Alzheimer’s Disease The Challenge of the

阿尔兹海默症诊断新标准NEW CRITERIA AND GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE PUBLISHED FOR FIRST TIME IN 27 YEARS - Research Agenda Suggested for Detecting Pre-Symptomatic Alzheimer’s –- New Alzheimer’s Definition Moves Researchers Closer to Early Detection and Intervention –CHICAGO, April 19, 2011 – For the first time in 27 years, new criteria and guidelines for the diagnosis of Alzheimer‟s disease have been published by three expert workgroups spearheaded by the Alzheimer‟s Association and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).The workgroups published four articles including ready-to-use clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer‟s disease dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer‟s. A research agenda was proposed for preclinical Alzheimer‟s. The use of biomarkers in Alzheimer‟s dementia and MCI due to Alzheimer‟s was also proposed as a research agenda only, and is not intended for application in clinical settings at this time.The articles – collectively, the National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer‟s Association Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer‟s Disease – expand the definition of Alzheimer‟s to include two new phases of the disease: (1) presymptomatic and (2) mildly symptomatic but pre-dementia, along with (3) dementia caused by Alzheimer‟s. This reflects current thinking that Alzheimer‟s begins creating distinct and measurable changes in the brains of affected people years, perhaps decades, before memory and thinking symptoms are noticeable.“It is our hope that incorporating scientific knowledge gained and technological advances made over the past quarter century will improve current diagnosis, bring the field closer to earlier detection and treatment, and ultimately lead to effective disease-modifying therapies,” said William Thies, Ph.D., Chief Medical and Scientific Officer at the Alzheimer‟s Association. “Development and publication of these articles is a major landmark in the field. That said, publication of these articles is not yet the end of the process of developing new diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer‟s, but is another major step in the process.”“The new guidelines reflect today‟s understanding of how key changes in the brain lead to Alzheimer‟s disease pathology and how they relate to the clinical signs of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer‟s disease dementia,” said Creight on Phelps, Ph.D., Program Director of the Alzheimer‟s Disease Centers Program at the National Institutes of Health. “We are also beginning to be able to detect these changes at a preclinical stage, long before symptoms appear in many people. With further research on biomarkers, as set forth in the new guidelines, we may ultimately be able to predict who is at risk for development of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer‟s dementia, and who would benefit most as interventions are developed.”The proposed new Alzheimer‟s disease diagnostic guidelines were published online today by Alzheimer‟s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer‟s Association. Hard copy publication is scheduled for the May 2011 issue of the journal.The current diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer‟s*, for the most part, focus on reliable diagnosis when signs of problems in thinking, learning, and memory are noticeable to an individual, family, and friends. But research tells us that Alzheimer‟s likely begins years, maybe even decades, prior to symptoms appearing.The new articles refer to three phases of Alzheimer‟s disease progression over time: Measurable changes in biomarkers (such as brain imaging and spinal fluid chemistry) that indicate the very earliest signs of disease, before outward symptoms are visible. Currently, there are no clinical diagnostic criteria for this phase, but the group provides a scientific framework to help researchers better define this stage of Alzheimer‟s. (See supplement 5.) Mild changes in memory and thinking abilities, enough to be noticed and measured, but not impairment that compromises everyday activities and functioning. Memory, thinking and behavioral symptoms that impair a person‟s ability to function in daily life. (For more details, see supplement 3.)According to the authors, in order to facilitate the possibility of future presymptomatic treatment of Alzheimer‟s, it was important to define the disease from the earliest changes in the brain, not only the observable, symptomatic stages of the disease. The authors propose that Alzheimer‟s begins with a long asymptomatic period during which detrimental changes are progressing in the brain, and individuals with biomarker evidence of these changes are at increased risk for developing cognitive and behavioral impairment and progression to Alzheimer‟s dementia.A biomarker is a naturally occurring, measurable substance or condition in the body that reliably indicates the presence or absence of disease or the risk of later developing a disease; for example, blood glucose levels are a biomarker of diabetes, and cholesterol levels are a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk. Both fluid and imaging measures are being tested as possible biomarkers for Alzheimer‟s. (See supplement 4.)There was a broad consensus within the workgroups that much additional research needs to be done to validate the application of biomarkers as they are proposed in the newly-published articles. According to the authors, “The definitive studies … are lik ely to take more than a decade to fully accomplish. Thus, we must move quickly … and adjust our models and study designs as new data become available.”“If we can definitively determine the risk of developing Alzheimer‟s dementia in people who have biomarker evidence of brain changes but are not showing outward symptoms, we will open an important window of opportunity to intervene with disease-modifying therapies, once they are developed,” Thies said.“In addition, the new criteria give us powerful tools to accelerate our knowledge in the fight against Alzheimer‟s disease. They give us guidelines for getting a more accurate assessment ofAlzheimer‟s prevalence. In that way we can better assess the need for everything from research dollars to care services, to patient and caregiver education materials, to nursing home beds, to the number of gerontologists and nurses that we need. And, they give us a basis for creating the next generation of Alzheimer‟s treatments th at will be effective in each stage of the disease,” Thies said.The Alzheimer‟s Association, in its 2010 report titled “Changing the Trajectory of Alzheimer‟s Disease: A National Imperative,” showed that a hypothetical intervention that delayed the ons et of Alzheimer‟s dementia by five years would result in a nearly 45 percent reduction in the number of people with Alzheimer‟s by 2050, and reduce the projected Medicare costs of Alzheimer‟s from $627 billion to $344 billion dollars.The authors of the newly-released articles write, “It is our hope that the advances in preclinical detection of Alzheimer‟s will enable earlier, more effective treatment, just as nearly all of therapeutic gains in cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes involve treatment before significant clinical symptoms are present. Screening and treatment programs instituted for other diseases … have already been associated with a decrease in mortality due to these conditions.”Thies adds, “Currently, Alzheimer‟s therapies are in development that may be able to slow or stop the progression of the disease. By improving early detection and risk evaluation, we will better be able to test potential therapies and eventually prescribe them for people at increased risk. Ultimately, this approach envisions for Alzheimer‟s what is now common practice in cardiovascular disease, where early signs of risk – for example, in genetic markers or in blood cholesterol and/or blood pressure levels – can be treated to reduce the likelihood of heart attack or stroke later on.”The challenge for Alzheimer‟s now is that there is currently no single, generally accepted way to identify the disease in the earliest stage –before symptoms are evident. It is hoped that the research agenda outlined in the new preclinical Alzheimer‟s article will correct this deficit.According to the authors, “The concept of a preclinical phase of disease should not be too foreign. Medical professionals readily acknowledge that cancer can be detected at the stage of …carcinoma in situ‟and that hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis can result in narrowing of coronary arteries that is detectable prior to myocardial infarction. It is widely acknowledged that symptoms are not necessary to diagnose human disease. Type II diabetes, hypertension, renal insufficiency, and osteoporosis are frequently detected through laboratory tests, and effective treatment can prevent the emergence of symptoms.”“We should be open to the idea that Alzheimer‟s could one day be diagnosed preclinically by the presence of biomarker evidence, which may eventually guide therapy prior to the onset of symptoms. We treat people with diabetes, elevated cholesterol, hypertension and a variety of other illnesses – we do not wait for strokes, heart attacks or other long term complications that we knowwill occur in significant numbers of those affected. Similarly, our intention is to use these criteria to better determine an individual‟s risk of developing Alzheimer‟s disease. This diagnostic research will help us discover the drugs of the future and prepare for the day when we can administer them to those at risk in order to prevent or delay the emergence of symptoms,” wrote the authors.The proposed new diagnostic criteria and research agenda for Alzheimer‟s disease are presented in three documents, plus an introduction.One workgroup updated the 1984 diagnostic criteria for the dementia due to Alzheimer‟s disease. Guy McKhann, M.D., Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, and David Knopman, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., co-chaired this panel.A second workgroup focused on refining the criteria for the symptomatic, pre-dementia phase, referred to as Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer‟s disease. Marilyn Albert, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, chaired this workgroup.The third workgroup proposed a research agenda (NOT criteria for clinical diagnosis; this is an important distinction. See supplement 4.) for the asymptomatic, preclinical phase of Alzheimer‟s. Reisa Sperling, M.D, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, chaired this group.The introduction provides an overview of the changes that have occurred in the Alzheimer‟s field since the first diagnostic criteria were published in 1984, and outlines future challenges that need to be addressed. Clifford Jack, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., is lead author of this article.Preliminary recommendations were announced in July 2010 at the Alzheimer‟s Association International Conference on Alzheimer‟s Disease (AAICAD). These early drafts were then made available for comment on the Alzheimer‟s Association website, along with further presentation and discussion at a variety of medical and scientific meetings.The three sets of recommendations differ in terms of relevance to current clinical practice. The clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer‟s dementia and MCI due to Alzheimer‟s are intended to guide diagnosis in the current clinical setting, such as a doctor‟s office, including settings where no access to testing for biomarkers exists.The use of biomarkers in both Alzheimer‟s dementia and MCI due to Alzheimer‟s disease is intended only for research at this time. However, some biomarkers, especially those using advanced imaging techniques, could enter clinical practice in the near future, though much remains to be learned about their utility in this setting.The recommendations of the preclinical Alzheimer‟s workgroup are intended for research purposes only, and do not have any clinical utility at this time.A fourth workgroup has been organized to examine the postmortem, pathological criteria for Alzheimer‟s. The results of their deliberations are expected to appear later in 2011.27年内首次出版发行的阿尔茨海默病诊断的新标准和指南–-研究建议检测症状前的阿尔茨海默病-新的阿尔茨海默病的定义促使研究者进行阿尔茨海默病早期的筛查和干预-2011年4月19日，以阿尔茨海默病协会和国立卫生院(NIH)的国家老年研究所(NIA)为先锋的三个专家工作组在芝加哥于27年内首次发布了诊断阿尔茨海默病的新标准和指南。

