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十、电流 33 电流一、选择题选择题：在一个长直圆柱形导体外面套一个与它共轴的导体长圆筒，两导体的电导率可以认为是无限大．在圆柱与圆筒之间充满电导率为γ 的均匀导电物质，当在圆柱与圆筒间加上一定电压时，在长度为l 的一段导体上总的径向电流为I ，如图所示．则在柱与筒之间与轴线的距离为r 的点的电场强度为： （ ）A 、 γ22l rIπ．B 、 γrl Iπ2．C 、 γ22r lI π． D 、 rlI π2γ．题目图片：答案：B 难度：易选择题： 室温下，铜导线内自由电子数密度为n = 8.5×1028 个/m 3, 导线中电流密度的大小J = 2×106 A/m 2，则电子定向漂移速率为：（ ） A 、 1.5×10-4 m/s ．B 、 1.5×10-2 m/s ．C 、 5.4×102 m/s ．D 、 1.1×105 m/s ． 答案：A 难度：易选择题： 已知直径为0.02 m 、长为 0.1 m 的圆柱形导线中通有稳恒电流，在60秒钟内导线放出的热量为 100 J ．已知导线的电导率为 6×107 Ω-1·m -1，则导线中的电场强度为：（ ） A 、 2.78×10-13 V ·m -1．B 、 10-13 V ·m -1．C 、 2.97×10-2 V ·m -1．D 、 3.18 V ·m -1． 答案：C 难度：易选择题：在如图所示的电路中，两电源的电动势分别为 1， 2，内阻分别为r 1，r 2．三个负载电阻阻值分别为R 1，R 2，R ，电流分别为I 1，I 2，I 3，方向如图．则A 到Ｂ的电势增量U B - U A 为：（ ） A 、 R I R I R I 3221112-+--E E ．B 、R I r R I r R I 322211112)()(-+++-+E E ．C 、 )()(22211112r R I r R I +++--E E ．D 、 )()(22211112r R I r R I -+---E E ． 题目图片：答案：C 难度：易选择题：在图示的电路中，电源的电动势分别为 1、 2和 3，内阻分别是r 1、r 2和r 3，外电阻分别为R 1、R 2和R 3，电流分别为I 1、I 2和I 3，方向如图．下列各式中正确的是（ ） A 、 0)()(33311113=+-++-r R I r R I E E B 、 0321=++I I IC 、 0)()(22221112=+-++-r R I r R I E ED 、0)()(33322232=-+-+-r R I r R IE E题目图片：答案：A 难度：易1二、填空题填空题：有一根电阻率为ρ，截面直径为d 、长度为L 的导线，若将电压U 加在该导线的两端，则单位时间内流过导线横截面的自由电子数为______________；若导线中自由电子数密度为n ，则电子平均漂移速率为_________________． 答案：)4/()(2Le Ud ρπ)/(L ne U ρ难度：易填空题：金属中传导电流是由于自由电子沿着与电场E相反方向的定向漂移而形成．设电子的电荷为e ，其平均漂移速率为v ，导体中单位体积内的自由电子数为n ，则电流密度的大小J = ____________，J的方向沿__________． 答案：v ne E方向难度：易填空题：有一导线，直径为0.02 m ，导线中自由电子数密度为 8.9×1021 m -3，电子的漂移速率为 1.5×10-4 m/s ，则导线中的电流强度为____________________． （电子电荷e = 1.6×10-19 C ） 答案：6.71×10-5 A 难度：易填空题：用一根铝线代替一根铜线接在电路中，若铝线和铜线的长度、电阻都相等．那么当电路与电源接通时铜线和铝线中电流密度之比J 1 : J 2 = ________________．（铜的电阻率为1.67×10-6 Ω·cm ，铝的电阻率为2.66×10-6 Ω·cm ） 答案：1.59:1 难度：易填空题：电炉丝正常工作电流密度J = 15 A ·mm -2，热功率密度w = 2.75×108 J/(m 3·s)，电源电压 220 V ，则电阻丝的总长度l = ________________． 