重庆大学机械考研专业英语quality in manufacturing

研究生课程考核试卷
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研究生《专业英语》课程考试
2015.04.10
一．请选择专业顶级杂志（一区，影响因子3以上）中的一篇500－800 字论文摘要，翻译成中文。

（20分，提供中英文对照）二．请以你的研究课题为背景，按照课程要求，写一篇800－1000字的会议论文摘要。

（40分，英文表述）
三．请选择一篇与你专业背景相关的原版英语论文，请翻译其中实验结果讨论部分（英译汉），并简要写出该论文的创新点有
哪些（英文表述，~500字）。

（40分，提供原文复印件）。

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单词Lesson 1Gear 齿轮, 传动装置Bearing 轴承Cams 凸轮Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件Couple 力偶mechanics 力学statics 静力学,静止状态dynamics动力学,原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力applied forces 作用力Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁，重力mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住meshing teeth 啮合齿journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热failure 失效flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎Spall 削，割，剥落,脱皮noise 噪音rough motion运动不精确inertia惯性particle 质点rigid body刚体deformable可变形的，应变的deformable Body 变形体Scalar 数量的，标量的Vectors矢量Density密度Mass质量Displacement位移Velocity速度Acceleration加速度Moment力矩，弯矩Momentum动量，冲量Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的Turning 车削Rectilinear直线的micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器Power hacksaws 弓锯床Shaper牛头刨床Thread 螺纹Work：功muscular action肌肉动作mechanical motion机械运动stretch an object拉伸对象tensile force：拉力in tension：受拉compressive force：压力torsional force:扭力torque：扭矩shearing force ：剪切力twist an object扭曲对象Slide滑,脱落Slip滑动，滑移in compression受压turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action：楔入作用chip ：切屑centers of the lathe车床的顶尖lathe dog车床夹头centrifugal force ：离心力grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮bonding agent ：粘合剂abrasive particle：磨料颗粒centrifuge-type machines离心式机械Centrifuge离心机，离心作用Centrifugal force principles离心力原理centripetal force ：向心力rotary motion：回转运动rectilinear motion:直线运动hand tool手工工具power tool动力工具feed：进给shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper）进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆"harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动return stroke：快速回程shaper ram：刨床滑枕Pulley滑轮Screw螺丝钉Belt带Link链Lesson 3Interactive互相作用的Iterative重复的, 反复的, 迭代的Pinpoint 精确地定位或确认Equilibrium 平衡，均衡Tractable 易于处理或操作的Order of magnitude 数量级Ideally理想的情况下so as to为了with any precision很少精确idealize理想化idealization 理想化strength of materials材料力学Dynamics动力学Approximations近似值be inherent in为、、、所固有，是、、、的固有性质Render提出，给予，描绘degrading the result使结果降级pertinent有关prohibitive令人望而却步Influx流入,注入，涌进，汇集Lesson 5Sprocket链轮snap ring 卡环Universal joints万向联轴器Self-aligning bearing 调心轴承,球面轴承, 自位轴承Dry ice干冰Shot-peening喷丸硬化处理Pin销Key键Spline花键Couplings联轴器nondriving wheel非驱动轮idler gear空转齿轮,换向齿轮be subjected to承受Fluctuate变动,波动，起伏alternating bending