The disease of nervous cell-----Alzheimer's diseaseThe report is about a type of nervous cell disease that related to it.One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of amyloid between nerve cells in the brain. Amyloid is a general term for protein fragments that the body produces normally. In a healthy brain, these protein fragments would break down and be eliminated. In Alzheimer's disease, the fragments accumulate to form hard, insoluble plaquet.Tangles are insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brain's nerve cells. They primarily consist of a protein called tau, which forms part of a structure called a microtubule. The microtubule helps transport nutrients and other important substances from one part of the nerve cell to another. Axons are long threadlike extensions that conduct nerve impulses away from the nerve cell; dentrites are short branched threadlike extensions that conduct nerve impulses towards the nerve cell body. In Alzheimer's disease the tau protein is abnormal and the microtubule structures collapse.As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, brain tissue shrinks. However, the ventricles chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, are noticeably enlarged. In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, short-term memory begins to decline when the cells in the hippocampus degenerate. Those with the disease lose the ability to perform routine tasks. As Alzheimer's disease spreads through the cerebral cortex (the outer layer of the brain), judgment worsens, emotional outbursts may occur and language is impaired. Advancement of the disease leads to the death of more nerve cells and subsequent changes in behaviour, such as wandering and agitation. In the final stages, people may lose the ability to feedthemselves, speak, recognize people and control bodily functions. Memory worsens and may become almost non-existent. Constant care is typically necessary. On average, those with Alzheimer’s live for 8 to 10 years after diagnosis, but this terminal disease can last for as long as 20 years.Referencesfrom:/ 25 April,2012。

