惩罚性赔偿制度研究
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惩罚性赔偿制度研究
(硕士论文摘要)
专业:在职攻读法律硕士
研究方向:民商法
作者姓名:郝守则
指导教师:高富平教授
惩罚性赔偿制度是英美法的一项重要法律制度,正式起源于英国普通法,后
被英美法系各国所继受,尤其在美国得到了极大的发展,我国立法中也一定程度
上接纳了该制度。但该制度白产生以来,支持与反对就一直相互交织,争执不断。
本文从惩罚性赔偿的合理性入手,对惩罚性赔偿制度进行比较研究,探讨其构成
要件、适用范围和金额量定,提出完善我围惩罚性赔偿制度的一些个人意见和建议。
根据以上思路,本文共分三章展开论述。
第一章论述了惩罚性赔偿制度的法理基础。惩罚性赔偿并非空穴来风,其有
着深厚的历史和实践根基,具有独特的惩罚、遏制与补偿功能,且这些功能不能
被刑事、行政责任替代。惩罚性赔偿能够弥补补偿性赔偿在惩罚与遏制民事不法
行为上存在的不足,更加适应现代民法的社会本位要求,作为补偿性赔偿制度的
补充,两者共同构成完美的民事责任制度体系。建立惩罚性赔偿制度符合我国社
会现实需要,具有深厚的社会基础。
第二章论述了惩罚性赔偿的责任构成要件、适用范围、金额量定、与精神损
害赔偿的协调等。惩罚性赔偿的责任构成要件为:1、被告主观上具有故意或重大过失;2、被告的行为性质恶劣,严重违反社会道德水准;3、须造成实际损害;
4、须具有因果关系;5、须有判处惩罚性赔偿金之需要。该制度广泛适用于侵权
领域包括产品责任,但主观上一般过失的轻微侵权行为、防卫过当、避险过当的
侵权行为、动机良好的一般侵权行为、被害人有严重过错的侵权行为一般不宜适
用惩罚性赔偿。在合同领域,该制度可以适用但应尽量限制适用,一般在具有欺诈性、胁迫性的合同、当事人实质地位严重不平等的合同、当事人具有特殊关系
的合同等三种类型的合同中可以适用。在金额量定上,惩罚性赔偿与补偿性赔偿
应保持一定的比例,但在特殊情况下可以突破比例限制,适用更高的惩罚性赔偿
数额,以充分发挥惩罚性赔偿的惩罚与遏制功能。在确定具体的金额时,应充分
考虑被告主观恶性等多种因素。惩罚性赔偿金交给受害人不属不当得利,更能体
现该制度的精神和要求。惩罚性赔偿与精神损害赔偿在目的功能、适用范围、构
成要件等方面均有本质差别,应分开对待。
第j章评析了我国现行惩罚性赔偿立法和司法解释,研究了该制度能否纳入
民法典问题,并提出了完善构想。我国消费者权益保护法、最高法院关于审理商
品房买卖合同的司法解释中关于惩罚性赔偿规定的基本立法思想应该肯定,但存
在一定不足。惩罚性赔偿是一种兼有公法和私法属性,且以私法属性为主的法律
责任形式,纳入民法典并无不妥,将来出台的民法典应在侵权领域和合同领域中
分别规定惩罚性赔偿。
关键词:惩罚性赔偿;功能;制度建构ResearchORpunitiYedamages
(Abstract)
Major:JnrisMasterforonjobcandidate
Studydirection:CivilandCommercialLaw
Author:HaoShouze
Tutor:ProfessorGaoFuping
Punitivedamagesisanimportantcommon—lawlegalsystem,0街cially
originatedfromEnglishcommonlaw.Ithasbeenfollowedbyothercountries
belongingtotheCOITIITIonlaw,especiallyintheUnitedStateswhichhasbeen
developing01-1alargescale.Ourlegislationhasacceptedthesystemtosomeextent.but,therehavebeenagreatnumberofdisputesrelatingtosupportingorobjectingtoitsincePunitivedamagesexists.Thearticlebeginsfromthereasonablenessof
punitivedamages,thendevelopthecomparativestudy,exploretheelements,thescope,madthecalculationofamountofthepunitivedamages.Atlast,someviewsand
suggestionstoimproveoursystemareputforwarded.Basedontheideasabove,thearticleisdividedintothreechapters.Thefirstchapterisdesignedtodebatethelegalbasisforpunitivedamages.Punitivedamagesarenotgroundless,thereisadeephistoricalandpracticalfoundation.Ithasuniquepunishment,Preventionandcompensationfunctions,andthesefimctionsarenotbereplacedbythecriminalandadministrativeliability.Punitivedamagescanmakeupforthecompensatorydamages,moreresponsivetothesocialstandardofmodemcivillaw.Asasupplementarysystemofcompensatorydamages,theyformaperfectcivilliabilitysystem.Inaddition,Punitivedamages
haveastrongsocialfoundationinourcountry.Thesecondchapterdealswiththeconditions,thescope,thecalculationofamountofimposingpunitivedamages.andthecoordinationproblems诵tllthemoraldamage.theelementsofthepunitivedamagesresponsibilityshouldincludethe
following:1.thedefendanthasthesubjectiveimentionorgross
negligence;2.thedefendant'sactisevil,andseriouslyviolatethesocialmoralstandards;3.theactualharmexist;4.theelementshavethecausallink;5.itwillbeneededtOimposepunitivedamages.nlesystemiswidelyusedintortfieldsincludingproductliability,however,theexceptionsincludethefollowingtort:thesubjectiveviolationduetogeneralnegligence;excessiveself-defendence;thegeneraltortwithgoodmotives;andtheVictimswit}1seriousfaultaregenerallynotsuitableforpunitivedamages.Inthefieldsofcontract,thesystemCanrestrictedlybeapplied州thfraudulent,coercivecontracts,andthecontractwhichthetwosideshaveunequaltradingpowerorthepartieshasaspeciallink.Indeterminingtheamountofpayments,punitivedamagesand
compensatorydamagesshouldmaintainacertainratio.HoweveLinexceptionalcircumstances,theratiocallbechangedandthehigheranlountofpunitivedamages
maybeappliedto,thenthecontainfunctionplaygreatly.IndeterminingthespecificanlOunt,weshouldgivefullconsiderationtOavarietyoffactors,forexamplethedefendantsubjectiveviciousness.Punitivedamagestothevictimsisnotunjustenrichment,butembodiesthespiritandrequirementsofthesystem.Thereareessentialdifferencesbetweenthemoraldamagecompensationandthepunitivedamages,suchasthefunction,thescopeofapplication,etc.Theyshouldbetreatedseparately.ChapterIIIfirstgiveUStheremarksofpunitivedamageswhichinvolvethecurrentlegislationandthejudicialinterpretations.Thendebatesthequestionifthe
systemshouldbesfipulatedintheCivilCodeornot.Finally,someviewsandsuggestionstoimproveoursystemareputforward.ThemainthoughtaboutpunitivedamagesstipulatedintheChina'sConsumerProtectionLawandthejudicialinterpretationisworthbeingapprovedonthewhole,buttherearemanyshortcomings.ThoughPunitivedamageshavethefeatureoftheprivateandpubliclawliability,howevermainlybelongt0theprivatelawliability,includedintheCivilCodeisnotinappropriate,thepunitivedamagesshouldbeseparatelyregulatedintheareaoftortandcontractinthefutureeivilcodeofchina
Keywords:punitivedamages:function;theestablislmentofthe