答案：12 m 难度：易填空题：横截面积相等的铜导线与铝导线串联在电路中，当电路与电源接通时铜线与铝线单位体积中产生的热量之比为____________________． （铜电阻率1.67×10-6 Ω·cm ，铝电阻率2.66×10-6 Ω·cm ） 答案：0.628:1 难度：易填空题：在横截面积为2 mm 2的铁导线中通有稳恒电流，已知导线内的热功率密度为35.4 W/m 3，则通过导线的电流强度为__________________，导线中各点的场强为________________________． （铁的电阻率为8.85×10-6 Ω·cm ） 答案：40 mA1.77×10-3 V/m 难度：易填空题：焦耳─楞次定律的微分形式为___________________________________，它说明______________________________________________________________． 答案：w = γE 2 在导体内某点生热的热功率密度等于该点的电场强度平方与导体在该点的电 导率的乘积． 难度：易填空题：一半径为R 、电导率为γ 的均匀导线中沿轴向流有电流，电流密度为kr （k 为常量），r 为导线内某点到轴线的距离，则导线内任意一点的热功率密度为_____________________________．在长度为l 的导线内单位时间产生的热量为__________________________． 答案： γ/)(2krγ2/42R lk π难度：易填空题：有一闭合电路如图．已知一个电源的电动势和内阻分别为 1、r 1，另一电源的电动势和内阻分别为 2、r 2，R 1，R 2为负载电阻．设 2 > 1，则AB 间电势差U AB = ________________________________________________．题目图片：答案： 12121121r r r R R +++-+E E E 或2121211221)(r r R R r r R R ++++++E E难度：易填空题：一段含源电路如图，已知 I 1 = 1 A 、 1 = 1.5 V 、r 1 =5 Ω、R 1 = 10 Ω I 2 = 0.8 A 、 2 =2.0 V 、r 2 = 3 Ω、R 2 = 15 Ω I 3 = 1.2 A 、 3 =3.0 V 、r 3 = 4 Ω、R 3 = 20 Ω，则a 点与b 点的电势差U ab = ______________________________________．题目图片：答案：-31.9 V 难度：易填空题：已知两段含源电路如图．若将图中a 与d 、b 与c 分别联接，则U a - U b5= ______________________________． 题目图片：答案：121211121))((E E E -+++++r r R R r R难度：易填空题：如图：电源A 的电动势 A = 24 V 、内阻r A = 2 Ω，电源B 的电动势 B = 12 V 、内阻r B = 1 Ω．电阻R = 3 Ω，则a 、b 之间的电势差U ab = ______________________________． 题目图片：答案：20 V 难度：易填空题：如图，温度相同的三种不同金属A 、B 、C 串联，其逸出功分别为W A 、W B 、W C ．则AC 间的接触电势差为U CA = ______________________． 题目图片：答案：(W C - W A ) / e 难度：易填空题：当逸出功不同的A 、B 两种金属相互接触时，两种金属之间会产生ac bd______________________．若两金属的逸出电势分别为U A和U B，且U A < U B，则接触面电子的流向为______________________________．答案：接触电势差由金属A流向金属B难度：易填空题：在图示的电路中，R = 2000 Ω，C = 100 μF， = 100 V，则电路的时间常数为_________________．一般认为电容器的电势差u C达到最大值的99％以上为电容器充电完毕，则充电时间t应大于__________________________．