河北大学博士统考英语真题

Patterns of trade and travel may encourage enthusiasms for language nguages other than English may become important regional business languages.Already the number of learners of Chinese as a second important language is on the increase.贸易和旅游的模式可能鼓励语言学习的热情。

除英语之外的语言可能成为重要的区域商务语言。

作为第二重要语言的中国学习者的数量已经增加。

Snowden's leaks of highly classified matrial have resulted in numberous news stories about U.S. surveillance activities at home and abroad and have caused debate about the legality of those activities and the privacy implications for average Americans.斯诺登泄露的高度机密的材料已经导致了许多关于美国在国内和国外的监视活动的新闻报道，引发了关于这些监测活动的合法性和对美国普通民众的隐私影响的辩论。

In addition to the dry period, people have never regarded water as a valuable natural resource. It is true that water is not a rare thing in the world. If it does not rain, the farmers will complain, but in the city with reliable water supply system, few people feel water shortage. We take it for granted that water is no more valuable than air. However, in part because of the increase in population, partly because of the terrible waste, water supply has become a big challenge in many parts of the world. This is a serious problem that can not be ignored. If we do not reduce blood cells, reduce waste, mankind will face disaster in the near future.除了干旱时期，人们从不把水看成宝贵的自然资源。

医学博士英语作文语真题英文回答:The topic for the medical doctor English essay question is often related to healthcare issues or medical advancements. It requires a deep understanding of medical terminology and the ability to communicate effectively in English. The essay may ask students to discuss a specific medical case, propose solutions to a healthcare problem, or analyze the impact of a new medical technology.To excel in this type of essay, it is crucial to have a strong grasp of medical knowledge and terminology in both English and Chinese. It is important to use accurate and concise language to convey ideas and arguments effectively. Additionally, incorporating relevant research and evidence to support your points will strengthen the overall quality of the essay.中文回答：医学博士英语作文的题目通常与医疗问题或医学进展相关。

