六级考前押睛点题班--阅读讲义

六级阅读强化冲刺班讲义主讲：钟平A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak startingposition, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialization activity.When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have Helpedtransform the performance of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very largevariation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number ofuniversities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase theleaders.This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialization work creates differences between universities.The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximize the impact oftheir research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialization spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the UKwhich are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialization work.If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

新浪微博@尹延@名师天团四六级阅读讲师优化六级的考试流程14:40—15:00 考生入场15:00—15:10 发答题卡I、II和试卷册15:10—15:40 作文15:40—16:10 听力16:10—16:15 收答题卡I（作文+听力）16:15—17:25 选词填空（5%）匹配题（10%）仔细阅读（20%）翻译（15%）优化阅读的做题流程一．扫读题干1’二．处理文章4’三．对比做答4-7’经典例文分析Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more women – the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school's picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach – arguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters.Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context.Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management – at least in America and Europe. Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability.57. What characterises the business school student population of today?A) Greater diversity. B) Intellectual maturity.C) Exceptional diligence. D) Higher ambition.58. What is the author's concern about current business school education?A) It will arouse students' unrealistic expectations.B) It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.C) It focuses on theory rather than on practical skills.D) It stresses competition rather than cooperation.59. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?A)Age and educational background. B) Social and professional experience.C) Attitude and approach to business. D) Ethnic origin and gender.60. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?A) Applicants with prior experience in business companies.B) Applicants with sound knowledge in math and statistics.C) Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.D) Applicants from less developed regions and areas.61. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?A) It is eradicating the tough aspects of management.B) It encourages male and female executives to work side by side.C) It adopts the bully-boy chief executive model.D) It is shifting towards more collaborative modelsPassage Two Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers witha little more money in their pockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants' impact on the economy and the reality?There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation's fears and insecurities. There's some truth to all these explanations, but they aren't quite sufficient.To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way immigration's impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants' low-cost labor are businesses and employers –meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers' savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% between 1980-2000.Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal (财政的) burden of immigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants' access to certain benefits.The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected –say, low-skilled workers, or California residents –the impact isn't all that dramatic. "The unpleasant voices have tended to dominate our perceptions," says Daniel Tichenor, a political science professor at the University of Oregon. "But when all those factors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net positive, but a small one." Too bad most people don't realize it.52.What can we learn from the first paragraph?A) Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzling economists.B) The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it's a different story.C) The consensus among economists is that immigration should not be encouraged.D) The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.53.In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?A) They can access all kinds of public services. B) They can get consumer goods at lower prices.C) They can mix with people of different cultures. D) They can avoid doing much of the manual labor.54.Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?A) They have greater difficulty getting welfare support.B)They are more likely to encounter interracial conflicts.C)They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.D) They are no match for illegal immigrants in labor skills.55.What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?A) It may change the existing social structure.B)It may pose a threat to their economic status.C)It may lead to social instability in the country.D) It may place a great strain on the state budget.56. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?A) Even economists can't reach a consensus about its impact.B) Those who are opposed to it turn out to benefit most from it.C) People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact.D) There is no essential difference between seemingly opposite opinions.匹配题The Uses of DifficultyThe brain likes a challenge — and putting a few obstacles in its way may well boost its creativity.[A] Jack White, the former frontman of the White Stripes and an influential figure among fellow musicians, likes to make things difficult for himself. He uses cheap guitars that won’t stay in shape or in tune. When performing, he positions his instruments in a way that is deliberately inconvenient, so that switching from guitar to organ mid-song involves a mad dash across the stage. Why? Because he’s on the run from what he describes as a disease that preys on every artist: “ease of use”. When making music gets too easy, says White, it becomes harder to make it sing.[B] It’s an odd thought. Why would anyone make their work more difficult than it already is? Yet we know that difficulty can pay unexpected dividends. In 1966, soon after the Beatles had finished work on “Rubber Soul”, Paul McCar tney looked into the possibility of going to America to record their next album. The equipment in American studios was more advanced than anything in Britain, which had led the Beatles’s great rivals, the Rolling Stones, to make their latest album, “Aftermath” in Los Angeles. McCart ney found that EMI’s (百代唱片) contractual clauses made it prohibitively expensive to follow suit, and the Beatles had to make do with the primitive technology of Abbey Road.[C] Lucky for us. Over the next two years they made their most groundbreaking work, turning the recording studio into a magical instrument of its own. Precisely because they were working with old-fashioned machines, George Martin and his team of engineers were forced to apply every ounce of their creativity to solve the problems posed to them by Lennon and McCartney. Songs like “Tomorrow Never Knows”, “Strawberry Fields Forever”, and “A Day in the Life” featured revolutionary sound effects that dazzled and mystified Martin’s American counterparts.