阿兹海默症英语作文Alzheimer's disease, named after German physician Alois Alzheimer, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is a silent thief, slowly robbing individuals of their cognitive abilities, often without any outward signs until the later stages. As the disease progresses, patients may experience difficulty with day-to-day activities, such as eating, bathing, and dressing, ultimately leading to a complete dependency on others for care.The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing worldwide, particularly in developed countries where the aging population is on the rise. This trend is expected to continue as life expectancies increase and more people live into their later years. The impact of Alzheimer's disease is not limited to the patients themselves; it also has a profound effect on their families and caregivers, who often face emotional, physical, and financial burdens.The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease vary from person to person, but some common signs include memory loss, confusion, language difficulties, mood changes, andimpaired judgment. As the disease progresses, these symptoms become more severe, and patients may experience delusions, hallucinations, and even loss of physical functions. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, and treatment options are limited to managing symptoms and improving quality of life.The cause of Alzheimer's disease is still not fully understood, but research suggests that it may be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While genetics play a role in determining a person's risk of developing the disease, environmental factors such as diet, exercise, and social interaction may also influence its development. Therefore, preventing Alzheimer's disease is a complex task that requires a multifaceted approach.In terms of prevention, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial. This includes eating a balanced diet, staying physically active, and engaging in social activities that stimulate the brain. Additionally, maintaining cognitive fitness through activities like reading, writing, andlearning new skills can help delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease.For those who are already affected by Alzheimer's disease, support and care are essential. This includes providing a safe and secure environment, assisting with daily activities, and offering emotional support. Caregivers should also seek respite care and support groups to help them cope with the stress and burden of caring for a person with Alzheimer's disease.In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease is a growing challenge in modern society. Its impact is felt not only by the patients themselves but also by their families and caregivers. By understanding the disease, its symptoms, and its causes, we can take steps to prevent its development and provide better support and care for those who are affected. While there is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, through research and innovation, we hope to find better ways to manage its symptoms and improve the quality of life for those who are living with it.**阿尔茨海默症：现代社会日益严峻的挑战**阿尔茨海默症，以德国医生阿洛伊斯·阿尔茨海默命名，是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，影响记忆、思维和行为。

When faced with illness,the journey to recovery is often as much a mental battle as it is a physical one.This essay will delve into the various aspects of overcoming disease, from the initial diagnosis to the final stages of rehabilitation.The Initial DiagnosisThe first step in the battle against disease is acknowledging its presence.Upon receiving a diagnosis,it is common to experience a range of emotions,from fear and denial to acceptance and determination.The key is to quickly transition from the initial shock to a proactive mindset.This involves educating oneself about the disease,understanding the treatment options,and preparing for the challenges ahead.The Treatment ProcessThe road to recovery is often paved with medical treatments,which can be both physically and emotionally taxing.It is crucial to maintain open communication with healthcare providers,asking questions and expressing concerns.This not only ensures that the patient is wellinformed but also fosters a sense of control over the situation. Adherence to the prescribed treatment plan is paramount,as deviation can lead to complications and prolong the recovery process.The Role of Support SystemsFamily,friends,and even online communities can provide invaluable support during illness.Emotional support can help alleviate the stress and anxiety that often accompany serious health issues.Moreover,practical support,such as assistance with daily tasks or transportation to medical appointments,can be a lifeline for those who are unable to manage these responsibilities on their own.Mental Health and Coping MechanismsThe psychological impact of illness should not be underestimated.It is essential to address mental health concerns,such as depression and anxiety,which can arise during the course of treatment.Engaging in activities that promote mental wellbeing,such as meditation,yoga,or therapy,can be beneficial.Additionally,maintaining a positive outlook and focusing on personal strengths can help in building resilience.Lifestyle Changes and RehabilitationAs the body begins to heal,it is often necessary to make lifestyle adjustments to supportrecovery.This may include dietary changes,physical therapy,or adopting a new exercise regimen.Rehabilitation is a gradual process that requires patience and perseverance.It is important to set realistic goals and celebrate small victories along the way.The Final Stages of RecoveryThe journey to health is not linear,and setbacks are common.It is crucial to remain flexible and adapt to changes in the recovery process.As the patient nears the end of their treatment,they may begin to reintegrate into their preillness life.This can be a challenging transition,as they may need to navigate new limitations or a changed sense of self.ConclusionOvercoming disease is a testament to the human spirits resilience.It is a journey that requires physical strength,mental fortitude,and the support of a strong community.By focusing on education,communication,and selfcare,individuals can navigate the complexities of illness and emerge stronger on the other side.Remember,each step forward,no matter how small,is a victory in the battle against disease.。