题目图片：答案：0.2 s0.921 s难度：易填空题：电容器电容C = 5 μF，极板带有电荷Q = 1×10-3 C．通过一个R = 1×106Ω的电阻放电，经历时间t = 5 s时电容器两极板间电势差为U = __________． 答案：73.6 V难度：易填空题：如图，在电容器充电电路中，R = 2000 Ω，C = 100 μF，= 100 V，则充电开始时的最大电流i max = ___________．充电完毕时电容器上的电势差U C =_______________________．题目图片：答案： 50 mA 100 V 难度：易填空题：RC 回路如图．开关K 接通后t 时刻电源提供的功率为__________________________________．题目图片：答案： )1ex p(2t RCRP -=E 难度：易填空题：在如图所示的电路中，电源电动势为 、内阻为r ，外电阻为R ，电容器的电容为C ．从开关K 接通时开始计时，则在任意时刻t 电容器两端的电势差为_______________________．电阻两端的电势差为__________________________________． 题目图片：答案：]})(ex p[1{Cr R t+--E])(ex p[Cr R t r R R +-+E 难度：易填空题：将阻值为4.00×106 Ω的电阻与电容量为3.00×10-6 F 的电容器串联，然后接到电动势为3 V 的电源上（其内阻略去）．在电路接通后2秒钟的时刻，电阻上产生的热功率为______________________________． （e -1/6 = 0.85） 答案：1.63×10-6 J ·s -1 难度：易三、计算题计算题：在一由电动势恒定的直流电源供电的载流导线表面某处带有正电荷，已知其电荷面密度为σ 0，在该处导线表面内侧的电流密度为J，其方向沿导线表面切线方向，如图所示．导线的电导率为γ，求在该处导线外侧的电场强度E． 题目图片：答案：解：规定在导线内侧和导线外侧各物理量分别用角标1，2区分．由高斯定理可求得导线表面电场强度的垂直分量00/εσ=y E 1分由边界条件和欧姆定律可求得导线外侧电场强度的平行分量γ/J E x = 2分 则导线外侧电场强度的大小222020222γεσJ E E E xy+=+= 1分 2E 的方向： JE E x y 00tg εγσθ==, J 001tg εγσθ-= 1分难度：易计算题：在如图所示的电路中，两电源的电动势分别为 1 = 9 V 和 2 = 7 V 内阻分别为r 1 = 3 Ω和r 2 = 1 Ω，电阻R = 8 Ω，求电阻R 两端的电位差． 题目图片：答案：解：设各支路的电流为I 1、I 2和I 3，如图． 图1分03111=++-R I r I E ① 0321=--I I I ②03222=+-R I r I E ③ 3分由①、②、③三式联立解得：343.0221112213-=++-=Rr r r Rr r r I E E A 3分 ==R I U ||3 2.74 V 1分答案图片;难度：易计算题：一电路如图．当开关K 接通后，求t 时刻电容器上的电荷q ． 题目图片：答案：解： 0)/(31=---C q R I R I E① 2分0)/(32=--C q R I R I ② 2分 132I I I =+ ③ 2分由①、②、③三式解得 E =+)/2(33C q R I 3分 E =+)/2()d /(d 3C q t q R解得 2)32exp(EC RC t A q +-= 由 t = 0， q = 0 得)]32exp(1[2RCtC q --=E 3分题目图片:难度：易四、理论推导与证明题理论推导与证明题：如图所示：两个直流电源并联给负载电阻R L 供电，其中R 1和R 2分别为电源的内电阻．试证明：电源对负载电阻供电的等效电动势 ′= (R 2 1 + R 1 2 ) / (R 1 + R 2)，等效内电阻为 R ′= (R 1 R 2) / (R 1 + R 2 )．