它要求对医学术语有深入的了解，并能够有效地用英语进行沟通。

河北大学考博英语真题试题试卷2011Part I Grammar and Vocabulary(15%)1.He______his children nothing and gave them everything they wanted,which spoiled the children.A)disagreed B)rejected C)declined D)denied2.The new apartment house that was built a few months ago is large enough to______over two hundred people.A)accommodate B)settle C)live D)share3.Despite______,it did a great deal of good work inside the trade union.A)mistakes and weaknessesB)of mistakes and weaknessesC)it had mistakes and weaknessesD)there were mistakes and weaknesses4.She isn't rich;______that she will ever be.A)and I imagine B)and do I imagine C)nor I imagine D)nor doI imagine5.It is an almost universal truth______the more we are promoted in a job,the less we actually exercise the skills we initially used to perform itA)that B)which C)what D)as6.Think carefully before you answer his questions.You may be trapped______vital information.A)giving away B)to give away C)into giving away D)give away7.Marianne was tempted to turn the large rooms into traditional French-style salons,______Howard was in favor of a typically English look.A)when B)which C)where D)while8.The school has very good teachers,but when itcomes______its buildings,the school is poor.A)to renovate B)to renovating C)for renovating D)as renovate9.That book is worth at Least$15,but we could let you have it______$10.A)for B)by C)at D)on10.Though be worked part time after class,his exam results are______above average.A)away B)too C)very D)way?11.Tommy talks about pyramids as though he______them himself.A)sees B)has seen C)is seeing D)had seen12.Non-gaseous substances which______naturally as pure elements,such as gold,are rare and are often highly valued.A)happen B)occur C)perceive D)assume13.______the government's record on unemployment,their chances of winning the election look poor.A)Give B)Giving C)Given D)T o give14.A sacred site might be a mountain that is______some significance to a tribe.A)with B)by C)of D)at15.He said ft was important that every member______his subscription by the end of the month.A)send B)sent C)had sent D)would sentPart II Reading Comprehension(25%)Directions:There are5passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A)B)C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions16to20are based on the following passage:At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state.Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient’s illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.The primary nurse stays with the patient through the hospitalization,keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor.If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment,it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor.What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is atrue colleague.Beth Israel’s nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital.She is also a member of the Medical Executive Committee,which in most hospitals includes only doctors.16.Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?A)The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.B)Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.C)The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.D)The primary nurse keeps records of the patient’s health conditions every day.17.It can be inferred from the passage that______.A)compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient.B)in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from theprofessional point of viewC)in most hospitals nurses get low salariesD)compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital18.A primary nurse can propose different approach of treatment when______.A)the present one is refused by the patientB)the patient complains about the present oneC)the present one proves to be ineffectiveD)the patient is found unwilling to cooperate19.The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former______.A)is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospitalB)has to arrange the work shifts of the unit’s nursesC)can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient.D)has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses.20.The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital is______.A)negative B)neutral C)critical D)positiveQuestions21to25are based on the following passage:The quality of university life is declining under strain from the higher education,leading independent schools in British complied.The warning followed survey of the impressions of campus life gained by students of school. Poor interviewing of the applicants,infrequent contacts with tutors,worries over student safety,and even complaint over the food were seen as symptoms of the pressure on universities.Head teachers said thatstandards could well drop if the squeeze on universities budgets continued.A survey was carried out because of fears that the level of green area in universities had declined.A great number of student suicides had raised concerns among head teachers.Although most of the6,000students surveyed were enjoying university life,almost a third were less than satisfied with their course.About one in10had serious financial problems and some give alarming accounts of conditions around their halls of their residence.Incidents mentioned included a fatal stabbing and shooting outside a hall of residence,the petrol bombing of cars near another residence,and two racist attacks.Nine percent of women and seven percent of men rated security as unsatisfactory in the area where they lived.Stanford University had the lowest satisfaction /doc/a31368385.html,ncaster and Kinston universities were rated the safest.The survey confirmed head teachers'fears about contact between students and tutors slipping,with a quarter of the students seeing their tutors only every three weeks.New students,used to regular contact with their teachers, found it hard to adapt to the change.Interview techniques were a cause for concern,with the school calling for more training of the university staff involved in admissions.Some headmasters complained that interviews were increasingly“odd”.One greeted an applicant by throwing him an apple.Another interview lasted only three minutes. About a quarter of the students found the workload at university heavier than they had expected.Imperial College London,Oxford,and Cambridge universities registered by far the highest workload.There were differences between subjects,with architectures,engineering,veterinary science,medicine and some science subjects demanding the most work.Veterinary sciencewas nevertheless the most popular subject,followed by physiotherapy and history of art.General engineering,economics,computing and sociology were the least popular. The survey also confirmed that previous concerns about possible racial prejudice in admissions to medical courses. Applicants with names suggesting an ethnic minority background had been rejected with qualifications as good as successful white candidates.21.According to the passage,the main problem existing in the interview of admission is that______.A)the interviewers often greeted the applicants by throwing an appleB)the interviewers spent only a few minutes interviewing an applicantC)the interviewers were not knowledgeable to interview the applicantsD)the interviewers lack enough training and interview techniques22.From the passage,we can learn that______.A)most students surveyed were satisfied with university lifeB)many head teachers were killed by the students in universityC)veterinary science was popular for its workload was lightD)students were worried about the squeeze on university budgets23.From the passage,we can see that the author's description of the quality of university life in British is______.A)objectiveB)subjectiveC)pessimisticD)arbitrary24.Among the following,which is the proper statement of the status of the student’s security?A)Fatal stabbing and shooting often happened outside the hall of residence.B)The students in British were so worried about their security in university.C)Students were often watchful against people around their halls of residence.D)The status of students’security in Stanford University might be awful.25.From the passage,we can infer that in high school,students______?A)were never worried about their securityB)had regular contact with their tutorsC)were often dissatisfied with their courseD)were worried about their entrance examQuestions26to30are based on the following passage:Many stray dogs and cats wander in the streets of the /doc/a31368385.html,ually they end up in animal shelters,where staffs must find ways to dispose of them.One legitimate disposal route has been the research lab.But in California, animal rights groups recently have been learning(leaning)hard on animal shelters,effectively cutting off much of the supply.About30years ago,Los Angeles voters defeated a proposal to prohibit the release of the animals for the laboratory use.But today,with new proposals being submitted to city councils and country boards,the result could be well different.And the new proposals are much more sweeping.They would create reviewboards for all animal experimentation.A group of California investigators even have organized a committee for animal research in medicine.“Most scientists don’t realize the danger,”ways Caltech neurobiologist John M.Allman,who uses monkeys to study the organization of the brain.“Such movements in the past---in this country,at least—have largely been the efforts of small,fragmented and relatively ineffective groups.But this new movement is carefully orchestrated,well organized,and well financed.”it is easy to look at the history of animal experimentation and compile a catalog of horrors.But the day is long past when a researcher can take animal and do anything he pleases to it with a total disregard for its welfare and comfort.“People don’t realize,”says Allman,“that we are already extensively reviewed.In my work I must follow the ethical codes laid down by the National Institute of Health and the American Physiological Society,among others.And we might have a surprise visit at any time from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s inspectors.It’s the USDA field veterinarians who do the enforcing.Believe me,these inspections are anything,but routine,and these fellows have a great deal of power.Because their reports can adversely affect federal funding,their recommendations are,in reality,orders.”It is important that the animal rights advocates do not impose their solutions on society.It would be tragic indeed---when medical science is close to learning so much more that is very useful to our health and welfare---ifalready regulation-burdened and budget-restrained researchers were further hampered.I wander about those purists who seek to halt all animalexperimentation on moral grounds:Do they also refuse,for themselves and others,to accept any remedy—or information—that gained through animal experimentation?And do they have the right to make such decisions on behalf of all patients in cancer wards?26.According to Para.2,which of the following statements is true?A)People in Los Angeles voted against sending animals to lab30years ago.B)People in Los Angeles voted for sending animals to animal shelters30years ago.C)People in Los Angeles hold the same attitudes toward the laboratory use of animals as30years ago.D)The attitude of people in Los Angeles toward the laboratory use of animals has changed in the past30yes.27.What does the word“orchestrated”in Para.3most probably mean?A)Arranged.B)Performed.C)Held.D)Formed.28.The following organizations may have strong influence on animal experimentation in Los Angeles except____.A)National Institute of Health B)American Physiological SocietyC)U.S.Department of Agriculture D)City Council29.If animal rights advocates realize their ideas on the experimentation,what will happen?A)The scientists are sure to gain more research results.B)It may help the scientists to gain more financial did.C)The government may choose their regulation of the experimentation.D)The development of medical science may slow down.30.What’s the author’s attitude towards people who oppose animal experimentation?A)Supportive.B)Opposite.C)Indifferent.D)unclear.Questions31to35are based on the following passage:Most people would agree that,although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge,there is no corresponding increase in wisdom.But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define“wisdom”and consider means of promoting it.There are several factors that contribute to wisdom.Of these I should put first a sense of proportion:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.Suppose,for example,that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine.The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your mind.You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine.You succeed(let us say)as modern medicine has succeeded,in enormously lowering the infant death-rate,not only in Europe and America,but also in Asia and Africa.This has the entirely unintended result of making food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations.To take an even more dramatic example,which is in everybody’s mind at the present time:you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race.Therefore,with every increase of knowledge and skill,wisdom becomes more necessary,for every such increase augments(增强)our capacity for realizing our purposes,and therefore augments our capacity for evil,if our purposes are unwise.31.Disagreement arises when people try to decide______.A)how much more wisdom we have now than beforeB)what wisdom is and how to develop itC)if there is a great increase of wisdom in our ageD)whether wisdom can be developed or not32.According to the author,“wisdom”is the ability to______.A)carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research workB)give each important problem some careful considerationC)acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledgeD)give suitable consideration to all the possible elements ina problem33.Lowering the infant death-rate may_______.A)prove to be helpful everywhere in the worldB)give rise to an increase m population in EuropeC)cause food shortages in Asia and AfricaD)raise the living standard of the people in Africa34.The author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that______.A)it's extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in a problemB)success in medical research has its negative effectsC)scientists may unknowingly cause destruction to the human raceD)it's unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine35.What is the main idea of the passage?A)It is unwise to place the results of scientific research in thelands of a.powerful mad man.B)The more knowledge one has,the wiser one becomes.C)Any Increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdom.D)Wisdom increases in proportion to one's age.Questions36to40are based on the following passage:Looking back on my childhood,I am convinced that naturalist are born and not made.Although we were all brought up in the same way,my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects.Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages.I was not an early reader and I could not do mental arithmetic.Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary.I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in,of my room and my toys.Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents,aunts,uncles and cousins who gathered next door.But I do have a crystal-clear memory of the dogs,the farm animals,the local birds,and above all,the insects.I am a naturalist,not a scientist.I have a strong love for the natural world and my enthusiasm had led me into varied investigations.I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil while reading about other people's observations and discoveries.Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind.Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle,because it all seems to fit together.This has resulted in my publishing300papers and books,which some might be honored with the title of scientific research.But curiosity,a keen eye,a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: one of theoutstanding and essential qualities required is self-discipline,a quality I lack.A scientist requires not only self-discipline but hard training,determination and a goal.A scientist,up to a point,can be made.A naturalist is born.If you can combine the two,you get the best of both worlds.36.The first paragraph tells us the author______.A)was interested in flowers and insects in his childhoodB)lost his hearing when he was a childC)didn't like Ms brothers and sistersD)was born to a naturalist's family37.The author can't remember his relatives clearly because______.A)he didn't live very long with themB)the family was extremely largeC)he was too young when he lived with themD)he was fully occupied with observing nature38.It can be inferred from the passage that the author was______.A)a scientist as well as a naturalistB)not a naturalist but a scientistC)no more than a born naturalistD)first of all a scientist39.The author says that he is a naturalist rather than a scientist probably because he thinks he______.A)has a great deal of trouble doing mental arithmeticB)lacks some of the qualities required of a scientistC)just reads about other people's observations and discoveriesD)comes up with solutions in a most natural way40.According to the author,a born naturalist should first of allbe______.A)full of ambition B)knowledgeableC)full of enthusiasm D)self-disciplinedTranslate the following sentences into Chinese(25%)41.Let's hope our educators answer students'cries for career education,but at the same time let's ensure thatstudents are prepared for the day when they realize their short-sightedness.There is a lot more to life than job.42.The Olympics remains the most pure example of competition for the sake of competition itself.Athletes sacrifice their careers and bodies risking injury,defeat and complete failure to compete for nothing more than honor for their country and themselves.43.Once you turn on a new leaf,you can't expect to change completely right away.You are bound to fluctuate attimes.The key is to be satisfied with gradual improvement,expecting and accepting the occasional slips that come with any change.44.To be a healthy person physically and psychologically,one should lead a balanced life.Those little things---reading mystery novels,playing volleyball.Spending time with family and friends---may seem relatively insignificant means to a healthy end.But,they can be at least rewarding.45.Excluding someone because he or she has a disability that does not affect performance is equivalent to wrongs such as hiring based on race.Everyone deserves to have the opportunity to do a good job,and as a result have a sense of pride in being a part of society.Part IV Writing(15points)46.Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic We Need to Turn to Education for Prosperity.You should write at least150words and you should base your composition onthe outline(given in Chinese)below:1.教育的作用和意义。

河北师范大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题河北师范大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题一、本次考试由七个部分组成，分别为：I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes; 15 points )II. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes; 25 points )III. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 minutes; 10 points )IV. Short Answer Questions ( 15 minutes; 10 points )V. Error Correction ( 10 minutes; 10 points )VI. Translation from Chinese into English ( 35 minutes; 15 points )VII. Composition ( 35 minutes; 15 points )二、本考题满分为100分,全部考试时间为180分钟。

