easy3

Never, ever give up!永不言弃！1 As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide.英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。

当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。

谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了，在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。

英语作文作为志愿者最简单三个步骤全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Being a Volunteer: The Three Easiest StepsHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. Today, I want to tell you all about how to be a volunteer. It's actually really easy and fun! I've been volunteering for the past two years and I absolutely love it. Let me share the three simplest steps to get started.Step 1: Decide What You Like to DoThe first step is to think about the things you enjoy doing. Do you like being outdoors? Maybe you can volunteer at a park or garden. Do you like animals? You can help out at an animal shelter. Do you like reading books? Why not volunteer at the library? There are so many possibilities!When I was trying to pick my volunteer activity, I made a list of all the things I liked. I love arts and crafts, so I decided to volunteer at an after-school program where I could help kids with art projects. It's been amazing because I get to do something I really enjoy while also helping others.If you're having trouble deciding, you can always ask your parents, teachers, or friends for ideas. They might know of some great volunteer opportunities that would be perfect for you.Step 2: Find a Place to VolunteerOnce you know what kind of volunteering you want to do, it's time to find a place that needs your help. This can be as easy as searching online or asking around in your community.My mom helped me search for after-school programs in our area that needed volunteers for arts and crafts. We found a few options and then I got to pick the one that seemed like the most fun.You can also check with places like schools, libraries, hospitals, shelters, and community centers. Many of them have volunteer programs and would be thrilled to have an eager helper like you.When you find a place you're interested in, make sure to ask lots of questions. Find out what kind of tasks you'll be doing, how often they need volunteers, and if there's any training involved. It's important to understand what's expected before you commit.Step 3: Give It Your All!The last and most important step is to work hard and have fun once you start volunteering. Show up on time, follow instructions, and always do your best. Volunteering is a big responsibility, but it's also incredibly rewarding.At the after-school program, I help the kids with all sorts of art projects like painting, drawing, and making crafts. Sometimes it can get a little messy or noisy, but I don't mind at all. I just focus on being patient, encouraging, and making sure everyone is having a good time.The best part is seeing the big smiles on the kids' faces when they've created something they're really proud of. It makes me feel amazing to know that I played a small part in that.Volunteering has taught me so much about responsibility, teamwork, and the importance of giving back to the community. It's one of the most fulfilling things I've ever done, and I know I'll continue volunteering for many years to come.So those are the three simplest steps: decide what you like to do, find a place that needs your help, and then give it your all! Volunteering is an incredible way to make a difference while also having a ton of fun. Trust me, once you start, you won't want to stop. Why not give it a try?篇2Being a Volunteer is Easy as 1, 2, 3!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about being a volunteer. Volunteers are really cool people who help others for free, just because they want to. It makes them feel good inside to do nice things for people in need. Being a volunteer is actually super easy - you just need to follow three simple steps!Step 1: Find a Place to VolunteerThe first step is finding a place where you can volunteer. There are lots of choices! You could volunteer at an animal shelter playing with puppies and kittens. Or you could go to a park and help pick up litter. My favorite is the local library where you can read books to little kids. Nursing homes are another great option if you like spending time with older people. Maybe your school has a volunteer program you can join. Places that need volunteers are everywhere!When you find a place you want to volunteer, you just need to ask the grown-ups in charge if they need help. Most places love having kid volunteers! They might have you fill out a form with your name, age, parent's phone number, stuff like that.Then they'll tell you what days and times you can come to volunteer. Easy peasy!Step 2: Get Ready to VolunteerThe next step is getting ready for your first day of volunteering. You'll want to dress nicely in clean clothes that you don't mind getting a little dirty or messy. Wear closed-toe shoes in case you're walking around a lot. Pack a water bottle and some snacks in case you get hungry or thirsty. Don't forget sunscreen if you'll be outside!It's also a good idea to go over the rules beforehand. Every place has different guidelines that volunteers need to follow. For example, at the animal shelter they'll tell you not to rile up the animals and be calm and gentle. At the library, you have to use indoor voices. Just ask the grown-ups what you need to know.Finally, get plenty of rest the night before your volunteer day. You'll need lots of energy to be helpful and have fun!Step 3: Volunteer Your Heart