题目图片：答案：证：(1) 根据节点定律列电流方程（电流如图所设）：L I I I =+21 1分 (2) 根据回路定律列如下方程： 0222111=-+-E E I R R I 1分 0222=+-L L R I R I E 1分则解出： 2121212112)/()(R R R R R R R R R I L L ++++=E E 33a分把以上电路看作是由一个等效电源供电给负载电阻， 则可得其电动势与内电阻 分别为 ′= (R 2 1 + R 1 2 ) / (R 1 + R 2)， 1分R ′= (R 1 R 2) / (R 1 + R 2 ) 1分难度：易理论推导与证明题：电桥电路如图．试证明电桥未平衡时流过检流计G 的电流 I g = ∆g / ∆．式中 ∆g = (R 2 R 3-R 1 R 4) ,∆ = R 1 R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 3 R 4 + R 3 R 4 R 1 + R 4 R 1 R 2 + (R 1 + R 3 ) (R 2 + R 4) R g题目图片：答案：解：标定支路电流的方向如图，则在回路ABDA ，02211=-+R I R I R I g g 2分回路BCDB ， 0)()(4231=-+--g g g g R I R I I R I I2分回路ABC A ，0)(3111=--+E R I I R I g 2分整理后得： 02211=+-g g R I R I R I 0)(434231=++--g g R R R I R I R I E =-+3311)(R I R R I g令 3314343210)(R R R R R R R R R R R g g-+++---=∆E00314321R R R R R R g +--=∆I g = ∆ g / ∆ 4分G R 1R 2R 3R 4R g I gE答案图片：难度：易五、回答问题回答问题：利用下图所示电路可以测量待测电动势 x . 图中G 为电流计，D 为滑线变阻器， 0为工作电源的电动势且 0 > x ．说明如何操作, 并需要知道什么数据才能得到测量结果. 题目图片：答案：答：调节滑线电阻的滑动头M ，使电流计G 指示为零、即达到I = 0．2分 设这时FM 间的电阻为R x ，则由含源电路欧姆定律得x = I 0R x若I 0和R x 已知，则由上式可确定待测电动势 x ． 3分难度：易。
2003年高考全国卷物理试题及答案选择题16．如图所示，三个完全相同的金属小球a 、b 、c位于等边三角形的三个顶点上。
a 和c 带正电，b 带负电，a 所带电量的大小比b 的小。
已知c 受到a 和b 的静电力的合力可用图中四条有向线段中的一条来表示，它应是A F 1B F 2C F 3D F 417．下面列出的是一些核反应方程3015P →3014Si ＋X 94Be ＋21H →105B ＋Y 42He ＋42He →73Li ＋Z 其中A X 是质子，Y 是中子，Z 是正电子B X 是正电子，Y 是质子，Z 是中子C X 是中子，Y 是正6电子，Z 是质子D X 是正电子，Y 是中子，Z 是质子18.简谐机械波在给定的媒质中传播时，下列说法正确的是（ ）A. 振幅越大，则传播的速度越快B. 振幅越大，则传播的速度越慢C ．在一个周期内，振动质元走过的路程等于一个波长D ．振动的频率越高，则波传播一个波长的距离所用的时间越短19．如图所示，一个半球形的碗放在桌面上，碗口水平，O 点为其球心，碗的内表面及碗口是光滑的。
一根细线跨在碗口上，线的两端分别系有质量为m 1和m 2的小球，当它们处于平衡状态时，质量为m 1的小球与O 点的连线与水平线的夹角为α＝60°。
两小球的质量比m 2/m 1为A 3/3B 2/3C 3/2D 2/220．如图所示，固定容器及可动活塞P 都是绝热的，中间有一导热的固定隔板B ，B 的两边分别盛有气体甲和乙。
现将活塞P 缓慢地向B 移动一段距离，已知气体的温度随其内能的增加而升高，则在移动P 的过程中，A 外力对乙做功；甲的内能不变B 外力对乙做功；乙的内能不变C 乙传递热量给甲；乙的内能增加D 乙的内能增加；甲的内能不变21．如图，当电键K 断开时，用光子能量为2.5eV的一束光照射阴极P ，发现电流表读数不为零。
合上电键，调节滑线变阻器，发现当电压表读数小于0.60V 时，电流表读数仍不为零；当电压表读数大于或等于0.60V时，电流表读数为零。
