1#--5#18#--21#27#凤凰城竣工预验收会议纪要封面

（1）效价：也就是同一个目标对每一个人可能有三种效价：正、零、负。

如果个人喜欢其可得的结果，则为正效价；如果个人漠视其结果，则为零值；如果不喜欢其可得的结果，则为负效价。

效价越高，激励力量就越大。

如1000元奖金对生活困难者可能很有价值，而对百万富翁来说意义不大。

一个希望通过努力工作得到升迁机会的人，在他心中，“升迁”的效价就很高；如果他对升迁漠不关心，毫无要求，那么升迁对他来说效价就等于零；如果这个人对升迁不仅毫无要求，而且害怕升迁，那么，升迁对他来说，效价就是负值。

（2）期望值：对于目标的期望值怎样才算适合？有人把它形容为摘苹果。

只有跳起来能摘到苹果时，人才最用力去摘。

倘若跳起来也摘不到，人就不跳了。

如果坐着能摘到，无需去跳，便不会使人努力去做。

由此可见，领导者给员工制订工作定额时，要让员工经过努力就能完成，再努力就能超额，这才有利于调动员工的积极性。

2、公平理论：公平理论作为一个研究公平感对人们积极主动性影响的理论，确实解释了很多因自感不公平而对其行为的影响，如我们说富士康屡次跳楼事件，虽然充分表明了社会对农民工的不公正待遇对其心理所造成的影响冲击，但当富士康此后向社会招工时仍然时到处爆满，这充分表明了人们在基本工作生活需求都难以满足下，人们只有接受甚至积极接受不公正的现实的状况。

所以说，作为公平感对人们积极主动性的影响终究只是辅助性的，并没有决定性的作用。

起决定性作用的，终究还是人们基本需求与信仰与其所能接触到的任务目标相统一的结果。

强化理论忽视了人的内部状态，仅仅关注一个人采取一定行为是会出现什么结果。

因为强化理论没有考虑引发行为的因素，所以严格的说，他不是一种激励理论。

但是他确实对控制行为的因素提供了有力的分析工具，正因为如此，人们把它当做一种激励理论来讨论。

强化的主要功能，就是按照人的心理过程和行为的规律，对人的行为予以导向，并加以规范、修正、限制和改造。

它对人的行为的影响，是通过行为的后果反馈给行为主体这种间接方式来实现的。

predicative and attributive. 目
3. Learn and master the functions of Infinitive. 标
4. Learn and use Infinitive fluently in writing.
语法精讲透析
动词不定式作表语和定语 体验•悟 朗读下列句子, 体会动词不定式的用法 ①Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries. ②During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. ③The best way to do business is to build trust between you and your client. ④When you are faced with a serious decision, my suggestion is to listen to your own inner voice. ⑤The mother believes her duty is to raise her son to become a man with a noble mind and a generous heart. ⑥All he wanted after a tiring day was to be left alone.
二、动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语时应放在被修饰词的后面。 1. 动词不定式作定语的几种情况: (1)动词不定式作定语可表将来的还没发生的动作。 ※There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon. 在我们准备长时间待在月球上之前, 还有许多要处理的问题。

conflict/struggle:
•
people --- people
people --- nature
people --- society
people --- themselves
protagonist (hero) --- antagonist (enemy)
John Koshak, Jr.--- the hurricane
• apartment building in Mississippi before and after Camille
What’s the type of the text?
• narration (the telling of a story)
• characters (people): --Pop Koshak --Grandma Koshak --John Koshak --Janis Koshak --Seven children --Charles, a friend --neighbors --pets
What is the story about?
• It describes the heroic struggle of the Koshaks and their friends against the forces of a devastating hurricane Camille.
• What does the writer focus chiefly on---developing character, action (plot), or idea (theme)?
• To learn how the writer gives a vivid description of actions in terms of lexical, sentential and textual level;

Unit 1 College LifeText ALanguage in Use4.1) overlooking 2) overwhelming 3) enroll 4) keen 5) blend6) inspiration 7) frequented 8) diversity 9) passion10) incredible5.1) The Sept. 4 game between the Seahawks and the Packers kicked off this year’s football season.2) A big part of a woman’s diet should consist of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, high-fiber foods, and oily fish.3) Eleanor Roosevelt, who was a shy young girl, was terrified at the thought of speaking in public.4) Senior citizens, military veterans and businessmen make up the group of people requesting for government information in the United States.5) The schedule will make you aware of how you spend your time.6.reach a decision (达成决定) shape one’s life (塑造生活)analyze a problem (分析问题) approvea decision (通过决定)improve one’s life (改善生活) solve a problem (解决问题)1) making 2) reach 3) changed 4) shape5) enjoy 6) solve 7) analyze 8) encounter7.1) dishonest 2) illegal 3) substandard 4) irregular 5) unlock 6) incorrect 7) outnumber 8) supermarket 9) Undergraduate 10) overestimate8.1) 学习小组合作学习对应对哈佛繁重的学习任务起着重要的作用。