2011年北大翻硕英汉互译真题

北京科技大学2011年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题PART I GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY[60MIN](1x30=30POINTS)There are thirty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C,D.Please choose the correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the answer sheet.1.The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who______six years of instruction.A.set aboutB.run forC.sit throughD.make for2.Anderson held out his arms to______the attack,but the shark grabbed his right forearm anddived.A.turn offB.ward offC.trigger offD.call off3.Small children are often______to nightmares after hearing ghost stories in the dark.A.definiteB.perceptibleC.incipientD.susceptible4.Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of______hours.A.meagerplexC.idleD.active5.It would be______their hospitality to accept any more from them.A.trampling onB.treading onC.trespassing onD.trying on6.We do not mean to be disrespectful when we refused to follow the advice of our______leader.A.venerableB.respectfulC.graciousD.famous7.A safety analysis______the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.A.would identifyB.will identifyC.will have identifiedD.would have identified8.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digitalinformation than______in traditional media.A.existB.existsC.existingD.to exist9.Despite the fact that over time the originally antagonistic response to his sculpture haslessened,to this day,hardly any individuals______his art.A.evaluateB.applaudC.denounceD.ignore10.The shortcomings of Mr.Brooks’analysis are______his clarity in explaining financialcomplexity.A.alleviated byB.offset byC.magnified byD.demonstrated by11.Given the evidence of Egyptian and Babylonian______later Greek civilization,it would beincorrect to view the work of Greek scientists as an entirely independent creation.A.imitation ofB.ambivalence aboutC.disdain forD.influence on12.Any language is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt to______experience by reducing it into discrete parcels.A.transcribeplicateC.manageD.amplify13.Though science is often imagined as a disinterested exploration of external reality,scientistsare no different from anyone else:they are______human beings enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances.A.vulnerableB.rationalC.carelessD.passionate14.Not until Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in1972______.A.when was its full extent realizedB.that its full extent was realizedC.was its full extent realizedD.the realization of its full extent15.You should have known better than______your little sister at home herself.A.to leaveB.leaveC.leavingD.to have left16.I cannot concentrate on my work with the prospect of the court case______me.A.hanging onB.hanging overC.hanging upD.hanging on to17.The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientificdiscoveries are translated into technological applications______the triumph of human endeavor.A.facilitateB.lead toC.attest toD.herald18.The new conflict between Man and Nature is more dangerous than the traditional one betweenman and his fellow man,______the protagonists at least shared a common language.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.that19.Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels,the carswon’t catch on in a way______drivers can fill them up at the gas station.A.ifB.whenC.unlessD.because20.Having been isolated on a remote island,with little work______them,the soldiers sufferedfrom boredom and low spirits.A.occupyingB.to occupyC.occupiedD.occupy21.An institution concerned about its reputation is at the mercy of the actions of its members,because the misdeeds of individuals are often used to______the institutions of which they are a part.A.coerceB.honorC.discreditD.intimidate22.The newborn human infant is not a passive figure,nor an active one,but what might be calledan actively receptive one,eagerly attentive______it is to sights and sounds.A.asB.whatC.thatD.which23.For him______,what is essential is not that policy works,but that the public believe that itdoes.A.being re-electedB.to be re-electedC.re-electedD.to re-elect24.Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than fourrevolutions around the Sun in the time______takes the Earth to complete one.A.whenB.itC.thatD.which25.The mother would______her son doing his music practice if he could finish his assignmentbefore supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out26.When the streets are full of melting snow,you can’t help but______your shoes wet.A.gettingB.getC.to getD.got27.She could sing these songs______a moment’s notice whenever she was asked.A.withB.toC.onD.at28.As we see______political and national movements,language is used as a badge or barrierdepending on which way we look at it.A.in aspects ofB.in view ofC.in consideration ofD.in relation to29.The emergence of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution;______the newexpansion in literacy,as well as cheaper printing,helped to nurture the rise of popular literature.A.as a resultB.in turnC.thereforeD.in other words30.The notion that a parasite can alter the behavior of a host organism is not mere fiction;indeed,the phenomenon is not even______.A.realprehendedC.rareD.observablePART II READING COMPREHENSION[60MIN](40POINTS)Section One Multiple Choice(2x10=20points)Directions:In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AOn Aug.14,2007a computer hacker named Virgil Griffith unleashed a clever little program onto the Internet that he dubbed WikiScanner.It’s a simple application that trolls through the records of Wikipedia,the publicly editable Web-based encyclopedia,and checks on who is making changes to which entries.Sometimes it’s people who shouldn’t be.For example,WikiScanner turned up evidence that somebody from Wal-Mart had punched up Wal-Mart’s Wikipedia entry. Bad retail giant.WikiScanner is a jolly little game of Internet,but it’s really about something more:a growing popular irritation with the Internet in general.The Net has anarchy in its DNA;it’s always been about anonymity,playing with your own identity and messing with other people’s heads.The idea, such as it was,seems to have been that the Internet would free us of the burden of our public identities so we could be our true,authentic selves online.Except it turns out—who could’ve seen this coming?—that our true,authentic selves aren’t that fantastic.The great experiment proved that some of us are wonderful and interesting but that a lot of us are hackers and pranksters and hucksters.Which is one way of explaining the extraordinary appeal of Facebook.Facebook is a“social network”:a website for keeping track of your friends and sending them messages and sharing photos and doing all those other things that a good little Web2.0 company is supposed to help you do.It was started by Harvard students in2004as a tool for meeting—at least discreetly ogling—other Harvard students,and it still has a reputation as a hangout for teenagers and the teenaged-at-heart.Which is ironic because Facebook is really about making the Web grow up.Whereas Google is a brilliant technological hack,Facebook is primarily a feat of social engineering.(It wouldn’t be a bad idea for Google to acquire Facebook,the way it snaffled YouTube,but it’s almost certainly too late in the day for that.Yahoo!offered a billion for Facebook last year and was rebuffed.)Facebook’s appeal is both obvious and rather subtle.It’s a website,but in a sense,it’s another version of the Internet itself:a Net within a Net,one that’s everything the larger Net is not.Facebook is cleanly designed and has a classy,upmarket feel to it —a whiff of the Ivy League still clings.People tend to use their real names on Facebook.They also declare their sex,age,whereabouts,romantic status and institutional affiliations.Identity is not a performance or a toy on Facebook:it is a fixed and orderly fact.Nobody does anything secretly:a news feed constantly updates your friends on your activities.On Facebook,everybody knows you’re a dog.Maybe that’s why Facebook’s fastest-growing demographic consists of people35or older: they’re refugees from the uncouth wider Web.Every community must negotiate the imperatives of individual freedom and collective social order,and Facebook constitutes a critical rebalancing of the Internet’s founding vision of unfettered electronic liberty.Of course,it is possible to misbehave on Facebook—it’s just self-defeating.Unlike the Internet,Facebook is structured around an opt-in philosophy;people have to consent to have contact with or even see others on the network.If you’re annoying folks,you’ll essentially cease to exist,as those you annoy drop you off the grid.Facebook has taken steps this year to expand its functionality by allowing outside developers to create applications that integrate with its pages,which brings with it expanded opportunities for abuse.No doubt Griffith is hard at work on FacebookScanner.But it has also hung on doggedly to its core insight:that the most important function of a social network is connecting people and that its second most important function is keeping them apart.1.Which of the following is INCORRECT about WikiScanner?A.It can change or revise some entries of Wikipedia.B.It can trace the origin of some information on the Internet.C.It expresses people’s irritation with the Internet.D.It reveals people’s real selves on the Internet.2.The advantages of Facebook are mainly presented by comparing the differences betweenFacebook andA.WikiScanner.B.Google.C.the Internet.D.FacebookScanner3.What does the last sentence of Paragraph Four really mean?A.You are looked down upon by people on Facebook.B.If you misbehave on Facebook,everybody will know.C.You can pretend to be a dog on Facebook.D.Everybody knows who you are on Facebook.4.What is Facebook’s real appeal according to the passage?A.Only well-educated people can be allowed to register.B.People can do something different from what they do on the Internet.C.It is cleanly designed and has very powerful and diverse uses.D.Its real name registration system makes it difficult to misbehave.5.If you misbehave on Facebook,you will beA.forbidden to use Facebook forever.B.criticized by other people on Facebook.C.dropped out of other people’s lists of friends.D.cut network connections.Passage BClancy Martin knows a lot about lying.He’s now an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Missouri,Kansas City,specializing in19th-and20th-century continental philosophy and business ethics,and he wrote his dissertation on deception.But he really learned how to lie in his youth,when he was a crackerjack jewelry salesman.Not as good as his brother,perhaps,but good enough to turn a fake Rolex into the real thing.“I do miss it,”Martin admits.“I miss that feeling of being on the edge.Say what you will,there is something fun about deceiving people.”Talking to Martin about deception can be unnerving.His voice,sweetened with sincerity,has the compulsive tones of a convert.Sincere people make good salesmen.So what to make of Clancy Martin—a man who wants to sell his debut novel while reclaiming his soul?When he was young,selling was simple—a matter of getting a customer to buy into his fictions.“He was a very gifted liar.”says his brother and former business partner,Darren.That much is still true,as Martin’s novel,How to Sell,makes clear.How to Sell is outrageous,theatrical and slicker than oil.It tells the tale of Bobby Clark,a high-school dropout who joins his older brother at a jewelry shop in Texas.It’s a festival of drugs,diamonds and sex.Prostitution,a saleswoman turned hooker suggests at one point,is a more honest kind of living than the jewelry trade(at least in this book).“With what I do now,”she tells Bobby,“I sleep well at night.”Martin was born in Toronto,in1967.Like his protagonist,he left high school,moved to Texas and got a job at the jewelry store where his brother worked.“I would say that,unfortunately, most of the book is lifted directly from my life—with some exaggeration and lots of omission,”says Martin cheerfully.For a young man,the life had a kind of reckless glamour.“You sell a diamond,and boom,”he says.But Martin was a little different from most employees.He read,for example.Just as Bobby riffs on a Jorge Luis Borges story to sell a bracelet,Martin wove stories for customers from the plotlines of books,and he’d read Spinoza’s Ethics—between booze and bumps of coke.Bobby’s pain,too,comes from Martin’s life:his complicated relationships with his older brother and his charming but crazy father,Bill,who was never quite far enough out of the picture.“I think a lot of Clancy’s interest in self-deception came from his interest in who his dad was,”says his ex-wife,Alicia Martin.Martin tried to steer his life in another direction.He went to college,began graduate school in philosophy and married.Then,one day,when he was in Copenhagen working on a paper on Kierkegaard,his brother called and asked him to help with the business plan for expanding his jewelry store.Suddenly,Martin was out of school and back in jewels.Unlike the shop started by the brothers in the novel,the Martins’joint venture was clean,Darren insists.But the game,more or less,was the same:the process of turning a gem from a mass of matter into a narrative of possibility.In the seven years Martin worked there,life was never boring,but it wasn’t much of a life.“I had all this experience,and no sense of moral responsibility,”Martin says.His marriage broke up. He despaired.But he began writing,and that seemed to offer the promise of something worthwhile.He returned to graduate school.He wanted to understand deception—and self-deception—not practice it.Insofar as he could.Martin remarried and became a professor.In addition to writing fiction,he translated Nietzsche and had edited several collections on ethics(including the forthcoming Philosophy of Deception);his nonfiction book Love,Lies and Marriage comes out next year.When we spoke two months ago,he said his life was now“incredibly calm and domestic”.He did not say that he was undergoing one of the most trying periods of his life.With How to Sell,Martin has written a gem of a story.Selling it probably won’t be hard.The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how to stop selling.6.In Martin’s book,the jewelry business isA.an ideal place for high school drop-outs to start their career.B.like a party in which everybody enjoys the excitement and luxury.C.full of opportunities for knowledgeable people to prosper.D.a world where people rarely value the virtue of honesty.7.Which of the following is NOT true about Bobby Clark,the protagonist of the book How toSell?A.He makes use of what he has read to promote sale.B.He was born in Toronto and dropped out of high school.C.He has a brother who introduces him into the jewelry business.D.His relationship with his father is rather complicated.8.It can NOT be inferred from Paragraph Five and Six thatA.the sense of moral responsibility is important to marriage.B.the jewelry business has great appeal to Martin.C.philosophy is a much less interesting subject than deception.D.excitement is not the most important component of life.9.The sentence in the last paragraph“The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how tostop selling”implies thatA.once a person learns how to sell,the skill will never be forgotten.B.if a book becomes a best-seller,it is difficult not to stop selling it.C.cheating might become a kind of addiction that is hard to get rid of.D.books on cheating can always arouse people’s interest of purchase.10.Which of the following best describes the category of writing this passage belongs to?A.A book review in a newspaper.B.An introduction in a jewelry magazine.C.An extract from a biography.D.An analysis of deception from an essay.Section Two Answering Questions(4x5=20points)Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each e ONLY information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions1to3Think of the solitude felt by Marie Smith before she died earlier this year in her native Alaska, at89.She was the last person who knew the language of the Eyak people as a mother-tongue.Or imagine Ned Mandrell,who died in1974—he was the last native speaker of Manx,similar to Irish and Scots Gaelic.Both these people had the comfort of being surrounded,some of the time, by enthusiasts who knew something precious was vanishing and tried to record and learn whatever they could of a vanishing tongue.In remote parts of the world,dozens more people are on the point of taking to their graves a system of communication that will never be recorded or reconstructed.Does it matter?Plenty of languages—among them Akkadian,Etruscan,Tangut and Chibcha —have gone the way of the dodo,without causing much trouble to posterity.Should anyone lose sleep over the fact that many tongues—from Manchu(spoken in China)to Hua(Botswana)and Gwich’in(Alaska)—are in danger of suffering a similar fate?Compared with groups who lobby to save animals or trees,campaigners who lobby to preserve languages are themselves a rare breed.But they are trying both to mitigate and publicise an alarming acceleration in the rate at which languages are vanishing.Of some6,900tongues spoken in the world today,some50%to90%could be gone by the end of the century.In Africa,at least300languages are in near-term danger,and200more have died recently or are on the verge of death.Some145languages are threatened in East and South-East Asia.Some languages,even robust ones,face an obvious threat in the shape of a political power bent on imposing a majority tongue.A youngster in any part of the Soviet Union soon realised that whatever you spoke at home,mastering Russian was the key to success.Nor did English reach its present global status without ruthless tactics.In years past,Americans,Canadians and Australians took native children away from their families to be raised at boarding schools where English rules. In all the Celtic fringes of the British Isles there are bitter memories of children being punished for speaking the wrong language.But in an age of mass communications,the threats to linguistic diversity are less draconian and more spontaneous.Parents stop using traditional tongues,thinking it will be better for their children to grow up using a dominant language(such as Swahili in East Africa)or a global one (such as English or Spanish).And even if parents try to keep the old speech alive,their efforts can be doomed by films and computer games.The result is a growing list of tongues spoken only by white-haired elders.A book edited by Peter Austin,an Australian linguist,gives some examples:Njerep,one of31endangered languages counted in Cameroon,reportedly has only four speakers left,all over60.The valleys of the Caucasus used to be a paradise for linguists in search of unusual syntax,but Ubykh,one of the region’s baffling tongues,officially expired in1992.The effort to keep languages alive can lead to hard arguments,especially where limited funds are available to spend on education and official communications.In both America and Britain, some feel that,whatever people speak at home,priority should go to making sure that children know English well.But supporters of linguistic diversity make strong arguments too.Nicholas Ostler,a scholar who heads the Foundation for Endangered Languages,a non-profit group based in Britain,says multilingual children do better academically than monolingual ones.He rejects the notion that a common tongue helps to avoid war:think of Rwanda,Bosnia and Vietnam.Mark Alber,a Canadian writer,says the protection of endangered species is closely linked to the preservation of tongues.On a recent expedition in Australia,a rare turtle was found to have two varieties;a dying but rich native language,Gagudju,had different words for each kind.Thanks to electronics,saviours of languages have better tools than ever before;words and sounds can easily be posted on the cation techniques are improving,too.In New Zealand Maori-speakers have formed“language nest”,in which grandparents coach toddlers in the old tongue.Australia’s dying Kamilaroi language was boosted by pop songs teenagers liked.But whatever tricks or technology are used,the only test of a language’s viability is everyday life.“The way to save languages is to speak them,”says Mr.Austin.“People have to talk to people.”Questions:1.According to this passage,what has caused the disappearance or vanishing of some languages?2.Does the electronic age have any impact on language diversity?If so,what is it?3.What is the main purpose of this passage?Questions4to5Traditionally,the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries,dramatic events,and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure:how one inquires into a historical problem,how one presents and documents one’s findings,what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies.The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog:childhood,work,leisure.The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative,it is now entirely analytic.The old questions“What happened?”and“How did it happen?”have given way to the question“Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer the question“Why”is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them.But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend.They are committed,not just to psychology in general,but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its“facts”not from history,the detailed records of events and their consequences,but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history,and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives,but from a view of human nature that transcends history.It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence:that evidence be publicly accessible to,and therefore assessable by,all historians.And it violates the basic tenet of historical method:that historian be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians,convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories,are also convinced that theirs is the“deepest”explanation of any event,that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past);it also violates the past itself.It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own,in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects.It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present,thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.Instead of respecting the particularity of the past,it assimilates all events,past and present,into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.Questions:4.According to this passage,how does psychohistory differ from traditional history in treating past events?5.What does the author of the passage probably intend to convey by putting the word“deepest”(in Paragraph3)in quotation marks?PART III WRITING[60MIN](30POINTS)Big cities like Beijing,Shanghai or Guangzhou have been the top choices for many university graduates.But in recent years,much greater pressure of living in those big cities has made some people especially young men think about working in a smaller one.What is your opinion?State your viewpoint clearly and adequately.Write on ANSWER SHEET a composition of about400words on the following topic:Working in Small Cities vs.Big Cities北京科技大学2011年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=======================================================================================================================试题编号：448试题名称：汉语写作与百科知识（共4页）适用专业：翻译硕士（专业学位）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