stress交变弯曲应力deflections挠度lateral shaft deflection横向轴的挠度angular deflection角偏转non—self- aligning bearings非自调心轴承Torsional deflection扭转变形critical speed临界速度Attachment of the hub毂的附件Keyway键槽Axial轴向Circumferential圆周方向Positioning定位Retaining固定retaining ring定位环hub—to-shaft attachments轮毂与轴之间的连接interference fit过盈配合hub bore毂孔bending moment弯矩cold—rolling冷轧relative slope相对倾斜Journal轴颈plain bearing 滑动轴承Lesson 6Clutch 离合器Brake 制动器Friction 摩擦Chain 链，链条Timing belt 同步带Belt drive 带传动coefficient of friction摩擦系数rayon人造纤维timing belt同步带V—belt drive V带传动Foregoing在前的，前述的fatigue life疲劳寿命power transmitted电力传输rotatable shaft可以转动的轴，从动轴rotating shaft转动轴，主动轴input shaft输入轴output shaft输出轴unloaded state空载状态Rotor转子rotational inertia转动惯量torque capacity 扭矩容量kinetic and potential energy动能和势能provision 规定thermal capacity 热容量thermal stress热应力thermal distortion热变形rubbing velocity摩擦速度Lining内衬,衬套empirical value经验值Chain drives链传动gear drives齿轮传动speed ratio速比shaft separation distance轴间隔距离arbitrary center distance任意的中心距positive （no slip) drive强制（无滑动）传动synchronized motion同步运动conveyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery传送带系统，农用机械，纺织机械chain loop链环40-kW power ratings ：40千瓦的额定功率Lesson 9Ceramic bearing 陶瓷轴承Silicon硅Titanium 钛Adherence 粘附，附着gas turbine engines 燃气涡轮发动机liquid lubricant液体润滑剂Exploit利用，发挥,使用Tribological 摩擦学的ceramic rolling bearing陶瓷滚动轴承thermo-mechanical热机械Tool steel工具钢Aeroengine航空发动机practical temperature limit 实际的温度上限virtual exclusion虚拟排斥hot pressed 热压hot isostatically pressed 热等静压的silicon nitride Si3N4rolling contact fatigue滚动接触疲劳low fracture toughness低的断裂韧性coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数thermal conductivity导热系数thermal diffusivity热扩散系数，温度扩散率oxidation resistance抗氧化性Hertzian contact stresses 赫兹接触应力Solid lubricant固体润滑剂synthetic lubricant合成润滑剂unconventional lubricant非常规润滑剂boundary lubrication边界润滑wear resistance耐磨性tribo-chemical film摩擦化学膜Shear剪切，切断heat stable热稳定Imperative命令，绝对必要的，必不可少的Lesson 14Melting point熔点Specific heat比热Specific gravity比重Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合thermal conductivity热导率,导热率thermal expansion热膨胀corrosion resistance耐蚀性reduce inertial force减小惯性力Substitution 替换recrystallization temperature再结晶温度Annealing退火heat treating热处理hot working热加工minor 微小的surface roughness 表面粗糙度Metallurgical冶金学的Titanium钛thermal gradient热梯度relative expansion相对膨胀glass-to—metal seals玻璃—金属密封件Shrink fit冷缩配合，收缩配合Deterioration恶化，变质，退化Degradation降解，老化，退化petroleum 石油elevated temperature高温Alkalis碱oxygen， moisture, pollution， and acid rain氧气，湿气，污染和酸雨Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials，有色金属,不锈钢，和非金属材料cast iron铸铁chromium铬protective film保护膜Lesson 28Basic size基本尺寸Deviation偏差Interchangeable互换性Interchangeability互换性Unilateral， bilateral, and limit forms。