Out!Woohoo, the big day is finally here! Wake up with a smile because you get to spend your time helping others. Have a yummy, healthy breakfast to energize your body for volunteering.When you get there, first check-in with the person in charge. They'll tell you exactly what needs to be done that day. Maybe you're walking dogs at the animal shelter. Or planting flowers at the park. Or organizing bookshelves in the library. Whatever it is, give it your all! Put in 100% effort and have a great attitude.Don't be afraid to ask questions if you're confused about anything. The volunteer coordinator is there to help guide you. And if you get tired or need a break, that's okay! Let someone know so they can give you a few minutes to re-charge.Most of all, remember to have fun! Smile at the peopleyou're helping. Tell jokes to make them laugh. Sing a silly song if it makes someone's day brighter. Give volunteering everything you've got and I promise you'll leave with a really warm, fuzzy feeling inside.Those are the three easiest steps to being an awesome volunteer: 1) Find a place, 2) Get ready, and 3) Volunteer your heart out! It's so simple that even kids can do it. What are you waiting for? Get out there and start making a difference today!篇3Being a Volunteer is Easy as 1-2-3!Hi, my name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. I love being a volunteer because it's fun and makes me feel good inside. A lot of kids think volunteering is hard, but it's actually super easy! You just need to follow 3 simple steps.Step 1: Find a Place to VolunteerThe first thing you need to do is find a place that needs volunteers. There are lots of places that could use an extra pair of helpful hands! You could volunteer at an animal shelter, a food bank, a park, a library, a community center, a nursing home, or even your school.My favorite place to volunteer is the animal shelter near my house. They always need volunteers to help take care of the dogs and cats that don't have homes yet. We get to play with the puppies and kittens, give them treats, and make sure their cages are clean and they have fresh water. The animals are so cute and happy when we visit!If you like being outside more, a community garden or park is a great option. You can help pick up litter, pull weeds, plant flowers, and keep things looking nice. It's fun to get your hands dirty while helping make your neighborhood prettier.Maybe you really love books and reading. Libraries always appreciate volunteers to help shelve returned books, read stories to little kids, or just tidy up the kids' section. Volunteering at the library is perfect for bookworms!No matter where you choose, it's important to find a place that you'll enjoy. That way volunteering won't feel like a chore at all, but something fun you look forward to.Step 2: Get PermissionOnce you've found a cool place to volunteer, the next step is to get permission from your parents or guardians. Most places won't let kids volunteer all alone until they're a bit older, so you'll need an adult to go with you and keep an eye on things.When you ask your parents, explain why you want to volunteer at your chosen place. Maybe say something like "Mom, Dad, I really want to volunteer at the animal shelter because I love playing with the dogs and cats there. It would be great if one of you could come along so I can help take care of the animals!"Your parents will probably be really proud of you for wanting to volunteer. It shows that you care about your community and are willing to spend your free time helpingothers. Still, make sure you listen to any rules they have about transportation, how long you can stay, or anything else. Following the rules is important when you're volunteering.Step 3: Have Fun Helping Out!The last step is just to go volunteer and have a blast! Don't forget to wear comfortable clothes that are okay to get a little dirty or messed up. You'll probably be running around a lot, so wear good shoes too. Double check if you need to bring any supplies like gardening gloves or a reusable water bottle.When you get there, listen carefully to any instructions the adult supervisors give you. They'll tell you what needs to be done and how to do it safely. Don't be afraid to ask questions if you're unsure about something!Then just dig in and get to work. If you're helping at an animal shelter, maybe you'll need to scoop litter boxes or brush a shaggy dog. At a park, you might need to pick up sticks before mowing the grass. At a food bank, you can help sort donated cans into boxes.The work might seem boring to adults, but I think volunteering is a ton of fun! You get to make new friends, learnnew skills, be active, and see firsthand how your efforts are really helping others. It's an awesome confidence booster.You also get the feel-good feeling of knowing you made your community a little bit better, even if it was in a small way. That's reason enough to keep on volunteering over and over again!So those are the 3 easy steps to being a volunteer: find a place you like, get permission, then just show up and have fun while helping out! It's that simple. What are you waiting for? There are people, animals, parks, and libraries in your community that could use your help. Get out there and start volunteering today!