脑部疾病的英文作文英文，Brain diseases are a serious health concern that can affect people of all ages. These diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding language, and changes in mood or behavior. Some common brain diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.One of the most challenging aspects of brain diseases is the lack of effective treatments. While there are medications and therapies that can help manage symptoms, there is currently no cure for most brain diseases. This means that people with these conditions often have to rely on support from family and friends, as well as healthcare professionals.Another challenge with brain diseases is the stigmathat can be associated with them. People with these conditions may be seen as "crazy" or "unpredictable," which can lead to discrimination and isolation. It's important toremember that brain diseases are medical conditions, just like any other illness, and people with these conditions deserve compassion and understanding.In my own experience, I have seen the devastating effects of brain diseases on family members and friends. My grandfather had Alzheimer's disease, and watching him slowly lose his memories and abilities was heartbreaking. My friend's mother has multiple sclerosis, and seeing her struggle with the physical and emotional toll of the disease has been difficult.Despite the challenges associated with brain diseases, there is hope for the future. Research is ongoing to better understand these conditions and develop new treatments. In the meantime, it's important to support those with brain diseases and work to reduce the stigma surrounding these conditions.中文，脑部疾病是一种严重的健康问题，可能影响各个年龄段的人。

阿兹海默症英语作文Title: Understanding Alzheimer's Disease.Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the brain, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior. It is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. As a caregiver, it is important to understand the challenges faced by individuals with Alzheimer's disease and provide them with the support and care they need.One of the key symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is memory loss, which can range from forgetting recent events to not recognizing close family members. This can be distressing for both the individual with Alzheimer's and their loved ones. As a caregiver, it is important to be patient and supportive, helping the person with Alzheimer's navigate their daily life with compassion and understanding.In addition to memory loss, individuals with Alzheimer's may also experience changes in behavior, such as confusion, agitation, and wandering. It is important to create a safe and supportive environment for them, ensuringthat they are not at risk of harm. Establishing routines and providing reassurance can help reduce anxiety and improve the quality of life for individuals with Alzheimer's.Furthermore, caregivers should encourage social interactions and engagement to help stimulate cognitive function and maintain a sense of connection with others. Activities such as music therapy, art therapy, and reminiscence therapy can be beneficial in improving mood and cognitive abilities in individuals with Alzheimer's.In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease presents unique challenges for both individuals with the condition and their caregivers. By understanding the symptoms and providing compassionate care and support, caregivers can help improve the quality of life for those affected by Alzheimer's disease.中文翻译：阿兹海默症。

阿尔兹海默症英语作文Alzheimer's Disease: A Profound Challenge to HumanityAlzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that has become one of the most pressing public health concerns of our time. As the global population continues to age, the prevalence of this debilitating condition is on the rise, posing a significant challenge to individuals, families, and healthcare systems around the world. Understanding the complexities of Alzheimer's disease and exploring effective strategies for prevention, treatment, and care are crucial in addressing this formidable challenge.At its core, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, including memory, language, and problem-solving abilities. The hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of abnormal proteins, such as amyloid-beta and tau, which lead to the destruction of brain cells and the disruption of neural pathways. As the disease progresses, individuals with Alzheimer's experience increasing difficulty in performing everyday tasks, eventually becoming dependent on others for their basic needs.The impact of Alzheimer's disease extends far beyond the individual patient. Families and caregivers often bear the brunt of the emotional, physical, and financial burdens associated with the disease. The constant need for care and support can be overwhelming, placing a significant strain on both personal and societal resources. The emotional toll on loved ones is immense, as they witness the gradual decline of a once vibrant and independent individual.Moreover, the societal implications of Alzheimer's disease are profound. The global cost of caring for individuals with Alzheimer's and other dementias is estimated to be in the trillions of dollars, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems and economies worldwide. The loss of productivity and the need for specialized care facilities further exacerbate the economic impact of the disease.Despite the significant challenges posed by Alzheimer's, there is reason for hope. Ongoing research has shed light on the underlying mechanisms of the disease, paving the way for the development of new and innovative treatments. Advances in early detection and diagnosis have also improved the ability to identify the disease in its earliest stages, allowing for more effective interventions.One promising area of research is the exploration of lifestyle factors that may contribute to the prevention or delay of Alzheimer's disease.Studies have suggested that a healthy diet, regular physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement may help to maintain cognitive function and reduce the risk of developing the disease. By empowering individuals to adopt these positive lifestyle changes, we can potentially mitigate the impact of Alzheimer's on both personal and societal levels.In addition to preventive measures, the search for effective treatments continues. Researchers are investigating a range of therapeutic approaches, including the targeting of amyloid-beta and tau proteins, the modulation of inflammatory pathways, and the use of stem cell therapies. While the development of a cure remains elusive, the progress made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease has fueled hope for more effective interventions in the future.Alongside the scientific and medical efforts, the role of caregiving and support services cannot be overstated. Providing comprehensive and compassionate care for individuals with Alzheimer's and their families is essential. This includes the development of specialized memory care facilities, the training of healthcare professionals, and the expansion of community-based support programs. By addressing the multifaceted needs of those affected by Alzheimer's, we can strive to improve the quality of life for both patients and their loved ones.In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease represents a profound challenge to humanity, one that requires a multifaceted and collaborative approach to address. Through continued research, the implementation of preventive strategies, the development of effective treatments, and the provision of comprehensive care and support, we can work towards a future where the burden of Alzheimer's is significantly reduced. By embracing this challenge with determination and compassion, we can honor the dignity and humanity of those affected by this devastating disease and strive to create a more inclusive and supportive world for all.。