stress and strain 应力与应变In any engineering structure工程结构the individual components独立构件or members will （be subjected to）受到，被附加external forces 外力arising from由。

引起the service conditions工作环境or environment in which the component works.在任何的工程结构中，每个零件，构件将会受到来自工作环境的外力的作用。

If the component or member is in equilibrium平衡, the resultant合力of the external forces外力will be zero but, nevertheless 不然的话, they together place a load on the member which tends to deform使变形that member and which must be reacted作用by internal forces内力set up within the material由材料提供.如果这构件是处于平衡状态的话，外力的合力是为零。

但是他们必须由材料提供的内力来平衡。

++There are a number of different ways in which load负载can be applied作用to a member. Loads may be classified分类with respect to time:负载作用于构件有许多的形式。

相对于时间可以将负载分类为：(a) A static静态load负载is a gradually逐渐applied作用load for which equilibrium is reached in a relatively相对short time.静态负载是逐渐作用的可以在相对较短的时间内达到平衡的负载。

重庆大学机械考研试卷真题重庆大学机械考研试卷真题考研是许多大学生的梦想，也是他们为了进一步提升自己学术能力和深造的重要途径。

而机械工程专业一直以来都备受考生关注，因为它涵盖了广泛的知识领域，包括力学、材料学、热力学等等。

在众多的机械工程考研院校中，重庆大学机械工程专业一直以来都以其严谨的学术氛围和优秀的师资队伍而著称。

重庆大学机械工程专业的考研试卷一直备受考生关注，因为它不仅考查了考生的基础知识，还注重对考生的综合能力和解决问题的能力的考察。

下面我们就来看一下重庆大学机械工程考研试卷的一些真题。

第一道题目是关于材料力学的。

题目要求考生计算一个材料在受力下的变形量。

这道题目考察了考生对材料力学的基本概念和公式的理解，同时也要求考生能够运用所学知识解决实际问题。

这种综合考察的方式，能够更好地评估考生的能力。

第二道题目是关于热力学的。

题目要求考生计算一个热力系统的熵变。

这道题目考察了考生对热力学的基本原理和计算方法的掌握程度。

同时，它也要求考生能够运用所学知识解决实际问题，并进行逻辑推理和分析。

这种能力的考察是非常重要的，因为在实际工程中，解决问题的能力是至关重要的。

第三道题目是关于机械设计的。

题目要求考生设计一个简单的机械传动系统。

这道题目考察了考生对机械设计原理和方法的理解和应用能力。

同时，它也要求考生具备一定的创新能力和工程实践经验。

在现实工程中，机械设计是一个非常重要的环节，因此这道题目对考生的能力要求也是相对较高的。

以上只是重庆大学机械工程考研试卷的一小部分题目，但足以展示出该专业考试的难度和综合性。

重庆大学机械工程专业一直以来都以其严谨的学术氛围和优秀的师资队伍而著称，因此其考研试卷也是相对较难的。

但正是这种难度，才能够更好地选拔出优秀的考生，为他们提供更好的学习和发展平台。

对于考生来说，备考机械工程专业考研需要掌握扎实的基础知识，同时要注重实践能力的培养。

只有在理论和实践相结合的基础上，才能够在考试中取得好成绩。

重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2015~2016 学年 第 二 学期（春）开课学院：外国语学院 课程编号：G0401A考试日期： 2016.06.19考试方式：开卷闭卷其他 考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸 英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points)Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( )Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人：审题人：命题时间：2016.06研究生院制学院 专业（领域） 类别 （ 学术 、专业 ） 学号 姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2015～2016 学年第二学期硕士生B类The Final Written Examination for Postgraduates(Level B)Part I Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising every day. 1. From the passage we can infer taboo is ______.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB. a crime committed on impulseC. behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD. an unfavorable impression left on other people2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat"_______.A. will always remain a tabooB. is not considered a taboo by most peopleC. has long been a tabooD. may no longer be a taboo some day3. The topic of fat is _______ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than4. In the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out", this means _______.A. thin is "inside", fat is "outside"B. thin is "diligent", fat is "lazy"C. thin is "youthful", fat is "spiritless"D. thin is "fashionable", fat is "unfashionable"5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is _______.A. their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companiesPassage TwoOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and someof the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.B. Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.C. The industrial age may now be coming to an end.D. Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with theproblem of unemployment.7. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?A. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B. The development of factories.C. Relief from housework on the part of women.D. Development of modern means of transportation.8. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment maynot be solved within a short period of timeB. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructedC. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried outby womenD. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have beenreversed9. What does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?A. ShockingB. InterestingC. ConfusingD. Stimulating10. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cope with the currentsituation?A. Create situations in which people work for themselves.B. Treat employment as the norm.C. Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production.D. Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions. Passage ThreeNo one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstances. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole.The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales person would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.11.The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to __________ .A. plead for the abolition of uniformsB. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic societyC. advocate stronger government controls on the wearing of uniformsD. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages12.Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food?A. To show that freedom of choice is absolute.B. To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.D. To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations.13.Which of the following statements is the opinion of those who support uniforms?A. The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.B. Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.C. Uniforms will hurt the entire information and entertainment industry.D. Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.14.The word “superfluous” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means __________ .A. surplusB. indispensableC. availableD. supplementary15.The next paragraph in this passage might discuss __________ .A. the positive effects of wearing uniformsB. more negative effects of wearing uniformsC. an alternative to wearing uniformsD. The legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniformsPassage FourWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher no less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.16. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosophy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.17. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days ofthe ancient Greeks and in modern times is_________________.A. the similarity between the two periodsB. that it was an act of GodC. that both tried to develop the inductive methodD. due to the decline of the deductive method18. The difference between “fact” and “theory”A. is that the latter needs confirmation.B. rests on the simplicity of the former.C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.D. helps us to understand the deductive method.19. According to the author, mathematics is __________________.A. an inductive scienceB. in need of simple verificationC. a deductive scienceD. based on fact and theory20. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called_______________.A. a metaphorB. a paradoxC. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD. a punPart II Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your answer sheet.Why is cross-cultural knowledge and understanding so important? The American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin wrote that time is money. Globe-trotting businesspeople would add that being aware of cultural differences and sensitivities is money, too. Failing to grasp the subtleties that lie beyond such public cultural displays like greeting rituals and seating arrangements can make the difference between a truly successful international business transaction and one that fails to connect. Culture affects the most basic forms of personal and business interaction from decision making to management style. National culture, in turn, determines corporate culture, affecting a firm’s internal structure, its marketing behavior and its view of foreign business partners and contracts. The business world is littered with “international” projects that failed to overcome cultural barriers. If you have doubts that cultural insensitivity can translate into business problems on a megascale. Part III Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your answer sheet.掌握英语不仅可以改进你的思维方式，它还给你信心，令你自信，带给你鲜明的个性，使你更受欢迎。