西南交通大学2003年硕士研究生招生入学考试机械原理试题解析一、（16分）计算图示平面机构的自由度，如果有复合铰链、局部自由度和虚约束请予以指出。
(a)(b)解：(a) 3234251l hF n P P=--=⨯-⨯=其中，滚子F为局部自由度，无复合铰链和虚约束。
（b）32362642l hF n P P=--=⨯-⨯-=其中，C处齿轮3与机架之间为复合铰链，无局部自由度和虚约束。
二、（24分）渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮传动,齿轮的基本参数如下表所示齿数齿顶高系数径向间隙系数模数压力角变位系数齿轮1 10 1 0.25 4mm20°0.42 齿轮2 45 1 0.25 4mm 20°-0.421．推证其瞬时传动比为1212zzi=，其中12,zz分别为齿轮2，1的齿数；2．说明这对齿轮是否存在根切现象？3．这对齿轮的标准中心距和正确安装中心距分别是多少？4．分析是否可以通过增大这对齿轮传动的模数来提高其重合度。
解：1.211222122111cos/2cos/2bbr Z mir Z mωαωα===，由于12m m=，12αα=2121iZZ∴=2.不变位时，*min2222117sin sin20aZhα⨯===最小变位系数*min 1min11min ()0.41a h Z Z x x Z -==<，*min 2min 21min()1.65a h Z Z x x Z -==-<故无根切现象。
3.标准中心距12()110mm 2m Z Z a +==，120x x +=，故为等变为齿轮传动。
110mm a a '∴==4.重合度计算公式：12121[(tan tan )(tan tan )]2Z Z a ααεαααπ''=-+- 可知重合度与模数没有关系，故不可通过增大模数提高重合度。
一、 （15分）图示机构，图中比例尺为m mm /002.0，构件2为运动输入构件，构件7为运动输出构件。
(西安交通大学)材料科学基础真题2003年(总分：149.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、术语解释(总题数：5，分数：15.00)1.单位位错（分数：3.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(柏氏矢量等于点阵矢量的位错。
)解析：2.晶胞（分数：3.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(构成晶格的最基本单元。
)解析：3.固溶体（分数：3.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(以合金中某一组元作为溶剂，其他组元为溶质，所形成的与溶剂有相同晶体结构、品格常数稍有变化的固相。
)解析：4.临界晶核（分数：3.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(其长大能使体系吉布斯自由能下降的尺寸最小的晶核。
)解析：5.临界变形度（分数：3.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(给定温度下金属发生再结晶所需的最小预先冷变形量。
)解析：二、判断题(总题数：5，分数：30.00)6.下图为两种材料中原子结合的键能曲线，回答：(1)哪种材料的弹性模量大？(2)哪种材料的热膨胀系数大？(3)依据图，示意画出两种材料的键力曲线。
陕西省2003年初中毕业生升学统一考试﹒物理第I卷（选择题共16分）一. 单项选择题（共8小题，每小题2分，计16分）每小题只有一个正确选项。