三、听力部分、阅读理解部分、词汇与结构部分为选择题，请将所选答案标明题号，涂在答题卡上。

改错、简答题、翻译和写作答案写在答题纸上，所有答案写在草稿纸上或试题册上无效。

I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes, 15 points )Section ADirections: In this section, you’ll hear 10 short conversations. At the end of the conversation, a questio n will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A ) The lecture for next Monday is cancelled.B ) The lecture wasn’t as successful as expected.C ) The woman doesn’t want to attend the lecture.D ) The woman may attend next Monday’s lecture.2. A ) The woman has a very tight budget.B ) He does not think the fur coat is worth buying.C ) He’s willing to lend the woman money for the fur coat.D ) The woman is not careful enough in planning her spending.3. A ) Clean the kitchen.B ) Ask someone to fix the sink.C ) Find a bigger apartment for the lady.D ) Check the work done by the maintenance man.4. A ) The lens. B ) The price. C ) The flash. D ) The leather case.5. A ) She needs another haircut soon.B ) She thinks it worthwhile to try Santerbale’s.C ) She knows a less expensive place for a haircut.D ) She would like to make an appointment for the man.6. A ) The woman doesn’t want to cook a meal.B ) The woman wants to have a picnic.C ) The woman has a poor memory.D ) The woman likes Mexican food.7. A ) Everyone enjoyed himself at John’s parties.B ) The woman didn’t enjoy John’s parties at all.C ) It will be th e first time for the man to attend John’s party.D ) The woman is glad to be invited to John’s house-warming party.8. A ) She lacks confidence in herself.B ) She is not interested in computer programming.C ) She has never signed up for any competition before.D ) She is sure to win the programming contest.9. A ) The man has an enormous amount of work to do.B ) The man has made plans for his vacation.C ) The man’ll take work with him on his vacation.D ) Work stacked up during the man’s last vacation.10. A ) She likes the job of feeding fish.B ) She finds her new job interesting.C ) She feels unfit for her new job.D ) She’s not in good health.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end ofeach passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A ) Rally support for their movement.B ) Liberate women from tedious housework.C ) Claim their rights to equal job opportunities.D ) Express their anger against sex discrimination.12. A ) It will bring a lot of trouble to the local people.B ) It is a popular form of art.C ) It will spoil the natural beauty of their surroundings.D ) It is popular among rock stars.13. A ) To show that mindless graffiti can provoke violence.B ) To show that Londoners have a special liking for graffiti.C ) To show that graffiti, in some cases, can constitute a crime.D ) To show that graffiti can make the environment more colorful. Passage2Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A ) The Asian elephant is easier to tame.B ) The Asian elephant’s skin is more valuable.C ) The Asian elephant is less popular with tourists.D ) The Asian elephant produces ivory of a better quality.15. A ) From the captured or tamed elephants.B ) From the British wildlife protection group.C ) From elephant hunters in Thailand and Burma.D ) From tourists visiting the Thai-Burmese border.16. A ) Their taming for circuses and zoos.B ) The destruction of their natural homes.C ) Man’s lack of knowledge about their behavior.D ) Their greater vulnerability to extinction than other species. Passage3Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A ) They had lost their jobs as a result of the Industrial Revolution.B ) They had been suffering from political and religious oppression.C ) They wanted to flee from the widespread famine in NorthernEurope.D) They wanted to make a fortune there by starting their ownbusinesses.18.A) They might lose control of their members because of the increase inimmigration.B) Their members might find it difficult to get along with thenewcomers.C ) The working conditions of their members might deteriorate.D ) Their members might lose their jobs to the newcomers.19. A ) To impose restrictions on further immigration.B ) To improve the working conditions of immigrants.C ) To set a minimum wage level for new immigrants.D ) To put requirements on languages for newcomers.20. A ) They were looked down upon by European immigrants.B ) They had a hard time seeking equal job opportunities.C ) They worked very hard to earn a decent living.D ) They strongly opposed continued immigration.Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension ( 50 minutes, 25 points )Directions:There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the best answer among them.Questions 21 -25 are based on the following passage:Passage 1If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.21.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?A)They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B)They see the gaining of skills as their employees’ own business.C)They attach more importance to workers than equipment.D)They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.22. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?A)He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B)His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C)He is directly under the chief financial executive.D)He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.23.The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to .A)workers who can operate new equipmentB)technological and managerial staffC)workers who lack basic background skillsD)top executives24. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’s competitive advantage is .A)the introduction of new technologiesB)the improvement of worker’s basic skillsC)the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD)the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees25. What is the main idea of the passage?A)American firms are different from Japanese and Germany firms in human-resource management.B)Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C)The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’s hierarchy.D)The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.Questions 26—30 are based on the following passage:Passage 2For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hout rhythms. Our biological locks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. ( Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 differentsleep disorders. Some sleep disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time ones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “ Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.Sleep experts says that m ost people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns “ My motto (座右铭) is ‘ Sleep defensively’,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines—like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day—are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changes—avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep.26 What is TRUE of human sleep?A.On average, people in the U.S. today sleep less per night than they used to.B.For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.C.Most people need less sleep when they grow older.D.Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.27. For our bodies to function properly, we should .A.adjust our activities to the new inventionsB.be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocksC.sleep for at least eight hours per nightD.believe that we need less sleep as we age28.According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by .A.improper sleep patternsB.chronic fatigue syndromeC.other diseasesD.pre-bedtime exercises29. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?A.Having late meals.B.Traveling between time zones.C.Staying up late.D.Taking a hot bath.30. “ Sleep defensively” means that.A.people should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessaryB.people should give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every dayC.people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosedD.people should exercise immediately before going to bed every nightQuestions 31—35 are based on the following passage:Passage 3At Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it is became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that effects of measure, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO, in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous (人口众多的)low or medium-income countries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.31. The main purpose of this passage is to .A.analyze the problem of global warmingB.argue against making deep cuts in emissionsC.convince people that global warming is a real threatD.criticize some countries for refusing to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer32. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that .A.the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problemB.many people welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summerC.not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emissionsD.world technology is not able to solve the problem33. In the passage the author implies that .A.the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warmingB.the problem of global warming has largely been solvedC.it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layerD.it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment34. According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because______.A. some people are irresponsibleB. it would cause a collapse of the world economyC. it is only a goal to be reached in the futureD. some people are lacking in imagination35. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?A.They should hold another world conference on climate change.B.They should provide advanced technology.C.They should replace all the harmful substancesD.They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.Questions 36—40 are based on the following passage:Passage 4However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying(否认)the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong helpers of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and oppose curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent convert his natural paternal (父亲的)interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussion the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s unlawful acts, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional advised, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.36. The author directly discusses the fact that .A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directedC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. principals have explained the new art programs to parents37. It can be reasonably inferred that the author .A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental programC.feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at presentD. is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation.38. A method of communication not mentioned or intimated by the author is the .A. classes for parentsB. new type of report cardC. parent-teacher interviewD. demonstration lesson39. The author implies that .A. participation in interesting activities relating to a subject improves one’s achievement in t hat areaB. too many children are lazy and have poor work habitsC. school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsD. teachers should occasionally make home visits to parents40.We may infer that the writer of the passage does not favor .A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences over teacher-parent conferencesQuestions 41—45 are based on the following passage:Passage 5Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory, whether political or forensic(辩论的).Born in rude and abject poverty(赤贫)，he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematic, but he could read no language save his own, and can have had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy.The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Till he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix withexcept the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself.Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and indeed, of prolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own—clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation(卖弄), he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.41. It is said that Abraham Lincoln .A. was illiterateB. was never educatedC. was educated very lateD. behaved rudely when he was young42. We are told that Abraham Lincoln .A. never cared much for readingB. did much reading when he was youngC. never had much chance to readD. became an enthusiastic reader when he was grown up43. It is said that Abraham Lincoln .A. was anti-socialB. leaned little from his friendsC. had few friendsD. knew very few doctors44. The habit of reflection helped Lincoln .A. to develop independenceB. to become more opinionatedC. to attain clear convictionsD. to become a hesitant person45. From the passage, what can we infer about Lincoln?A. A failure because of his ignorance.B. A man who triumphed over his disadvantages.C. An exceptionally successful and well-educated person.D. An illiterate man, but with some natural talents.Ⅲ. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 minutes; 10 points )Directions: In this section there are twenty incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one answer that best complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.46.The black clouds and the lightening show that a storm is . We’d better hurry up.A. eminentB. imminentC. prominentD. immigrant47.With the sharp rise in examination cheating, many painstaking students _______the campaign against allkinds of dishonesty.A. approvedB. cheeredC. clappedD. applauded48.His excellent speech the audience’s warm acclamations.(喝彩)A. resulted fromB. burst intoC. evokedD. violated49.National and international is indispensable if victory is to beachieved.A. sociologyB. isolationC. solidarityD. solo50.The government regulations that put this archeological siteunder protectionA. publishedB. issuedC. dischargedD. released51.With all its advantages, the computer is by no means withoutits .A. boundariesB. confinementsC. restraintsD. limitations52. I don’t really know how to the problem.A. tackleB. copeC. undergoD. underestimate53.China started in nuclear power industry only in recent years, andshould no time in catching up.A. delayB. loseC. lagD. lessen54.A friendship may be , casual, situational or deep and lasting.A. identicalB. originalC. superficialD. critical55.The republication of the poet’s most recent works will certainly________his national reputation.A. enhanceB. strengthenC.enlargeD.magnify56.There should be enough copies of the novel to the whole class.A. go roundB. go outC. go throughD. go along with57.There is no one of us wishes to go.A. asB. butC. whomD. which58.She is already very nervous and if she knew that you were here.A. still more nervous would she becomeB. she would still become nervousC. she will become still more nervousD. would she become still more nervous59. “ Can I write my essay on the back of an envelope?”“ I’d rather you it on a sheet of scrap paper.”A. writeB. wroteC. will writeD. have written60.The human voice often sounds on the telephone.A. twistedB. irregularC. deformed D) distorted61.We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt62.Our research has focused on a drug which is so as to be able to change brain chemistryA. powerfulB. influentialC. monstrousD. vigorous63.There is no much time left, so I’ll tell you about it .A. in detailB. in briefC. in shortD. in all64. A light sleeper is usually very to any sound even as inaudible as the humming of a mosquito.A. acuteB. keenC. alterD. immune65.The prisoner denied anyone at the house when he was questioned by the police.A. seeing thatB. to have seenC. that he seesD. having seenⅣ.Short Answer Questions ( 20 minutes, 10 points )Directions:In this part there is one passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then use as few words as possible to answer the questions or complete the statements.Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:Increasingly, over the past ten years, people--especially young people --- have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly chemical foods, is not good for the heath. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruits and grains which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matters, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount--but not the quality-- of foods grown in commercial farming areas.Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it dose seem to be an additive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber.It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour band vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rate. Hence the emphasis placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on healthy eating.。