[D] Sometimes i t’s only when a difficulty is removed that we realise that it was doing for us. For more than two decades, starting in the 1960s, the poet Ted Hughes sat on the judging panel of an annual poetry competition for British schoolchildren. During the 1980s he noticed an increasing number of long poems among the submissions, with some running to 70 or 80 pages. These poems were verbally inventive and fluent, but also “strangely boring”. After making inquiries Hughes discovered that they were being composed on computers, then just finding their way into British homes.[E] You might have thought any tool which enables a writer to get words on to the page would be an advantage. But there may be a cost to such facility. In an interview with the Paris Review Hughes speculatedthat when a person puts pen to paper, “you meet the terrible resistance of what happened your first year at it, when you couldn’t write at all”. As the brain attempts to force the unsteady hand to do its bidding, the tension between the two results in a more compressed, psychologically denser expression. Remove that resistance and you are more likely to produce a 70-page ramble (不着边际的长篇大论).[F] Our brains respond better to difficulty than we imagine. In schools, teachers and pupils alike often assume that if a concept has been easy to learn, then the lesson has been successful. But numerous studies have now found that when classroom material is made harder to absorb, pupils retain more of it over the long term, and understand it on a deeper level.[G] As a poet, Ted Hughes had an acute sensitivity to the way in which constraints on self-expression, like the disciplines of metre and rhyme (韵律)，spur creative thought. What applies to poets and musicians also applies to our daily lives. We tend to equate (等同) happiness with freedom, but, as the psychotherapist and writer Adam Phillips has observed, without obstacles to our desires it’s harder to know what we want, or where we’re heading. He tells the story of a patient, a first-time mother who complained that her young son was always clinging to her, wrapping himself around her legs wherever she went. She never had a moment to herself, she said, because her son was “always in the way”. When Phillips asked her where she would go if he wasn’t in the way, she replied cheerfully, “Oh, I wouldn’t know where I was!”[H] Take another common obstacle: lack of money. People often assume that more money will make them happier. But economists who study the relationship between money and happiness have consistently found that, above a certain income, the two do not reliably correlate. Despite the ease with which the rich can acquire almost anything they desire, they are just as likely to be unhappy as the middle classes. In this regard at least, F. Scott Fitzgerald was wrong.[I] Indeed, ease of acquisition is the problem. The novelist Edward St Aubyn has a narrator remark of the very rich that, “not having to consider affordability, their desires rambled on like unstoppable bores, relentless (持续不断的) and whimsical (反复无常的) at th e same time.” When Boston College, a private research university, wanted a better feel for its potential donors, it asked the psychologist Robert Kenny to investigate the mindset of the super-rich. He surveyed 165 households, most of which had a net worth of $25m or more. He found that many of his subjects were confused by the infinite options their money presented them with. They found it hard to know what to want, creating a kind of existential bafflement. One of them put it like this: “You know, Bob, you can just buy so much stuff, and when you get to the point where you can just buy so much stuff, now what are you going to do?”[J] The internet makes information billionaires out of all of us, and the architects of our online experiences are catchin g on to the need to make things creatively difficult. Twitter’s huge success is rooted in the simple but profound insight that in a medium with infinite space for self-expression, the most interesting thing we can do is restrict ourselves to 140 characters. The music service This Is My Jam helps people navigate the tens of millions of tracks now available instantly via Spotify and iTunes. Users pick their favourite song of the week to share with others. They only get to choose one. The service was only launched this year, but by the end of September 650,000 jams had been chosen. Its co-founder Matt Ogle explains its raisond’être (存在的理由) l ike this: “In an age of endless choice, we were missing a way to say: ‘This. This is the one you should listen to.”[K] To day’s world offers more opportunity than ever to follow the advice of the Walker Brothers and make it easy on ourselves. Compared with a hundred years ago, our lives are less tightly bound by social norms and physical constraints. Technology has cut out mu ch of life’s donkeywork, and we have more freedoms than ever: we can wear what we like and communicate with hundreds of friends at once at the click of a mouse. Obstacles are everywhere disappearing. Few of us wish to turn the clock back, but perhaps we need to remind ourselves how useful the right obstacles can be. Sometimes, the best route to fulfillment is the path of more resistance.46. The rigorous requirements placed on the writing of poetry stimulate the poet’s creativity.47. With creativity, even old-fashioned instruments may produce spectacular sound effects.48. More money does not necessarily bring greater happiness.49. It is a false assumption that lessons should be made easier to learn.50. Obstacles deliberately placed in the creation of music contribute to its success.51. Those who enjoy total freedom may not find themselves happy.52. Ted Hughes discovered many long poems submitted for poetry competition were composed on computers.53. Maybe we need to bear in mind that the right obstacles help lead us to greater achievements.54. An investigation found that many of the super-rich were baffled by the infinite choices their money made available.55. One free social networking website turned out to be successful because it limited each posting to one hundred and forty characters.选词填空Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Some performance evaluations require supervisors to take action. Employees who receive a very favorable evaluation may deserve some type of recognition or even a promotion. If supervisors do not acknowledge such outstanding performance, employees may either lose their 36 and reduce their effort or search for a new job at a firm that will 37 them for high performance. Supervisors should acknowledge high performance so that the employee will continue to perform well in the future.Employees who receive unfavorable evaluations must also be given attention. Supervisors must 38 the reasons for poor performance. Some reasons, such as a family illness, may have a temporary adverse 39 on performance and can be corrected. Other reasons, such as a bad attitude, may not be temporary. When supervisors give employees an unfavorable evaluation, they must decide whether to take any 40 actions. If the employees were unaware of their own deficiencies, the unfavorable evaluation can pinpoint (指出) the deficiencies that employees must correct. In this case, the supervisor may simply need to monitor the employees 41 and ensure that the deficiencies are corrected.If the employees were already aware of their deficiencies before the evaluation period, however, they may be unable or unwilling to correct them. This situation is more serious, and the supervisor may need to take action. The action should be 42 with the firm’s guidelines and may include reassigning the employees to new jobs, 43 them temporarily, or firing them. A supervisor’s action toward a poorly performing worker can 44 the attitudes of other employees. If no 45 is imposed on an employee for poor performance, other employees may react by reducing their productivity as well.用单纯与忍耐迎接自己的幸福。

