/B N 2015 12 6-12 Jane Austen 简奥斯汀-《Pride and Pre Judice 》傲慢与偏见-13 George Gordon Byron 乔治 ?登拜伦 -《She walks in Beauty 》她在美中? -《Don Juan 》唐璜-14 Percy Bysshe Shelly 波西 ?希雪莱 -《Ode the West Wind 》西风颂 -15 John Keats 约翰济慈-《Ode on a Grecian Urn 》希腊古瓮颂 -16 Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂勃朗特 -《Jane Ruge 》简爱-17 Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯 -《Great Expectations 》远?前程 -18 Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德丁尼? -《The Eagle 》鹰-19 Robert Browning 罗伯特布朗宁 -《My last Duchess 》我已故的公爵夫? -20 Matthew Arnold 马修阿诺德 -《Dover Beach 》多佛海滩 -21 Thomas Hardy 托马斯哈代-《Tess of the D’Urbervellies 》苔丝 -《Jude the Obscure 》?名的裘徳-22 Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡王尔德-《The Important of Being Earnest 》 -认真的重要性-23 George Bernard Shaw 乔治萧伯纳 -《Pygmalion 》?格马利翁 -24 Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫康拉德 -《Heart of Darkness 》?暗之? -25 T S Eliot 艾略特 -《The Waste Land 》荒原-26 William Butler Yeats 威廉巴特勒叶芝-《The Second Coming 》第?次来临 -27 James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯 -《Araby 》阿拉?-28 Virginia Wolf 佛吉尼亚沃芙 -《Mrs.Dalloway 》达罗卫夫? -29 D H Lawrence 劳伦斯-《The Rocking-Horse Winner 》?马赢家PART two 简答1P14 ［Sonnet 18］［William Shakespeare］[1.] How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?The poet answers the question by saying that "thou art more lovely and more temperate" than summer.[2.] Wh at makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?The poet thinks that every summer is going to fade and goaway,whereas thou will always be beautiful and lovely.2 P20 ［Of Studies］［Francis Bacon］[1.]We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon ’s< of studies> in our access to information?Our planet is developing forward. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying.??就是随着时代的脚步进步，充分利?资源[2.] In what sense does reading make a full man?Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.3 P32 [Paradise Lost][John Milton]缺失4 P60 [I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud][William Wordsworth][1.] What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?Theme of Happiness.The poet is really enjoy the nature.[2. ] Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly.5 P102 [Great Exception][Charles Dickens][1.]Magwitch the “the convict” takes the risk of being “hanged” when comes back to London to see Pip. How do you evaluate this meeting?To Pip，it’s a surprising and unwilling meeting.To Magwitch it is a willing meeting which he has been looking forwards to for a long period of time.[2.] What’s the meaning of “gentleman” in the contest of the novel?It mean a man who was poor but warm-hearted.6 P125 [Tess of the D’Urbervilles][Thomas Hardy][1.] How does Tess react to Clare’s s uggestion that they should leave their shelter?Why?She showed a strange unwillingness to move. Because she doesn’t want to put an end to all that’s s weet and lovely peacefulness and affection.[2.] What is the significance of Tess resting on an altar in the heathen temple?Her death is caused by human hypocrisy and foolishness, similar to that of a sacrifice. At the end, the only place which can accept her for who she is is death and sacrifice.[3. ]Comment on this sentence:“Justice’ was done,and the President of the immortals(in Aeschylean phrase )had ended his sport with Tess”.In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?Tess is a typical victim of the society. The tragic fate of Tess and her family was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry.7 P173 [Araby][James Joyce][2.]Chief qualities of the boy’s character?He is sensitive and intelligent— sensitive enough to experience a wide range of feelings in spite of his tender age,and not merely in the conventional sense of the word.8 P179 [Mrs. Dalloway][Virginia Woolf][1.] How does Woolf present Mrs. Dalloway to the reader?In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf’s emphasis is not on plot but onthe inner lives of the characters. As the ebb and flow of personal impressions, feelings, and thoughts are described, the characters unfold themselves vividly in front of the reader.Woolf doesn’t limit herself to one consciousness, but slips from mind to mind.“And then, thought Clarissa Dalloway,…”“A Charming woman, Scrope Purvis thought…”“Such fools we are, she thought,”[2.] What is the function of Big Ben?The passing of hours is indicated by the chimes of Big Ben. It reminds the reader of the actual reality of the physical world and also the different stages of Mrs. Dalloway’s life.The implication of “strikes” and “circles”.The novel is a life story of Mrs. Dalloway, is about the human life and is about its tension between misery and happiness.PART three 术语解释1.Heroic couplet or couplet： It is a term in poetry applied to two successive line of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the 14th-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.英雄双?体A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, i.e. containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel orantithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.举例Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his amount had left mark;He had just come back from his voyageAnd now was going on this pilgrimage.2.Soliloquy is a speech that reveals a character’s innermost feelings and plans while other characters remain unaware of what he is saying.独?A dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections举例Hamlet Shakespeare 1601Hamlet To be or not to be-that is a question:…….And lose the name of action.3. Sonnet derives from the Italian sonetto a “little sound” or “song”. The ordinary sonnet consists of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme scheme.The three basic sonnet forms are: a) the Petrarchan which comprises an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet rhyming cdecde or cdcdcd, or in any combination except a rhyming couplet; b) the Spenserian of the three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, bcbc ,cdcd, ee; c) the Skakespearen, again with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, cdcd, efef, gg.四?诗A verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhymescheme举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?…….So long lives this,and this give life to thee4.Shakespearean Sonnet: Also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet, this sonnet form is perfected by Shakespeare. It is structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.莎??亚?四?