复试科目及有关流程英语听力：测验时刻为30分钟满是选择题少数为积年四级真题〔最好从1990年看到〕。

为06年的四级真题，为97年四级真题。

只是倡议依然认确实练一练听力。

专业口试：〔选择、咨询答、复杂盘算、专业英语翻译，共100分〕１、机器制作最好参照刘英，袁绩乾编写的《机器制作技巧根底》。

分上、下两册。

考的有尺寸链，定位偏差的复杂盘算，取得尺寸精度的加工办法等，其当选择题有50个，要紧是制作技巧的根底题2、CAD/CAM技巧要紧考CAPP那一章比方考的有：CAPP的道理以及分类，各有什么特色跟功用。

ＣＡＤ，ＣＡＭ，ＣＡＥ，ＣＡＡＰ等各表现什么意思，有什么特色跟功用。

专业英语：机器计划偏向的有选择题，翻译机器制作偏向的只要翻译〔２０１０年为有关磨削的一篇文章〕参考用书最好用哈工年夜版本的。

注：专业口试跟专业英语在一张卷子上〔包含机器制作技巧根底、cad/cam、英语翻译〕，测验时刻为90分钟英语书面语：进展英语书面语时，是到里面去抽题。

预备２到5分钟后对抽到的话题进展自我陈说，然后教师咨询你抽到的有关咨询题。

每团体有５分钟阁下的时刻！标题起源：生涯，专业〔我事先抽到的标题是在生涯中，你制作性的处置咨询题的办法〕专业综合口试题库：〔口试是抽题，口试时刻为每人20分钟阁下，客岁每人一共4个题，三个根底题+第42题。

所以口试时也会理解你的练习状况，结业计划标题等等〕1、齿轮的加工办法？2、修长轴坚持加工精度的办法？3、机床装备的选择原那么?4、公役的有关观点以及基孔制基轴制的界说?5、数控机床的构成?6、轴承的品种?7、外形与地位公役的有关标记及意思?8、外圆磨削与车削的特色?9、与车床比拟，什么原因磨削的精度高?10、热处置的办法?11、轴的计划应留意那些咨询题?12、传动比怎么样调配的？13、拉削的特色及拉刀的构造?14、加工精度的分类?15、怎么样保障尺寸精度以及地位精度?16、CA6140车床丝杠与光杠各用于什么传动？17、资料成型的办法，HT200批量消费？18、什么是公役，什么原因要分别公役品级？19、什么是低温回火？20、消费力进步的办法？21、带传动什么原因用于高速传动中？22、什么是机电一体化？23、铸造的办法有那些？24、CAPP的道理？25、镗孔在车床与镗床长进展的区不?26、键的方法，为何半圆键常用于轻载?27、共同的界说?28、共同公役品级有多少种?29、精基准的选择原那么?30、粗基准的选择原那么?31、什么是定位与夹紧？32、常用公役的标记表现？33、切削用量包含哪些？34、定位的品种?35、什么是六点定位道理?36、孔的加工有那些方法?37、立体的加工办法?38、主活动与进给活动的区不?39、机器加工工艺进程的界说?40、轴向工件怎么样定位?41、轴承的外圈与机座孔怎么样共同?42、引见一下你本人的状况，有什么专长？专业学得怎么样等。