The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’s experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, CocaCola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal with these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.25. The author is critical mainly of _________.A) inferior packagingB) dishonest packagingC) the changes in package sizeD) exaggerated illustrations on packagesIt is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (欺骗性的) packaging rumpus (喧嚣) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.⽂章中出现的语⾔现象：对⽐关系（极端对⽐、⼀般对⽐）、转折、例⼦、绝对In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.注：点名⽂章讲的脱⼝秀，⽽且是JS和OW脱⼝秀Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk(废话)". The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes (灾难),yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments(困境) of other people's lives.Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors.Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.注：dump倾销，反倾销anti-dumpClean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target audience are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's exploitation.While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world.注：1. circuit圈⼦ 2. ironically具有讽刺意味的pared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are______.A) more family - orientedB) unusually popularC) more profoundD) relatively formal注：第⼀段22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience______.A) remain fascinated by themB) are ready to face up to themC) remain indifferent to themD) are willing to get involved in them注：第⼆段eat up，B和D是⼀回事。

商志老师六级课程专用讲义第1部分：阅读理解之选词填空部分六级中的阅读理解部分需要40分钟做完。

共分为3部分，共计248.5分：Section A是选词填空，占35.5分；Section B是匹配题，占71分；Section C是深度阅读，占142分。

今天我们先来讲第一部分（Section A），选词填空。

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. Y ou are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Y ou may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.6级练习题1 （2016年12月多题多卷之一）Small communities, with their distinctive character—where life is stable and intensely human—are disappearing. Some have __26____ from the face of the earth, others are dying slowly, but all have ___27___ changes as they have come into contact with an ___28___ machine civilization. The merging of diverse peoples into a common mass has produced tension among members of the minorities and the majority alike.The Old Order Amish, who arrived on American shores in colonial times, have ___29___ in the modern world in distinctive, small communities. They have resisted the homogenization ___30___ more successfully than others. In planting and harvest times one can see their bearded men working the fields with horses and their women hanging out the laundry in neat rows to dry. Many American people have seen Amish families with the men wearing broad-brimmed black hats and the women in long dresses. In railway or bus ___31___.Although the Amish have lived with ___32___ America for over two and a half centuries. They have moderated its influence on their personal lives, their families, communities, and their values.The Amish are often ___33___ by other Americans to be relics of the past who live a simple, inflexible life dedicated to inconvenient out-dated customs. They are seen as abandoning both modem ___34___ and the American dream of success and progress, But most people have no quarrel with the Amish for doing things the old-fashioned way. Their conscientious objection was tolerated in wartime. For after all. They are good farmers who ___35___ the virtues of work and thrift.6级练习题2 （2016年12月多题多卷之一）It is important that scientists be seen as normal people asking and answering important questions. Good, sound science depends on26 , experiments and reasoned methodologies. It requires a willingness to ask new questions and try new approaches. It requires one to take risks and experience failures. But good science also requires 27 understanding, clear explanation and concise presentation.Our country needs more scientists who are willing to step out in the public 28 and offer their opinions on important matters. We need more scientists who can explain what they are doing in language that is 29 and understandable to the public. Those of us who are not scientists should also be prepared to support public engagement by scientists, and to 30 scientific knowledge into our public communications.Too many people in this country, including some among our elected leadership, still do not understand how science works or why robust, long-range investments in research vitally matter. In the 1960s, the United States 31 nearly 17% of discretionary(可酌情支配的) spending to research and development, 32 decades of economic growth. By 2008, the figure had fallen into the single 33 . This occurs at a time when other nations have made significant gains in their own research capabilities.At the University of California (UC), we 34 ourselves not only on the quality of our research, but also on its contribution to improving our world. To 35 the development of science from the lab bench to the market place, UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas.6级练习题3（2016年12月多题多卷之一）The tree people in the Lord of the Ring—the Ents—can get around by walking. But for real trees, well, it’s harder to uproot. “Because they’re literally rooted into the ground, they are unable to leave and go 26 .When a tree first starts growing in a certain area, it’s likely that the 27 envelope—the temperature, humidity, rainfall patterns and so on—suits it. Otherwise, it would be unable to grow from a seedling. But as it 28 , these conditions may change and the area around it may no longer be suitable for its 29 .When that happens, many trees like Walnuts, oaks and pines rely 30 on so-called “scatter-hoarders,” such as birds, to move their seeds to new localities. Many birds like to store food for the winter, which they 31 retrieve.When the birds forget to retrieve their food—and they do sometimes—a seedling has a chance to grow. The bird Clark’s nutcracker, for example, hides up to 100,000 seeds per year, up to 30 kilometers away from the seed source, and have a very close symbiotic (共生的) relationship with several pine species, most 32 the whitebark pine.As trees outgrow their ideal 33 in the face of climate change, these flying ecosystem engineers could be a big help in 34 trees. It’s a solution for us—getting birds to do the work is cheap and effective—and it could give 35 oaks and pines the option to truly “make like a tree and leave.”6级练习题4（2016年6月多题多卷之一）Pursuing a career is an essential part of adolescent development. “The adolescent becomes an adult when he 26 a real job.” To cognitive researchers like Piaget, adulthood meant the beginning of an 27 .Piaget argued that once adolescents enter the world of work, their newly acquired ability to form hypotheses allows them to create representations that are too ideal. The 28 of such ideals, without the tempering of the reality of a job or profession, rapidly leads adolescents to become 29 of the non-idealistic world and to press for reform in a characteristically adolescent way. Piaget said: “True adaptation to society comes 30 when the adolescent reformer attempts to put his ideas to work. ”Of course, youthful idealism is often courageous, and no one likes to give up dreams. Perhaps, taken 31 out of context, Piaget’s statement seems harsh. What he was 32 , however, is the way reality can modify idealistic views. Some people refer to such modification as maturity. Piaget argued that attaining and accepting a vocation is one of the bestways to modify idealized views and to mature.As careers and vocations become less available during times of 33 , adolescents may be especially hard hit. Such difficult economic times may leave many adolescents 34 about their roles in society. For this reason, community interventions and government job programs that offer summer and vacation work are not only economically 35 but also6级练习题5（2016年6月多题多卷之一）The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26 : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27 of computational power and engineering advances will 28 enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29 use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.But there are 30 to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone(遥控飞行器) operator will 31 someone’s privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor’s cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32 of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33 and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34 space for innovation?Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35 and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers’s.6级练习题6（2016年6月多题多卷之一）Let’s say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of 26 on your roller-skates brings a smile to your face. You also know that roller-skating is excellent exercise. You have a 27 attitude toward it.This description of roller-skating 28 the three components of an attitude: affect, cognition, and behavior. You love the activity; it’s great fun. These feelings 29 the affective or emotional component; they are an important ingredient in attitudes. The knowledge we have about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude. You understand the health 30 that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behavioral component. Our attitudes 31 us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating.Now, we don’t want to lea ve you with the 32 that these three components always work together 33 . They don’t; sometimes they clash. For example, let’s say you love pizza (affective component); however, you have high cholesterol and understand (knowledge component) that eating pizza may be bad for your health. Which behavior will your attitude result in, eating pizza or 34 it? The answer depends on which component happens to be stronger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, your emotions and feelings probably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for your health. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If you are at home trying to decide where to go for dinner, however, the knowledge component may 35 and you decide to go where you can eat a healthier meal.6级练习题7（2015年12月多题多卷之一）According to a report from the Harvard School of Public Health, many everyday products, including some bug sprays and cleaning fluids, could lead to an increased risk of brain and behavioral disorders in children. The developing brain, the report says, is particularly 36 to the toxic effects of certain chemicals these products may contain, and the damage they cause can be 37 .The official policy, however, is still evolving. Health and environmental 38 have long urged U.S. government agencies to 39 the use of some of the 11 chemicals the report cites and called for more studies on their long-term effects. In 2001, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency 40 the type and amount of lead that could be present in paint and soil inhomes and child-care 41 , after concerns were raised about lead poisoning. The agency is now 42 the toxic effects of some of the chemicals in the latest report.But the threshold for regulation is high. Because children’s brain and behavioral disorders, like hyperactivity and lower grades, can also be linked to social and genetic factors, it’s tough to pin them on exposure to specific chemicals with solid 43 evidence, which is what the EPA requires. Even the Harvard study did not prove a direct 44 but noted strong associations between exposure and risk of behavioral issues.Nonetheless, it’s smart to45 caution. While it may be impossible to prevent kids from drinking tap water that may contain trace amount of chemicals, keeping kids away from lawns recently sprayed with chemicals and freshly dry-cleaned clothes can’t hurt.6级练习题8 （2015年12月多题多卷之一）It seems to be a law in the technology industry that leading companies eventually lose their positions, often quickly and brutally. Mobile phone champion Nokia, one of Europe’s biggest technology success stories, was no 36, losing its market share in just a few years.In 2007, Nokia accounted for more than 40% of mobile phone sales 37. But consumers’ preferences were already 38 toward touch-screen smartphones. With the introduction of Apple’s iPhone in the middle of that year, Nokia’s market share 39 rapidly and revenue plunged. By the end of 2013, Nokia had sold its phone business to Microsoft.What sealed Nokia’s fate was a series of decisions made by Stephen Elop in his position as CEO, which he 40 in October 2010. Each day that Elop spent in charge of Nokia, the company’s market value declined by $23 million, making him, by the numbers, one of the worst CEOs in history.But Elop was not the only person at 41. Nokia’s board resisted change, making it impossible for the company to adapt to rapid shifts in the industry. Most 42, Jorma Ollila, who had led Nokia’s transition from an industrial compa ny to a technology giant, was too fascinated by the company’s 43 success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness.The company also embarked on a 44 cost-cutting program, which included the elimination of thousands of jobs. This contributed to the 45 of the company’s once-spirited culture, which had motivated employees to take risks and make miracles. Good leaders left the company, taking Nokia’s sense of vision and direction with them. Not surprising l y, much of Nokia’s most va luabledesign and programming talent left as well.6级练习题9 （2015年12月多题多卷之一）As it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge of honor. Plus, we live in a culture that 36 to the late-nighter, from 24-hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close. It’s no surprise, then, that more than half of American adults don’t get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as 37 by sleep experts.Whether or not we can catch up on sleep—on the weekend, say—is a hotly 38 topic among sleep researches. The latest evidence suggests tha t while it isn’t 39 , it might help. When Liu, the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine, brought 40 sleep-restricted people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they logged about 10 hours per night, they showed 41 in the ability of insulin（胰岛素）to process blood sugar. That suggests that catch-up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep 42 causes, which is encouraging, given how many adults don’t get the hours they need each night. Still, Liu isn’t 43 to endorse the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later.Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not 44 an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will 45 one area of the brain, but there’s never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, bec ause you couldn’t really replicate（复制）the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts of the brain to go through the different stages of sleep,” says Dr. Nancy Collop, director of the Emory University Sleep Center.更多猛料，请仔细读商志老师新浪微博：商志考研英语商志老师微信公众号：商志考研英语。