诗A sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Th ou art more lovely and more temperateRough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date…….So long lives this,and this give life to thee5.Iambic pentameter: Iambic: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Its pattern is like this :U ／pentameter: five feetAn example:Shall I compare thee to a summer’ day?U / U / U / U / U /Thou art more lovely and more temperate:U / U / U / U / U /As shown above, the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed (U /), so the meter is iambic. And each of the lines contains 5 iambic unit (iamb), so the lines are iambic pentameter.五步抑扬格A metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables 举例Close to the sun in lonely lands.close\sun\lonely都是扬声.to\in\lands是降调.举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a sum mer’s day?举例Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his amount had left mark;He had just come back from his voyageAnd now was going on this pilgrimage.6.Symbol：Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance. Version 2. It is something which represents an idea, a physical entity or a process but is distinct from it. The purpose of a symbol is to communicate meaning. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion.象征An arbitrary sign that has acquired a conventional significance Something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible举例Tyger William Blake 1794The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fifth part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand.7. Irony is a statement in which the intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning.讽刺A trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs举例Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860“Gentleman”Tess of the D’Urbervilles Th omas Hardy 1891Tess A pure woman8.Bildungsroman：The Bildungsroman, or novel about upbringing and education, had its beginning in Goethe’s work, Wilhelm Meister Iehrjahre ,(Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship 1796歌德《威廉.迈斯特的学习时代》德国教育?说的典范) which is about the process by which a sensitive person discovers hisidentity and place in the big world. This kind of novel often starts with the main character as a child, and then presents the child’s growth and development towards adulthood. This rebellious character goes through a sequence of tests and finally comes to a better understanding of himself and the world. This type of novel is often autobiographical, such as Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage(1915) and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). It frequently uses first person narration.In form, Great Expectations fits a pattern popular in 19th century European fiction: the bildungsroman, or novel depicting growth and personal development, generally a transition from boyhood to manhood such as that experienced by Pip. Great Expectation depicts a process of maturation and self-discovery through experience as a protagonist moves from childhood to adulthood.成长?说A novel about the early years of somebody's life, exploring the development of his or her character and personality举例Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860A novel about Pip formative years9.Dramatic Monologue：A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. In a play, when a character utters a monologue that expresses his or her private thoughts, it is called a soliloquy. Dramatic Monologue, however, does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. In its fullest form, as represented in Browning’s “My Last Duchess”, ”The Bishop Orders His Tomb”, “Andrea del Sato”, and many other poems戏剧独?A poem or other literary work consisting of words supposedly spoken by a character, often in a specific situation, either directly to the reader or to a listener举例My Last Duchess Robert Browning 1842Th at’s my last Duchess painted on the wallLooking as if she were alive……诗歌语??语化，夹叙夹译10.Antihero: The chief person in a modern novel or play whose character is widely discrepant from that which we associate with the traditional protagonist or hero of a serious literary work. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, ignominious, passive, ineffectual, or dishonest. The use of nonheroic protagonists occurs as early as the Picaresque novel of the sixteenth century, and the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Fl ander(1722) is a thief and a prostitute. The term “antihero,” however, is usually applied to writings in the period of disillusion after the Second World War, beginning with such protagonists as we find in John Wain’s Hurry on Down(1953) and Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim (1954). Notable later instances in the novel are Yossarian in Joseph Heller’s Catch -22 (1961), Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nobokov’s Lolita (1955).反英雄The central character in a story who is not a traditionally brave or good hero，a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero举例Ulysses James Joyce 1922A novel described Bloom a layfolk’s day life .11.Epiphany means “a manifestation,” or “showing forth,”and by Christian thinkers was used to signify a manifestation of Go d’s presence within the created world. James Joyce adapted the term to secular experience, to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object.顿悟A divine manifestation举例Araby James Joyce 1905O I never said such a thing ……Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.12.The “stream of consciousness” is a narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character’s mind. The term was first used by William James in his Principles of Psychology(1890)意识流A literary style that presents a character's continuous random flow of thoughts as they arise举例[Mrs.Dalloway] Virginia Woolf 1925For having lived in westminster how many years now Over twenty……物的意识交错在没有度量的?理时间PART four 作者思想1 Full wise is he that can himselven knowe——Geoffery Chaucer[1343-1400]知者智2 What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving,how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! thebeauty of the world, the paragon of animals—and yet,to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me—nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so.——William Shakespeare [1564-1616]类是?件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么?贵！才能多么?限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令?赞叹！?为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之?美，众?之灵长.This passage has provoked bitter scholarly battles—over its punctuation. Is Hamlet saying that man is like an angel in apprehension (understanding), or like a god in apprehension? The different placement of commas in the early texts of the play makes all the difference.3 All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.——William Wordsworth[1770-1850]切好诗都是强烈情感的?然流露?这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的。