篇4Being a Volunteer: The Three Easiest StepsHi there! My name is Emily and I'm 10 years old. I love being a volunteer and helping others. It makes me feel really good inside. And you know what? Being a volunteer is actually super easy! You just need to follow three simple steps. Let me tell you all about them.Step 1: Find Something You Care AboutThe first step to being a volunteer is to find a cause or activity that you really care about. Think about the things that are important to you. Do you love animals? Maybe you could volunteer at an animal shelter walking dogs or playing with cats. Do you like spending time outdoors? You could help clean up a park or beach. Are you good at reading or math? You could be a tutor for younger kids after school.When I was trying to decide what kind of volunteer I wanted to be, I made a list of all the things I'm interested in and causes that matter to me. At the top of my list was helping other kids who are sick or who don't have enough food or clothes. That's because when I was younger, my family didn't have a lot of money, and I know how hard that can be. So I decided I wanted to volunteer somewhere that helps kids in need.Once you've figured out what you care most about, you're ready for step 2!Step 2: Find a Place to VolunteerThe next step is to look for organizations, charities, schools, or other places where you can volunteer doing something related to that cause. Maybe there's an animal rescue group near you that needs help. Or a food bank that could use volunteers tobag up groceries. Or a hospital with a program for kids to visit with patients.I did some research online and found an awesome charity in my city that gives clothes, toys, books, and school supplies to kids whose families can't afford them. They have a kid volunteer program where you can help sort donations, put together gift bags, or read books to the little kids. That sounded perfect for me!When you're looking for volunteer opportunities, you can ask teachers, parents, neighbors, or friends if they know of any good places. Libraries and community centers often have information too. And don't forget to check online - a lot of organizations have websites where you can sign up.Once you've found the right volunteer opportunity, it's time for the last step...Step 3: Just Go For It!The third and final step is the easiest of all - just go and start volunteering! Show up on the day and time you've signed up for. Introduce yourself to the person in charge and let them know you're ready to help out however you can. Pay close attention when they explain what needs to be done. Ask questions ifyou're confused about anything. Then roll up your sleeves and get to work!When I first started volunteering at the charity, I was a little nervous. But the grown-ups there were so nice, and they made me feel really welcome. They showed me how to sort through all the donations of clothes and books and put together bundles for families in need. At first, I was a little slow since I'd never done it before. But before long, I got the hang of it. I felt so proud knowing that my small effort was making a big difference for kids who didn't have as much as I do.The best part about volunteering is seeing the smile on someone's face when you've helped them. Like when a little kid picks out a cool new soccer ball or Lego set to take home. Or their mom gives you a big grateful hug. That's when you know that your volunteering really matters.So those are the three easiest steps to becoming a volunteer: find a cause you care about, find a place to volunteer for that cause, and just go for it! Trust me, once you start, you'll be hooked. Volunteering is fun, it's rewarding, and it's a great way to make a difference, no matter how young or old you are.You've got this!篇5Being a Volunteer is Super Fun and Easy!Hi friends! Have you ever thought about being a volunteer? It's really cool and you get to help people. My mom is a volunteer and she always comes home with a big smile on her face. She says volunteering makes her feel good inside. I asked her to tell me the three simplest steps to being a volunteer, and I'm going to share them with you!Step 1: Find a Place to VolunteerThe first step is to find a place where you can volunteer. There are so many choices! You can volunteer at an animal shelter, a hospital, a nursing home for old people, a library, a park, a food bank that gives food to hungry people, or other places in your community.My favorite place to volunteer is at the animal shelter. They have so many cute puppies and kittens there that need love and care. The workers are always happy when kids come to play with the animals and help clean up. When animals get loved on, it makes them less scared and helps them get adopted faster into their fur-ever homes!Another cool place is the park. You can pick up litter and pull weeds to help keep the park clean and pretty. Parks are where families go to have fun, so it feels really good to make them look nice.Maybe you love books and reading? Then volunteering at the library would be perfect for you! You can shelve books, help younger kids find what they need, or even read stories out loud. Libraries are full of adventures between the pages just waiting to be explored.Those are just a few ideas, but I'm sure there are tons of other places that could use your help in your neighborhood. Ask your parents or teacher where kids are allowed to volunteer. I bet they'll have some great suggestions for you.Step 2: Get PermissionAfter you find a place you want to volunteer, the second step is getting permission. You have to ask your parents if it's okay first before becoming a volunteer. They need to make sure the place is safe for kids and that they know where you'll be.My parents always want to meet the adults in charge to size them up. They say you can never be too careful these days. Oncethey feel good about it, they let me