专业英语课程研究报告科目：专业英语教师：刘怀举姓名：汶睿学号： 20120713094t 专业：机械工程领域类别：专业上课时间： 2014年11月至2014年12月考生成绩：阅卷评语：阅卷教师 (签名)The smart balancing vehicle based on stereo vision(I) Proposed TitleThe smart balancing vehicle based on stereo vision(II) IntroductionI'm working in a team with my senior students which guided by our supervisor. Our team is to design a smart balancing vehicle with a camera. The principle of our balancing vehicle is a kind of symmetrical layout, using accelerometers and gyroscopes in collabo ration with each other before and after the tilt angle and angular velo city detection , while taking advantage of the sliding rheostat for test ing self-balancing vehicle steering control lever tilt angle , and the informatio n output to the microcontroller, by appropriate control algorithm to c alculate the amount of control , drive motor , and completed self-balancing vehicle forward, backward and turning such action . Ther e is a camera at the top of the balancing vehicle, which can observe the surrounding environment ,so it can avoid the obstacles ahead and choose the best way by analysis of image ahead.(III) BackgroundAt present, balancing vehicle has widely spread to people's life bothin domestic and foreign and development in the field of publictransport. At the 2008 Olympics, the segway electric smart balancingcar won the attention of many people. But this propose introducesthe automatic obstacle avoidance based on vision sensors and imageanalysis of the balancing vehicle is more similar to a kind ofintelligent robots. Although the obstacle avoidance of intelligentvehicle research at home and abroad are early, but mainly based oninfrared sensor, detection radar and other navigation systems withcomplex system , big volume and high cost. Vision as an importantmeans of robots for environment information, to the information characteristics of the mobile robot navigation is of importanttheoretical significance and practical application value. Compared toother active measures, the information by stereo vision is fast andaccurate, commonly used to detect suspicious barrier height anddistance.(IV) MethodologyWe are ready to develop the smart balancing vehicle which is based onmature platform, integrated vision sensor. Namely separating obstaclesfrom the back-ground by typical image processing method, andperforming the stereo matching of the extracted contour features in combination with the binocular vision calibration results to get the spatialpoint of 3D reconstruction. The obstacle avoidance rule and controlleraccording to the fuzzy principle were designed to avoid collision and by pass the enroute obstacles. The whole running performance of smart balancing vehicle firstly depends on the power supply and motor driver module. The vehicle 's drive not only requires the motor drive system torque weight than high, wide speed range, high reliability, and because the torque - speed characteristic easily affected by power, which requires the driver has the efficient area as wide as possible.(V)Potential conclusionIf each part of our plan can be successfully finished, we expect that we can product the smart balancing vehicle in 6 months as planned(VI)Schedule▪Prepare proposal and theoretical knowledge by 1 November ▪The overall system design by 15 November▪Select and lap hardware circuit by 15 January▪Algorithm design and programming by 15 February▪Test the motor on March▪Complete the balancing vehicle on May(VII)References[1] LI Y. Vision based moving target tracking of mobile robots[D]. BEIJING:Beijing Jiaotong University,2009.[2] ZHANG H,WANG G,CEN Y. Summary of distance measurement based on vision in localization technology[J]. Power Electronics andMotion, 2006,3: 1 5.。

重庆大学机械类研究生复试科目及有关流程英语听力：考试时间为30分钟全是选择题多数为历年四级真题。

不过建议还是认真的练一练听力。

专业笔试：（选择、问答、简单计算、专业英语翻译，共100分）１、机械制造最好参照刘英，袁绩乾编写的《机械制造技术基础》。

分上、下两册。

考的有尺寸链，定位误差的简单计算，获得尺寸精度的加工方法等，其中选择题有50个，主要是制造技术的基础题2、CAD/CAM技术主要考CAPP那一章CAPP的原理以及分类，各有什么特点和功能。

ＣＡＤ，ＣＡＭ，ＣＡＥ，ＣＡＡＰ等各表示什么意思，有什么特点和功能。

专业英语：机械设计方向的有选择题，翻译机械制造方向的只有翻译参考用书最好用哈工大版本的。

注：专业笔试和专业英语在一张卷子上（包括机械制造技术基础、cad/cam、英语翻译），考试时间为90分钟英语口语：进行英语口语时，是进去抽题。

准备２到5分钟后对抽到的话题进行自我陈述，然后老师问你抽到的有关问题。

每个人有５分钟左右的时间！题目来源：生活，专业（我当时抽到的题目是在生活中，你创造性的解决问题的方法）专业综合面试题库：（面试是抽题，面试时间为每人20分钟左右，去年每人一共4个题，三个基础题+第42题。

当然面试时也会了解你的实习情况，毕业设计题目等等）1、齿轮的加工方法？2、细长轴保持加工精度的方法？3、机床设备的选择原则?4、公差的有关概念以及基孔制基轴制的定义?5、数控机床的组成?6、轴承的种类?7、形状与位置公差的有关符号及意义?8、外圆磨削与车削的特点?9、与车床相比，为什么磨削的精度高?10、热处理的方法?11、轴的设计应注意那些问题?12、传动比怎样分配的？13、拉削的特点及拉刀的结构?14、加工精度的分类?15、怎样保证尺寸精度以及位置精度?16、CA6140车床丝杠与光杠各用于什么传动？17、材料成型的方法，HT200 批量生产？18、什么是公差，为什么要划分公差等级？19、什么是高温回火？20、生产力提高的措施？21、带传动为什么用于高速传动中？22、什么是机电一体化？23、锻造的方法有那些？24、CAPP的原理？25、镗孔在车床与镗床上进行的区别?26、键的形式，为何半圆键常用于轻载?27、配合的定义?28、配合公差等级有几种?29、精基准的选择原则?30、粗基准的选择原则?31、什么是定位与夹紧？32、常用公差的符号表示？33、切削用量包括哪些？34、定位的种类?35、什么是六点定位原理?36、孔的加工有那些方式?37、平面的加工方法?38、主运动与进给运动的区别?39、机械加工工艺过程的定义?40、轴向工件怎样定位?41、轴承的外圈与机座孔怎样配合?42、介绍一下你自己的情况，有什么特长？专业学得怎样等。