目　录第1单元　杰弗里•乔叟第2单元　威廉•莎士比亚第3单元　弗朗西斯•培根第4单元　17世纪英国诗人第5单元　冒险小说作家第6单元　浪漫主义诗人（1）第7单元　简•奥斯汀第8单元　浪漫主义诗人（2）第9单元　夏洛蒂•勃朗特第10单元　查尔斯•狄更斯第11单元　维多利亚时代的诗人第12单元　托马斯•哈代第13单元　现代剧作家第14单元　约瑟夫•康拉德第15单元　20世纪英国诗人（1）第16单元　现代主义小说家（1）第17单元　现代主义小说家（2）第18单元　爱德华•摩根•福斯特第19单元　威廉•戈尔丁第20单元　多丽丝•莱辛第21单元　约翰•福尔斯第22单元　20世纪英国诗人（2）第23单元　A.S.拜厄特第24单元　V.S.奈保尔第25单元　格雷厄姆•斯威夫特第26单元　石黑一雄第1单元　杰弗里•乔叟1How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key: (1) Chaucer sets the tales in the spring, describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth, and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter. Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively (欢快的) and fresh (清新的), since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.(2) According to such a setting, we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light, sprightly (活泼的、愉快的) and humorous.2In your own words, summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key: According to the excerpt, we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth, honor, freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people. He is a brave, wise, modest and “truly perfect gentle-knight”.3Without comparison with the translated version, are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key: Yes, there are many words can be recognized. Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words. What’s more, sometimes, we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.第2单元　威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” “the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key: Death means the end of life. If he dies, he may go to an unknown world and can never come back. In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father, failing to realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil.2Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?Key: According to Hamlet, because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key: It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action. Hamlet doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself, so he is hesitated. However, Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view. The main reason lies in his concern for his nation. Hamlet is a true man. He wants to change the dark existing world, but it is beyond his ability, so he has no idea what he should do. He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society. So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark. His revenge is not everything for him. And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country. Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?Key: Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?Key: They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key: It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families. Sonnet 181How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key: The poet thinks that he should not “compare thee to a summer’s day”, because “Thou art more lovely and more temperate”. And, in the following part, he gives his reasons.2What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful (fair) than summer and immortal?Key: Because the poet thinks that “thy eternal summer shall not fade” for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.第3单元　弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key: Sometimes, marriage can be an impediment, and sometimes, it can help one develop his or her career as well, because it depends on the quality of the marriage. As the saying goes “A peaceful family will prosper”, so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages, while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides. In a good marriage, husband and wife will be happier, and they will help and encourage each other, which will be good for their careers. On the contrary, in an unhappy marriage, husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2In what sense are wife and children “a kind of discipline of humanity”? Key: A single man has no others to think about, so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself. What’s more, he tends to take any risk if he wants to, for he does not need to be responsible for anyone. However, a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please, because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them. Furthermore, he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation. He becomes a loving man, who not only loves his wife and children, but also loves others. A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent. In this sense, we can say that wife and children are “a kind of discipline of humanity”.3Bacon prefers marriage to single life. Do you find his arguments convincing?Key: Yes, I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing. He proves his points by comparison. He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage. For instance, a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future; a married man tends to become responsible, tender, enthusiastic and warm-hearted. As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and oldmen’s nurses” which means that when a man is young, his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family; when he comes to middle age, wife always stays with him as a companion; when he becomes old, wife will take care of him till the end of life. Even though a woman marries a bad husband, marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves. These points all are reasonable, which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing. Of Study1We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s “Of Studies” in our access to information?Key: According to Bacon’s opinion: “studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience”. We should combine theory and practice together. That is, practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that “some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.” also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book. When we face information, we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all. More importantly, we should have an independent mind.2In what sense does reading make a full man?Key: As Bacon says “Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend”, we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people. Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes; some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man. In this sense, reading makes a full man.第4单元　17世纪英国诗人The Flea1Why does the poet say that "this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead"?Key: Because it is the flea that sucked their blood and made them mingled together, they are not sinful or shameful, and the man’s beloved does not loss her maidenhead. The flea has joined them together in a way that “alas, is more than we would do”.2What do you think is the addressee’s parents’ attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Key: The addressee’s parents’ attitude is against the poet’s wooing.3What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea "thou" are actually killing three lives?Key: The poet compares the killing of the flea to murder. He thinks that if his beloved kills the flea, he and she would be killed within the flea. He even states that the act of killing the flea would be “sacrilege”. If the lover denies the fact that their blood and therefore their lives are contained within the flea, it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to acknowledge that their closeness within the flea is allowable. The importunate lover wishes his mistress to understand that she should accept his wooing because there is nothing wrong with the unity of two people.Holy Sonnet 101Why does the poet say that death is the “slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men”?Key: Because for the most part, fate, chance, kings and desperate men can threaten some people with Death when they like to, and by this way, Death is exploited and may be forced to do what it does not want to. In this sense, death is a slave.2What does the poet mean when he says “we wake eternally” after one short sleep?Key: The poet was a priest and he believed that the soul of men would never die. After death, men would enter another world and lived forever. In this sense, after death, men “wake eternally”.John Milton1Where are the serpent (“the” in line 51) and his followers condemned after their defeat?Key: The serpent and his followers are condemned into the hell by God.2What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines 59-74?Key: Those rebellious angels are sent into the horrible dungeon filled with flames, darkness, floods and whirlwinds, in which there is no peace, rest or hope, but full of sorrow and torture.3What is considered by Satan as “ignominy” and “shame” (line ll5)?Key: Satan considers that “To bow and sue for grace/ With suppliant knee, and deify his power/ Who from the terror of this arm so late/ Doubted his empire-that were low indeed” is “ignominy and shame”. That is, he thinks that it is shameful to bow to God to ask for grace and forgiveness.4What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?Key: Satan advices the serpent and his followers to fight against God.第5单元　冒险小说作家Daniel Defoe1Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing? Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?Key: Yes, I think it is convincing. Crusoe takes everything into his consideration and makes sure his shelter is comfortable and safe. He takes advantage of the natural resources. Perhaps, there is no way to build a better one than his.2What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?Key: I think it’s a good way.The reason is that Crusoe is a civilized man and time is very valuable to him. In fact, he represents the hard-working middle class, and has the sense of working hard and cherishing time.3From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Key: From this excerpt, we can find many admirable characteristics in Robinson Crusoe. He is adventurous, practical, thoughtful, hard-working, brave, shrewd, energetic, optimistic, strong-minded and kind-hearted…Under the special circumstance, Crusoe shows many good and valuable qualities of human beings.Jonathan Swift1In what ways are Yahoos comparable to human beings in Gulliver’s Travels? Comment on the Houyhnhnms’ attitude toward human beings. Key: Both human beings and Yahoos are warlike, greedy, jealous, gluttonous and filthy… What’s more, they eat everything that they can find no matter the food is good or bad for them; they would be sick because of nastiness and greediness; they would suffer from depression because of their idleness; thefemale Yahoos have nasty qualities, such as lewdness, coquetry, censure and scandal. Yahoos and human beings have many features in common.The Houyhnhnms’ attitude toward human beings is critical, malicious and objective. They are not slandering, for human beings indeed have all the defects that the Houyhnhnms have mentioned. It seems that they know about human beings clearly and they compare Yahoos and humankind in a very elaborative way. Their points of view are very convincing.2What are the symbolic meanings of Yahoos and Houyhnhnms?Key: Yahoos and Houyhnhnms represent the evil human nature and good qualities of humankind respectively.