2014年12月六级考试真题（第一套）Part III Reading comprehensionSection ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single Line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions36to45are based on the following passage.His future subjects have not always treated the Prince of Wales with the respect one might expect.They laughed aloud in1986when the heir to the British(36)________told a TV reporter that he talked to his plants at his country house,Highgrove,to stimulate their growth.The Prince was being humorous—“My sense of humor will get me into trouble one day,”he said to the aides(随从)—but listening to Charles Windsor can indeed prove stimulating.The royal(37)________that been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life, some of his(38)_________which once sounded a hit weird were simply ahead of their time.Now,finally,the world seems to be catching up with him.Take his views on farming.Prince Charles’Duchy Home Farm went(39)___________back to1996.when most shoppers cared only about the low price tag on suspiciously blemish-free(无瑕疵的)Vegetables and(40) __________large chickens piled high in supermarkets.His warnings on climate change proved farsighted;too Charles began(41)_________action on global warming in1990and says he has been worried about the(42)____________of man on the environment since he was a teenager.Although he has gradually gained international(43)__________as one of the a world’s leading conservationists,many British people still think of him as an(44)____________person who talks to plants This year,as it happens,South Korean scientists proved that plants really do(45)__________to sound.So Charles was ahead of the game there,too.A.conform I.recognitionB.eccentric J.respondC.environmentalist K.subordinateD.expeditions L.suppressingE.impact M.throneF.notions N.unnaturallyanic O.urgingH.originallySection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement con tains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived.Yo u may choose a paragraph more than once.Eachparagraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by mar king the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Should Single-Sex Education Be Eliminated?[A]Why is a neuroscientist here debating single-sex schooling?Honestly,I had no fixed ideas on the topic when Istarted researching it for my book,Pink Brain,Blue Brain.But any discussion of gender differences in children inevitably leads to this debate,so I felt compelled to dive into the research data on single-sex schooling.I read every study I could,weighed the existing evidence,and ultimately concluded that single-sex education isnot the answer to gender gaps in achievement—or the best way forward for today’s young people.After my book was published,I met several developmental and cognitive psychologists whose work was addressing gender and education from different angles,and we published a peer-reviewed Education Forum piece in Science magazine with the provocative title,“The Pseudoscience of Single-Sex Education.”[B]We showed that three lines of research used to justify single-sex schooling—educational,neuroscience,and social psychology—all fail to support its purported benefits,and so the widely-held view that gender separation is somehow better for boys,girls,or both is nothing more than a myth.The Research on Academic Outcomes[C]First,we reviewed the extensive educational research that has compared academic outcomes in studentsattending single-sex versus coeducational schools.The overwhelming conclusion when you put this enormous literature together is that there is no clear academic advantage of sitting in all-female or all-male classes,in spite of much popular belief to the contrary.I base this conclusion not on any individual study,but on large-scale and systematic reviews of thousands of studies conducted in every major English-speaking country.[D]Of course,there are many excellent single-sex schools out there,but as these careful research reviews havedemonstrated,it is not their single-sex composition that makes them excellent.It is all the other advantages that are typically packed into such schools,such as financial resources,quality of the faculty,and pro-academic culture,along with the family background and pre-selected ability of the students themselves that determine their outcomes.[E]A case in point is the study by Linda Sax at UCLA,who used data from a large national survey of collegefreshmen to evaluate the effect of single-sex versus coeducational high missioned by the National Coalition of Girls'Schools,the raw findings look pretty good for the flinders—higher SAT scores anda stronger academic orientation among women who had attended all girls'high schools(men weren'tstudied).However,once the researchers controlled for both student and school attributes—measures such as family income,parents'education,and school resources—most of these effects were erased or diminished.[F]When it comes to boys in particular,the data show that single-sex education is distinctly unhelpful for them.Among the minority of studies that have reported advantages of single-sex schooling,virtually all of them were studies of girls.There're no rigorous studies in the United States that find single-sex schooling is better for boys,and in fact,a separate line of research by economists has shown that both boys and girls exhibit greater cognitive growth over the school year based on the"dose"of girls in a classroom.In fact,boys benefit even more than girls from having larger numbers of female classmates.So single-sex schooling is really not the answer to the current"boy crisis"in education.Brain and Cognitive Development[G]The second line of research often used to justify single-sex education falls squarely within my area ofexpertise:brain and cognitive development.It's been more than a decade now since the"brain sex movement"began infiltrating A)our schools,and there are literally hundreds of schools caught up in the fad Public schools in Wisconsin,Indiana,Florida and many other states now proudly declare on their websites that they separate boys and girls because"research solidly indicates that boys and girls learn differently,"due to"hard-wired"differences in their brains,eyes,ears,autonomic nervous systems,and more.[H]All of these statements can be traced to just a few would-be neuroscientists,especially physician Leonard Saxand therapist Michael Gurian.Each gives lectures,runs conferences,and does a lot of professional development on so-called"gender-specific learning."I analyzed their various claims about sex differences in hearing,vision,language,math,stress responses,and"learning styles"in my book and a long peer-reviewed paper.Other neuroscientists and psychologists have similarly exposed their work.In short,the mechanisms by which our brains learn language,math,physics,and every other subject don't differ between boys andgirls.Of course,learning does vary a lot between individual students,but research reliably shows that this variance is far greater within populations of boys or girls than between the two sexes.[I]The equal protection clause of the U.S.Constitution prohibits separation of students by sex in public educationthat's based on precisely this kind of"overbroad generalizations about the different talents,capacities,or preferences of males and females."And the reason it is prohibited is because it leads far too easily to stereotyping and sex discrimination.Social Developmental Psychology[J]That brings me to the third area of research that fails to support single-sex schooling and indeed suggests the practice is actually harmful:social-developmental psychology.[K]It is a well-proven finding in social psychology that segregation promotes stereotyping and prejudice,whereas intergroup contact reduces them—and the results are the same whether you divide groups by race,age, gender,body mass index,sexual orientation,or any other category.What's more,children are especially vulnerable to this kind of bias,because they are dependent on adults for learning which social categories are important and why we divide people into different groups.