2011年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译（同声传译）考研真题及详解(考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效)一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）It is not a coincidence that the global economy is experiencing the most severe case of unemployment during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Unemployment is highly dependent on economic activity；in fact,growth and unemployment can be thought of as two sides of the same coin:when economic activity is high,more production happens overall,and more people are needed to produce the higher amount of goods and services.And when economic activity is low,firms cut jobs and unemployment rises.In that sense,unemployment is countercyclical,meaning that it rises when economic growth is low and vice versa.But unemployment does not fall in lockstep with an increase in growth.It is more common for businesses to first try to recover from a downturn by having the same number of employees do more work or turn out more products—that is,to increase their productivity.Only as the recovery takes hold would businesses add workers.As a consequence,unemployment may start to come down only well after an economic recovery begins.The phenomenon works in reverse at the start of a downturn,when firms would rather reduce work hours,or impose some pay cuts before they let workers go.Unemployment starts rising only if the downturn is prolonged.Because unemployment follows growth with a delay,it is called alagging indicator of economic activity.(228words)【参考译文】自大萧条后，最严重的经济危机与最高的失业率同时显现于全球经济，这并非偶然。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”。

尽管有些相反的意见，但笑可能对身体健康影响极小。

笑确实能对心脏和血管产生短期的改变，笑能够促进心律呼吸速率。

但是因为大笑很难持续，一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生很大的益处。

实际上，其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了相反的作用，二十世纪三十年代的一项研究表明笑可以放松肌肉，在狂笑平息之后45分钟内会降低肌肉张力。

这样的身体放松可能会帮助减轻心理紧张状态的影响。

笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的身体上的反馈来提高个体的情绪状态。

根据一个经典的情绪理论，我们的感觉部分根源于身体上的反映。

十九世纪末人们便争论这一说法：人们不会因为他们伤心而哭，但当开始尽管悲伤能产生眼泪，证据显示情绪是肌肉反应的结果。

1988年德国乌子堡大学的社会心理学家做了一个实验，他让志愿者用牙咬住一支笔做出假笑，或者用嘴含住一支笔，这个动作会让人产生一种失望的表情。

那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加丰富，这暗示了表情可能会影响情绪，而不只是反过来情绪会影响表情。

同样，笑这一生理行为可以改善心Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。

别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。

“好啊，终于好了！” AnthonyTommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。

但是，这个任命之所以引起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。

甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为“低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。

汉语写作与百科知识一、百科知识：解释出现在下列短文中划线的名词，共25个名词，50分。

1. 原始人对自然界不只是简单地解释和探索，为了更好地生活，他们还要与自然做不屈的斗争，于是就创造了歌颂与自然作斗争的英雄的故事，如精卫填海、夸父逐日、鲧禹治水等。

2.从天宝十五载六月潼关失守，杜甫到奉先携家属北上避难，到乾元二年秋赴秦州之前，产生了两个系列的作品，一是自叙经历，兼抒优家国心情的作品，如《月夜》、《春望》、《喜达行在所》、《述怀》、《羌村三首》、《北征》、《彭衙行》等。