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

2024年上半年河北省学位英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12024年上半年河北省学位英语考试真题Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) She doesn't agree with the man.B) She thinks the man is right.C) She is not sure about what the man said.D) She finds something interesting in the man's story.2. A) The woman is willing to lend her notes to the man.B) The woman has borrowed the man's notes.C) The m an will take the woman’s notes to class.D) The woman has decided to lend the man her notes.3. A) Some people struck up a conversation with the woman.B) The woman was too busy to talk to anyone.C) The woman was too tired to talk to anyone.D) The woman refused to talk to anyone.4. A) Attend a meeting.B) Call the secretary.C) Offer some advice.D) Type something for the man.5. A) He's terribly sorry about the accident.B) He insists that the woman should help him.C) He doesn't see any way to solve the problem.D) He will go to see the woman another day.6. A) It's the same price as it was last year.B) He can't afford the exhibit hall ticket.C) He won't be able to arrive there in time.D) He thinks the fee is too high.7. A) Stay at home and take care of the children.B) Go on vacation and leave their children behind.C) Take the children on a trip.D) Leave the children with their grandparents.8. A) His wife hasn't agreed to move.B) He persuaded his wife to move.C) His wife isn't happy about moving.D) He hasn't moved because of his wife.9. A) The man shouldn't worry about his work.B) The man will have to stay for some time.C) The man should get some rest.D) The woman will help him with his work.10. A) The woman is surprised that the man is so considerateB) The man bought the woman some tea out of the blue.C) The woman asked the man to buy her some tea.D) The man didn't expect the woman to like tea.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 11-13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) It's easy to make a successful plan.B) People make poor plans because they don't know what they want.C) Poor planning leads to poor results.D) Planning is different from doing.12. A) People should make plans in the winter so they're better prepared for the summer.B) Better planning skills can improve people's lives.C) Planning is a natural thing for young children.D) Adults can learn lessons from children.13. A) They plan on visiting the zoo.B) Their fishing trip isn't planned.C) They didn't bring anything to protect themselves from the elements.D) They hope they can make the most of their day off.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The story of money is a long and fascinating history of human civilization. The ______14________ of money dates back over 3,000 years to ancient Mesopotamia. The world's first______15_______ currency was created there and consisted of clay tablets ______16_______ pieces, which were stamped with pictures to denote their value. This revolutionary development quickly spread throughout neighboring regions such as Egypt, Persia, and Greece, ______17_______ the concept of money as a standardized unit of value that could be traded for goods and services. As civilizations _____18_______ and trade networks expanded, the need for a more easily transportable form of currency became essential. This led to the development of various forms of coinage made from precious metals such as gold and silver. Coins facilitated long-distance trade and allowed merchants to _____19_______ transactions with people from different cultures and languages.However, coins were not without their limitations. They were heavy, cumbersome to carry, and vulnerable to theft. The introduction of paper money in China in the 7th century______20_______ a practical solution to these problems. Paper money was lighter and more portable than coins, making it easier for traders to transport large sums of money over long distances. The use of paper money gradually spread throughoutAsia and Europe, ____21_______ to its widespread adoption as the primary form of currency in the modern world. Today, we often take the convenience of paper or digital money for granted, but it is important to recognize the ______22_______ of these innovations in shaping the global economy and enabling the exchange of goods and services on a massive scale.Word Bank:A) legacyB) expansionC) pioneeringD) innovationsE) evolvedF) utensilsG) currencyH) barterI) enabledJ) approveSection BDirections: In this section, you are required to read a passage and answer the questions that follow. You can choose the best answer from the four options givenText 1This text engages in a research that suggests that there is a significant link between high levels of screen time and symptoms of depression in teens. According to the study, teenagers who spent more than three hours a day on social media were more likely to report high levels of depressive symptoms compared to those who used screens for less than an hour a day. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring screen time and promoting healthy digital habits among teenagers.23. What is the main idea of the research mentioned in the passage?A) Excessive screen time can lead to depression.B) Depression rates are higher among teenagers who use screens.C) Using screens for less than an hour can prevent depression.D) Teenagers should have unlimited access to screens.24. According to the study, how many hours of social media usage are associated with high levels of depressive symptoms?A) Less than an hourB) One to Two hoursC) Two to Three hoursD) More than three hours25. What does the study suggest should be done to prevent depressive symptoms in teenagers?A) Increasing screen timeB) Decreasing screen timeC) Encouraging unlimited screen timeD) Limiting social interactionsPart III Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write an essay in response to a question statement. You are encouraged to make detailed references to the passages, but you are not to copy them. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 2.Question Statement:In your opinion, what is the significance of having a good understanding of the history of money and its evolution in shaping the global economy?(以上内容为2024年上半年河北省学位英语考试真题)篇22024年上半年河北省学位英语考试真题Part 1: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Coca-Cola, the soft drink maker, has been ordered by a court in Venezuela to pay $1 billion to a former employee of a bottling company, who was kidnapped and held by a criminal gang for almost nine months. Six men were arrested for the abduction of the man, who worked for several years at a branch of the bottling company, which is a subsidiary of Coca-Cola. The court said the company had shown multiple signs of negligence (疏忽) in failing to protect the employee from kidnapping.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Coca-Cola has been ordered to pay a former employee $1 billion.B. A former employee of a bottling company has been kidnapped.C. The bottling company is a subsidiary of Coca-Cola.D. Six men were arrested for the abduction.2. The court ordered Coca-Cola to pay the employee $1 billion becauseA. the former employee was kidnapped and held by a criminal gangB. the company was negligent in failing to protect the employeeC. the man worked at a branch of the bottling company for several yearsD. the bottling company is a subsidiary of Coca-Cola3. What can we infer from the passage?A. Being kidnapped for almost nine months was a traumatic experience for the former employee.B. The former employee was released from captivity unharmed.C. The six men who were arrested for the abduction were all found guilty.D. Coca-Cola has agreed to pay the $1 billion to the former employee.4. The expression "multiple signs of negligence" in the passage meansA. many indications that the company behaved responsiblyB. several warnings that the company failed to heedC. numerous signs of culpable disregard by the companyD. various messages indicating the company's diligencePassage 2The ancient Egyptians believed that the sun god, Ra, journeyed through the sky during the day and traveled through the underworld at night to reappear again the next morning. The sun was the source of all life and the chief symbol of life and rebirth.5. According to the passage, what did the ancient Egyptians believe about the sun?A. It was the chief god of the underworld.B. It did not travel through the sky during the day.C. It was the source of all life.D. It did not reappear each morning.6. The passage implies that the sun's journey through the sky during the day symbolizesA. death and destructionB. darkness and evilC. rebirth and renewalD. decay and deterioration7. Based on the passage, how did the ancient Egyptians view the sun god, Ra?A. As a source of darkness and fearB. As a symbol of light and lifeC. As a sign of death and decayD. As a representation of despair and hopelessness8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a belief held by the ancient Egyptians?A. The sun was the chief symbol of life and rebirth.B. Ra journeyed through the sky during the day.C. The sun was the source of all life.D. The underworld was the realm of the dead.Passage 3Health experts have long advised people to exercise regularly in order to maintain good physical health. However, recent studies have shown that physical activity also has a positive impact on mental health. Exercise releases endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators.9. According to the passage, what is the main benefit of exercise on mental health?A. It improves memory and cognitive function.B. It reduces stress and anxiety.C. It promotes better sleep and relaxation.D. It prevents depression and mood disorders.10. The passage suggests that endorphins areA. harmful chemicals that should be avoidedB. natural painkillers and mood elevatorsC. synthetic substances that mimic the effects of exerciseD. drugs that have negative side effects on mental health11. What do health experts recommend in order to maintain good mental health?A. Avoiding physical activity and leading a sedentary lifestyleB. Taking medication to regulate mood and alleviate painC. Following a healthy diet and practicing mindfulnessD. Exercising regularly to release endorphins and improve mood12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential benefit of exercise on mental health?A. Increased levels of endorphins in the brainB. Improved physical fitness and strengthC. Enhanced mood and emotional well-beingD. Reduced risk of heart disease and diabetesPassage 4Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming industries across the world, from healthcare to transportation. While AI has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our daily lives, it also raises ethical concerns about privacy and security. As AI becomes more advanced and autonomous, experts are calling for regulations to ensure that it is used responsibly and ethically.13. The passage suggests that AI has the potential toA. create new ethical dilemmasB. revolutionize industries worldwideC. replace human workers in all sectorsD. eliminate the need for regulations and oversight14. According to the passage, what are some ethical concerns raised by the use of AI?A. The potential for job loss and economic instabilityB. The risk of privacy breaches and data manipulationC. The threat of hacking and cyber attacksD. The danger of developing autonomous machines15. Experts are calling for regulations on AI in order to ensure thatA. human workers are not replaced by machinesB. AI remains under government controlC. it is used responsibly and ethicallyD. privacy and security concerns are ignored16. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential impact of AI on industries?A. Increased efficiency and productivityB. Enhanced decision-making and problem-solvingC. Decreased reliance on human laborD. Greater risks of security breaches and data leaksPart 2: Cloze Test (30 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Technology has changed the way we live, work, and communicate in ways (17) we could have never imagined. The (18) of smartphones and social media has made it easier (19) ever to connect with people around the world. However, this increased (20) comes with its own set of challenges, as we are constantly bombarded with information and distractions. It is important to strike a balance between (21) connected and being present in the moment. One way to do this is by (22) regular breaks from technology and spending time (23) nature. Studies have shown that spending time outdoors can (24) stress, improve mood, and boost creativity. It is also important to (25) time with loved ones and engage in meaningful conversations (26) of simply scrolling through social media feeds. In a world (27) by technology, it is essential to (28) human connection and foster relationships with those (29) us. As we navigate the complexities of the digital age, it is (30) for us to remember the importance of human interaction and the value of face-to-face communication.17. A. what B. which C. that D. how18. A. invention B. introduction C. development D. emergence19. A. as B. than C. of D. for20. A. convenience B. accessibility C. availability D. popularity21. A. being B. becoming C. staying D. remaining22. A. taking B. making C. having D. giving23. A. with B. in C. at D. on24. A. decrease B. reduce C. lower D. alleviate25. A. spend B. invest C. waste D. lose26. A. instead B. rather C. too D. only27. A. dominated B. controlled C. influenced D. manipulated28. A. value B. cherish C. maintain D. retain29. A. around B. beside C. with D. near30. A. vital B. crucial C. essential D. significantPart 3: Translation (15 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. 他们正在努力寻找一种解决方案来减少塑料污染。