10. 下列减弱噪声的措施中，属于在传播过程中减弱的是（B ）A. 摩托车内燃机排气管上加装消声器B. 在公路和住宅间植树造林C. 用外罩把噪声源罩起来D. 戴上防噪声耳塞11. 西部大开发，我省大力加快基础建设，图1是某建筑工地的塔吊正在吊起一钢梁，图中的配重物是为了（B ）A. 美观B. 确保塔吊不会翻倒C. 减少塔吊所吊重物的重力D. 增大塔吊的机械效率12. 下列现象中不能表明分子无规则运动的是（A ）A. “SARS”病毒可以通过“飞沫”传染B. 向一杯水中滴一滴红墨水，过一会儿整杯水都红了C. 把磨得很光的铅板和金板长久紧压在一起，金板中渗有铅，铅板中渗有金D. 配制过氧乙酸消毒液时，能闻到刺鼻的气味13. 小芳家中有40W的节能灯两个，25W的白炽电灯两盏，150W的彩电一台，650W的洗衣机一台，她家用的电能表允许通过的最大电流为5A，下面说法中正确的是（D ）A. 小芳家的用电器同时使用时，总电流大于5AB. 小芳家的用电器不能同时使用C. 小芳家再购置一个700W的电饭锅，所有的用电器还可以同时使用D. 为安全、方便地用电，小芳家应选用电流值稍大于5A就跳闸的空气开关14. 工人用如图2所示的滑轮组提升重物，在10s内将质量为100kg的物体匀速提升2m。
已知工人向下的拉力为480N，则下面说法中错误的是（D ）A. 绳子自由端被拉下6mB. 工人所做的有用功是1960J，总功是2880JC. 工人做功的功率是288WD. 滑轮组的机械效率为51%15. 如图3所示，把点燃的蜡烛伸进盛有氧气的集气瓶里，蜡烛在氧气里比在空气里燃烧得更旺，发出白光。
燃烧停止后，稍稍冷却，瓶内壁上就会有水雾出现。
瓶内壁的水雾现象属于下列哪种物态变化（ B ）A. 汽化B. 液化C. 熔化D. 凝华16. 下列各组连线中，完全正确的一组是（C）17. 19世纪与20世纪之交，物理学中的放射现象和电子的先后发现，不仅将人们的视线引入了原子的内部，而且更进一步地驱使人类积极探索原子核的内部组成。
经过一年的努力奋斗终于如愿以偿考到自己期望的学校，在这一年的时间内，我秉持着天将降大任于斯人也必先苦其心志劳其筋骨饿其体肤空乏其身的信念终于熬过了这段难熬却充满期待和自我怀疑的岁月。
可谓是痛并快乐着。
在这期间，我不止一次地怀疑自己有没有可能成功上岸，这样的想法，充斥在我的头脑中太多次，明知不可想这么多，但在休息时，思想放空的时候就会凭空冒出来，难以抵挡。
这对自己的心绪实在是太大的干扰，所以在此想跟大家讲，调整好心态，无论成功与否，付出自己全部的努力，到最后，总不会有那种没有努力过而与成功失之交臂的遗憾。
总之就是，付出过，就不会后悔。
在此，我终于可以将我这一年来的所有欣喜，汗水，期待，惶惑，不安全部写出来，一来是对这一重要的人生转折做一个回顾和告别，再有就是，希望我的这些经验，可以给大家以借鉴的作用。
无论是心态方面，考研选择方面，还是备考复习方面。
都希望可以跟大家做一个深入交流，否则这一年来的各种辛酸苦辣真是难吐难吞。
由于心情略微激动了些，所以开篇部分可能略显鸡汤，不过，认真负责的告诉大家，下面的内容将是满满的干货。
只是由于篇幅过长还望大家可以充满耐心的把它看完。
文章结尾会附赠我的学习资料供各位下载使用。
西安交通大学物理学的初试科目为：(101)思想政治理论和(201)英语一(301)数学一或(722)量子力学和(822)普通物理学参考书目为：1.《量子力学教程》、高等教育出版社、周世勋2.《普通物理学》（第四版）程守洙等著，高等教育出版社先说英语，最重要的就是两个环节：单词和真题。
关于单词单词一定要会，不用着急做题，先将单词掌握牢，背单词的方式有很多，我除了用乱序单词，我还偏好使用手机软件，背单词软件有很多，你们挑你们用的最喜欢的就好，我这里就不做分享了。
我们考试的时候就是最直观刺激的就是文字信息，所以根据行为主义的学习理论来讲最简单粗暴的就是利用重复，将这个文字信息与我们大脑之间形成一个条件反射，这样我们提取的速度也就会达到最快。
西安交通大学考研历年真题解析——805工程热力学主编：弘毅考研编者：孤独的坚持弘毅教育出品【资料说明】《工程热力学专业历年真题解析（专业课）》系西安交通大学优秀工程热力学考研辅导团队集体编撰的“历年考研真题解析系列资料”之一。
历年真题是除了参考教材之外的最重要的一份资料，这也是我们聚团队之力，编撰此资料的原因所在。
历年真题除了能直接告诉我们历年考研试题中考了哪些内容、哪一年考试难、哪一年考试容易之外，还能告诉我们很多东西。
1.命题风格与试题难易第一眼看到西交大历年试题的同学，都觉得试题“简单”。
西交大的试题不偏、不怪，但想拿高分，不容易。
题目不多，因此每题所占分值量大。