volunteer as long as they drop me off and pick me up.You might also need to get permission from the place you want to volunteer. Some places have rules about how old kids need to be. Others require parents to be there with you or sign some papers.Make sure you explain to the grown-ups why you want to volunteer. They'll be impressed by your bravery and willingness to help others!Step 3: Show Up and Have Fun!The third and final step is just showing up ready to volunteer. This is the best part! When it's time, arrive with a smile, eager to lend a hand however you can.The staff will show you what needs to be done. They'll let you know if you'll be playing with animals, pulling weeds, shelving books, or whatever jobs need doing that day. Don't worry - it's not hard work. It's fun!The hardest part is just getting started. But once you're there, you'll be having such a good time that you'll forget you're even working. You get to feel like a mini grown-up helping out. It's an awesome self-esteem boost!Whenever I volunteer, I make new friends with the other kids and nice adults who work there. We goof around and joke while still getting our tasks done. Afterwards we get thanked for our help, which makes us feel proud inside.Volunteering is the best because you're doing something good for others instead of just sitting around. You'll leave with a happy heart knowing you made a difference, no matter how small. And who knows - you might just get a free cookies or stickers as a thank you treat!So those are the three simple steps: 1) Find a place, 2) Get permission, and 3) Show up and have fun! What are you waiting for? There are people, animals, parks, and libraries out there who need your helping hands and smiling face. Don't be shy - put on your volunteer superhero cape and go get 'em! Your community will thank you.。

Unit OneKey to ExerciseVocabulary4. Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets1. differ2. differently, different3. difference4. serious, serious, seriously5. seriousness, seriously polluted6. Fortunately/ Luckily, pollution, seriously, pollute4 Translate the following sentences using words and expressions taken from the text.1. 他们利用我们求助无门的困境把我们公司接管了。

They took advantage of our helpless situation and took over our company.2. 虽然我们面前仍有困难，但我肯定我们中国人有智慧靠自己实现国家的和平统一。

Although there are still difficulties ahead of us, I am sure that we Chinese people will have the wisdom to bring abou t the peaceful unification of our country on our own.3. 只强调国内生产总值是错误的，它会引起很多严重问题。

It is wrong to put emphasis on nothing but GDP. It will give rise to many serious problems.4. 他喜欢炫耀他的财富，但是这完全是徒劳的，人们仍然像躲避毒药那样躲避他。

Chapter 8Aggregate Planning in the Supply ChainTrue/False1.The goal of aggregate planning is to satisfy demand in a way that minimizes profit.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy2.Aggregate planning is a process by which a company determines levels of capacity,production, subcontracting, inventory, stockouts, and even pricing over a specified time horizon.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate3.Aggregate planning solves problems involving aggregate decisions rather than stockkeeping unit (SKU) level decisions.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy4.Traditionally, much of aggregate planning is focused within an enterprise and may notalways be seen as a part of supply chain management.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate5.Aggregate planning is an important supply chain issue because, to be effective, itrequires inputs from throughout the supply chain, but its results have little impact onthe supply chain.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6.Short-term production serves as a broad blueprint for operations and establishes theparameters within which aggregate planning decisions are made.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy7.The aggregate planning problem is concerned with determining the production level,inventory level, and capacity level (internal and outsourced) for each period thatmaximizes the firm’s profit over the planning horizon.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8.To create an aggregate plan, a company must specify the planning horizon for the planand the duration of each period within the planning horizon.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy9. A planning horizon is usually between three and five years.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate10. A poor aggregate plan can result in improved sales and profits if the available inventoryand capacity are unable to meet demand.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11. A poor aggregate plan may result in a large amount of excess inventory and capacity,thereby raising costs.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12.The aggregate planner must make a trade-off between capacity, inventory, and backlogcosts.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate13.An aggregate plan that increases one cost typically results in the increase of the othertwo.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate14.The time flexible strategy is where the production rate is synchronized with the demandrate by varying machine capacity or hiring and laying off employees as the demand rate varies.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard15.The time flexible strategy is where workforce (capacity) is kept stable but the number ofhours worked is varied over time in an effort to synchronize production with demand.