河北大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Listening ComprehensionDirections:In this section,you will hear10short conversations.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A,B,C and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a line through the center.1.A)On the high way.B)At a managers’conference.C)In a supermarket.D)At a track meet.2.A)The woman should leave the television on.B)The woman should watch the program too.C)The program will be over soon.D)The watch is on the top of the television.3.A)He needs to sleep for three or four hours.B)He wants to buy a set of coffee cups.C)He will need more than one cup of coffee.D)He has been wide awake for some time.4.A)The woman rejected the man’s apology.B)The man had hurt the woman’s feelings.C)The man had forgotten the whole thing.D)The woman appreciated the man s offer.5.A)The man is seeing the woman off.B)They are discussing their plan for Christmas.C)The woman is meeting the man at the airport.D)They are complaining the poor airport service.6.A)She has no desire to teach.B)She will graduate after the man does.C)She likes all her teachers equally.D)She has no idea where graduation will be held.7.A)He needs another job as research assistant.B)He is doing research with Professor Williams.C)He asked Professor Williams for assistance.D)He assists Professor Williams with his teaching.8.A)The show was planned a long time ago.B)She thought there were no tickets left for the show.C)The audience were deeply impressed by the show.D)She thought the seats on the left side were fully occupied.9.A)Julie moved to a new address a week ago.B)Julie misses her family very much.C)They should pay Julie a visit.D)They should stop seeing Julie.10.A)In a school.B)In a barbershop.C)In a clothing store.D)In a bank.Part I Vocabulary and Structure(20points)I.Each of the following sentences has an underlined word or phrase.Below which sentence are four other words or phrases,marked A,B,C,and D.You are to choose the ONE word or phrase which,if substituted for the underlined word or phrase,would best keep the meaning of the original sentence.(10points)1.She was embarrassed by her friend's bad manners.A:ashamed because of B:endangered by C:amazed at D:challenged2.Archaeological discoveries strengthened the hypothesis that Troy existed.A.assumptionB.propositionC.idealD.concept3.The substance of an education is its effect on your life,and is not just the ability to pass the life.A:purport B:nature C:essence D.feature4.The people in the room were shocked by his blasphemous language.A:exaggerative B:offensive C:boastful D:thrilling5.He found the old house in complete desolation.A:distinction B:devastation C:disposition D:disillusion6.His remark are always succinct.A:witty B:brief C:instructive D:humorous7.I resent his hypocritical posing as a friend for he is interested only in his own advancement.A:selfish B:ugly C:deceptive D:frank.8.He manned to keep an earnest expression on his face even though he wanted to smile.A:a dramatic B:a neutral C:a serious D:an annoyed9.The merit of a sales tax is that it decreases government reliance on income taxes.A:imposition B:surplus C:virtue D:interaction10.Few disputes between neighbors can not be settled outside the courtroom.A:apologies B:bills C:anxieties D:argumentsII.For each of the following incomplete sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You are to choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.(10points)k proteins______for their high nutritional content.A:valued B:is valued C:are valued D:are to be valued12.I insist on______this small present as a token of my appreciationA:you to accept B:your accepting C:you accepting D:you accept13.____a raining day,we gave up our plan to go for an outing.A:With it B:with C:Being D:It being14.______the conclusion of each theatrical production,the cast customarily reappears before the audience to take a bow.A:Out B:Before C:At D:In15.Some areas,______their severe weather conditions are sparsely populated.A:due to B:in spite of C:but for D:with regard to16.I enjoyed the movie very much.I wish I______the book from which it was made.A:have read B:had read C:should have read D:am reading17.There is no rule______has exceptions.A:but B:that C:which D:unless18.It was presumed that he was dead;then one day he______in Italy.A:turned on B:turned up C:turned round D:turned out19.The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as______.A:that of sand B:that sand is C:sand is that D:what of sand20.The phenomena______observed by astronomers throughout the world.Part II Reading Comprehension(15points)Directions:There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions1to5are based on the following passage.One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process.Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens thousands of years,while others have a life span closer to a quarter of a million years.Various methods have been used to date,but all have revealed weaknesses,forcing scientists to continue their search.The nuclear process involves several stages,with the danger of radioactivity constantly present.Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore,which,when mined,spontaneously produces radioactive substances as by-products.This characteristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time,resulting in the deaths,due to cancer,of hundreds of uranium miners.The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in containers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holing a million gallons.For a long time it was believed that the nuclear waste problem had been solved,until some of these tanks leaked,allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into environment.Canada presently stores its nuclear waste in underwater tanks,with the long-term effects largely unknown.However,plans are under consideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors.These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers,which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of two football fields.Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and storing them in underground caverns,or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice,thereby sinking down about a mile.This idea has since been abandoned because of the possible adverse effect on the ice sheets.1.It is implied in the passage that the primary difficulty in seeking a safe way to dispose of nuclear waste in caused by______.A.the nuclear process involving the danger of radioactive at its every stageB.fuel for nuclear reactors producing dangerous wastesC.the weakness scientists have found in every previous methodsD.the nature of nuclear wastes together with their lengthy life span2.According to the passage,uranium ore is very dangerous because______.A.it produces radioactive substances after it is dug outB.it has caused deaths of many minersC.the mining of it produces dangerous by-productsD.there is a problem in mining techniques3.According to paragraph two,scientists failed to______.A.discover the characteristic of nuclear processB.discover the nature of uranium oreC.save the life of uranium minersD.store nuclear wastes in underwater tanks4.Hot containers of nuclear wastes to be put in Antarctic region would______.A.remain above ice sheetsB.be safe to environmentC.be highly probableD.remain under sea5.The best title for the passage might be___________.A.Scientific Approach to Dispose Of Nuclear WastesB.Process and It Nuclear Energy and Public SafetyC.Uranium Ore and Its CharacteristicD.Nuclear WastesQuestions6to10are based on the following passage.Professor Kline concludes that competition with research in the university is so detrimental(有害的)to teaching that he recommends that the two functions be physically and financially separated by setting up research institutes.I suggest that the development of a sound program of educational research would be much more beneficial to teaching.Such a program would not only improve teaching theory and technique,it would make clear what competencies are required of a good teacher and help professors attain cational research should be required to meet the same standards as scientific research,but it cannot be raised to those standards without comparable support and petent education research is no more a part-time activity than competent scientific research.The relatively trivial educational research so common in the universities is an inevitable consequence of trivial commitment by the universities.Rather than belittle such research,the professors have an obligation to see that it is upgraded.Let no one think that educational research is easy;it is concerned with no less than unraveling the complexities of the human mind.There is no reason to believe that an effective theory and technology of instruction is any easier to achieve than controlled nuclear fusion.It is certainly every bit as worthy.6.Professor Kline believes that competition with research in the universities______.A.leads to the establishment of separate research institutesB.should not be encouraged unless separate research institute is set upC.functions well in the universitiesD.is financially unsound7.The author wants to improve______.A.research institutesB.development programscational researchD.part-time activity8.The author believes that scientific research______.A.is not necessarily more difficult than educational researchB.has standards that educational research cannot attainC.is trivial compares to educational researchD.must be relegated to a part-time activity9.According to the author educational research______.A.is relatively easyB.is quite complexC.is often trivialD.should have lower standardscational research in most universities today_____.A.receives adequate supportB.is no longer a part-time activityC.is easy to achieveD.needs more commitmentQuestions11to15are based on the following passage.The characteristics of student-teacher relationships on American campuses vary somewhat,depending on whether the students involved are undergraduate or graduate students,and depending on the size and nature of the school.Graduate students typically have more intense relationships with their professors than undergraduates do;at smaller schools student-teacher relationship are typically even less formal than they are at larger schools.To say that student-teacher relationships are informal is not to say that there are no recognized status differences between the two groups.There are.But students may show their deference only in subtle ways, mainly in the vocabulary and tone of voice they use when speaking to teachers.Much of their behavior around teachers may seem disrespectful.American students will eat in class,read newspapers,and assume quite informal postures.Teachers might not enjoy such behavior,but they tolerate.Students,after all,are individuals who are entailed to decide for themselves how they are going to act.American teachers generally expect students to ask them questions or even challenge what they say.Teachers do not generally assume they know all there is to know about a subject.Nor do they that they invariably explain things clearly.Students who want clarification or additional information are expected to ask for it during the class,just after class ends,or in the teacher’s office at the times the teacher has announced(宣称)as“office hours.”Students who do not ask questions may be considered uninterested.While most teachers welcome students’questions and comments about the material being covered in the course,they do not welcome student efforts to negotiate for high grades.Teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining grades,and,unless it seems possible that a mistake has been made, teachers respond very negatively to students who try to talk them into raising a grade.11.Why do teachers normally not welcome students to negotiate for higher grades?A.Because teachers don’t like to admit that they have made mistakes in marking.B.Because teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining grades.C.Because they are afraid of students’protest against them.D.Because they hate students.12.The student-teacher relationships are informal in the US in the following ways except______.A.American students eat in classB.American students read newspapers in classC.American students assume quite informal postures in classD.American students don’t show respect to teachers13.Students who ask questions are considered__________.A.uninterestedB.troubledC.interestedD.intelligent14.What do you think of the main idea of the passage?A.The student—teacher relationship in U.S.B.American students’manners in school.C.Characteristics of American university teachers.D.American education system15.Which is right according to the passage?A.The student-teacher relationship is quite informal across the country.B.American teachers generally like students to challenge them.C.Graduate students seem quite disrespectful to their teachers.D.It is not easy for students to find their teachers.PART III Translation(10points)DIRECTIONS:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.The idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers.By the time of Aristotle speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them.But all this was guessing;no real evidence was forthcoming.When,in modern times,the idea of evolution was revived,it appeared in the writings of the philosophers—Bacon,Descartes,Leibniz and Kant.36)Spencer was preaching a fail evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin’s book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it.Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.The first complete theory was that of Lamarck,who thought that modifications due to environment,if constant and lasting,would be inherited and produce a new type.37)Though no evidence for such inheritance was available,the theory gave a plausible hypothesis for naturalists to use.Many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend Robert Malthus, sometime curate of Albury in Surrey.38)The English people were increasing rapidly,and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true,but Darwin writes:In October1838,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population,and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on,from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants.39)It at once struck me that,under these circumstances,favorable variations would tend to be preserved,and unfavorable ones to be destroyed.The result of this would be the formation of new species.Here then I had a theory by which to work.40)The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation,but it led to a greater thing than itself—an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution,which the years have confirmed.Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition.To the many,who were unable to judge the biological evidence,the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating,to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks.Even educated man,choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species,proclaimed with Disraeli that he was“on the side of the Angels.”Part Four:Composition(15points)Directions:Write a short composition of about250to300words on the Allowing topic.What’s your opinion about the contribution of opportunity to success?。