二是集中写时事见闻的新乐府诗，如《哀王孙》、《悲陈陶》、《悲青坂》、《哀江头》、《塞芦子》、《洗兵马》及“三吏”、“三别”等。

3.佛教对中国文化的影响广泛而深刻，远不止与上述几方面。

佛教是中国民众的一种普遍信仰，因此形成了很多佛教圣地，如佛教四大名山，它们分别是文殊菩萨、普贤菩萨、观音菩萨、地藏菩萨的道场。

4.在明清之际三大思想家中，王夫之的哲学思想丰富而深刻，代表了中国古代哲学发展的高峰。

他对前代哲人提出的问题几乎都进行了重新审视，或引申发挥，或批判匡正。

5.五代时，在南方和河东地区，先后存在过十个割据政权（不包括一些小的割据势力），史称“十国”。

6.唐代书法作品流传至今者比前代为多，留下了大量宝贵的艺术珍品。

“初唐四大家”、“颜柳”并称，成为书法史上的高峰。

7.《本草纲目》共分16部60类，以部为纲，以类为目。

每一种药又以正名、余名为目。

这个纲目分类法已经具有与现代科学双名法相同的性质，有的科学史家将之与林标的分类法相提并论。

8.古代四大发明是我国之所以成为文明古国的标志之一。

古代，我国的科学技术在许多方面居于世界的前列。

5世纪后的千余年里，欧洲处在封建社会中。

在这个漫长的时期里，我国的科学技术一直在向前发展，而欧洲的科学技术却停滞不前。

四大发明在欧洲近代文明产生之前陆续传入西方，成为“资产阶级发展的必要前提”。

9.作为四大文明古国之一的埃及，古王国时期包括3—6王朝，时间约为公元前2686—2181年，建都于孟斐斯。

北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：复语同声传译科目名称：英汉互译（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）Print books may be under siege from the rise of e-books, but they have a tenacious hold on a particular group: children and toddlers. Their parents are insisting this next generation of readers spend their early years with old-fashioned books. This is the case even with parents who themselves are die-hard downloaders of books onto Kindles, iPads, laptops and phones. They freely acknowledge their digital double standard, saying they want their children to be surrounded by print books, to experience turning physical pages as they learn about shapes, colors and animals. Parents also say they like cuddling up with their child and a book, and fear that a shiny gadget might get all the attention. Also, if little Joey is going to spit up, a book may be easier to clean than a tablet computer.As the adult book world turns digital at a faster rate than publishers expected, sales of e-books for titles aimed at children under 8 have barely budged. They represent less than 5 percent of total annual sales of children’s bo oks,several publishers estimated, compared with more than 25 percent in some categories of adult books. Many print books are also bought as gifts, since the delights of an Amazon gift card are lost on most 6-year-olds. (210)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Like most creatures on earth, humans come equipped with a circadian clock, a roughly 24-hour internal timer that keeps our sleep patterns in sync with our planet. At least until genetics, age and our personal habits get in the way. Even though theaverage adult needs eight hours of sleep per night, there are “short-sleepers,” who need far less, and morning people, who, research shows, often come from families of other morning people. Then there’s the rest of us, who rely on alarm clocks.For those who fantasize about greeting the dawn, there is hope. Sleep experts say that with a little discipline (well, actually, a lot of discipline), most people can reset their circadian clocks. But it’s not as simple as forcing yourself to go to bed earlier (you can’t make a wide-awake brain sleep). It requires inducing a sort of jet lag without leaving your time zone. And sticking it out until your body clock resets itself. And then not resetting it again.To start, move up your wake-up time by 20 minutes a day. If you regularly rise at 8 a.m., but really want to get moving at 6 a.m., set the alarm for 7:40 on Monday. The next day, set it for 7:20 and so on. Then, after you wake up, don’t linger in bed. Hit yourself with light. In theory, you’ll gradually get sleepy about 20 minutes earlier each night, and you can facilitate the transition by avoiding extra light exposure from computers or televisions as you near bedtime.But recalibrating your inner clock requires more commitment than many people care to give. For some, it’s almost i mpossible. Very early risers and longtime night owls have a hard time ever changing. Night-shift workers also struggle because they don’t get the environmental and social cues that help adjust the circadian clock. (305)三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）虽然导致不平等的原因很多，但我们可以大体上把它们分为三类。

2011考研英语一和二翻译真题和答案说明：原文选自一本非常著名的书Fifty Self-help Classics（见图），主要选自这本书的第11页和12页，经过命题专家改写，有些变了模样。

该书是一本励志类的读物，是一部书评，所以翻译起来并不轻松，甚至还有一些哲理性的语言，颇费思量。

以下为考试原文和译文，仅供参考；时间仓促，不对之处，敬请指出并谅解。

祝福各位考研的朋友。

北京新东方学校国内部唐静With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing。

(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share--that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。

Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are。

2011 北大翻译硕士英汉翻译基础试题一词语翻译英译汉1.reciprocal banquet2.pop concert3.black tea4.Red-hot news5.sanitary ware6.talk show7.Illegal assembly8.WHO9.Business loan10.liberal education11.Monetary restraint12.Triple crown13.Byzantine Empire14.CNN15.Net speak（PS：在这里我要提醒大家了，各个学校的真题都有帮助的，比如这次就考了很多10年其他学校的很多原题……）汉译英1.中央情报局2.餐馆勤杂工3.军事法庭4.新手5.核裁军6.杀人未遂7.主题公园8.习惯法9.破产申请10.经济指标11.学费减免12.半决赛13.百老汇大街14.病毒清除程序15.桂冠诗人二.语篇翻译汉译英：西洋的大诗人很多，第一个介绍到中国来的偏偏是郎费罗。

郎费罗的好诗或较好的诗也不少，第一首译为中文的偏偏是《人生颂》。

那可算是文学交流史对文学教授和评论家们的小小嘲讽或挑衅了！历史上很多——现在就也不少——这种不很合理的事例，更确切地说，很不合学者们的理想和理论的事例。

这些都显示休谟所指出的，“是这样”(is)和“应该怎样”(Ought)两者合不拢。

在历史过程中，事物的发生和发展往往跟我们闹别扭，恶作剧，推翻了我们定下的铁案，涂抹了我们画出的蓝图，给我们的不透风、不漏水严密理论系统搠上大大小小的窟窿。

”通常说“历史的教训”，仿佛历史只是严厉正经的上级领导老师；其实历史也像淘气捣乱的小孩子，爱开玩笑，捉弄人。

英译汉One day, in the autumn of 1845, I accidentally lighted on a MS. volume of verse in my sister Emily's handwriting. Of course, I was not surprised, knowing that she could and did write verse: I looked it over, and something more than surprise seized me--a deep conviction that these were not common effusions, nor at all like the poetry women generally write. I thought them condensed and terse, vigorous and genuine. To my ear they had also a peculiar music--wild, melancholy, and elevating.My sister Emily was not a person of demonstrative character, nor one on the recesses of whose mind and feelings even those nearest and dearest to her could, with impunity, intrude unlicensed; it took hours to reconcile her to the discovery I had made, and days to persuade her that such poems merited publication. I knew, however, that a mind like hers could not be without some latent spark of honourable ambition, and refused to be discouraged in my attempts to fan that spark to flame.Meantime, my younger sister quietly produced some of her own compositions, intimating that, since Emily's had given me pleasure, I might like to look at hers. I could not but be a partial judge, yet I thought that these verses, too, had a sweet, sincere pathos of their own.We had very early cherished the dream of one day becoming authors. This dream, never relinquished even when distance divided and absorbing tasks occupied us, now suddenly acquired strength and consistency: it took the character of a resolve. We agreed to arrange a small selection of our poems, and, if possible, to get them printed. Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because--without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine'--we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice;分享谢腾达谢腾达的分享当前分享返回分享首页»分享英语就得说得这么native来源：高翔的日志1．I wasn't born yesterday.（我又不是三岁小孩)2．How do I address you?（我怎么称呼你)3．She turns me off.（她使我厌烦。

2011年北京第二外国语学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题During the first many decades of this nation’s existence,the United States was a wide-open, dynamic country with a rapidly expanding economy.It was also a country that tolerated a large amount of cruelty and pain—poor people living in misery,workers suffering from exploitation. Over the years,Americans decided they wanted a little more safety and security.This is what happens as nations grow wealthier;they use money to buy civilization.Occasionally,our ancestors found themselves in a sweet spot.They could pass legislation that brought security but without a cost to vitality.But adults know that this situation is rare.In the real world,there’s usually a trade-off.The unregulated market wants to direct capital to the productive and the young.Welfare policies usually direct resources to the vulnerable and the elderly.Most social welfare legislation,even successful legislation,siphons money from the former to the latter. Early in this health care reform process,many of us thought we were in that magical sweet spot. We could extend coverage to the uninsured but also improve the system overall to lower costs. That is,we thought it would be possible to reduce the suffering of the vulnerable while simultaneously squeezing money out of the wasteful system and freeing it up for more productive uses.That’s what the management gurus call a win-win.It hasn’t worked out that way.The bills before Congress would almost certainly ease the anxiety of the uninsured,those who watch with terror as their child or spouse grows ill,who face bankruptcy and ruin.And the bills would probably do it without damaging the care the rest of us receive.In every place where reforms have been tried—from Massachusetts to Switzerland—people come to cherish their new benefits.The new plans become politically untouchable.But,alas,there would be trade-offs.Instead of reducing costs,the bills in Congress would probably raise them.They would mean that more of the nation’s wealth would be siphoned off from productive uses and shifted into a still wasteful health care system.The authors of these bills have tried to foster efficiencies.The Senate bill would initiate several interesting experiments designed to make the system more effective—giving doctors incentives to collaborate,rewarding hospitals that provide quality care at lower cost.It’s possible that some of these experiments will bloom into potent systemic reforms.But the general view among independent health care economists is that these changes will not fundamentally bend the cost curve.The system after reform will look as it does today,only bigger and more expensive.As Jeffrey S.Flier,dean of the Harvard Medical School,wrote in The Wall Street Journal last week,“In discussions with dozens of health-care leaders and economists,I find near unanimity of opinion that,whatever its shape,the final legislation that will emerge from Congress will markedly accelerate national health-care spending rather than restrain it.”Rather than pushing all of the new costs onto future generations,as past governments have done, the Democrats have admirably agreed to raise taxes.Over the next generation,the tax increases in the various bills could funnel trillions of dollars from the general economy into the medical system.Moreover,the current estimates almost certainly understate the share of the nation’s wealth thatwill have to be shifted.In these bills,the present Congress pledges that future Congresses will impose painful measures to cut Medicare payments and impose efficiencies.Future Congresses rarely live up to these pledges.Somebody screams“Rationing!”and there is a bipartisan rush to kill even the most tepid cost-saving measure.After all,if the current Congress,with pride of authorship,couldn’t reduce costs,why should we expect that future Congresses will?The bottom line is that we face a brutal choice.Reform would make us a more decent society,but also a less vibrant one.It would ease the anxiety of millions at the cost of future growth.It would heal a wound in the social fabric while piling another expensive and untouchable promise on top of the many such promises we’ve already made.America would be a less youthful,ragged and unforgiving nation,and a more middle-aged,civilized and sedate one.We all have to decide what we want at this moment in history,vitality or security.We can debate this or that provision,but where we come down will depend on that moral preference.Don’t get stupefied by technical details.This debate is about values.阅读理解Obama Loses a RoundPublished:November24,2009While the jury is still out on what President Obama’s China visit has achieved for the long term, the president has most decidedly lost the war of symbolism in his first close encounter with China. In status-conscious China,symbolism and protocol play a role that is larger than life.U.S. diplomatic blunders could reinforce Beijing’s mindset that blatant information control works,and that a rising China can trump universal values of open,accountable government.During Mr.Obama’s visit,the Chinese outmaneuvered the Americans in all public events,from the disastrous town hall meeting in Shanghai to the stunted press conference in Beijing.In characteristic manner,the Chinese tried to shut out the public,while the U.S.unwittingly cooperated.The final image of President Obama in China that circulated around the world is telling:A lone man walking up the steep slope of the Great Wall.The picture is in stark contrast to those of other U.S.presidents who had their photographs taken at the Great Wall surrounded by flag-waving children or admiring citizens.Maybe Mr.Obama wanted a quiet moment for himself before returning home.But a president’s first visit to the wall is a ritual that needs to be properly framed. Mr.Obama could have waited until the next visit,when he could bring the first lady and the children.Instead,he went ahead by himself to pay tribute to China’s ancient culture.In return,the Chinese offered nothing,no popular receptions,not even the companionship of a senior Chinese leader.The trouble for the U.S.started at the town hall meeting two days earlier—a more scripted event than those organized with students for earlier U.S.presidents.There was no real dialogue,as a programmed audience,most of them Communist League Youth members,asked coached questions.The Chinese also rejected the U.S.request for live national coverage and defaulted on a promise to live-stream the meeting at ,the online version of China’s state-owned news agency.Mr. Obama scored a point when he managed to address the issue of Internet freedom after the U.S. ambassador,Jon Huntsman,fielded him the question from a Chinese netizen submitted online.Meanwhile,Chinese officials garnered from the meeting generous quotes from Mr.Obama affirming China’s achievements and America’s expressions of good will,which were turned into glowing headlines for the Chinese media.In this round of the propaganda skirmish,the U.S. scored one point while China reaped a handful.Mr.Obama was similarly shut out from addressing the public in Beijing.At the Beijing press conference,President Hu Jintao and President Obama read prepared statements and would not take questions from reporters.“This was an historic meeting between the two leaders,and journalists should have had the opportunity to ask questions,to probe beyond the statements,”protested Scott McDonald,the president of China’s Foreign Correspondents Club,but to no avail. In a final dash to break through the information blockade,the Obama team offered an exclusive interview to Southern Weekend,China’s most feisty newspaper,based in Guangzhou.Once again, journalists’questions were programmed and the paper censored.In protest,the paper prominently displayed vast white spaces on the first and second page of the edition that carried the interview. Propaganda officials are investigating this act of defiance.Only the Obama team knows for sure how they allowed themselves to be outmaneuvered. Unwittingly,the U.S.helped to produce a package of faux public events.Pundits argued that the visitors were not supposed to impose the“American way”on China and that America needs to respect Chinese practices.The argument is both patronizing and condescending.Increasingly,the Chinese public has been clamoring for greater official transparency and accountability,while the Chinese government has been making progress on these fronts.No one in his right mind would ask Mr.Obama to lecture Beijing on human rights.But the Chinese public deserves better accounting,no less than Americans citizens.To their credit,U.S.officials did try to get their message out online.But it was the Chinese bloggers who were most active in challenging official information control.They at least fought the good fight with growing confidence,a fight the Americans seem unable to wage effectively.Ying Chan is director of the Journalism and Media Studies Center at The University of Hong Kong.。