alzheimer英语阅读理解Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and other cognitive functions. It is the most common cause of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases.The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits in the brain, known as amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which interfere with the communication between brain cells and eventually lead to their death.The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease typically develop slowly and worsen over time. Early signs may include difficulty remembering newly learned information, disorientation, and changes in behavior. As the diseaseprogresses, individuals may experience problems with speaking, swallowing, and walking. Eventually, they may lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease involves a comprehensive medical evaluation, including a thorough medical history, physical and neurological exams, and various cognitive tests. While there is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, early diagnosis can help individuals and their families plan for the future and access available treatments to manage symptoms.Treatment for Alzheimer's disease focuses on managing symptoms and providing support to improve the quality of life for affected individuals. This may involve medications to temporarily improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms, as well as non-drug approaches such as cognitive stimulation, physical exercise, and social engagement.In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease is a complex and challenging condition that affects millions of individualsworldwide. It is important to continue research efforts to better understand the disease, develop effective treatments, and ultimately find a cure. Additionally, raising awareness and providing support for individuals and families affected by Alzheimer's disease is crucial in improving theirquality of life.。

阿尔兹海默病英语演讲Alzheimer’s diseaseMany people will find decline in memory and thinking ability as they grow older.In the beginning,these changes may difficult to be found.And it can easily be considered as normal phenomenon.It is indeed possible.But they may also be the early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.With the aging of the population,Alzheimer's disease has gradually become a big killer of human's lives,and it has also attracted more and more people's attention.In 1901, the first patient with similar symptoms was treated by alois Alzheime in Germany. The examination showed that she had no problem with her body at that time.However, the patient's condition was getting worse and worse and eventually died after five years. thereafter, scientists called this disease Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's disease,called AD for short,is the most common form of Dementia （失智症）,about 60 persent to 80 persent.The sufferers of Alzheimer's disease have difficulty recognizing familiar people and things,And they can't find suitable words to describe things.Their characters and ability to judge will also change.At the later stage of their disease,they can't even remember their wives,their husband,their children.forget how to walk,how to eat.Finally leave the world.Nowadays,the number of people dying from Alzheimer's disease is increaseing year by year.According to statistics, Alzheimer's disease has become the fifth cause of death for Chinese people by 2017, And the average age of death is 5.9years. In 2019, there are more than 52 million Alzheimer's disease patients in the world and more than 10 million in China, This number is twice that in 2010, seven times that in 1990 and is still increasing. It is estimated that by 2050 there will be 28 million patients in China and 152 million in the world.Facing Alzheimer's disease,we are not helpless.Not long ago,an American biological claims that they have developed effective drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease.And having a healthy diet,doing exercise regularly, participating in more social activities are also helpful to patients.And I believe with the development of medical science,we will finally defeat Alzheimer's disease some day.。

阿尔阿海默症英语作文Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia that causesproblems with memory, thinking, and behavior. It is a progressive disease, where symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years, and it is the most common cause of dementia. This essay aims to provide an insight into the condition, its impact on individuals and their families, and the importanceof compassion and support.Firstly, it is crucial to understand the nature ofAlzheimer's disease. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain, leading to a decline in cognitive function. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, which are abnormal clusters of proteins that kill brain cells. As these proteins spread,they disrupt communication between brain cells and trigger inflammation, which damages the brain even further.The symptoms of Alzheimer's can be broadly categorized into three stages: mild, moderate, and severe. In the early stages, individuals may experience mild memory loss, difficulty in planning or solving problems, and changes in personality or behavior. As the disease progresses, symptoms become more pronounced, including confusion, short-term memory loss, and difficulty in recognizing family members. In the final stages, individuals lose the ability to communicate and care for themselves, and they may be bedridden.The impact of Alzheimer's disease extends beyond theindividual to their families and caregivers. Caring for a person with Alzheimer's can be emotionally, physically, and financially demanding. It requires a significant amount oftime and patience, and it can lead to feelings of isolation and depression among caregivers. It is essential for families to seek support from healthcare professionals, support groups, and community resources to manage the challenges of caregiving.There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are treatments available that can help manage symptoms andslow down the progression of the disease. Medications, suchas cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, can improve cognitive function and daily functioning for some time. In addition, a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and mental stimulation can help maintainbrain health and potentially reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's.Lastly, society's approach to Alzheimer's disease should be one of empathy and understanding. It is important torecognize the dignity and worth of individuals living withthe disease and to provide them with a safe and supportive environment. This includes educating the public about the disease to reduce stigma, advocating for better resources and research, and promoting a culture of compassion and respectfor those affected by Alzheimer's.In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease is a complex andchallenging condition that affects millions of peopleworldwide. By understanding its nature, recognizing its impact on individuals and their families, and advocating for support and research, we can work towards a future where the burdens of Alzheimer's are lessened and where those living with the disease are treated with the kindness and respect they deserve.。