第6单元　浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb? What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key: The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God. It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God. So, the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb. In this sense, God, Jesus and the lamb combine together.2What does the Lamb stand for?Key: The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ, who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind. The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common: gentleness, tenderness, kindness and compassion. So, the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Key: The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet’s exploration, understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God. So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes, I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities, but it lacks the motivation to makeprogress. While the tiger will cause the social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can stimulate people’s creativity. So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage. In this sense, the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express?Key: The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty, strength, vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger. So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1In what sense do you think the rose is “sick”?Key: On a superficial and literal level, the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick. On a deeper level, the “sick” rose has several symbolic meanings: a) the rose symbolizes young girls, and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’ chastity. Thus, the girls are destroyed. b) The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm. It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system. c) The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man, while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity. The rose is “sick”, because that innocence is replaced by experience, and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm? If so, what meanings would you suggest?Key: Yes, there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm. Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm, we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men, the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert BurnsA Red, Red Rose1How does the narrator in the poem express his love?Key: The narrator uses rhetoric devices in this poem to express his love, such as simile and exaggeration. At first, the poet compares his lover to a red rose and beautiful melody, which are very lovely and attractive to himself and arouse the love in his heart. And then, the poet say that he will not change his love for his lover even though “the seas gang dry” and “the rocks melt wi’ the sun” as well as “the sands o’life shall run”. What’s more, the narrator directly speaks out his love as well-“So deep in luve am I / And I will luve thee still, my dear”.2Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Key: Because this poem shows a kind of true love and real feelings of the poet toward his lover, which is always touching to people. In the poem, the poet expresses his ardent and steadfast love in a very powerful and efficient way, and it really can arouse the love feelings in the readers’ hearts.Auld Lang Syne1What does “cup o’kindness” imply?Key: The poem is a narrative poem praising friendship. After reading the whole poem we can find that “cup o’kindness” implies the friendship between the narrator and his friends.2How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old?Key: “Cup o’kindness” is mentioned twice in this poem-in the second and the last sections-which refer to their reunion. The people in the poem used to be friends and now they are old. After the first “cup o’kindness”, the author begins to recall their joyful life; they have run in the brae, picked up the fine gowans, and wandered a long and weary journey, paddled in the stream allthe day. But all the nice memory has been the history “Sun’ auld lang syne”. Then comes to the present gathering, there is one more “cup o’kindness” to imply that how much the author really cherishes the friendship and wish it to last forever.William Wordsworth1What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?Key: The beauty of the nature can make the poet happy and joyful, make his mind pure with little thought, and offer him consolation and serenity.2Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Key: Yes, I think that nature can have healing effect on mind. Nature is free from pressure and worries. It is full of beauty and attractions. While human beings have to deal with many troubles, and every now and then they need to have a good rest and get rid of their troubles from their minds. Throwing oneself into the bosom of nature is an effective way to relax and enjoy the true pleasure and beauty. When you are in nature, you will forget about those annoying matter that troubles you and your soul will be purified.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1Coleridge claimed that the poem was “composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium”. Could you find similar cases in the Chinese literary history?Key: Yes, Li Bai liked drinking and sometimes he wrote poems in a trance state.2Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic? Give your opinions.Key: Yes, we can. The poet wrote this poem after he took the opium, and his thoughts were fragmental. He just wrote down what occurred to him. Thus, there were only pieces of meaning rather than coherent meaning.At the same time, the poem is wrapped up in an atmosphere of thesupernatural and the fantastic. The poet mentioned “Alph, the sacred river”,“a waning moon was haunted / By woman wailing for her demon-lover”, and “His flashing eyes, his floating hair! / Weave a circle round him thrice”… -these give people a sense of the supernatural and fantastic.