Design of machine and machine elementsMachine designMachine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes. In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole. During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials. Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken. In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed. Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.Design of machine elementsThe principles of design are, of course, universal. The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment. In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final. They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work. Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part. The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product.As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology. As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism. The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design:①Initial design conception;②Strength analysis;③Materials selection;④Appearance;⑤Manufacturing;⑥Safety;⑦Environment effects;⑨Reliability and life;Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains. The forces may be;①Gradually applied;②Suddenly applied;③Applied under impact;④Applied with continuous direction reversals;⑤Applied at low or elevated temperatures.If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made. Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure. The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces. Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces. In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions. In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.Moreover, it is absolutely essential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed. Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds. On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance. An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system. The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude. Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered. Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle. For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.In general, the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure, which include the following:①Stress;②Deformation;③Wear;④Corrosion;⑤Vibration;⑥Environmental damage;⑦Loosening of fastening devices.The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m. f. sports, prentice-hall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing company, 1975.Quality assurance and controlProduct quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing. If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure. Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process. Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control. Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas. These include the following:①Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;②In-process quality control during manufacturing;③Quality assurance after manufacturing.Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product.Source and receiving inspection before manufacturingQuality assurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place. This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants thatsupply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer. The manufacturer’s source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and assemblies. Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturer’s production facility.The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met. Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production. Included in these are:①Visual inspection;②Metallurgical testing;③Dimensional inspection;④Destructive and nondestructive inspection;⑤Performance inspection.Visual inspectionsVisual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware.Metallurgical testingMetallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especiallyif the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials. Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content. Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive. Dimensional inspectionFew areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements. Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing process. This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly. Dimensions are inspected at the source factoryusing standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required. Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products. Destructive and nondestructive inspectionIn some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and assemblies. This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved. For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining. Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests.It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible. Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design. Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts. Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspect.Performance inspectionPerformance inspections involve checking the function of assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products. Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.Selected form “modern materials and manufacturing process”Electro-hydraulic drum brakesApplicationThe YWW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally closed brake, suitable for horizontal mounting. It is mainly used in portal cranes, bucket stacker/reclaimers’slewing mechanism.The YKW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally opened brake, suitable for horizontal mounting, employing a thruster as actuator. with the foot controlling switch the operator can release or close the brake. It is mainly used for deceleration braking of portal cranes’slewing mechanism. In a non-operating state the machinery can be braked by a manual close device.The RKW series brake is a normally opened brake, which is operated by foot driven hydraulic pump, suitable for horizontal mounting. Mainly used in the slewing mechanism of middle and small portal cranes. When needed, the brake is activated by a manual closed device.Main design featuresInterlocking shoes balancing devices (patented technology) constantly equalizes the clearance of brake shoes on both sides and made adjustment unnecessary, thus avoiding one side of the brake lining sticking to the brake wheel. The brake is equipped with a shoed autoaligning device.Main hinge points are equipped with self-lubricating bearing, making high efficiency of transmission, long service life. Lubricating is unnecessary during operation.Adjustable bracket ensure the brake works well.The brake spring is arranged inside a square tube and a surveyor’s rod is placed on one side. It is easy to read braking torque value and avoid measuring and computing.Brake lining is of card whole-piece shaping structure, easy to replace. Brake linings of various materials such as half-metal (non-asbestos) hard and half-hard, soft (including asbestos) substance are available for customers to choose.All adopt the company’s new types of thruster as corollary equipment which work accurately and have long life.Hydraulic Power TransmissionThe Two Types Of Power TransmissionIn hydraulic power transmission the apparatus (pump) used for conversion of the mechanical (or electrical,thermal) energy to hydraulic energy is arranged on the input of the kinematic chain ,and the apparatus (motor) used for conversion of the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy is arranged on the output (fig.2-1)The theoretical design of the energy converters depends on the component of the bernouilli equation to be used for hydraulic power transmission.In systerms where, mainly, hydrostatic pressure is utilized, displacement (hydrostatic) pumps and motors are used, while in those where the hydrodynamic pressure is utilized is utilized gor power transmission hydrodynamic energy converters (e.g. centrifugal pumps) are used.The specific characteristic of the energy converters is the weight required for transmission of unit power. It can be demonstrated that the use of hydrostatic energy converters for the low and medium powers, and of hydrodynamic energy converters of high power are more favorite (fig.2-2). This is the main reason why hydrostatic energy converters are used in industrial apparatus. transformation of the energy in hydraulic transmission.1.driving motor (electric, diesel engine);2.mechanical energy;3.pump;4.hydraulic energy;5.hydraulic motor;6.mechanical energy;7.load variation of the mass per unit power in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic energyconverters1、hydrostatic; 2.hydrodynamicOnly displacement energy converters are dealt with in the following. Theelements performing converters provide one or several size. Expansion of the working chambers in a pump is produced by the external energy admitted, and in the motor by the hydraulic energy. Inflow of the fluid occurs during expansion of the working chamber, while the outflow (displacement) is realized during contraction. Such devices are usually called displacement energy converters.The Hydrostatic PowerIn order to have a fluid of volume V1 flowing in a vessel at pressure work spent on compression W1 and transfer of the process, let us imagine a piston mechanism (fig.2-3(a)) which may be connected with the aid of valves Z0 and Z1 to the external medium under pressure P0 and reservoir of pressure p1.in the upper position of the piston (x=x0) with Z0 open the cylinder chamber is filled with fluid of volume V0 and pressure P0. now shut the value Z0 and start the piston moving downwards. If Z1 is shut the fluid volume in position X=X1 of the piston decreases from V0 to V1, while the pressure rises to P1. the external work required for actuation of the piston (assuming isothermal change) isW1=-∫0x0(P-P0)Adx=-∫v1v0(P-P0)dvSelect from Hydraulic Power Transmission机器和机器零件的设计机器设计机器设计为了特定的目的而发明或改进机器的一种艺术。