老年痴呆疾病机制老年痴呆疾病是一种常见的神经退行性疾病，主要发生在老年人身上，其特征是智力和记忆功能的进行性丧失。

目前，老年痴呆的机制仍然不完全清楚，但已经有许多重要的发现和理论解释。

本文将探讨老年痴呆的机制，包括神经细胞损伤、蛋白质聚集、神经递质失衡以及遗传因素等方面。

1. 神经细胞损伤老年痴呆患者大脑中的神经细胞会出现损伤和死亡。

这种损伤主要发生在大脑皮层和海马体等与记忆和认知功能密切相关的区域。

神经细胞损伤可以由多种因素引起，包括氧化应激、炎症反应、线粒体功能障碍等。

这些因素导致神经细胞内部发生异常代谢，并且影响到细胞内外的信号传导。

2. 蛋白质聚集在老年痴呆患者的大脑中，一些异常的蛋白质会聚集成斑块或缠结体。

其中最为典型的是β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）和Tau蛋白。

Aβ是由神经细胞产生的一种异常代谢产物，它会在大脑中形成斑块，干扰神经细胞之间的正常通讯。

Tau蛋白则是在神经细胞内部形成缠结体，干扰细胞内部结构和功能。

3. 神经递质失衡老年痴呆患者大脑中神经递质的平衡也发生了紊乱。

神经递质是神经细胞之间传递信息的化学物质，包括乙酰胆碱、谷氨酸、多巴胺等。

这些神经递质在老年痴呆患者中出现了减少或失去平衡的情况，导致神经信号传导受到干扰，进一步影响到认知和记忆功能。

4. 遗传因素遗传因素也被认为是老年痴呆发生的一个重要因素。

一些研究发现，某些基因突变与老年痴呆的风险增加相关。

例如，APOE基因ε4等位基因与阿尔茨海默病的发生有关。

这些基因突变可能影响到蛋白质代谢、神经递质平衡等方面，进而导致老年痴呆的发生。

5. 其他可能的机制除了上述几个主要机制外，还有一些其他可能与老年痴呆相关的机制。

例如，血管异常和缺血性损伤被认为与老年痴呆有关。

脑血管供应不足会导致神经细胞缺氧和营养不足，从而引发细胞损伤和死亡。

此外，神经炎症反应也被认为参与了老年痴呆的发生过程。

慢性神经炎症会引起大脑中免疫细胞活化，释放出促进神经细胞死亡的毒性物质。

希望打败疾病的英语作文Title: Overcoming Disease: A Personal Journey。

In the journey of life, we often encounter challenges that test our resilience and determination. Among these challenges, one of the most formidable is the battle against disease. Whether it's a physical ailment or a mental health condition, overcoming illness requires not only medical treatment but also inner strength and a positive mindset.My own experience with illness has been a profound teacher, showing me the depths of my own resilience and the importance of perseverance. Several years ago, I was diagnosed with a chronic condition that threatened toderail my life. At first, I felt overwhelmed and afraid, unsure of how to navigate this new reality. However, as time passed, I realized that I had a choice: I could either let the disease define me or I could fight back with all my strength.The first step in overcoming any illness is acceptance. It's natural to feel angry or resentful when faced with a diagnosis, but dwelling on negative emotions only serves to prolong suffering. Instead, I chose to accept my condition as a part of who I am, but not as the entirety of my identity. This mindset shift allowed me to focus on what I could control rather than lamenting what I couldn't change.Alongside acceptance comes education. I immersed myself in learning about my condition, seeking out reputable sources of information and asking questions of my healthcare providers. Knowledge is power, and understanding my illness empowered me to make informed decisions about my treatment and lifestyle.Of course, medical treatment is an essential component of overcoming disease. I followed my doctor's recommendations faithfully, whether it was taking medication, undergoing therapy, or making dietary and lifestyle changes. However, I also explored complementary therapies such as acupuncture, meditation, and yoga, whichhelped to alleviate symptoms and promote overall well-being.Yet, perhaps the most crucial aspect of my journey to recovery was cultivating a positive mindset. I refused to succumb to despair, choosing instead to focus on gratitude and optimism. Every setback was an opportunity for growth, every challenge a chance to prove my resilience. I surrounded myself with supportive friends and family who lifted me up in times of doubt and encouraged me to keep fighting.Over time, I began to see progress. Small victories accumulated, and each day brought me closer to a sense of normalcy. But the road to recovery was not linear; there were setbacks and relapses along the way. In those moments, I reminded myself that healing is not a destination but a journey, and setbacks are merely detours, not roadblocks.Today, I am grateful to say that I have overcome manyof the obstacles that once seemed insurmountable. While my journey with illness is far from over, I face the futurewith hope and resilience. I have learned that the humanspirit is indomitable, capable of weathering even the fiercest storms. And though disease may cast a shadow, it cannot extinguish the light of determination that burns within each of us.In conclusion, the battle against disease is not easy, but it is eminently winnable. Through acceptance, education, medical treatment, and a positive mindset, we can overcome even the most formidable of adversaries. So let us face our challenges head-on, knowing that within us lies the powerto triumph over adversity and emerge stronger on the other side.。