第7单元　简•奥斯汀1Do you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? What is the relationship between money and marriage?Key: Yes, I agree. It is reasonable that when a man is mature enough he wants to get married and raise a family. That is a necessary part of his success and accomplishment. More importantly, he has to earn enough money to support his family. So, when he possesses such kind of fortune, he wants to achieve this purpose.Money is not the only criteria of a happy marriage, but a happy marriage cannot achieve without enough money. Without money, we also can get married with our lovers, and we can earn money by working hard together. As time goes on, if we can get enough money to support our families, we will feel satisfied and live happily. However, if we cannot earn a good fortune, but live a poor life, we will encounter many practical problems, and our pride and confidence will be ruined, thus it is difficult to be happy. Money does have something to do with marriage, but is not crucial. What really matters in marriage is love and affection between the couple.2What do you think of Mrs. Bennet? How can you characterize her?Key: I think Mrs. Bennet is very typical of middle-aged woman. She is worried about her daughters’ marriage, and is eager to marry them off. She is somewhat a gossip; she is easy to get nervous; she likes to make a fuss about everything.3What makes Elizabeth feel so grateful to Darcy? How does Darcy respond to her?Key: Elizabeth’s sister Lydia has always been frivolous. Later in the novel, she elopes with Wickham, who is poor and hypocritical, and lives with him out of wedlock. This behavior is not recognized at that time and destroys the Bennets’ reputation. Although Lydia has the plan to marry Wickham, who as a playboy, considers everything as a game. Elizabeth is so worried with hersister, so she decides to leave her hometown to find her sister. Fortunately, Darcy gives a helping hand. He finds them and tries his best to convince Lydia to come back. Faced with Wickham’s greedy, he doesn’t flinch. He pays the debts for Wickham and gives Lydia a large amount of money. In order to help them, he also buys an office post for Wickham. Besides, Darcy is also very gentle; he does not expose Wickham so as to protect the whole family’s reputation. He does everything for Elizabeth, and he doesn’t want her to be harmed. Darcy is very proud at the beginning, which makes Elizabeth hate him so much, but after he has done so many things, Elizabeth’s prejudice is eliminated and she feels so grateful to Darcy. Darcy feels sorry at the beginning. He is also surprised and excited. At first, he doesn’t want Elizabeth to know everything. However, he is delighted that Elizabeth is not as indifferent to him as before. He has never wanted to get her gratitude, but this time he feels hopeful. He tells Elizabeth that all his done was for her only, because it’s only her in his heart. He shows his affections to her again which makes Elizabeth so embarrassed. Darcy also apologizes for his pride in the past time. Now, they have cleared up the misunderstanding. It’s a turning point of their emotional journey.第8单元　浪漫主义诗人（2）George Gordon ByronShe Walks in Beauty1What is the colour of the lady’s dress? How do you know?Key: The lady’s dress is black. Because “She walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and starry skies”. We can see that she is dressed in black and looks like the dark night.2What does “their dwelling place” refer to in the last line of the second stanza?Key: It refers to the lady’s face. “Or softly lightens o’er her face; / Where thoughts serenely sweet express / How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.”From these lines, we can know that “their” refers to “thoughts’”.3Where are the lady’s winning smiles? How do they appear to the poet? Key: The winning smiles are on the lady’s face and over her brow.The poet observes the woman’s tints on the face, so he figures out the smile on it.When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home1What should a man fight for according to the poet?Key: According to the poet, a man should fight for glories and freedom. “Let him think of the glories of Greece and of Rome”, “Then battle for freedom wherever you can”.2What is the difference between this man in Byron’s poem and a hero in your mind?Key: In my mind, a hero should only think about others and forget about hisown life and glories. However, in this poem, the man is seeking for rewards and is thinking about being knighted if he can live through the war. “And is always as nobly requited”, “And, if not shot or hang’d, you’ll get knighted”.Percy Bysshe Shelly1In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver?Key: The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among humankind. The west wind is the destroyer as it is turbulent and strong and destroys the wide spread vegetation. It drives the last signs of life from the trees. It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere, and it scatters the seeds which will come to life in the spring. The west wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide.2What is the relationship between the West Wind and the poet?Key: The poet admires and envies the West Wind very much. He admires the West Wind because it is very powerful, and he envies the West Wind because it is free from any restriction. The poet wants to be like the West Wind, which becomes the symbol of power and freedom. What’s more, the poet appeals to the West Wind to infuse him with a new spirit and a new power to spread his ideas.3As “the trumpet of prophecy,” what does the West Wind predict in physical reality? How do you understand it symbolically?Key: The West Wind predicts that the cold winter is coming.The West Wind symbolizes a kind of revolutionary power and spirit. It destroys the old and builds up the new. It predicts the winter is nearby, thus the spring is not far behind. In a deeper sense, it predicts that the bright future is not far away.John Keats1Describe, in your own words, the scenes on the Grecian urn. Who are they in the pictures? And what are they doing?Key: There are two scenes on the Grecian urn. The first scene describes the fair youth under the tree tying to kiss his lover, but he cannot. The second scene is that people are coming to the sacrifice on the morning of a special day.2Who is the speaker of the last two lines in the ode?Key: I think the speaker is the urn. However, it clearly conveys the poet’s ides of beauty and truth.3Comment on the epigram "beauty is truth, truth beauty".Key: I agree that truth is beauty, but I cannot agree that beauty is truth. Truth is always real, charming and beautiful, so, we can say that truth is beauty. However, beauty is not always true, especially with the development of technology, some artificial beauty emerges, such as artificial flowers, artificial plants, and even artificial noses and eyes… they are also beautiful, but they are not real.。