北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试复语同声传译专业试题北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：复语同声传译科目名称：英汉互译（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）The genesis of a Chinese factory town is always the same: In the beginning nearly everybody is a construction worker. The booming economy means that work moves fast, and new industrial districts rise in distinct stages. Those early laborers are men who have migrated from rural villages, and immediately they're joined by small entrepreneurs. These pioneers sell meat, fruit, and vegetables on informal stands, and later, when the first real stores appear, they stock construction materials. After that cell phone companies set up shop: China Mobile, China Unicom. During these initial stages there's rarely any sign of police. Government officials are prominently absent. It's not until plants start production that you see many women. Assembly-line bosses prefer young female workers, who are believed to be more diligent and manageable. After the women appear, so do the clothes shops. In the early days garbage accumulates in the gutters; the government is never in a rush to institute basic services. Public buses don't appear for months. Manholes remain open till the last instant, forfear that early settlers will steal the metal covers and sell them for scrap.(186 words)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Glaciers in Antarctica are melting faster and across a much wider area than previously thought, a development that threatens to raise sea levels worldwide and force millions of people to flee low-lying areas. Researchers once believed that the melting was limited to the Antarctic Peninsula, a narrow tongue of land pointing toward South America. But satellite data and automated weather stations now indicate it is more widespread. The melting also extends all the way down to what is called west Antarctica. By the end of the century, the accelerated melting could cause sea levels to climb by 3 to 5 feet — levels substantially higher than predicted by a major scientific group just two years ago. Making matters worse, the ice shelves that hold the glaciers back from the sea are also weakening.For years, the continent at the bottom of the world seemed to be the only place on the planet not experiencing climate change. Previous research indicated that temperatures across much of Antarctica were staying the same or slightly cooling. The big surprise was exactly how much glaciers are melting in western Antarctica, a vast land mass on the Pacific Ocean side of the continent that is next to the South Pole and includes the Antarctic Peninsula. The glaciers are slipping into the sea faster becausethe floating ice shelf that would normally stop them — usually 650 to 980 feet thick — is melting. And the glaciers' discharge is making a significant contribution to increasing sea levels.Together, all the glaciers in west Antarctica are losing a total of around 114 billion tons per year because the melting is much greater than the new snowfall. That's equivalent to the current mass loss from the whole of the Greenland ice sheet, New research found that melting glaciers will add at least 7 inches to the world's sea level — and that's if carbon dioxide pollution is quickly capped and then reduced. (319)三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）朋友们，21世纪第一个十年就要过去了，离世纪之初所制定的千年发展目标的实现日期也更近了。

北京外国语大学2011年英汉互译（同传）试题一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）It is not a coincidence that the global economy is experiencing the most severe ca se of unemployment during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Un employment is highly dependent on economic activity; in fact, growth and unemploy ment can be thought of as two sides of the same coin: when economic activity is high, more production happens overall, and more people are needed to produce the higher amount of goods and services. And when economic activity is low, firms cut jobs and unemployment rises. In that sense, unemployment is countercyclical, meaning that it r ises when economic growth is low and vice versa.But unemployment does not fall in lockstep with an increase in growth. It is more common for businesses to first try to recover from a downturn by having the same nu mber of employees do more work or turn out more products—that is, to increase their productivity. Only as the recovery takes hold would businesses add workers. As a con sequence, unemployment may start to come down only well after an economic recove ry begins. The phenomenon works in reverse at the start of a downturn, when firms w ould rather reduce work hours, or impose some pay cuts before they let workers go. U nemployment starts rising only if the downturn is prolonged. Because unemployment follows growth with a delay, it is called a lagging indicator of eco nomic activity. (228 words)二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）Centuries ago, while Europe, Africa and the Americas were third-world poor, Chi na was not only the most populated, wealthiest, and most sophisticated country in Asi a, but on the planet. "The Travels of Marco Polo," published in 1295, told astonishing tales of enormous banquet rooms with a thousand seats, walls studded with precious st ones, and consumers using paper money to purchase mass-printed books from well-st ocked bookstores. In Europe, monks hand-copied books while in China thousands of bestsellers rolled off modern printing presses. China’s iron manufacturing industry pr oduced one hundred twenty-five thousand tons a year—an amount not equaled the We st until the twentieth century. Cast iron, the crank handle, deep drilling for natural gas, the belt drive, the fishing reel, chess, matches, brandy, gunpowder, playing cards, the spinning wheel, the umbrella, and countless other inventions—such were the productsof China’s inventive genius.Europeans would eventually borrow Chinese innovations like the plow and experi ence an agricultural revolution. Similarly, literacy spread as the Europeans exploited p aper and printing, both Chinese inventions. The European industrial revolution was bu ilt atop Chinese technology.It seems profoundly difficult for American leaders to acknowledge some sort of c ultural equivalency with the Chinese. The only way the Chinese can succeed, such log ic goes, is via underhanded, uncivilized methods. President Obama points the finger at the mandarins running the world’s second largest country, accusing them of manipula ting U.S.-China trade. Yet the unspoken truth is that China is expert at doing what the president wants Americans to do: “discovering, creating and building the products that are sold all over the world.” Mr. Obama repeats the canard that China’s remarkable e conomic success is due to sinister currency deflation. But when the Federal Reserve re cently announced it would purchase $600 billion dollars of U.S. treasury securities, th e German finance minister observed: “What the U.S. accuses China of doing, the U.S.A. is doing by different means . . . it doesn’t add up when the Americans accuse the C hinese of currency manipulation and then, with the help of their central bank’s printin g presses, artificially lower the value of the dollar.”-----------------------------------------------------* canard：a false report or piece of news三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）20年来，中国颁布实施了100多项政策法规，建立完善了消耗臭氧层物质生产管理、消费管理、产品质量管理和进出口管理制度，形成了以禁止新建、改建、扩建生产线，实施生产、消费、进出口配额许可证制度为核心的法律、法规和政策体系。

北京科技大学考研翻译硕士英语真题北京科技大学2011年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题====================================== ========================================= ===============试题编号试题编号：：211试题名称试题名称：：翻译硕士英语（共10页）适用专业：翻译硕士（专业学位）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