Part ΙV ocabulary and Structure1.She was embarrassed by her friend’s bad manners.A ashamed because ofB endangered byC amazed atD challenged2.Archaeological discoveries strengthened the hypothesis that Troy existed.A assumptionB propositionC idealD concept3.The substance of an education is its effect on your life, and is not just the ability to pass the life.A purportB natureC essenceD feature4.The people in the room were shocked by his blasphemous language.A exaggerativeB offensiveC boastfulD thrilling5.He found the old house in complete desolation.A distinctionB devastationC dispositionD disillusion6.His remark are always succinct.A wittyB briefC instructiveD humourous7.I resent his hypocritical posing as a friend for he is interested only in his own advancement.A selfishB uglyC deceptiveD frank8.He managed to keep an earnest expression on his face even though he wanted to smile.A a dramaticB a neutralC a seriousD an annoyed9.The merit of a sales tax is that it decreases government reliance on income taxes.A impositionB surplusC virtueD interaction10. Few disputes between neighbours can not be settled outside the courtroom.A apologiesB billsC anxicticsD argumentsⅡFor each of the following incomplete sentences there are four choices marked A BC and D.Y ou are to choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.11. Milk proteins________ for their high nutritional content.A valuedB is valuedC are valuedD are to be valued12. I insist on _________ this small present as a token of my appreciation.A you to acceptB your acceptingC you acceptingD you accept13. _________ a raining day ,we gave up our plan to go for an outing.A WithB WithC BeingD It being14.__________ the conclusion of each theatrical production, the east customarily reappears before the audience to take a bow.A OutB BeforeC AtD In15. Some areas,_________ their severe weather conditions are sparsely populated.A due toB in spite ofC but forD with regard to16. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _______ the book from which it was made.A have readB had readC should have readD am reading17.There is no rule _________ has exceptions.A butB thatC whichD unless18. It was presumed that he was dead; then one day he ______ in Italy.A turned onB turned upC turned roundD turned out19. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as _________A that of sandB that sand isC sand is thatD what if sand20.The phenomena __________ observed by astronomers throughout the world.APart ⅡReading ComprehensionQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process. Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens thousands of years, while others have a life span closer to a quarter of a million years. V arious methods have been used to date, but all have revealed weaknesses, forcing scientists to continue their search.The nuclear process involves several stages, with the danger of radioactivity constantly present. Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore, which, when mined, spontaneously produces radioactive substances as by products. This characteristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time, resulting in the deaths, due to cancer, of hundreds of uranium miners.The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in containers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holing a million gallons. For a long time it was believed that the radioactive wastes problem had been solved, until some of these tanks leaked, allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into environment. Canada presently stores its nuclear waste in underwater tanks, with the long-term effects largely unknown.However, plans are under consideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors. These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers, which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of two football fields. Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and storing them in underground caverns, or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice, thereby sinking down about a mile. This idea has since been abandoned because of the possible adverse effect on the ice sheets.1.It is implied in the passage that the primary difficulty in seeking a safe way todispose of nuclear waste in caused by __________A the nuclear process involving the danger of radioactive at its every stageB fuel for nuclear reactors producing dangerous wastesC the weakness scientists have found in every previous methodsD the nature of nuclear wastes together with their lengthy life span2. According to the passage, uranium ore is very dangerous because_______A it produces radioactive substances after it is dug outB it has caused deaths of many minersC the mining of it produces dangerous by productsD there is a problem in mining techniques3. According to paragraph two, scientists failed to ________A discover the characteristic of nuclear processB discover the nature of uranium oreC save the life of uranium minersD store nuclear wastes in underwater tanks4. Hot containers of nuclear wastes to be put in Antarctic region would _______A remain above ice sheetsB be safe to environmentC be highly probableD remain under sea5. The best title for the passage might be __________A Scientific Approach to Dispose Of Nuclear WastesB Process and It Nuclear Energy and Public SafetyC Uranium Ore and Its CharacteristicD Nuclear WastesQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Professor Kline concludes that competition with research in the university is so detrimental(有害的) to teaching that he recommends that the two functions be physically and financially separated by setting up research institutes. I suggest that the development of a sound program of educational research would be much more beneficial to teaching. Such a program would not only improve teaching teaching theory and technique, it would make clear what competencies are required of a good teacher and help professors attain them. Educational research should be required to meet the same standards as scientific research, but it cannot be raised to those standards without comparable support and commitment. Competent education research is no more a part-time activity than competent scientific research. The relatively trivial educational research so common in the universities is an inevitable consequence of trivial commitment by the universities. Rather than be little such research, the professors have an obligation to see that it is upgraded. Let no one think that educational research is easy; it is concerned with no less than unraveling the complexities of the human mind. There is no reason to believe that an effective theory and technology of instruction is any easier to achieve than controlled nuclear fusion. It is certainly every bit as worthy.6. Professor Kline believes that competition with research in the universities________A leads to the establishment of separate research institutesB should not be encouraged unless separate research institute is set upC functions well in the universitiesD is financially unsound7. The author wants to improve__________A research institutesB development programsC educational researchD part-time activity8. The author believes that scientific research__________A is not necessarily more difficult than educational researchB has standards that educational research cannot attainC is trivial compares to educational researchD must be relegated to a part-time activity9. According to the author educational research ___________A is relatively easyB is quite complexC is often trivialD should have lower standards10. Educational research in most universities today___________A receives adequate supportB is no longer a part-time activityC is easy to achieveD needs more commitment Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passageThe characteristics of student-teacher relationships on American campuses vary somewhat, depending on whether the students involved are undergraduate or graduate students, and depending on the size and nature of the school. Graduate students typically have more intense relationships with their professors than undergraduates do; at smaller schools student-teacher relationship are typically even less formal than they are at larger schools.To say that student-teacher relationships are informal is not to say that there are no recognized status differences between the two groups. There are. But students may show their deference only in subtle ways, mainly in the vocabulary and tone of voice they use when speaking to teachers. Much of their behavior around teachers may seem disrespectful. American students will eat in class, read newspapers, and assume quite informal postures. Teachers might not enjoy such behavior, but they tolerate. Students , after all, are individuals who are entailed to decide for themselves how they are going to act. American teachers generally expect students to ask them questions or even challenge what they say. Teachers do not generally assume they know all there is to know about a subject. Nor do they that they invariably explain things clearly. Students who want clarification or additional information are expected to ask for it during the class, just after class ends, or in the teacher’s office at the times the teacher has announced as “office hours.”Students who do not ask questions may be considered uninterested.While most teachers welcome students’questions and comments about the material being covered in the course, they do not welcome student efforts to negotiate for high grades. Teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining grades, and, unless it seems possible that a mistake has been made, teachers respond very negatively to students who try to talk them into raising a grade.11. Why do teachers normally not welcome students to negotiate for higher grades?A Because teachers don’t like to admit that they have made mistakes in marking.B Because teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining gradesC Because they are afraid of students’ protest against themD Because they hate students12. The student-teacher relationships are informal in the U S in the following ways except________A American students eat in classB American students read newspapers in classC American students assume quite informal postures in classD American students don’t show respect to teachers13. Students who ask questions are considered ___________A uninterestedB troubledC interestedD intelligent14. What do you think of the main idea of the passage?A The student-teacher relationship in U.S.B American students’ manners in schoolC Characteristics of American university teachersD American education system15. Which is right according to the passage?A The student-teacher relationship is quite informal across the countryB American teachers generally like students to challenge themC Graduate students seem quite disrespectful to their teachersD It is not easy for students to find their teacher.PartⅢTranslation(只翻译划线部分)The idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle, speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing: no real evidence was forthcoming. When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers----Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz and Kant.36) Spencer was preaching a full evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin’s book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.The first complete theory was that of Limerick, who thought that modifications due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type.37) Though no evidence for such inheritance was available ,the theory gave a plausible hypothesis for naturalists to use. Many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend Robert Malthus, sometime curate of Albury in Surrey.38) The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes:In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants. 39) It at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.40) The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself-----an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution, which the years have confirmed. Y et at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed with Disraeli that he was “on the side of Angels”。