第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1.Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb?What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key:The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God.It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God.So,the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb.In this sense,God,Jesus and the lamb combine together.2.What does the Lamb stand for?Key:The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ,who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind.The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common: gentleness,tenderness,kindness and compassion.So,the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb?Do you think both the Lamb and theTiger can illuminate each other?Key:The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb.Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation.In this poem, the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God.So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes,I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other.The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities,but it lacks the motivation to make progress.While the tiger will cause the social misery,unrest or even disruption, but it can stimulate people’s creativity.So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage.In this sense,the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?What idea does the poet want to express?Key:The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty,strength,vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger.So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1.In what sense do you think the rose is“sick”?Key:On a superficial and literal level,the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick.On a deeper level,the“sick”rose has several symbolic meanings: a)the rose symbolizes young girls,and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’chastity.Thus,the girls are destroyed.b)The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm.It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system.c)The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man, while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity.The rose is “sick”,because that innocence is replaced by experience,and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2.Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm?If so,what meanings would you suggest?Key:Yes,there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm.Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm,we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men,the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert BurnsA Red,Red Rose1.How does the narrator in the poem express his love?Key:The narrator uses rhetoric devices in this poem to express his love,such as simile and exaggeration.At first,the poet compares his lover to a red rose and beautiful melody,which are very lovely and attractive to himself and arouse the love in his heart.And then,the poet say that he will not change his love for his lover even though“the seas gang dry”and“the rocks melt wi’the sun”as well as“the sands o’life shall run”.What’s more,the narrator directly speaks out his love as well-“So deep in luve am I/And I will luve thee still,my dear”.2.Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Key:Because this poem shows a kind of true love and real feelings of the poet toward his lover,which is always touching to people.In the poem,the poet expresses his ardent and steadfast love in a very powerful and efficient way,and it really can arouse the love feelings in the readers’hearts.Auld Lang Syne1.What does“cup o’kindness”imply?Key:The poem is a narrative poem praising friendship.After reading the whole poem we can find that“cup o’kindness”implies the friendship between the narrator and his friends.2.How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old? Key:“Cup o’kindness”is mentioned twice in this poem-in the second and thelast sections-which refer to their reunion.The people in the poem used to be friends and now they are old.After the first“cup o’kindness”,the author begins to recall their joyful life;they have run in the brae,picked up the fine gowans,and wandered a long and weary journey,paddled in the stream all the day.But all the nice memory has been the history“Sun’auld lang syne”.Then comes to the present gathering,there is one more“cup o’kindness”to imply that how much the author really cherishes the friendship and wish it to last forever.William Wordsworth1.What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem? Key:The beauty of the nature can make the poet happy and joyful,make his mind pure with little thought,and offer him consolation and serenity.2.Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Key:Yes,I think that nature can have healing effect on mind.Nature is free from pressure and worries.It is full of beauty and attractions.While human beings have to deal with many troubles,and every now and then they need to have a good rest and get rid of their troubles from their minds.Throwing oneself into the bosom of nature is an effective way to relax and enjoy the true pleasure and beauty.When you are in nature,you will forget about those annoying matter that troubles you and your soul will be purified.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1.Coleridge claimed that the poem was“composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium”.Could you find similar cases in the Chinese literary history?Key:Yes,Li Bai liked drinking and sometimes he wrote poems in a trance state.2.Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic?Give your opinions.Key:Yes,we can.The poet wrote this poem after he took the opium,and his thoughts were fragmental.He just wrote down what occurred to him.Thus,there were only pieces of meaning rather than coherent meaning.At the same time,the poem is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic.The poet mentioned“Alph,the sacred river”,“a waning moon was haunted/By woman wailing for her demon-lover”,and“His flashing eyes,his floating hair!/Weave a circle round him thrice”…-these give people a sense of the supernatural and fantastic.。