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate16.The mixed strategy is where a stable machine capacity and workforce are maintainedwith a constant output rate with inventory levels fluctuating over time.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard17.Most strategies that an aggregate planner actually uses are in combination, and arereferred to as mixed strategies.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy18. A highly effective tool for a company to use when it tries to maximize profits while beingsubjected to a series of constraints is aggregate programming.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate19.To improve the quality of these aggregate plans, forecast errors must be taken intoaccount when formulating aggregate plans.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20.Forecasting errors are dealt with in aggregate plans using either safety backlog or safetycapacity.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate21.Safety inventory is defined as inventory held to satisfy demand that is higher thanforecasted.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy22.Safety capacity is defined as capacity used to satisfy demand that is lower thanforecasted.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easypanies should work with downstream partners to produce forecasts and withupstream partners to determine constraints when doing aggregate planning.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24.The aggregate plan should be viewed primarily as an in-house tool that does not need tobe communicated to supply chain partners.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy25.Given that forecasts are always wrong to some degree, the aggregate plan needs tohave some flexibility built into it if it is to be useful.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate26. A manager should perform sensitivity analysis on the inputs into an aggregate plan tochoose the best solution for the range of possibilities that could occur.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate27.As inputs into the aggregate plan change, managers do not need to make changes to theaggregate plan.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy28.As capacity utilization increases, it becomes less important to perform aggregateplanning.Answer: FalseDifficulty: ModerateMultiple Choice1.The process by which a company determines levels of capacity, production,subcontracting, inventory, stockouts, and even pricing over a specified time horizon isa.aggregate planning.b.detail planning.c.inventory planning.d.sales planning.e.all of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate2.The goal of aggregate planning is toa.dissatisfy customers in a way that maximizes profit.b.dissatisfy customers in a way that minimizes profit.c.satisfy demand in a way that maximizes profit.d.satisfy demand in a way that minimizes profit.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy3.Aggregate planning solves problems involvinga.aggregate decisions and stock keeping unit (SKU) level decisions.b.aggregate decisions or stock keeping unit (SKU) level decisions.c.aggregate decisions rather than stock keeping unit (SKU) level decisions.d.stock keeping unit (SKU) level decisions rather than aggregate decisions.e. b and c onlyAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy4.Aggregate planning, to be effective, requires inputs froma.all customers.b.all departments.c.all suppliers.d.throughout the supply chain.e.throughout the company.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate5.Much of aggregate planning has traditionally been focuseda.on short-term production scheduling.b.on customer relationship management.c.within an enterprise.d.beyond enterprise boundaries.e.all of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate6.Which of the following are not operational parameters the aggregate planner isconcerned witha.production rateb.workforcec.overtimed.backorderse.inventory on handAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate7.The operational parameter concerned with the number of units completed per unit time(such as per week or per month) isa.production rate.b.workforce.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy8.The operational parameter concerned with the number of workers/units of capacityneeded for production isa.production rate.b.workforce.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy9.The operational parameter concerned with the amount of overtime production plannedisa.production rate.b.workforce.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy10.The operational parameter concerned with demand not satisfied in the period in whichit arises, but carried over to future periods isa.production rate.b.workforce.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy11.The operational parameter concerned with the planned inventory carried over thevarious periods in the planning horizon isa.production rate.b.workforce.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: eDifficulty: Easy12.The operational parameter concerned with the number of units of machine capacityneeded for production isa.machine capacity level.b.subcontracting.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy13.The operational parameter concerned with the subcontracted capacity required overthe planning horizon isa.machine capacity level.b.subcontracting.c.overtime.d.backlog.e.inventory on hand.