[L]You don't have to look far to find evidence of stereotyping and sex discrimination in single-sex schools.There was the failed single-sex experiment in California,where six school districts used generous state grants to set up separate boys'and girls'academies in the late1990s.Once boys and girls were segregated,teachers resorted to traditional gender stereotypes to run their classes,and within just three years,five of the six districts had gone back to coeducation.[M]At the same time,researchers are increasingly discovering benefits of gender interaction in youth.A large British study found that children with other-sex older siblings(兄弟姐妹)exhibit less stereotypical play than children with same-sex older siblings,such as girls who like sports and building toys and boys who like art and dramatic play.Another study of high school social networks found less bullying and aggression the higher the density of mixed-sex friendships within a given adolescent network.Then there is the finding we cited in our Science paper of higher divorce and depression rates among a large group of British men who attended single-sex schools as teenagers,which might be explained by the lack of opportunity to learn about relationships during their formative years.[N]Whether in nursery school,high school,or the business world,gender segregation narrows our perceptions of each other,facilitating stereotyping and sexist attitudes.It's very simple:the more we structure children and adolescents'environment around gender distinctions and separation,the more they will use these categories as the primary basis for understanding themselves and others.[O]Gender is an important issue in education.There are gaps in reading,writing,and science achievement that should be narrower.There are gaps in career choice that should be narrower—if we really want to maximize human potential and American economic growth.But stereotyping boys and girls and separating them in the name of fictitious(虚构的)brain differences is never going to close these gaps.46.Hundreds of schools separate boys from girls in class on the alleged brain and cognitive differences.47.A review of extensive educational research shows no obvious academic advantage of single-sex schooling.48.The author did not have any fixed ideas on single-sex education when she began her research on the subject.49.Research found men who attended single-sex schools in their teens were more likely to suffer fromdepression.50.Studies in social psychology have shown segregation in school education has a negative impact on children.51.Reviews of research indicate there are more differences in brain and cognitive development within the samesex than between different sexes.52.The findings of the national survey of college freshmen about the impact of single-sex schooling fail to takeinto account student and school attributes.53.It wasn't long before most of the school districts that experimented with single-sex education abandoned thepractice.54.Boys from coeducational classes demonstrate greater cognitive abilities according to the economists'research.55.As careful research reviews show,academic excellence in some single-sex schools is attributed to otherfactors than single-sex education.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statem ents.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and m ark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions56to60are based on the following passage.International governments,inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive(主动出击的)approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart, DuPont,M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.DuPont committed itself to a65%reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the10years prior to2010.By 2007,DuPont was saving$2.2billion a year through energy efficiency,the same as its total declared profits that year.General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operation by50%by2015.They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart arc not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts.The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realisation that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together.When M&S launched its"Plan A"sustainability programme in2007,it was believed that it would cost over￡200million in the first five years.However,the initiative had generated ￡105million by2011/12.When we prevent physical waste,increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity,we save money,improve profitability and enhance competitiveness.In fact,there are often huge"quick win" opportunities,thanks to years of neglect.However,there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack.There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system,arguing that is will cost money or require sizable capital investments.They remain stuck in the"environment is cost"mentality.Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money.In fact,going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash,provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.Lean means doing more with less.Nonetheless,in most companies,economic and environ-mental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other.This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries.The size of the opportunity is enormous.The3%Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780billion between now and2020,It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is "increased efficiency through management and behavioural change"—in other words,lean and green management.Some50studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste,zero harmful emissions,and zero use of noon-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors.Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing SI.2trillion annually,cutting global GDP by1.6%. Unaddressed,this will double by2030.56.What does the author say about some leading-edge companies?A)They operate in accordance with government policies.B)They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.C)They are key drivers in their nations'economic growth.D)They are major contributors to environmental problems.57.What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection?A)The goodness of their hearts.B)A strong sense of responsibility.C)The desire to generate profits.D)Pressure from environmentalists.58.Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system?A)They are bent on making quick money.B)They do not have the capital for the investment.C)They believe building such a system is too costly.D)They lack the incentive to change business practices.59.What is said about the lean and green model of business?A)It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time.B)It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.C)It is likely to start a new round of intense competition.D)It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.60.What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals?A)They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.B)They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues.C)They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.D)They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals.Passage TwoQuestions61to65are based on the following passage.If you asked me to describe the rising philosophy of the day,I'd say it is data-ism.We now have the ability to gather huge amounts of data.This ability seems to carry with it certain cultural assumptions—that everything that can be measured should be measured;that data is a transparent and reliable lens that