年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。

5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,”　s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。

博士学位英语考试真题：Exploring the Nuances of Doctoral English Examination: An Insight into Authentic Test MaterialsIn the realm of academic pursuits, the doctoral degree stands as a testament to one's in-depth knowledge and research capabilities. Among the various challenges facedby doctoral candidates, the English examination often emerges as a crucial hurdle. This examination, designed to assess the candidates' proficiency in English language comprehension, writing, and critical thinking, is acritical component of the overall doctoral evaluation process. In this article, we delve into the nuances of the doctoral English examination, focusing specifically on the analysis of authentic test materials.The doctoral English examination typically consists of multiple components, each designed to assess a different aspect of English language proficiency. Reading comprehension, for instance, tests the candidate's abilityto understand and interpret complex texts, often drawn from academic sources. This section requires not only a strong vocabulary but also the ability to grasp the underlyingarguments and themes within the text. Similarly, thewriting section challenges candidates to express their ideas coherently and logically, often in the form of essays or research proposals. This demands a high level of grammatical accuracy, along with the ability to construct well-structured arguments.Critical thinking, another key component of the examination, is often tested through questions that require candidates to analyze and evaluate information, identify biases, and draw logical conclusions. This aspect of the test underscores the importance of not only language proficiency but also the ability to apply critical thinking skills in an academic context.To effectively prepare for such a comprehensive examination, it is imperative for candidates to familiarize themselves with the format and content of the test. Authentic test materials, such as past examination papers, provide invaluable insights into the types of questions asked, the level of difficulty, and the expected response formats. Analyzing these materials helps candidatesidentify their strengths and weaknesses, allowing them to focus their preparation efforts accordingly.For instance, by reviewing past reading comprehension passages, candidates can develop strategies to improvetheir reading speed and comprehension skills. Similarly, studying sample essays and research proposals can provide insights into the writing style and structure expected in the examination. Additionally, practicing critical thinking questions can help candidates hone their analytical skills and prepare for the rigors of the exam.It is also worth noting that the doctoral English examination often reflects the specific requirements and standards of the institution or program being applied to. Therefore, candidates should ensure that they are familiar with the specific guidelines and expectations of their target institution. This includes understanding the types of texts used in the reading comprehension section, the formatting requirements for writing tasks, and the emphasis placed on critical thinking skills.In conclusion, the doctoral English examination is a crucial component of the overall doctoral evaluationprocess. By analyzing authentic test materials and understanding the specific requirements of the institution, candidates can effectively prepare for this challenging examination. With adequate preparation and practice, candidates can not only demonstrate their proficiency in English but also showcase their ability to think critically and communicate effectively in an academic setting.**文章标题**：探索博士学位英语考试的精髓：对真题的深入剖析在学术追求的领域里，博士学位是对一个人深入知识和研究能力的有力证明。