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy14.The aggregate plana.serves as a broad blueprint for operations.b.establishes the parameters within which short-term production and distributiondecisions are made.c.allows the supply chain to alter capacity allocations and change supply contracts.d.all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate15.Aggregate planning is concerned with determininga.the production level, sales level, and capacity for each period.b.the demand level, inventory level, and capacity for each period.c.the production level, inventory level, and capacity for each period.d.the production level, staffing level, and capacity for each period.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate16.To create an aggregate plan, a company must specifya.the planning horizon for the plan.b.the duration of each period within the planning horizon.c.key information required.d.all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate17.The planning horizon isa.the time period over which the aggregate plan is to produce a solution.b.the duration of each time period in the aggregate plan.c.the length of time required to produce the aggregate plan.d.the solution to the aggregate plan.e.none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy18.The length of the planning horizon is usually betweena.one and three months.b.three and eighteen months.c.one and three years.d.three and five years.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate19.Which of the following is not information needed by the aggregate plannera.demand forecast for each period in the planning horizonb.production costsbor costsd.cost of subcontracting productione.cost of changing the demand forecastAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate20.The cost of changing capacity includes thea.cost of adding machine capacity.b.cost of reducing machine capacity.c.cost of hiring workforce.d.cost of laying off workforce.e.all of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Easy21.Which of the following is not a cost of changing capacitya.cost of adding machine capacityb.cost of hiring workforcec.cost of laying off workforced.cost of overtimee.cost of reducing machine capacityAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate22.Which of the following is not a constraint the aggregate planner needs to considera.limits on stockouts and backlogsb.limits on overtimec.limits on sales commissionsd.limits on layoffse.limits on capital availableAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate23. A poor aggregate plan can result ina.appropriate inventory levels.b.efficient use of capacity.c.better sales and lost profits.d.lost sales and lost profits.e.lost sales and better profits.Answer: dDifficulty: Hard24.The fundamental trade-offs available to an aggregate planner are betweena.capability, inventory, and backlog costs.b.capability, inventory, and sales costs.c.capacity, inventory, and backlog costs.d.capacity, inventory, and sales costs.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy25.Which of the following is not a distinct aggregate planning strategy for achievingbalance between capacity, inventory, and backlog costsa.adjustable strategyb.Chase strategyc.level strategyd.mixed strategye.time flexible strategyAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy26.The strategy where the production rate is synchronized with the demand rate by varyingmachine capacity or hiring and laying off employees as the demand rate varies is thea.adjustable strategy.b.Chase strategy.c.level strategy.d.mixed strategy.e.time flexible strategy.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate27.The strategy where workforce (capacity) is kept stable but the number of hours workedis varied over time in an effort to synchronize production with demand is thea.adjustable strategy.b.Chase strategy.c.level strategy.d.mixed strategy.e.time flexible strategy.Answer: eDifficulty: Moderate28.The strategy where a stable machine capacity and workforce are maintained with aconstant output rate, with inventory levels fluctuating over time, is thea.adjustable strategy.b.Chase strategy.c.level strategy.d.mixed strategy.e.time flexible strategy.Answer: cDifficulty: Hard29.Most strategies that an aggregate planner actually uses are in combination and arereferred to as thea.adjustable strategy.b.Chase strategy.c.level strategy.d.mixed strategy.e.time flexible strategy.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy30. A highly effective tool for a company to use when it tries to maximize profits while beingsubjected to a series of constraints isa.aggregate programming.b.distribution programming.c.production programming.d.linear programming.e.manufacturing programming.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate31.When formulating aggregate plans,a.forecast errors have no impact.b.forecast errors must be taken into account.c.forecast accuracy is assumed.d.forecast accuracy is not a factor.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate32.Forecasting errors are dealt with usinga.safety backlog.b.safety capacity.c.safety inventory.d.all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate33.Inventory held to satisfy demand that is higher than forecasted isa.safety backlog.b.safety capacity.c.safety inventory.d.safety sales.e.safety workforce.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy34.Capacity used to satisfy demand that is higher than forecasted isa.safety backlog.b.safety capacity.c.safety inventory.d.safety sales.e.safety workforce.