allows us to filter out emotionalism and ideology;that data will help us do remarkable things—like foretell the future.Over the next year,I'm hoping to get a better grip on some of the questions raised by the data revolution:In what situations should we rely on intuitive pattern recognition and in which situations should we ignore intuition and follow the data?What kinds of events are predictable using statistical analysis and what sorts of events are not?I confess I enter this in a skeptical frame of mind,believing that we tend to get carried away in our desire to reduce everything to the quantifiable.But at the outset let me celebrate two things data does really well.First,it's really good at exposing when our intuitive view of reality is wrong.For example,nearly every person who runs for political office has an intuitive sense that they can powerfully influence their odds of winning the election if they can just raise and spend more money.But this is largely wrong.After the2006election,Sean Trende constructed a graph comparing the incumbent(在任者的)campaign spending advantages with their eventual margins of victory.There was barely any relationship between more spending and a bigger victory.Likewise,many teachers have an intuitive sense that different students have different learning styles:some are verbal and some visual;some are linear,some are holistic(整体的).Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they tailor their presentations to each student.But there's no evidence to support this either.Second,data can illuminate patterns of behavior we haven't yet noticed.For example,I've always assumed people who frequently use words like"I,""me,"and"mine"are probably more self-centered than people who don't.But as lames Pennebaker of the University of Texas notes in his book,The Secret Life of Pronouns,when people are feeling confident,they are focused on the task at hand,not on themselves.High-status,confident people use fewer"I"words,not more.Our brains often don't notice subtle verbal patterns,but Pennebaker's computers can.Younger writers usemore negative and past-tense words than older writers who use more positive and future-tense words.In sum,the data revolution is giving us wonderful ways to understand the present and the past.Will it transform our ability to predict and make decisions about the future?We'll see.61.What do data-ists assume they can do?A)Transform people's cultural identity.B)Change the way future events unfold.C)Get a firm grip on the most important issues.D)Eliminate emotional and ideological bias62.What do people running for political office think they can do?A)Use data analysis to predict the election result.B)Win the election if they can raise enough funds.C)Manipulate public opinion with favorable data.D)Increase the chances of winning by foul means.63.Why do many teachers favor the idea of tailoring their presentations to different students?A)They think students prefer flexible teaching methods.B)They will be able to try different approaches.C)They believe students'learning styles vary.D)They can accommodate students with special needs.64.What does James Pennebaker reveal in The Secret Life of Pronouns?A)The importance of using pronouns properly.B)Repeated use of first-person pronouns by self-centered people.C)Frequent use of pronouns and future tense by young people.D)A pattern in confident people's use of pronouns.65.Why is the author skeptical of the data revolution?A)Data may not be easily accessible.B)Errors may occur with large data samples.C)Data cannot always do what we imagine it can.D)Some data may turn out to be outdated.2014年12月六级考试真题（第二套）Part III Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single Line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions36to45are based on the following passage.Children are natural-born scientists.They have36minds,and they aren’t afraid to admit they don’t know something.Most of them,37lose this as they get older.They become self-conscious and don’t want to appear stupid.Instead of finding things out for themselves they make38that often turn out to be wrong.So it’s not a case of getting kids interested in science.You just have to avoid killing the39for learning that they were born with.It’s no coincidence that kids start deserting science once it becomes formalised.Children naturally have a blurred approach to40knowledge.They see learning about science or biology or cooking as all part of the same act—it’s all learning.It’s only because of the practicalities of education that you have to start breaking down the curriculum into specialist subjects.You need to have specialist teachers who41what they know.Thus once they enter school,children begin to define subjects and erect boundaries that needn’t otherwise exist.Dividing subjects into science,maths,English,etc.is something we do for42.In the end it’s all learning, but many children today43themselves from a scientific education.They think science is for scientists,not for them.Of course we need to specialise44.Each of us has only so much time on Earth,so we can’t study everything. At5years old,our field of knowledge and45is broad,covering anything from learning to walk to learning tocount.Gradually it narrows down so that by the time we are45,it might be one tiny little comer within science.A)accidentally I)formulasB)acquiring J)igniteC)assumptions K)impartD)convenience L)inquiringE)eventually M)passionF)exclude N)ProvokingG)exertion O)unfortunatelyH)explorationSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Meaning Is Healthier Than Happiness[A]For at least the last decade,the happiness craze has been building.In the last three months alone,over1,000 books on happiness were released on Amazon,including Happy Money,Happy-People-Pills For All,and,for those just starting out,Happiness for Beginners.[B]One of the consistent claims of books like these is that happiness is associated with all sorts of good life outcomes,including-most promisingly-good health.Many studies have noted the connection between a happy mind and a healthy body-the happier you are,the better health outcomes we seem to have.In a meta-analysis(overview)of150studies on this topic,researchers put it like this:“Inductions of well-being lead to healthy functioning,and inductions of ill-being lead to compromised health.”[C]But a new study,just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS)challenges the rosy picture.Happiness may not be as good for the body as researchers thought.It might even be bad.[D]Of course,it’s important to first define happiness.A few months ago,I wrote a piece called“There’s More to Life Than Being Happy”about a psychology study that dug into what happiness really means to people.It specifically explored the difference between a meaningful life and a happy life.[E]It seems strange that there would be a difference at all.But the researchers,who looked at a large sample of people over a month-long period,found that happiness is associated with selfish“taking”behavior and that having a sense of meaning in life is associated with selfless“giving”behavior.[F]"Happiness without meaning characterizes a relatively shallow,self-absorbed or even selfish life,in whichthings go well,needs and desire are easily satisfied,and difficult or taxing entanglements are avoided,"the authors of the study wrote."If anything,pure happiness is linked to not helping others in need.”While being happy is about feeling good,meaning is derived from contributing to others or to society in a bigger way.As Roy Baumeister,one of the researchers,told me,"Partly what we do as human beings is to take care of others and contribute to others.This makes life meaningful but it does not necessarily make us happy.”