====================================== ========================================= ============================== PART I GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY[60MIN](1x30=30POINTS) T here are thirty sentences in this section.B eneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C,D.Please choose the correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the answer sheet.1.The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who______six years of instruction.A.set aboutB.run forC.sit throughD.make for2.Anderson held out his arms to______the attack,but the shark grabbed his right forearm anddived.A.turn offB.ward offC.trigger offD.call off3.Small children are often______to nightmares after hearing ghost stories in the dark.A.definiteB.perceptibleC.incipientD.susceptible4.Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of______hours.A.meager/doc/e29863278.html,plexC.idleD.active5.It would be______their hospitality to accept any more from them.A.trampling onB.treading onC.trespassing onD.trying on6.We do not mean to be disrespectful when we refused to follow the advice of our______leader.A.venerableB.respectfulC.graciousD.famous7.A safety analysis______the target as a potentialdanger.Unfortunately,it was never done.A.would identifyB.will identifyC.will have identifiedD.would have identified8.These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digitalinformation than______in traditional media.A.existB.existsC.existingD.to exist9.Despite the fact that over time the originally antagonistic response to his sculpture haslessened,to this day,hardly any individuals______his art.A.evaluateB.applaudC.denounceD.ignore10.The shortcomings of Mr.Brooks’analysis are______his clarity in explaining financialcomplexity.A.alleviated byB.offset byC.magnified byD.demonstrated by11.Given the evidence of Egyptian and Babylonian______later Greek civilization,it would beincorrect to view the work of Greek scientists as an entirely independent creation.A.imitation ofB.ambivalence aboutC.disdain forD.influence on12.Any language is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt to______experience by reducing it into discrete parcels.A.transcribe/doc/e29863278.html,plicateC.manageD.amplify13.Though science is often imagined as a disinterested exploration of external reality,scientistsare no different from anyone else:they are______human beings enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances.A.vulnerableB.rationalC.carelessD.passionate14.Not until Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in1972______.A.when was its full extent realizedB.that its full extent was realizedC.was its full extent realizedD.the realization of its full extent15.You should have known better than______your little sister at home herself.A.to leaveB.leaveC.leavingD.to have left16.I cannot concentrate on my work with the prospect of the court case______me.A.hanging onB.hanging overC.hanging upD.hanging on to17.The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientificdiscoveries are translated into technological applications______the triumph of human endeavor.A.facilitateB.lead toC.attest toD.herald18.The new conflict between Man and Nature is more dangerous than the traditional one betweenman and his fellow man,______the protagonists at least shared a common language.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.that19.Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels,the carswon’t catch on in a way______drivers can fill them up at the gas station.A.ifB.whenC.unlessD.because20.Having been isolated on a remote island,with little work______them,the soldiers sufferedfrom boredom and low spirits.A.occupyingB.to occupyC.occupiedD.occupy21.An institution concerned about its reputation is at the mercy of the actions of its members,because the misdeeds of individuals are often used to______the institutions of which they are a part.A.coerceB.honorC.discreditD.intimidate22.The newborn human infant is not a passive figure,nor an active one,but what might be calledan actively receptive one,eagerly attentive______it is to sights and sounds.A.asB.whatC.thatD.which23.For him______,what is essential is not that policy works,but that the public believe that itdoes.A.being re-electedB.to be re-electedC.re-electedD.to re-elect24.Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than fourrevolutions around the Sun in the time______takes the Earth to complete one.A.whenB.itC.thatD.which25.The mother would______her son doing his music practice if he could finish his assignmentbefore supper.A.let downB.let aloneC.let offD.let out26.When the streets are full of melting snow,you can’t help but______your shoes wet.A.gettingB.getC.to getD.got27.She could sing these songs______a moment’s notice whenever she was asked.A.withB.toC.onD.at28.As we see______political and national movements,language is used as a badge or barrierdepending on which way we look at it.A.in aspects ofB.in view ofC.in consideration ofD.in relation to29.The emergence of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution;______the newexpansion in literacy,as well as cheaper printing,helped to nurture the rise of popular literature.A.as a resultB.in turnC.thereforeD.in other words30.The notion that a parasite can alter the behavior of a host organism is not mere fiction;indeed,the phenomenon is not even______.A.real/doc/e29863278.html,prehendedC.rareD.observablePART II READING COMPREHENSION[60MIN](40POINTS)=20points)Section One Multiple Choice(2x10(2x10=20Directions:In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple choice questions. R ead the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AOn Aug.14,2007a computer hacker named Virgil Griffith unleashed a clever little program onto the Internet that hedubbed WikiScanner.It’s a simple application that trolls through the records of Wikipedia,the publicly editable Web-based encyclopedia,and checks on who is making changes to which entries.Sometimes it’s people who shouldn’t be.For example,WikiScanner turned up evidence that somebody from Wal-Mart had punched up Wal-Mart’s Wikipedia entry. Bad retail giant.WikiScanner is a jolly little game o f Internet,but it’s really about something more:a growing popular irritation with the Internet in general.The Net has anarchy in its DNA;it’s always been about anonymity,playing with your own identity and messing with other people’s heads.The idea, such as it was,seems to have been that the Internet would free us of the burden of our public identities so we could be our true,authentic selves online.Except it turns out—who could’ve seen this coming?—that our true,authentic selves aren’t that fantastic.The great experiment proved that some of us are wonderful and interesting but that a lot of us are hackers and pranksters and hucksters.Which is one way of explaining the extraordinary appeal of Facebook.Facebook is a“social network”:a website for keeping track of your friends and sending them messages and sharing photos and doing all those other things that a good little Web2.0 company is supposed to help you do.It was started by Harvard students in2004as a tool for meeting—at least discreetly ogling—other Harvard students,and it still has a reputation as a hangout for teenagers and the teenaged-at-heart.Which is ironic because Facebook is really about making the Web grow up.Whereas Google is a brilliant technological hack,Facebook is primarily a feat of social engineering.(It wouldn’t be a bad ideafor Google to acquire Facebook,the way it snaffled YouTube,but it’s almost certainly too late in the day for that.Yahoo!offered a billion for Facebook last year and was rebuffed.)Facebook’s appeal is both obvious and rather subtle.It’s a website,but in a sense,it’s another version of the Internet itself:a Net within a Net,one that’s everything the larger Net is not.Facebook is cleanly designed and has a classy,upmarket feel to it —a whiff of the Ivy League still clings.People tend to use their real names on Facebook.They also declare their sex,age,whereabouts,romantic status and institutional affiliations.Identity is not a performance or a toy on Facebook:it is a fixed and orderly fact.Nobody does anything secretly:a news feed constantly updates your friends on your activities.On Facebook,everybody knows you’re a dog.Maybe that’s why Facebook’s fastest-growing demographic consists of people35or older: they’re refugees from the uncouth wider Web.Every community must negotiate the imperatives of individual freedom and collective social order,and Facebook constitutes a critical rebalancing of the Internet’s founding vision of unfettered electronic liberty.Of course,it is possible to misbehave on Facebook—it’s just self-defeating.Unlike the Internet,Facebook is structured around an opt-in philosophy;people have to consent to have contact with or even see others on the network.If you’re annoying folks,you’ll essentially cease to exist,as those you annoy drop you off the grid.Facebook has taken steps this year to expand its functionality by allowing outside developers to create applications that integrate with its pages,which brings with it expanded opportunities for abuse.No doubt Griffith is hard at work on FacebookScanner.But it has also hung on doggedly to its coreinsight:that the most important function of a social network is connecting people and that its second most important function is keeping them apart.1.Which of the following is INCORRECT about WikiScanner?A.It can change or revise some entries of Wikipedia.B.It can trace the origin of some information on the Internet.C.It expresses people’s irritation with the Internet.D.It reveals people’s real selves on the Internet.2.The advantages of Facebook are mainly presented by comparing the differences betweenFacebook andA.WikiScanner.B.Google.C.the Internet.D.FacebookScanner3.What does the last sentence of Paragraph Four really mean?A.You are looked down upon by people on Facebook.B.If you misbehave on Facebook,everybody will know.C.You can pretend to be a dog on Facebook.D.Everybody knows who you are on Facebook.4.What is Facebook’s real appeal according to the passage?A.Only well-educated people can be allowed to register.B.People can do something different from what they do on the Internet.C.It is cleanly designed and has very powerful and diverse uses.D.Its real name registration system makes it difficult to misbehave.5.If you misbehave on Facebook,you will beA.forbidden to use Facebook forever.B.criticized by other people on Facebook.C.dropped out of other people’s lists of friends.D.cut network connections.Passage BClancy Martin knows a lot about lying.He’s now an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Missouri,Kansas City,specializing in19th-and20th-century continental philosophy and business ethics,and he wrote his dissertation on deception.But he really learned how to lie in his youth,when he was a crackerjack jewelry salesman.Not as good as his brother,perhaps,but good enough to turn a fake Rolex into the real thing.“I do miss it,”Martin admits.“I miss that feeling of being on the edge.Say what you will,there is something fun about deceiving people.”Talking to Martin about deception can be unnerving.His voice,sweetened with sincerity,has the compulsive tones of a convert.Sincere people make good salesmen.So what to make of Clancy Martin—a man who wants to sell his debut novel while reclaiming his soul?When he was young,selling was simple—a matter of getting a customer to buy into his fictions.“He was a very gifted liar.”says his brother and former business partner,Darren.That much is still true,as Martin’s novel,How to Sell,makes clear.How to Sell is outrageous,theatrical and slicker than oil.It tells the tale of Bobby Clark,a high-school dropout who joins his older brother at a jewelry shop in Texas.It’s a festival of drugs,diamonds and sex.Prostitution,a saleswoman turned hooker suggests at one point,is a more honest kind of living than the jewelry trade(at least in t his book).“With what I do now,”she tells Bobby,“I sleep well at night.”Martin was born in Toronto,in1967.Like his protagonist,he left high school,moved to Texas and got a job at the jewelry store where his brother worked.“I would say that,unfortunately, m ost of the book is lifted directly from my life—with some exaggeration and lots of omission,”says Martin cheerfully.For a young man,the life had a kind of reckless glamour.“You sell a diamond,and boom,”he says.But Martin was a little different from most employees.He read,for example.Just as Bobby riffs on a Jorge Luis Borges story to sell a bracelet,Martin wove stories for customers from the plotlines of books,and he’d read Spinoza’s Ethics—between booze and bumps of coke.Bobby’s pain,too,comes from Martin’s life:his complicated relationships with his older brother and his charming but crazy father,Bill,who was never quite far enough out of the picture.“I think a lot of Clancy’s interest in self-deception came from his interest in who his dad was,”says his e x-wife,Alicia Martin.Martin tried to steer his life in another direction.He went to college,began graduate school in philosophy and married.Then,one day,when he was in Copenhagen working on a paper on Kierkegaard,his brother called and asked him to help with the business plan for expanding his jewelry store.Suddenly,Martin was out of school and back in jewels.Unlike the shop started by the brothers in the novel,the Martins’joint venture was clean,Darren insists.But the game,more or less,was the same:the process of turning a gem from a mass of matter into a narrative of possibility.In the seven years Martin worked there,life was never boring,but it wasn’t much of a life.“I had all this experience,and no sense of moral responsibility,”Martin says.His marriag e broke up. He despaired.But he began writing,and that seemed to offerthe promise of something worthwhile.He returned to graduate school.He wanted to understand deception—and self-deception—not practice it.Insofar as he could.Martin remarried and became a professor.In addition to writing fiction,he translated Nietzsche and had edited several collections on ethics(including the forthcoming Philosophy of Deception);his nonfiction book Love,Lies and Marriage comes out next year.When we spoke two months ago,he said his life was now“incredibly calm and domestic”.He did not say that he was undergoing one of the most trying periods of his life.With How to Sell,Martin has written a gem of a story.Selling it probably won’t be hard.The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how to stop selling.6.In Martin’s book,the jewelry business isA.an ideal place for high school drop-outs to start their career.B.like a party in which everybody enjoys the excitement and luxury.C.full of opportunities for knowledgeable people to prosper.D.a world where people rarely value the virtue of honesty.7.Which of the following is NOT true about Bobby Clark,the protagonist of the book How toSell?A.He makes use of what he has read to promote sale.B.He was born in T oronto and dropped out of high school.C.He has a brother who introduces him into the jewelry business.D.His relationship with his father is rather complicated.8.It can NOT be inferred from Paragraph Five and Six thatA.the sense of moral responsibility is important to marriage.B.the jewelry business has great appeal to Martin.C.philosophy is a much less interesting subject than deception.D.excitement is not the most important component of life.9.The sentence in the last paragraph“The bigger challenge for Martin might be to learn how tostop selling”implies thatA.once a person learns how to sell,the skill will never be forgotten.B.if a book becomes a best-seller,it is difficult not to stop selling it.C.cheating might become a kind of addiction that is hard to get rid of.D.books on cheating can always arouse people’s interest of purchase.10.Which of the following best describes the category of writing this passage belongs to?A.A book review in a newspaper.B.An introduction in a jewelry magazine.C.An extract from a biography.D.An analysis of deception from an essay.=20points)Section Two Answering Questions(4x5(4x5=20D irections:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage.U se ONLY information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions1to3Think of the solitude felt by Marie Smith before she died earlier this year in her native Alaska, at89.She was the last person who knew the language of the Eyak people as a mother-tongue.Or imagine Ned Mandrell,who died in1974—he was the last native speaker of Manx,similar to Irish and Scots Gaelic.Both these people had the comfort of being surrounded,some of the time, by enthusiasts who knew something precious was vanishing and tried to record and learn whateverthey could of a vanishing tongue.In remote parts of the world,dozens more people are on the point of taking to their graves a system of communication that will never be recorded or reconstructed.Does it matter?Plenty of languages—among them Akkadian,Etruscan,Tangut and Chibcha —have gone the way of the dodo,without causing much trouble to posterity.Should anyone lose sleep over the fact that many tongues—from Manchu(spoken in China)to Hua(Botswana)and Gwich’in(Alaska)—are in danger of suffering a similar fate?Compared with groups who lobby to save animals or trees,campaigners who lobby to preserve languages are themselves a rare breed.But they are trying both to mitigate and publicise an alarming acceleration in the rate at which languages are vanishing.Of some6,900tongues spoken in the world today,some50%to90%could be gone by the end of the century.In Africa,at least300languages are in near-term danger,and200more have died recently or are on the verge of death.Some145languages are threatened in East and South-East Asia.Some languages,even robust ones,face an obvious threat in the shape of a political power bent on imposing a majoritytongue.A youngster in any part of the Soviet Union soon realised that whatever you spoke at home,mastering Russian was the key to success.Nor did English reach its present global status without ruthless tactics.In years past,Americans,Canadians and Australians took native children away from their families to be raised at boarding schools where English rules. In all the Celtic fringes of the British Isles there are bitter memories of children being punished for speaking the wrong language.But in an age of mass communications,the threats to linguistic diversity are less draconian and more spontaneous.Parents stop using traditional tongues,thinking it will be better for their children to grow up using a dominant language(such as Swahili in East Africa)or a global one (such as English or Spanish).And even if parents try to keep the old speech alive,their efforts can be doomed by films and computer games.The result is a growing list of tongues spoken only by white-haired elders.A book edited by Peter Austin,an Australian linguist,gives some examples:Njerep,one of31endangered languages counted in Cameroon,reportedly has only four speakers left,all over60.The valleys of the Caucasus used to be a paradise for linguists in search of unusual syntax,but Ubykh,one of the region’s baffling tongues,officially expired in1992.The effort to keep languages alive can lead to hard arguments,especially where limited funds are available to spend on education and official communications.In both America and Britain, some feel that,whatever people speak at home,priority should go to making sure that children know English well.But supporters of linguistic diversity make strong arguments too.Nicholas Ostler,a scholar who heads the Foundation for Endangered Languages,a non-profit group based in Britain,saysmultilingual children do better academically than monolingual ones.He rejects the notion that a common tongue helps to avoid war:think of Rwanda,Bosnia and Vietnam.Mark Alber,a Canadian writer,says the protection of endangered species is closely linked to the preservation of tongues.On a recent expedition in Australia,a rare turtle was found to have two varieties;a dying but rich native language,Gagudju,had different words for each kind.Thanks to electronics,saviours of languages have better tools than ever before;words and sounds can easily be posted on the /doc/e29863278.html,cation techniques are improving,too.In New Zealand Maori-speakers have formed“language nest”,in which grandparents coach toddlers in theold tongue.Australia’s dying Kamilaroi language was boosted by pop songs teenagers liked.But whatever tricks or technology are used,the only test of a language’s viability is everyday life.“The way to save languages is to speak them,”says Mr.Austin.“People have to talk to people.”Questions:1.According to this passage,what has caused the disappearance or vanishing of some languages?2.Does the electronic age have any impact on language diversity?If so,what is it?3.What is the main purpose of this passage?Questions4to5Traditionally,the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries,dramatic events,and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure:how one inquires into a historical problem,how onepresents and documents one’s findings,what co nstitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies.The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog:childhood,work,leisure.The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative,it is now entirely analytic.The old questions“What happened?”and“How did it happen?”have given way to the question“Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer the question“Why”is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them.But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend.They are committed,not just to psychology in general,but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its“facts”not from history,the detailed records of events and their consequences,but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history,and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives,but from a view of human nature that transcends history.It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence:that evidence be publicly accessible to,and therefore assessable by,all historians.And it violates the basic tenet of historical method:that historian be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians,convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories,are also convinced thattheirs is the“deepest”explanation of any event,that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past);it also violates the past itself.It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own,in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects.It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present,thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.Instead of respecting the particularity of the past,it assimilates all events,past and present,into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in allcircumstances.Questions:4.According to this passage,how does psychohistory differ from traditional history in treating past events?5.What does the author of the passage probably intend to convey by putting the word“deepest”(in Paragraph3)in quotation marks?MIN]](30POINTS)PART III WRITING[60MINBig cities like Beijing,Shanghai or Guangzhou have been the top choices for many university graduates.But in recent years,much greater pressure of living in those big cities has made some people especially young men think about working in a smaller one.What is your opinion?State your viewpoint clearly and adequately.Write on ANSWER SHEET a composition of about400words on the following topic:Working in Small Cities vs.Big Cities。