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy35.Which of the following is an approach a company can use to create a buffer for forecasterror using safety inventorya.overtimeb.carry extra workforce permanentlyc.build and carry extra inventoriesd.subcontractinge.purchase capacity or product from an open or spot marketAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy36.Which of the following is not an approach a company can use to create a buffer forforecast error using safety capacitya.overtimeb.carry extra workforce permanentlyc.build and carry extra inventoriesd.subcontractinge.purchase capacity or product from an open or spot marketAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy37.Aggregate planning should consider information froma.only the enterprise as its breadth of scope.b.downstream partners to produce forecasts.c.upstream partners to determine constraints.d.all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: dDifficulty: Easy38.The quality of the aggregate plan can be improved by using information froma.only the local firm.b.only downstream partners.c.only upstream partners.d.all parts of the supply chain.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39.The aggregate plan should be communicated toa.only the local firm.b.only downstream partners.c.only upstream partners.d.all supply chain partners who will be affected by it.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate40.The aggregate plan needs toa.be a final product because changes are disruptive to the supply chain.b.be considered fixed because forecasts are usually accurate.c.have some flexibility built into it because forecasts are always wrong.d.have some flexibility built into it because forecasts are usually right.e.none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate41.How frequently should the aggregate plan be reruna.weeklyb.monthlyc.every 3 to 8 monthsd.as inputs to the aggregate plan changee.neverAnswer: dDifficulty: Hard42.As capacity utilization increases,a.it becomes less important to perform aggregate planning.b.it becomes more important to perform aggregate planning.c.it does not affect the importance of performing aggregate planning.d.it lessens the importance of aggregate planning.e.none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: ModerateEssay/Problems1.Discuss the primary objective and operational parameters of aggregate planning.Answer: The goal of aggregate planning is to satisfy demand in a way that maximizesprofit. Aggregate planning is a process by which a company determines levels ofcapacity, production, subcontracting, inventory, stockouts, and even pricing over aspecified time horizon. The aggregate planner’s main objective is to identify thefollowing operational parameters over the specified time horizon:Production rate: the number of units completed per unit time (such as per week or per month).Workforce: the number of workers/units of capacity needed for production.Overtime: the amount of overtime production planned.Machine capacity level: the number of units of machine capacity needed for production.Subcontracting: the subcontracted capacity required over the planning horizon.Backlog: demand not satisfied in the period in which it arises but carried over to future periods.Inventory on hand: the planned inventory carried over the various periods in theplanning horizon.The aggregate plan serves as a broad blueprint for operations and establishes theparameters within which short-term production and distribution decisions are made.The aggregate plan allows the supply chain to alter capacity allocations and changesupply contracts.Difficulty: Moderate2.Discuss the information required for aggregate planning.Answer: An aggregate planner requires the following information:Demand forecast F t for each Period t in the planning horizon that extends over TperiodsProduction costsLabor costs, regular time ($/hour), and overtime costs ($/hour)Cost of subcontracting production ($/unit or $/hour)Cost of changing capacity; specifically, cost of hiring/laying off workforce ($/worker)and cost of adding or reducing machine capacity ($/machine)Labor/machine hours required per unitInventory holding cost ($/unit/period)Stockout or backlog cost ($/unit/period)Constraints:Limits on overtimeLimits on layoffsLimits on capital availableLimits on stockouts and backlogsConstraints from suppliers to the enterpriseThis information is used to create an aggregate plan that in turn helps a company make the following determinations:Production quantity from regular time, overtime, and subcontracted time: usedto determine number of workers and supplier purchase levels.Inventory held: used to determine how much warehouse space and workingcapital is needed.Backlog/stockout quantity: used to determine what the customer service levelswill be.Workforce hired/laid off: used to determine any labor issues that will beencountered.Machine capacity increase/decrease: used to determine if new productionequipment needs to be purchased or idled.The quality of an aggregate plan has a significant impact on the profitability of a firm. A poor aggregate plan can result in lost sales and lost profits if the available inventory and capacity are unable to meet demand. A poor aggregate plan may also result in a largeamount of excess inventory and capacity, thereby raising costs. Therefore, aggregateplanning is a very important tool in helping a supply chain maximize profitability.Difficulty: Hard3.Explain the basic strategies that an aggregate planner has available to balance thevarious costs and meet demand.Answer: There are essentially three distinct aggregate planning strategies for achieving balance between these costs. These strategies involve trade-offs between capitalinvestment, workforce size, work hours, inventory, and backlogs/lost sales. Moststrategies that a planner