河北大学博士统考英语真题河北大学2005年博士入学考试题二、Structure and Vocabulary （20points）Direction：In each question decide which of the four choices given below will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. 1.When workers are organized in trade unions，employers find it hard lay them______A. OffB. asideC. outD. down2. A man who could ____such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strengthA.bear uponB. insist onC. stand up toD. persist in3. If this method doesn’t ___, we shall have to think of another way.A. come offB. come aboutC. come outD. come on4.The____ of a chemical compound when brought into contact with another gives us clues to its composition.A .deed B. behavior C. characteristics D. correspondence5. The chairman of the committee was delighted by the almost full __of its members at the conference.A. dependenceB. absenceC. attendanceD. enrollment6. The police are supposed to protect the people and their properties, ___evil conducts, guide traffic and so on.A. suppressB. depressC. frustrateD. condemn7. John was proved innocent, for it was just a (n) _____to have found him on the murder spot.A. coincidenceB. accidentC. occasionD. incident8. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____will down the economy.A. knockB. dragC. settleD. put9.It would have taken hours to work the sum out, so I____ my pocket calculatorA.turned overB. turned toC. turned inD. turned out10.The founding of the United Nations ____people’s longing for peace.A.declaredB. announcedC. manifestedD. implied11.The plan was ____when it was discovered just know much the scheme would cost.A.releasedB. desertC. resignedD. abandoned12.Now and then I saw the captain _____the horizon for approaching ships.A.scanningB. scrutinizingC. exploringD. sweeping13.Some economical people take food tins with them and carry the ____of the dinner home after a meal in a restaurant.A.remainsB. remainderC. left-overD. rest14.These classical literary works are ______of his originality asa writer.A.exemptionB. exemplificationC. examinationD. execution15. The neighbors do not consider him quite _____as most evenings he awakes them with his drunken singing.A.respectfulB. respectedC. respectableD. respective16. “They had a quarrel with my brother yesterday” “____come?”A.What B. How C. Why D. Where17. We resumed our work after the break with _____energy.A. relievedB. refinedC. renewedD. reinforced18.The shop lifter ran into the crow and _____from the sight of policemen.A. vanishedB. escapedC. meltedD. periled/doc/09e659830812a21614791711cc7931b 764ce7b6e.html st year, the West European States had a _____to talk about the political union.A. conventionB. congressC. assemblyD. conference20.There exists in the United States at this time a powerful group of persons who are specializing in ____of crime on an organized scale.A. questB. thirstC. hunterD. excess三、Reading Comprehension (15points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is ofsome 7-8 hours’ sleep alternately with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The case. For example ,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from fives days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping. during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shift are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week. 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spend neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systemswill revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal(夜间发生的) wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a night incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.21.Why is the question” no mere academic one?”A. Because Bonjer’s findings are different from Brown’s.B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C. Because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change theirsleeping habits.22.According to the passage , the main problem about night workis that_____.A.people hate the inconvenience of working on night shiftsB.your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routinesand backC.not all industries work at the same hoursD.it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers23.According to the passage, the best solution to the problemseems to be_____.A.not to change shifts from one week to the nextB.to make periods on each shifts longerC.to employ people who will always work at nightD.to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly24.In Paragraph2.”the third” means_____.A. the third weekB. the third shiftC. a third of the timeD. the third routine25.In the last sentence of Pragraph2, “another” means_____.A. another routineB. another shiftC. another weekD. another personPassage TwoMan has become master of the earth’s surface. He is constantlyprobing into the earth’s depths and into the atmosphere’s upper reaches. Yet it is doubtful whether man, with all of its intelligence and forcefulness, hold his planetary seat with greater assurance than avast tribe of small, many legged animals that pass their lives at his feet–spiders.Spiders are among the marvels of science. They dwell at higheraltitudes than any other creature of their size or larger. Onthemountain sides of Mount Everest, at an altitude of twenty-twothousand feet ----five hundred feet above the vegetation line-lives aspecies of black spider only a quarter of an inch long. This is anincredible environment for creatures so delicately constructed. Toprotect themselves from the cold of night, they take shelter inopenings where the twenty-four-hour variation in temperature is onlytwelve degrees, as against forty-four on the outside.Spiders inhabit other unlikely places-rabbit burrows, flowers, anthills, and the deserted nests of eagles. They have been found soaring through the air five miles above the earth. One species has been discovered in an African cavern more than two thousand feet underground.26.The author thinks that spiders.A.rival man as master of the earthB.are as firmly established on the earth than manC.are more forceful than manD.are more firmly established on the earth than man27.The writer is amazed by the black spider’s______.A.delicate constructionB.ability to live in such varied environmentsC.unusual intelligenceD.ability to withstand extreme cold28.Spiders “hold their planetary seat with assurance”because they are_____.A.more numerous than any other speciesB.able to adapt to hostile environmentsC.master of the earth’s surfaceD.all of the above29.The species of black spiders discovered on Mount Hverest is_____.A.the smallest species of spidersB.the highest-altitude dweller among creatures of that size or largerC.the only creatures that lives at that altitudeD.capable of surviving in any environment30.From this passage, we may conclude tha t_____’A.spiders have adapted to many unlikely environmentsB.on the whole spiders are delicate creaturesC.a species of black spiders can live anywhereD.spiders are the greatest marvel of natural sciencePassage ThreeDuring the past few years, scientists the world over havesuddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they oncespent their lives avoiding-writing and kind of writing, but particularlyletter writing. Encourage by electronic mail’s surprising high speed, convenience and economy, people who never before touched thestuff are regularly, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distantcountries, shared date, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Anyone with a personal computer, a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five millionscientists have done so with more joining every day, most of them communicating though a bundle of interconnected domestic andforeign routes known collectively as the Internet, or net.E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnightmail and of course, land mail, It shrinks time and distance betweenscientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous(异步的)(writers can type while their colleagues acrosstime zones sleep; their message will be waiting). If it is yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication.Jeremy Bernstein. The physicist and science writer, once called E-mail the physicist’s virtues. Physicist are using it; college students areusing it, everybody is using it, and as a sign that it has come of age, theNew Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon- an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard, saying happily, “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”31.The reason given below about the popularity of E-mail can befound in the passage except_______.A. direct and reliableB. time-saving in deliveryC. money-savingD. available at any time32.How is the Internet or net explained in the passage?A.Electronic routes used to read home and international journals.B.Electronic routes used to fax or correspond overnight.C.Electronic routes waiting for correspondence while one issleeping.D.Electronic routines connected among millions of users, home and abroad.33.What does the sentence “If is it not yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication” most probably mean?A.The quick speed of correspondence may have ill-effects on discoveries.B.Although it does not speed up correspondence, it helps make discoveries.C.It quickens mutual communication even if it does not accelerate discoveries.D.It shrinks time for communication and accelerates discoveries.34.What does the sentence “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog,” imply in the last paragraph?A.Even dogs are interested in the computer.B.E-mail has become very popular.C.Dogs are liberated from their usual duties.D.E-mail deprives dogs of their owners’ love.35.What will happen to fax, land mail, overnight mail, etc.according to the writer?A.Their functions cannot be replaced by E-mail.B.They will co-exist with E-mail for a long time.C.Less and less people will use them.D.They will play a supplementary function to E-mail.四、Translate the following passage into Chinese (10 points)The clusters of graceful palms, reflected deep in the placid expanse of the backwater, were silhouetted inky black against the sunset sky, aflame with clouds that were the color of gold and fire, and blood.A slow breeze caused gentle ripples in the otherwise mirror like perfection of the island sea. The distant melodies of a fisherman’s flute—now a clear, shrill bird-like note, now a mere whisper—seemed to enhance, rather than shatter, the all-pervading stillness.五、Writing（15 points）Direction：For this part, you are asked to write a composition on thetopic How to Keep Balance between Economic Development and Environmental Protection You should write at least 200 words.How to Keep Balance between Economic Development and Environmental Protection。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-河北工业大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题The Welsh language has always been the ultimate market of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Governments financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers, its importance as figureheadwill grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times, most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”1. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to ______.2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means ______.3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT ______.4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is ______.问题1选项A.maintain the present status among the nationsB.reduce legislative powers of EnglandC.create a better state of equality among the nationsD.grant more say to all the nations in the union问题2选项A.separatistB.conventionalC.feudalD.political问题3选项A.people’s desire for devolutionB.locals’ turnout for the votingC.powers of the legislative bodyD.status of the national language问题4选项A.Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C.A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D.The national symbol has become a familiar sight.问题5选项A.people’s mentalityB.pop cultureC.town’s appearanceD.possibilities for the people【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to ______. 1. 根据这篇文章，权力下放主要是为了______。

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。