考研复试机械专业英文自我介绍Good morning, professors. It's my pleasure to have this opportunity to introduce myself. My name is [Your Name], and I am pursuing a master's degree in Mechanical Engineering.I received my bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from [Your University], where I gained a solid foundation in the principles and practices of the field. During my undergraduate studies, I developed a strong interest in areas such as machine design, manufacturing processes, and control systems. These interests have led me to pursue further studies in this field at the graduate level.In terms of my academic performance, I have maintained a consistently good record, and I have been actively involved in research projects. One of my most notable achievements is my participation in a project on [Specific Project or Research Topic], where I contributed to the design and implementation of an innovative mechanical system. This experience not only honed my technical skills but also taught me the importance of teamwork and problem-solving.Apart from academics, I also value the importance of practical experience. I have had the opportunity to work as anintern at [Company Name], where I gained hands-on experience in industrial machinery and equipment. This experience allowed me to apply the theoretical knowledge I had learned in the classroom to real-world scenarios.In addition to my professional pursuits, I am also interested in [Your Hobbies or Interests]. These interests help me maintain a balanced lifestyle and provide me with an outlet to unwind and recharge after a long day of studies.I am excited about the prospect of pursuing my master's degree at your esteemed institution. I believe that the knowledge and skills I will acquire during my graduate studies will help me achieve my career goals and contribute to the field of mechanical engineering. Thank you for considering my application, and I look forward to the opportunity to learn and grow at your university.。

重庆大学2009级机自《专业外语》课程试卷2011 ~ 2012 学年 第 1 学期 开课学院： 机械工程学院 课程号：11007420考试日期： 2011-12- 11考试方式： 考试时间： 120 分钟一、 翻译单句（5分/每小题，共40分）1. It generally is not possible to realize the full potential of a new material unless the product is redesigned to exploit （利用） both the properties and the manufacturing characteristics of the material. 除非产品被重新设计以同时利用（新）材料的性质和加工特性，一般是不可能实现一种新材料的全部潜能的。

5. The temperature rise in a workpiece resulting from machining operations is a function ofthe work done and of the specific heat of the workpiece material.要机械加工过程中，工件温度的升高是所做功和工件材料比热的函数。

3. There are two problems with the process (laser-assisted machining). There is a physical problem initially of establishing the cutting parameters (laser power and focus, cutting speeds and feeds, etc.) and the psychological problem of convincing people it works well and has many advantages. 这种工艺（激光辅助加工）存在两个问题。