阿尔兹海默症英语作文Alzheimer's Disease: A Silent IntruderAs the sun sets on another day, the familiar sights and sounds of home become increasingly difficult to recognizefor those living with Alzheimer's Disease. This progressive neurodegenerative condition slowly erodes memory, thinking skills, and even the ability to perform daily tasks, often leaving sufferers and their loved ones feeling helpless and overwhelmed.The journey with Alzheimer's is not just about memory loss. It's about the emotional toll it takes on patientsand their caregivers, the constant struggle to maintain a sense of normalcy in a world that's constantly changing,and the heartbreaking reality of watching a loved oneslowly slip away.The first signs of Alzheimer's can be subtle and easily overlooked. Minor forgetfulness, such as misplacing keys or forgetting appointments, might be chalked up to old age or simple absentmindedness. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms become more severe and impactful. Languagedifficulties, confusion about time and place, and changesin mood and behavior become more pronounced.For caregivers, the challenge lies in navigating these changes while maintaining a sense of compassion and understanding. It's about finding the balance between providing enough support and allowing the patient to retain some sense of independence. It's about understanding that while the world might be collapsing around them, thepatient is still the same person they've always been, trapped inside a body that's slowly failing them.The emotional toll on caregivers can be immense. They might feel a sense of helplessness as they watch their loved one struggle with daily tasks that have become increasingly difficult. They might feel guilt for not being able to do more, or anger towards the disease that's stealing their loved one's memory and identity.However, it's important to remember that while Alzheimer's is a challenging disease, it's not impossible to cope with. There are support groups, therapies, and medications that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Caregivers must also take care ofthemselves, finding time for self-care and seeking support when needed.In the end, the journey with Alzheimer's is about more than just memory loss. It's about finding meaning and purpose in each day, about cherishing the moments thatstill bring joy and happiness, and about holding onto hope that one day, we will find a way to stop this relentless disease from stealing our loved ones' futures.阿尔兹海默症的艰难之旅阿尔兹海默症：悄然而至的入侵者随着太阳落山，家中的熟悉景象和声音对于患有阿尔兹海默症的人来说变得越来越难以辨认。

The Challenges of Alzheimer's Disease: AGlobal PerspectiveAlzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that slowly destroys memory, thinking skills, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is named after Alois Alzheimer, the German doctor who first described the condition in 1906. Today, it stands as one of the most significant health challenges facing society, particularly given its increasing incidence among the elderly population.The impact of AD is profound, not only on the individuals affected but also on their families and caregivers. As the disease progresses, it can lead to changes in personality, mood, and behavior, often resulting in a decline in quality of life for both the patient and their caregivers. Furthermore, the economic burden of AD is immense, with costs related to healthcare, long-term care, and lost productivity exceeding trillions of dollars worldwide.The pathogenesis of AD is complex and not fully understood. However, research has identified severalfactors that contribute to its development, including genetic predisposition, age, and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise. Currently, there is no cure for AD, but various treatments are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.One of the most significant challenges in addressing AD is the lack of awareness and understanding among the general population. Many people are unaware of the signs and symptoms of AD, leading to delayed diagnosis and intervention. Therefore, it is crucial to increase public awareness and education about AD to facilitate early detection and timely management.Another challenge is the limited availability of effective treatments for AD. While some medications can temporarily improve symptoms, they cannot halt the progression of the disease. This underscores the need for continued research and development of new therapies that can target the underlying causes of AD.In conclusion, Alzheimer's Disease is a devastating condition that poses significant challenges to individuals, families, and society. It requires a comprehensive approachthat involves increased public awareness, early detection, effective management, and ongoing research. Only through collective effort and dedication can we hope to overcomethis global health crisis.**阿尔茨海默症：全球视角下的挑战**阿尔茨海默症（AD）是一种渐进性的神经退行性疾病，它会慢慢破坏人的记忆、思考能力和日常生活能力。

Unit9 Walk Your Way to HealthUseful Expressions1.运动器材sports gear2.保持身体健康stay healthy3.增强大脑活力improve one’s brainpower4.人生来就是要步行的。

Humans are designed to walk.5.认知能力下降cognitive decline6.日常感染/疾病everyday infections7.增强骨密度build up bone density8.提高智力enhance brain power9.消耗热量burn calories10.容光焕发the glow of good health11.精力集中helps concentration 集中精力复习功课concentrate on reviewing lessons12.思维敏捷mental agility13.使头脑警觉stay alert 保持警惕be on the alert14.抵御患老年痴呆病的风险challenge the risk of Alzheimer’s disease15.减轻压力relieve stress16.增强自信improve self-esteem17.让你心静provide you with a sense of peace18.改善免疫系统help the immune system19.答应/承诺干…commit oneself to doing sth 专心从事慈善commit oneself to doingcharity work20.锻炼身体的欲望时强时弱the desire for exercise comes and goes21.保持良好的心态in the right mood22..保持热情maintain enthusiasm 保持联系maintain contact with…23.终生锻炼身体的习惯a lifetime commitment to exercise24..能不断翻新花样have variety25.融入你的生活fit into your life26.挺起胸膛stand tall27.曲臂bend elbows28.窝起手掌cup your hands29.向前迈步take a stride forward30.为了体验更多不同的感觉For extra variation31.留下一个坑leave a depression32.刺激按摩穴位stimulate the acupressure points33..降低血压reduce blood pressure34.似乎有些武断seems far too simple35.特效药the magic bullet; an all-round cue for…走向健康忘掉慢跑、健身房和昂贵的运动器材(sports gear)吧——保持身体健康、减肥、增强大脑活力( improve your brainpower)的最佳方式就是坚持每天步行。