第25单元格雷厄姆•斯维夫特25.1复习笔记Graham Swift(1949-)(格雷厄姆·斯维夫特)1.Life(生平)Graham Swift,a prominent English writer,was born in London.He has studied in Queen’s College Cambridge,obtaining BA and MA.After graduated from college in1975,he taught English in several schools in London,and wrote in spare time.In1980,he published his first novel The Sweet Shop Owner.His acclaimed novel Waterland,which won the Guardian Fiction Prize and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize,established him as one of the finest fiction writers of his generation. In1983,he was nominated as one of the20“Best of Young British Novelists”in the Book Marketing Council’s promotion.In1996,his Last Orders won the Booker Prize for Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize(for fiction).At present,Graham Swift is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and he lives in London.格雷厄姆·斯维夫特出生于伦敦，是英国当代杰出的小说家。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1.Life(生平)Geoffrey Chaucer,born in1343in London,is the founder of English poetry.He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court.He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope.He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life,and knew well the whole life of his time,which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in1400and was buried in Westminster Abbey,thus founding the Poets’Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。

他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。

他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。

乔叟知识渊博。

他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。

他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。

这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。

第8单元浪漫主义诗人(2)Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley【解析】在雪莱死后，他的墓碑上题刻着“众心之心”。

2. _____ is George Gordon Byron’s poetic drama with the material taken from Biblical story.【答案】Cain【解析】拜伦诗剧《该隐》，其是拜伦根据《圣经·创世记》中该隐杀死弟弟亚伯的故事创作的。

3. Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote an elegy _____ lamenting the early death of his fellow-poet _____.【答案】Adonais；John Keats【解析】《阿都尼斯》是雪莱为济慈作的挽歌。

4. _____ and _____ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.【答案】The French Revolution；the English Industrial Revolution【解析】法国大革命和英国工业革命极大地推动了浪漫主义运动的兴起。

5. _____ was the first poet in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley【解析】珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）深受自由与及竞拍思想的影响，一生都执著地反抗社会的残忍与不公，战争与剥削。

第5单元冒险小说作家5.1复习笔记Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)(丹尼尔•笛福)1.Life(生平)Daniel Defoe was born in London,the son of a butcher named Foe,and later added the aristocratic prefix.Defoe was a kind of jack-of-all-trades.He was a merchant,soldier,economist,politician,journalist,pamphleteer,publicist and novelist.He is also a radical nonconformist in religion.His remarkable pamphlet supporting the free churches led to an imprisonment.After his release in1704,he entered the government employed as a kind of spy or secret–service agent.At60, he turned to fiction,later gained enough fame and fortune,and retired to Newington where he lived in comfort.Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel,as he helped to popularize the form in Britain,and is even referred to as the founder of the English novel.丹尼尔·笛福生于伦敦，父亲是个姓福的肉商，后来他给自己的姓加上了贵族前缀。