actually uses are a combination of these three and are referred to as mixed strategies. The three strategies are as follows:1. Chase strategy—using capacity as the lever: With this strategy, the production rate issynchronized with the demand rate by varying machine capacity or hiring and laying off employees as the demand rate varies. In practice, achieving this synchronization can be very problematic because of the difficulty in varying capacity and workforce on shortnotice. This strategy can be expensive to implement if the cost of varying machine orlabor capacity over time is high. It can also have a significant negative impact on themorale of the workforce. The Chase strategy results in low levels of inventory in thesupply chain and high levels of change in capacity and workforce. It should be usedwhen the cost of carrying inventory is very expensive and costs to change levels ofmachine and labor capacity are low.2. Time flexibility strategy—using utilization as the lever: This strategy may be used ifthere is excess machine capacity ., if machines are not used twenty four hours a day,seven days a week). In this case, the workforce (capacity) is kept stable but the number of hours worked is varied over time in an effort to synchronize production with demand.A planner can use variable amounts of overtime or a flexible schedule to achieve thissynchronization. Although this strategy does require that the workforce be flexible, itavoids some of the problems associated with the Chase strategy, most notably changing the size of the workforce. This strategy results in low levels of inventory but with lower average utilization. It should be used when inventory carrying costs are relatively highand machine capacity is relatively inexpensive.3. Level strategy—using inventory as the lever: With this strategy, a stable machinecapacity and workforce are maintained with a constant output rate. Shortages andsurpluses result in inventory levels fluctuating over time. Here production is notsynchronized with demand. Either inventories are built up in anticipation of futuredemand or backlogs are carried over from high- to low-demand periods. Employeesbenefit from stable working conditions. A drawback associated with this strategy is that large inventories may accumulate and customer orders may be delayed. This strategykeeps capacity and costs of changing capacity relatively low. It should be used wheninventory carrying and backlog costs are relatively low.Difficulty: Moderate4.Discuss key issues to be considered when implementing aggregate planning.Answer: 1. Think beyond the enterprise to the entire supply chain. Most aggregateplanning done today takes only the enterprise as its breadth of scope. However, thereare many factors outside the enterprise throughout the supply chain that candramatically impact the optimal aggregate plan. Therefore, avoid the trap of onlythinking about your enterprise when aggregate planning. Work with partnersdownstream to produce forecasts, with upstream partners to determine constraints,and with any other supply chain entities that can improve the quality of the inputs into the aggregate plan. As the plan is only as good as the quality of the inputs, using thesupply chain to increase the quality of the inputs will greatly improve the quality of the aggregate plan. Also make sure to communicate the aggregate plan to all supply chainpartners who will be affected by it.2. Make plans flexible because forecasts are always wrong. Aggregate plans are basedon forecasts of future demand. Given that these forecasts are always wrong to somedegree, the aggregate plan needs to have some flexibility built into it if it is to be useful.By building flexibility into the plan, when future demand changes, or other changesoccur, such as increases in costs, the plan can appropriately adjust to handle the new situation. A manager should perform sensitivity analysis on the inputs into an aggregate plan. Using sensitivity analysis on the inputs into the aggregate plan will enable the planner to choose the best solution for the range of possibilities that could occur.3. Rerun the aggregate plan as new data emerges. Aggregate plans provide a map for the next three to eighteen months. This does not mean that a firm should only run aggregate plans once every three to eighteen months. As inputs into the aggregate plan change, managers should use the latest values of these inputs and rerun the aggregate plan. By using the latest inputs, the plan will avoid suboptimization based on old data and will produce a better solution. For instance, as new demand forecasts become available, aggregate plans should be reevaluated.4. Use aggregate planning as capacity utilization increases. Surprisingly, many companies do not create aggregate plans and instead rely solely on orders from their distributors or warehouses to determine their production schedules. These orders are driven either by actual demand or through inventory management algorithms. If a company has no trouble efficiently meeting demand this way, then one could claim the lack of aggregate planning may not significantly harm the company. However, when utilization becomes high and capacity is an issue, relying on orders to set the production schedule can lead to capacity problems. When utilization is high, the likelihood of producing for all the orders as they arrive is very low. Planning needs to be done to best utilize the capacity to meet the forecasted demand. Therefore, as capacity utilization increases, it becomes more important to perform aggregate planning.Difficulty: Moderate。