英语翻译基础(rachellin/eddyrainy)：Cancun conference 2010 UN security council 千年发展计划雷曼兄弟国家一二五计划上海合作组织美联储1.Cancun Conference 20102.G203.Confucius4.Gaza Strip5.3R economy6.Bogor Goals7.the UN Security 8.quantitative easing 9. WTO 10.Reforestation汉译英1.循环经济2.雷曼兄弟3.天人合一4.《国富论》5.千禧年发展计划6.货币战争7.上海合作组织8.国家十二五计划9.朝核危机10.2011南开大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识第一部分25道百科，每题2分靖国神社钓鱼岛夏威夷《日美安保条约》二十国美联储全球金融安全网量化宽松货币政策人民币汇率政策金砖四国居民消费价格指数存款储备金率同比上证综合指数世博会亚洲运动会环保低碳生活新理念金靴奖世界足联辛亥革命国台办君主专制制度杜尚别上合组织中俄战略伙伴关系2011南开大学翻译硕士翻译基础第一部分，30个词的英汉互译CPUNGOPhDGREOEMUFOFOBUKVIPAIDSCEOAir FranceIT industryAmerica Stock ExchangeUnited Nation Peacekeeping Forces恐怖主义世界博览会自治区宏观调控公共卫生体系综合国力科学发展观商业贿赂平等互利出口退税自主创新生态环境保护西部大开发自然资源私营经济2011年山东大学翻译硕士真题回顾(sjuan2011)汉语写作与百科知识一，25个名词解释法家，解构，解蔽，五脏六腑，殷墟，和而不同，印象主义，逻辑中心主义，为艺术而艺术，狂飙突进运动，全球经济一体化，贸易条约与协定，自由，人权，产权，智慧，法理，理念，2011年浙江大学翻译硕士真题回顾(羽之殇)第一大题翻译词语共30个WTO（旅游类）FIT（旅游类）punch （新闻类）[size=-1]The New York Review of Books （新闻类）spinster（法律类）defendant（法律类）lump-sum contracteconomic giantsex worker港龙航空中国国际航空公司中国人民广播电台保税工厂进口税美食家《石头记》《阿Q正传》东汉吐鲁番市道家2011年河南大学翻译硕士真题回顾(kevinforest)百科：第一部分名词解释，20个，50分文艺复兴、启蒙运动、一战、二战、人文主义、人道主义、世界银行、国际货币基金组织、伏尔泰、马克思、世贸组织、理性、国际贸易组织、唯物主义、无神论2011四川大学翻译硕士（felicehappy31）百科新青年新文化运动胡适狂人日记欧洲文艺复兴工业革命但丁米开朗基罗存款准备金利率贸易顺差外商直接投资宏观调控世博会上海世博会知识产权民商法翻译基础解释的词有IOC CAAC CPPCC NBA UNEP FBI purchasing power parity "三农"工作伪娘大规模杀伤性武器易经京都议定书经济适用房中国达人秀 African Union Fannie Mae& Freddie Mac MDGs 亚运会可再生资源第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议2011年首都师范大学翻译硕士真题回顾(KevinDurant)名词翻译英汉： currency appreciation/ the book of songs/ NPC / the divine comedy/汉英：少数民族地区 / 股市指数 / 国际法主体 / 国际法准则 / 素质教育 / 公务员 /网络空间/【翻译基础】低保国家主权和领土完整农副产品加工中东和平进程科教兴国节能减排低碳经济法治社会migrant rural laborsweapons of massive destructioninternational practiceglobal warmingbrain drainGDP ASEAN山东师范大学翻译基础：第一题 15个英翻汉的短语术语记得有：demographic statistics stamp duty ozone layer war correspondent Byzantine art energy conservation international protocol job intermediary interlingual translation game theory functional equivalence15个汉翻英的短语术语记得有：领土完整养老基金国际惯例急救站反倾销原油记者招待会房地产勇于创新分期付款贸易技术壁垒英语翻译基础the Authorized Version; flesh and blood;a wet blanket; puppy love;the Analects; contact lenses;crime police; proof positive;track and field; child's play;danger money; pull sb's leg; in for a penny,in for a pound; real economy.between the devil and the deep blue sea;汉译英音译；国内生产总值；八折优惠；左上角；淡酒；老于世故的人；硬性推销；天道酬勤；隔墙有耳；三三两两；耐用消费品；招领启事；拦路虎；可持续发展；新兴市场国家Diesel oil 、 border defence 、 odd number 、 lyrical poem 、 congnitive psychology 、UNESCO 、WTO 、 A Midsummer Night‘s dream 、 Trade show 、 environmental Justice 、inverse translation 、 CIF 、Black Europe 、 Symphony orchestra 、 Armistice Day东盟、残奥会、廉租房、钓鱼岛、公务用车、不可抗力、论文答辩、再生能源、人均排放、实体经济、第三产业、包容性增长、野生动物园、（世博会）展馆、《与台湾关系法》（美国）中国海洋大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试模拟试题一、百科知识启蒙运动法国革命马赛曲1.美国独立宣言 1787年费城制宪会议美国联邦制度（6分）2.市场经济公平效率（6分）3.印欧语系日耳曼语族诺曼征服现代英语（8分）4.论语老子佛教（6分）5.社会保险新医改扩大内需（6分）6.碳排放温室效应清洁能源（6分）7.好莱坞美国电影学院奖艾美奖（6分）8.进化论达尔文社会达尔文主义（6分）2012广东外语外贸大学百科知识第一段据香港《文汇报》报道，在第61届的（1）法兰克福书展中，（2）Google 表示有意透过Goolge Books计划，将数以百万计的书籍电子化，供读者在网上阅读。