[G]The new PNAS study also sheds light on the difference between meaning and happiness,but on the biological level.Barbara Fredrickson,a psychological researcher at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill,and Steve Cole,a genetics and psychiatriy（精神病学）researcher at UCLA,examined the self-reported levels of happiness and meaning in80research subjects.[H]Happiness was defined,as in the earlier study,by feeling good.The researchers measured happiness by asking subjects questions like“How often did you feel happy?”“How often did you feel interested in life?”and “How often did you feel satisfied?”The more strongly people endorsed these measures of“hedonic（享乐主义的）well-being,”or pleasure,the higher they scored on happiness.[I]Meaning was defined as an orientation to something bigger than the self.They measured meaning by asking questions like“How often did you feel that your life has a sense of direction or meaning to it?”,“How often did you feel that you had something to contribute to society?”,and“How often did you feel that your life has a sense of direction or meaning to it?”How often did you fell that you had something to contribute to society?”The more people endorsed these measures of“eudaimonic(幸福论的)well-being”-or,simply put, virtue-the more meaning they felt in life.[J]After noting the sense of meaning and happiness that each subject had,Fredrickson and Cole,with their research colleagues,looked at the ways certain genes expressed themselves in each of the participants.Like neuroscientists who use fMRI(功能磁共振成像)scanning to determine how regions in the brain respond to different stimuli,Cole and Fredrickson are interested in how the body,at the genetic level,responds to feelings of happiness and meaning.[K]Cole’s past work has linked various kinds of chronic adversity to a particular gene expression pattern.When people feel lonely,are grieving the loss of a loved one,or are struggling to make ends meet,their bodies go into threat mode.This triggers the activation of a stress-related gene pattern that has two features:an increase in the activity of pro-inflammatory（促炎症的）genes and a decrease in the activity of genes involved in anti-viral responses.[L]Cole and Fredrickson found that people who are happy but have little to no sense of meaning in their lives-proverbially,simply here for the party-have the same gene expression patterns as people who are responding to and enduring chronic adversity.That is,the bodies of these happy people are preparing them for bacterial threats by activating the pro-inflammatory response.Chronic inflammation is,of course,associated with major illnesses like heart disease and various cancers.[M]“Empty positive emotions”-like the kind people experience during manic（狂喜的）episodes or artificially induced euphoria（欣快）from alcohol and drugs–“are about as good for you for as adversity”,says Fredrickson.[N]It’s important to understand that for many people,a sense of meaning and happiness in life overlap;many people score jointly high(or jointly low)on the happiness and meaning measures in the study.But for many others,there is a dissonance(不一致)-they feel that they are low on happiness and high on meaning or that their lives are very high in happiness,but low in meaning.This last group,which has the gene expression pattern associated with adversity,formed a whopping75percent of study participants.Only one quarter of the study participants had what the researchers call“eudaimonic predominance”-that is,their sense of meaning outpaced their feelings of happiness.[O]This is too bad given the more beneficial gene expression pattern associated with meaningfulness.People whose levels of happiness and meaning line up,and people who have a strong sense of meaning but are not necessarily happy,showed a deactivation of the adversity stress response.Their bodies were not preparing them for the bacterial infections that we get when we are alone or in trouble,but for the viral infections we get when surrounded by a lot of other people.[P]Fredrickson’s past research,described in her two books,Positivity and Love2.0,has mapped the benefits of positive emotions in individuals.She has found that positive emotions broaden a person’s perspective and buffers people against adversity.So it was surprising to her that hedonistic well-being,which is associated with positive emotions and pleasure,did so badly in this study compared with eudaimonic well-being.[Q]“It’s not the amount of hedonic happiness that’s a problem,”Fredrickson tells me,“It’s that it’s not matched by eudaimonic well-being.It’s great when both are in step.But if you have more hedonic well-being than would be expected,that’s when this[gene]pattern that’s akin to adversity emerged.”[R]The terms hedonism and eudemonism bring to mind the great philosophical debate,which has shaped Western civilization for over2,000years,about the nature of the good life.Does happiness lie in feeling good, as hedonists think,or in doing and being good,as Aristotle and his intellectual descendants,the virtue。

2010年春季六级冲刺辅导讲义一、试题结构六级考试试卷结构二、项目突破1．写作Q1：写作话题一、校园话题Example:读书学习：1.2006年12月CET-6：The Importance of Reading Classics2.2007年12月CET-4：What Electives to Choose课余生活：1.2006年6月CET-4：V olunteers Wanted2.2007年6月CET-4：Welcome to our club3.2008年6月CET-4：On Recreational Activities4.2009年12月CET-4：Create a green campus心态处事：1.2008年12月CET-6：How to Improve Student's Mental Health?二、社会话题Example:环境保护：1.2008年12月CET-4：On Disposable Plastic Bags文化生活：1.2008年6月CET-6：Will E-books Replace Traditional Books?2.2009年6月CET-4：Free Admission to Museums3.2009年12月CET-6：Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes?社会风尚：1.2006年6月CET-6：Traveling Abroad2.2007年6月CET-6：Should One Expect Reward When Doing a Good Deed?3.2007年12月CET-6：The Digital Age4.2009年6月CET-6：On the Importance of a NameQ2：命题形式一、现象评说二、观点对比三、问题解决四、图表阐释五、应用文体六、综合篇章Example：现象评说2007年12月CET-6The Digital Age1. 如今，数字化产品越来越多，如…2. 使用数字化产品对于人们学习工作和生活的影响；3. 你对数码产品的看法。

The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.(A) inactive(B) strong(C) alert(D) softIf sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means _____.(A) misleading(B) embarrassing(C) stimulating a goal wit(D) upsetting注：焦虑anxietyTo some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______.A) appreciateB) obtainC) interpretD) identifyThe process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps with a two-second glance.31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" .A) implicationB) contradictionC) interpretationD) confusionIt is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at leastapproximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______".A) misfortuneB) instabilityC) disadvantageD) burdenBeauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most probably means "_______".A) betray each otherB) harm one anotherC) help to collaborate with each otherD) benefit on anotherThe question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________.A) early acts for men to follow as examplesB) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importanceC) things that men should agree uponD) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided。

In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of make up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ".A) vegetables preserved for future useB) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meatC) expensive food that consumers can hardly affordD) meat canned for future consumptionThis means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".A) thrive onB) account forC) originate fromD) descend fromWe all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes. Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.⽂章中的并列关系·怎样对付阅读的长句⼩的并列：成分并列，不容易出题。