我战胜了病魔作文四百字英文回答：Overcoming a serious illness has been one of the most challenging experiences of my life. It tested my strength, resilience, and determination to the fullest. There were moments when I felt like giving up, but I refused to letthe disease define me. Instead, I fought back with all my might.During my battle with the illness, I had to undergo numerous medical treatments and procedures. It was not easy, and there were times when I felt physically and emotionally drained. However, I kept reminding myself that I had tostay positive and believe in my ability to overcome the disease.One of the things that helped me through this difficult journey was the support of my loved ones. They stood by my side, offering encouragement and love. Their presence gaveme the strength to keep fighting. I will never forget the day my best friend came to visit me in the hospital. She brought me a bouquet of flowers and said, "You've got this! You're stronger than you think." Her words resonated with me and gave me the motivation to keep pushing forward.Another factor that played a crucial role in myrecovery was my mindset. I adopted a positive attitude and refused to let negativity consume me. Whenever negative thoughts crept into my mind, I would replace them with positive affirmations. I would tell myself, "I am strong, I am resilient, and I will overcome this." This mental shift helped me stay focused and determined.In addition to the support from my loved ones and my positive mindset, I also sought professional help. I had regular sessions with a therapist who helped me navigate through the emotional challenges that came with the illness. Talking to someone who understood my struggles and provided guidance was incredibly beneficial.Ultimately, it was a combination of these factors thatallowed me to triumph over the disease. It was not an easy journey, but it taught me valuable lessons about the power of resilience and the importance of surrounding oneself with a strong support system.中文回答：战胜严重的疾病是我生命中最具挑战性的经历之一。

Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapies Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders that affect the nervous system and gradually lead to the loss of neurons and their functions. These diseases are chronic and progressive, and they can have a devastating impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. Some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Despite extensive research efforts, there are currently no cures for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available treatments are mainly focused on managing symptoms. However, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that early intervention with disease-modifying therapies could slow down or even halt disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of effective therapies that can target the underlying causes of neurodegeneration.One of the most promising approaches to treating neurodegenerative diseases is the use of stem cell therapies. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neurons. Therefore, stem cell therapies hold great potential for replacing damaged or lost neurons in the brain and restoring their functions. Several clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.Another promising approach is the use of gene therapies to correct or replace faulty genes that are responsible for neurodegeneration. For example, in Huntington's disease, a genetic mutation causes the accumulation of toxic proteins in the brain, leading to neuronal death. Gene therapies could potentially replace the faulty gene or prevent the production of toxic proteins, thereby slowing down disease progression. However, gene therapies are still in the early stages of development, and more research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy.In addition to these approaches, there is also growing interest in the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), for the treatment of neurodegenerativediseases. These techniques involve the application of magnetic or electrical fields to specific regions of the brain, which can modulate neuronal activity and potentially improve cognitive and motor functions. While the results of studies on non-invasive brain stimulation have been mixed, they offer a promising avenue for future research.Despite these promising approaches, there are also significant challenges that need to be addressed in the development of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. One major challenge is the difficulty of delivering therapies to the brain, as the blood-brain barrier restricts the entry of many drugs and therapies. Additionally, the complex and multifactorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases makes it difficult to identify specific targets for therapy. Finally, the high cost of developing and testing new therapies can be a significant barrier to their availability and accessibility.In conclusion, while there is still much to be learned about the underlying causes of neurodegenerative diseases, there is also reason for hope in the development of effective therapies. Stem cell therapies, gene therapies, and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques offer promising avenues for future research, and early intervention with disease-modifying therapies could potentially slow down or halt disease progression. However, significant challenges remain, and a concerted effort will be required to overcome these challenges and develop effective therapies that can improve the lives of millions of people affected by neurodegenerative diseases.。

苏州2021-2022学年第一学期学业质量阳光指标调研卷高三英语（2022.01）注意事项:1.本试卷满分150分。

考试时间120分钟。

2.答卷前，学生务必将自己的学校、姓名、考试号等相关信息填写在答题卡上规定的地方。

3. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

第一部分:听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What is the man doing?A. Doing homework.B. Cooking food.C. Making a list.2. What's the weather like now?A. Sunny.B. Rainy.C. Cloudy.3. What does the woman mean?A. She would like to buy a new car.B. She thinks her car will be ready soon.C. She hopes the man will ride her to work.4. Where does the conversation take place?A. In a TV station.B. In a repair shop.C. Over the phone.5. What is disturbing the man?A. The light in the room.B. The noise made by Alice.C. The noise of the computer games.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。