重庆大学机械工程（学硕）研究生笔试2018何爽*18年重庆大学机械学院复试中笔试的考试科目有英语听力、专业英语、理论力学、材料力学、工程材料、流体传动与控制，以及专业方向课：机械制造技术基础或控制工程基础+模电数电（二选一）。

笔试全是选择题，18年笔试共有120道选择题，其中单选2分，多选3分（仅专业方向课有多选），需要2B铅笔来填涂机读卡，考试时间为3个小时。

“英语听力”主要是对话和短文，每篇大概是3、4道选择题，共20道选择题。

“专业英语”主要有两种题型，一是根据句子选单词，二是根据单词选汉语意思，共20道选择题。

以下给出3道考试题目：1、A ____ is a load that is constant over a long period of time, such as the weight of a structure.A.static loadB.sustained loadC.impact loadD.alternating load2、Up milling ____.A.顺铣B.逆铣C.端面铣D.圆柱铣3、Drilling ____.A.车削B.磨削C.钻削D.刨削“材料力学”考试题目广泛，部分题目分析才能得出答案，除莫尔能量法没有考查之外，其余内容都有题目涉及。

以下给出5道考试题目：4、交变应力曲线如图，该交变应力循环特征、平均应力、应力幅是____。

A.0、30、10B.0、30、0C.0.5、30、10D.0.5、30、05、相同横截面积、同等长度的实心圆轴和空心圆轴中____抗扭刚度较之大。

A.实心圆轴B.空心圆轴C.一样大D.无法确定6、矩形横截面简支梁受力如图（a）所示，点3在中性轴上，横截面上各点的应力状态如图（b）所示，以下应力状态正确的是____。

*联系邮箱：20136678@A.点1和点2B.点2和点3C.点3和点4D.点5和点17、如图所示三种应力圆，其分别对应____。

重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语In the realm of postgraduate entrance exams, the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam stands out as a crucial component that challenges the linguistic proficiency and analytical skills of aspirants. This section demands a thorough understanding of the English language, encompassing various aspects such as vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing, and translation. Given its significance, it's imperative for candidates to approach this section with the utmost seriousness and preparation.To ace the Comprehensive English section, candidates must first familiarize themselves with the exam format and the types of questions that are commonly asked. Thisinvolves understanding the distribution of marks, the reading comprehension passage styles and lengths, and the expected response formats for writing and translation tasks. By having a clear understanding of the structure,candidates can allocate their study time and efforts more effectively.Vocabulary mastery is another cornerstone of success in this section. Candidates must be able to recognize and correctly use high-level vocabulary that is commonly foundin academic texts. This requires regular practice and revision of vocabulary lists, as well as reading a wide range of materials to familiarize oneself with the natural flow and context of these words.Grammar is also crucial, as it forms the backbone ofthe English language. Candidates must have a solid grasp of the basic rules of grammar, including sentence structure, tenses, voice, and mood. Additionally, they should be ableto identify and correct grammatical errors in written texts, as this is a common requirement in the exam.Reading comprehension is a significant aspect of the Comprehensive English section. Candidates must be able to quickly and accurately understand the main ideas, arguments, and details presented in the passages. This requires notonly a good vocabulary and grammar base but also theability to skim and scan texts efficiently. Regularpractice with reading comprehension exercises can help candidates improve their speed and accuracy.Writing skills are also tested in this section, often through tasks such as essay writing or letter writing. Candidates need to demonstrate their ability to structure a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and maintain a logical flow of ideas. Practicing writing sample essays and letters, as well as receiving feedback on their work, can help candidates improve their writing skills.Translation tasks, which may involve translating English passages into Chinese or vice versa, require a high level of linguistic proficiency. Candidates must be able to capture the essence of the original text while maintaining the correct syntactical structure and vocabulary usage in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both languages and regular practice with translation exercises.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing theirtest-taking strategies. This includes learning to manage their time effectively during the exam, prioritizing questions based on difficulty and familiarity, and guessing intelligently when faced with unfamiliar questions. Takingmock exams and analyzing their performances can help candidates identify their weaknesses and develop strategies to address them.In conclusion, mastering the Comprehensive English section of Chongqing University's graduate exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the exam format, thorough preparation in all language areas, regular practice, and strategic test-taking abilities. By approaching thissection with these key elements in mind, candidates can increase their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in their postgraduate entrance exams.**重庆大学研究生考试真题综合英语解析与备考策略** 在重庆大学研究生考试中，综合英语部分占据着举足轻重的地位，它不仅是对考生语言能力的检验，更是对他们分析能力的挑战。