一．2011首都师范翻硕真题1.名词翻译英汉：currency appreciation 货币升值the book of songs 诗经NPC 全国人民代表大会the divine comedy 神曲汉英：少数民族地区the minority areas股市指数the stock market(exchange) index国际法主体subject of international law国际法准则standard of international law素质教育education for all-round development公务员civil servant网络空间cyberspace2.翻译formal usage about english, several occasions the formal english is required, including, report by profession group to a government, writings to a seriousjournal, job application, etc.??an unintended consequences of globalization, some countries thrive and others furstrated, and all those take accounts for terrision, which we have the very best interest to wipr it out.汉英一篇象讲话? 在当今的国际关系下，只有。

才是各国发展的基础，世界平安发展的保证。

还有一篇是在这个功利的社会，奔波劳顿，勾心斗角，想要随心所欲，实在是不容易。

人们从孩提时代就海事追组，学位，工作，恋爱，婚姻，事业，名利等。

......。

作文是给材料的。

材料是一个人，如果没有经过翻译学习，那么即使他的语言在美丽，在一段外文面前，也失去了原有的语言能力。

北京外国语大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2011年(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)Ⅰ1.APEC（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(亚太经济合作组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) )解析：2.PPI（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(生产者物价指数(Producer Price Index) )解析：3.POS machines（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(销售点终端机(POS: Point of Sale) )解析：4.chartered plane（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(包机)解析：5.down-payment requirement（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(首付要求)解析：6.makeshift hospital（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(临时医院)解析：7.bailout money（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(救济金 )解析：8.domestic abuse（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(家庭暴力 )解析：9.home appliances（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(家用电器 )解析：10.quantitative easing（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(量化宽松 )解析：11.Big Bang（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(宇宙大爆炸)解析：12.House of Commons（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(下议院)解析：13.deposit reserve requirement ratio（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(存款准备金率 )解析：14.Cantonese Opera（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(粤剧)解析：15.product placement ads（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(产品植入广告 )解析：Ⅱ16.经济刺激方案（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(economic stimulus package)解析：17.包容性增长（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(inclusive growth)解析：18.落地签证（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(visa upon arrival )解析：19.黑帮（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(sinister gang )解析：20.二房东（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(sublessor )解析：21.紧凑型轿车（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(compact car )解析：22.潜规则（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(hidden rules )解析：23.留守儿童（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(unattended children )解析：24.良性循环（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(virtuous circle )解析：25.无党派人士（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(nonparty personage)解析：26.下半旗志哀（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(fly a flag at half-mast)解析：27.玩忽职守（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(neglect of duty )解析：28.拆迁费（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(relocation compensation)解析：29.贫富两极分化（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(the polarization between the rich and the poor )解析：30.厨房重地，闲人免进（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(kitchen staff only )解析：Ⅲ31. The Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, is the lowest spot on Earth. Its shoreline is about 400 meters below sea level. As the world's saltiest large body of water, averaging a salt content 6 times higher than that of any ocean, the Dead Sea supports no life. With no outlet, the water that flows into the Dead Sea evaporates in the hot, arid air, leaving the minerals. The Jordan River is the chief source of the incoming water, but since the 1960s much of its water has been diverted for irrigation. Its length has already shrunk by more than a third, and, while the sea will never entirely disappear due to evaporation slowing down as surface area decreases and saltiness increases, the Dead Sea as we know it could become a thing of the past.（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：( 死海位于以色列与约旦交界，是世界上海拔最低的地方。

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。

作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。

二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。

鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。

A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。

B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。

2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。

空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。

A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。

机密★启用前北京第二外国语学院2011年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：211 翻译硕士英语满分：100分考试说明：请将答案写在指定答题纸上，若答在试卷上，则该科成绩无效。

Part I Grammar and Vocabulary (30 points )Section A Multiple-choice (15 points)Directions: There are 60 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the best answer to complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.1. The doctors don't ______ that he will live much longer.A) articulate B) anticipate C) manifest D) monitor2. I suggest we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite ______.A) eligible B) sustainable C) probable D) feasible3. The old gentleman was a very ______ looking person, with grey hair and gold spectacles.A) respectful B) respected C) respective D) respectable4. This book is expected to ______ the best-seller lists.A) promote B) prevail C) dominate D) exemplify5. That part of the city has long been ______ for its street violence.A) notorious B) responsible C) historical D) illegal6. Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat ______ by steamA) towed B) pressed C) tossed D) propelled7. Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, ______ themselves.A) expanding B) stretching C) prolonging D) extending8. England's team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to______ themselves for last year's defeat.A) revive B) retort C) revenge D) remedy9. If you want to get into that tunnel, you first have to ______ away all the rocks.A) haul B) transfer C) repel D) dispose10. It took us only a few hours to ______ the paper off all four walls.A) shear B) scrape C) stroke D) chip11. The famous scientist ______ his success to hard work.A) imparted B) granted C) ascribed D) acknowledged12. It is difficult to ______ of a plan to end poverty.A) speculate B) conceive C) ponder D) reckon13. Now the cheers and applause ______ in a single sustained roar.A) mingled B) concentrated C) assembled D) permeated14. Improved consumer confidence is ______ to an economic recovery.A) crucial B) subordinate C) cumulative D) satisfactory15. Although the body is made up of many different tissues, these tissues are arranged in an ______ and orderly fashion.A) incredible B) intricate C) internal D) initial16. If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very ______.A) waxy B) slippery C) sticky D) greasy17. The damage to his car was ______; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible18. My sister is quite ______ and plans to get an M. A. degree within one year.A) aggressive B) enthusiastic C) considerate D) ambitious19. The manager tried to wave aside these issues as ______ details that would be settled later.A) versatile B) trivial C) preliminary D) alternate20. His ______ was telling him that something was wrong.A) intuition B) hypothesis C) inspiration D) sentiment21. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.A) fashions B) frontiers C) facets D) formats22. Parents often faced the ______ between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A) paradox B) junction C) dilemma D) premise23. Clark felt that his ______ in one of the most dramatic medical experiments of all time was worth the suffering he underwent.A) apprehension B) appreciation C) presentation D) participation24. As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the ______ of a brilliant career.A) threshold B) edge C) porch D) course25. The ______ lawyer made a great impression on the jury.A) protecting B) guarding C) defending D) shielding26. Very few people understood his lecture, the subject of which was very ______.A) dim B) obscure C) conspicuous D) intelligible27. This movie is not ______ for children to see: it contains too much violence and too many love scenes.A) profound B) valid C) decent D) upright28. The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it ______ into fragments.A) broke off B) broke away C) broke through D) broke up29. The detective and his assistant have begun to ______ the mysterious murder.A) come through B) look into C) make over D) see to30. Sadly, the Giant Panda is one of the many species now in danger of ______.A) extinction B) migration C) destruction D) extraction31. Occasionally she and Philip ___________ little pictures.A)would go out and paint B) were used to going out and paintingC) could go out and paint D) used to going out and painting32. __________disappoint them he did two quick tricks.A) Rather than B) Neither C) Instead D) Other than33. _________ studying English, you should read widely and speak more.A) Regardless of B) With regard toC)As regard D) With regarding34. The police suggested that the motive for the crime ______jealousy.A) is B) should be C) be D) was35. Every attention must be paid to him, lest he ______that he is inferior to my other guests.A) feel B) would feel C) felt D) feels36. He wrote to the graduate school to _______ about the doctorate study in Washington University.A) acquire B) request C)inquire D)require37. My school was traditional, but more ___________ than other public schools.A) long B) lasting C) crafty D) liberal38.The refugees wouldn‘t survive the ______ winter.A) vigorous B) tedious C) flat D) harsh39.They happily _______ the existence of opinions contrary to their own.A) resist B) tolerate C) sustain D) undergo40. _______ these criticism, I shall attempt to justify my action.A) Mindful of B) Awkward of C) Ignorant of D) Shy on41. Different people have the most ___________ ideas about what is important in life.A) versatile B) vague C) verbal D) varied42. Brook has been Baldwin‘s most dangerous and _______ adversary for many years.A) conservative B) considerate C) considerable D) consistent43. That was a terrible piece of work you ________the other day. I could hardly believe it was yours.A) turn downed B) turned to C) turned up D) turned in44. The enemy are ___________ their offensive capacity along the border.A) building on B) building up C) building out D) building off45. Success or failure here would be crucial to his future ________.A) proposals B) prospects C)promises D) privileges46.They _______ to the public taste for sentimental plays.A) satisfy B) cater C) provide D) supply47. It must have ________ him unconscious for a considerable period.A) rendered B) grew C) took D) turned48. What would you do if you faced a carefully premeditated and carefully _____crime?A) presided B) administered C)mastered D)executed49.The plans for a new airport have been scrapped ________ an extension to the old one.A) in line with B) in place of C) in honor of D) in favor of50. I am well aware that we all _________ to one stereotype or another.A) adhere B)conform C) reflect D) satisfy51. The labor union_______ a 35-hour week in order to create more jobs.A) sponsors B) advocates C)contributes D)performs52. I should hate to be__________ within the four walls of an office all day.A) limited B) restricted C) confined D) restrained53.________ him as a writer I do not like him as a man.A) As I much admire B) Much as I admireC) Much admire as I D) However I much admire54. _________ interesting to us, but also its English will help us in composition.A) Not only the novel will be B) Not only will the novel beC) Not only will be the novel D) Only will the novel be55. It‘s about time that somebody _______ you to behave yourself.A) teach B) will teach C) taught D) teaches56. What amazes me is her complete _________for anyone else's opinion.A) disregard B) despair C) dismissal D) dispute57. You could ___________having a huge debt to pay off if you're not careful.A) turn to B) result in C) wind up D) incline to58. Biologists __________animals and plants into groups.A) classify B) regard C) label D) take59. You mustn't let your social life ______________of your studies.A) take charge B) set aside C) keep track D) get in the way60. There's no point ____________about it－just do as you are told.A) to argue B) argue C) arguing D) being arguing Section B Error-correction (15 points)Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line .You may change a word, add a word or delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (^) in the correct place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and be sure to put a slash (/) in the blank.Example:Television is becoming the literature of our periods. Many of 1 . time arguments having used for the study of literature as a school 2 . /subject are valid for ^ study of television. 3. the study When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediatelystart meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree with what they mean.We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-manneredperson on the way they occupied the space around them-for example.___61____ When such a person walks down a street he or she is constantlyunware of others. Such people never bump into other people. ____62______ However, a second person thought that this was more a question ofcivilized behavior as good manners. Instead, he told us a story, ___63_____it he said was quite popular, about an American who had been invited__64___to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The __65___Americans hasn‘t been told much about the food he might expect.___66___If he had known about American food, he might have behaved better.___67___ Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, tohim, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar,___68____so that it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching,___69___said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest.____70____And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A Fast-reading (20 points)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followedby some questions. For each of them, there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on the answer sheet.Passage oneQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.Tides are created mainly by t he pull of the moon on the earth. The moon‘s pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at the point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon, on the opposite side of the earth. These two tidal ‗waves‘ follow the apparent m ovement of the moon around the earth and strike nearly every coastline at intervals of about twelve hours and twenty–five minutes. After reaching a high point, the water level goes down gradually for a little more than six hours and then begins to rise toward a new high point.Hence, most coastlines have two tides a day, and the tides occur fifty minutes later each day. Differences in the coastline and in channels in the ocean bottom may change the times that the tidal wave reaches different points along the same coastline. The difference in water level between high and low tides varies from day to day according to the relative positions of the sun and the moon because the sun also exerts a pull on the earth, although it is only about half as strong as the pull of the moon. When the sun andthe moon are pulling along the same line, the tides rise higher, and when they pull at right angles to one another, the tide is lower.The formation of the coastline and variations in the weather are additional factors, which can affect the height of tides. Some sections of the coast are shaped in such a way as to cause much higher tides than are experienced in other areas. A strong wind blowing toward the store may also cause tides to be higher.71. Which of the following may be concluded from the information presented in the passage?A) Some coastlines do not have two tides each dayB) Tides usually rise to the same level day after dayC) Tides are not affected by the shape of a coastlineD) The sun has as much effect on tides as does the moon72. The time that high tide occurs at a particular place is affected by all of the following except __________.A) the position of the moonB) the direction of the windC) channels in the sea bottomD) variations in the coastline73. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the pull of the sun on the earth?A) It determines the time of high tide.B) It is about twice the pull of the moon.C) It determines the time of low tide.D) It is about half the pull of the moon.74. If one high tide occurs at 10:00 a.m., the next high tide at the some point will occur at about _____________.A) 7:25 a. m. the same dayB) 7:50 p.m. the same dayC) 10:25 p.m. the same dayD) 1:50 a.m. the next day75. The height of the tide is affected by all of the following except _______.A) the position of the sunB) the direction of the windC) variations in the coastlineD) channels in the sea bottomPassage twoQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industriesconcentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer - and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!76. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, ____.A) the practice of turning goods into moneyB) making goods available for purchaseC) the customer-centered approachD) a form of persuasive salesmanship77. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted?A) The needs of the market.B) The efficiency of production.C) The satisfaction of the user.D) The preferences of the dealer.78. According to the passage, "to move as much of these goods as possible" (Lines 3-4, Para. 1) means "______".A) to sell the largest possible amount of goodsB) to transport goods as efficiently as possibleC) to dispose of these goods in large quantitiesD) to redesign these goods for large-scale production79. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.80. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on _____.A) its main characteristicB) its social impactC) its possible consequenceD) its theoretical basisPassage threeQuestions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage.Four of the most common human allergies are directly caused by substances in the air we breathe. Asthma is a lung condition that causes coughing, wheezing, and great difficulty in breathing; asthma may be made worse by the victims‘ inhaling cigarette smoke or by air pollution. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinus cavities in the skull around the nose and eyes. The inflammation is caused by inhaling dust, mold, or pollen, and the condition may last only a short while, or it may be chronic. Allergic eczema is an itching rash on the neck, legs, or arms; some people assume that these areas of the body have contacted a food or drug to become affected by allergic eczema, but very often the condition is caused by inhaling mold or pollen.The most common of all allergies is, of course, hay fever. The running eyes and nose, itchy throat, sneezing, and coughing that we call hay fever are caused by inhaling pollen from trees, grasses, or weeds. The allergy is not really an allergy to hay, and sufferers from hay fever may not really have a fever, though often they are miserable enough to assume they have a fever. There is no season of the year that is ―safe‖ for someone suffering form hay fever; early in the spring, most trees are producing pollen, in the early summer, pollen form grasses fills the air; in the fall, the air is full pollen from seeds.Nor is any part of the country safe for the allergy victim. Years ago, doctors prescribed moving to desert areas that were free of the pollen that caused these allergies. Now that prescription is ineffective. Irrigation has brought more plants to the deserts and, ironically, the allergy sufferers all planted lawns and trees and brought their houseplants with them.81. The purpose of this passage is to_________A) discuss the causes of hay fever.B) discuss the process of pollination.C) discuss briefly four of the most common human allergies.D) compare hay fever to three other allergies.82. According to the passage, which of the following allergies does not cause discomfort in the breathing system?A) Sinusitis. B) Asthma. C) Hay fever. D) Eczema.83. It can be concluded from the passage that_______A) some allergies can be fatal.B) all allergies have basically the same symptomsC) some people are more sensitive to air-irritants than other people.D) hay fever is more dangerous than any of the other three allergies.84. The passage suggests that ____________.A) some allergy victims help to create situations that worsen their symptoms.B) allergies can now be cured with antibiotics.C) the desert is now more dangerous for allergy victims than is the city.D) most allergies are the result of contact with certain foods and drugs.85. As used in this passage, the word chronic means ___________.A) preventive. B) clinical. C) lasting. D) gradual.Passage fourQuestions 86 to 90 are based on the following passage.Like a ticking time bomb, the falling dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic polices the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsche mark, U.S. good becomes cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroad—especially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more . Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather faddish notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in interest rates, the stock market rally could stall. Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in another‘s competitiveness.Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments—especially the government bond market. The money to finance the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere. Inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikes—and U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. federal Reserve then might need to step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.Worried about these side effects, Federal Reserve chairman Paul V olcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect from U.S. Treasury Bonds. ―It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,‖ says Dr. Cline, ―And there must be an expectation ofpatience on the part of private investors. The chance are relatively good that we will avoid an investor break or panic.‖86. What is the main idea of this passage?A) The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.B) The result of the U.S. falling dollar.C) The side effect of U.S. falling dollar.D) Japan and West Germany are worried about U.S. falling dollar.87. In the sentence: ―Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more .‖ A word is absent. Choose a proper for it.A) weak B)available C) important D) competitive88. What does the word ―rally‖ mean?A) prosperity B) decline C) richness D) import.89 Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?A) Because the falling dollar may cause inflation in their countries.B) Because it may force them to sell a lot of U.S, stocks.C) Because it may do damage to their trade.D) Because it may make Japanese company less competitive.90. If dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in, what would happen?A) The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.B) The U.S. economy might face serious problems.C) Investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments.D)Inflation could flare up.Section B Questions and Answers ( 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage and answer questions.WASHINGTON, Sept. 23 – The House of Representatives, which prides itself on being ―the people‘s House.‖ Has been turning into a rich man‘s club.The representatives newly elected in 1984 were almost four times as wealthy as the first-term lawmakers elected only six years before, according to a new study based one the members‘ financial reports. Behind this remarkable a swing, the study says, are two main factors: a court decision that outlawed limits on what candidates could give to their own campaigns, and the enormous growth in the cost of pursuing a seat in Congress. As a result, it is increasingly difficult for candidates of modest means, particularly women, to mount successful challenges to entrenched office holders.One solution, the authors contend, is a system of public financing for campaigns,but Congress seems in no mood to change the political rules any time soon.―The lower cha mber is going upper class,‖ said Mark Green, the president of The Democracy Project, a public policy institute based in New York. ―But this evolution from a House of Representatives to a House of Lords denies the diversity of our democracy. It establishes a de facto property qualification for office that increasingly says: low and middle income need not apply.‖The Democracy Project produced the study in cooperation with the United States Public Interest Research Group, a similar institute situated in Washington. But their research was not entirely theoretical. In 1980 Mr. Green was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in New York‘s 15th District, in Manhattan. The winner was Bill Green, one of the wealthiest members of Congress. Members of Congress must report their assets in broad categories, not exact numbers, so the figures in the study are not precise. But the minimum average wealth of the 43 lawmakers first elected last year was $251,292. Six years earlier, the 74 new members reported an average of only $41,358 in assets. With inflation figured in, the increase was almost 400 percent in real terms. Moreover, financial data on the class of 1978 indicated only one millionaire, William F. Clinger Jr., a Pennsylvania Republican. Last y ear‘s newcomers included 15 possible millionaires, more than a third of the entire group. Topping the list was Joseph J. Dioguardi, a Westchester Republican, who listed assets of $1 million to $2.46 million.The main reason for the change, Mr. Green maintains, is the Supreme Court decision of 1976 in the case of Buckley V. Valeo. In that case, the Court ruled that limits mandated by Congress on the amount a candidate could give to his or her own campaign were an unconstitutional abridgment of individual rights. At the same time, the Court upheld limits on amounts contributed by outsiders. ―Quite naturally‖, Mr. Green said, ―this puts a premium on personal wealth.The 43 Representatives newly elected in 1984 spent an average of $459,344; of that, $50,329 was their own money in an average case. Eight of the 43 spent more than $100,000 in personal funds but the clear leader was Tommy F. Robinson, an Arkansas Democrat, who contributed $441, 167 to his own campaign. Mr. DioGuardi was next with a personal donation of $210,000. The Senate Puts an even higher premium on wealth. Last year the average candidate for the Senate spent $2 million, and the roster of millionaires in the Senate is steadily growing.The second factor putting a premium on personal wealth, Mr. Green argues, is the rapid rise of political action committees. They tend to favor incumbents with their campaign contributions, and a result, Mr. Green says, is that it takes a wealthy challenger to make a race of things. One apparent effect is the obstacle this poses for women who run for Congress. While women in rapidly rising numbers are capturing local and state offices, their representation on the national level has stayed static. The class of 1984 included only two women: Helen D. Bentley of Maryland and Jan Meyers of Kansas, both Republicans. ―It is largely men who control wealth in America,‖ Mr. Green said, ―and if wealth is a major variable in political success, that automatically means more men will run and win.‖ Fred Wertheimer, president of Common Cause, the public affairs lobby that studies campaign financing issues, summed up the situation this way: ―Today, if you‘re not personally wealthy, and you‘re not willing to indebt yourself to the PA C‘s, you face an uphill struggle just to get your message on the table.The。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”。

尽管有些相反的意见，但笑可能对身体健康影响极小。

笑确实能对心脏和血管产生短期的改变，笑能够促进心律呼吸速率。

但是因为大笑很难持续，一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生很大的益处。

实际上，其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了相反的作用，二十世纪三十年代的一项研究表明笑可以放松肌肉，在狂笑平息之后45分钟内会降低肌肉张力。

这样的身体放松可能会帮助减轻心理紧张状态的影响。

笑的行为毕竟可能会产生其他形式的身体上的反馈来提高个体的情绪状态。

根据一个经典的情绪理论，我们的感觉部分根源于身体上的反映。

十九世纪末人们便争论这一说法：人们不会因为他们伤心而哭，但当开始尽管悲伤能产生眼泪，证据显示情绪是肌肉反应的结果。

1988年德国乌子堡大学的社会心理学家做了一个实验，他让志愿者用牙咬住一支笔做出假笑，或者用嘴含住一支笔，这个动作会让人产生一种失望的表情。

那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加丰富，这暗示了表情可能会影响情绪，而不只是反过来情绪会影响表情。

同样，笑这一生理行为可以改善心Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。

别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。

“好啊，终于好了！” AnthonyTommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。

但是，这个任命之所以引起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。

甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为“低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。