其实，“试题很基础”----“试题很简单”----“能得高分”根本不是一回事。
试题很基础，所以大部分学生都能算出结果，但是想得高分，就要比其他学生强，要答的条理、完整且结果正确，这不容易。
大家不要被试题表象所迷惑。
很多学生考完，感觉超好，可成绩出来分数却不高，很大程度上就是这个原因：把考的基础当成考的简单。
其实这很像武侠小说中的全真教，招式看似平淡无奇，没有剑走偏锋的现象，但是如果没有扎实的基础和深厚的内功是不会成为大师的。
我们只能说命题的风格是侧重考察基础的知识，但是，我们要答的规范，让老师给你满分，这并不容易。
2.考试题型与分值大家要了解有哪些题型，每个题型的分值。
从最近几年看，西交大的试题类型基本没有变化，分为填空、简答及计算。
填空10道题，每题5分，这考察考生的基础知识掌握情况，不应失分。
简答题一般20分，这需要考生对所要回答的问题有清楚全面的认知。
计算题占分值最高，需要考生重视。
再往历年回顾，还有判断选择作图题等，需要考生适当留意。
3.各章节的出题比重西交大的专业课没有考试大纲，因此没有重、难点的告知，但大家可以通过对历年真题的分析，掌握各个章节在整个考研中的重要地位。
本团队着重推荐西交大何雅玲老师编著的《工程热力学精要分析典型题解》。
西安交通大学2003年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：经济学科目代码：474考试时间：1月19日下午一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1．供求定理2．消费者均衡3．“凯恩斯革命”4．乘数原理二、判断改错题（2×10）（请先判断命题的正误。
正确的打“√”。
错误的打“x”，并说明理由或改正。
）1．微观经济学主要研究资源利用问题，宏观经济学主要研究资源配置问题。
2．机会成本就是指生产者在生产某种商品过程中实际所花费的开销。
3．西安市书面收藏家王先生于2002年8月12日卖出旧油画一幅。
从国民生产总值的计算来看，它应该是2002年国民生产总值的一部分。
4．一般地讲，如果市场上存在失业工人，那么就不可能有工作空位存在。
5．外贸赢余对货币供给量有扩张的作用。
外贸逆差对货币供给量有收缩作用。
6．如果供给在长期是完全有弹性的，那么需求曲线的移动在长期内只改变产量，而不会使市场价格发生变动。
7．依据鲍莫尔—托宾模型，在古典假定的条件下价格水平和利率的变化对货币周转率没有影响．8．持久收入理论认为，现在收入的边际消费倾向要高于持久收入的边际消费倾向。
9．需求水平的减少会引起均衡价格的下降和均衡数量的减少。
10．在资本可自由流动的情况下，对于具有经常项目盈余的国家来说．对国增加储蓄。
三、不定项选择题：（2×15）（此题的答案可能为一个、两个或者多个，少选或多选均不得分。
）1．若某行业中许多生产者生产一种标准化产品，我们可估计到其中任何一个生产者的产品的需求将是（）A．毫无弹性B．有单元弹性； C. 富有弹性或弹性很大D．缺乏弹性或弹性很小 E. 无法确定2．经济学产生的前提是：（）A. 物质资料的生产；B. 物品的稀缺性；C．需求的可诱导性：D．生产或消费的选择性；E．需要的无限性；3．价格下降时，需求量沿着需求曲线增加是因为：（）I低价令消费者增加购买该种商品；Ⅱ价格下降时，消费者进入市场。
2003年高考物理试题全集目录2003年江苏高考物理试题 (2)2003年上海高考物理试题 (12)2003年高考理科综合能力测试（物理部分） (22)2003年理科综合能力测试（天津卷）（物理部分） (28)2003年春季高考试理科综测试(物理部分) (30)2003年高考（上海卷）综合能力测试试卷（理科使用） (34)2003年高考（广东、辽宁卷）综合能力测试 (36)2003年江苏高考物理试题第Ⅰ卷（选择题共40分）一、本题共10小题；每小题4分，共40分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，有的小题只有一个选项正确，有的小题由多个选项正确。
全部选对的得4分，选不全的得2分，有选错或不答的得0分。
1.下列说法中正确的是 （A ） A.质子与中子的质量不等，但质量数相等B.两个质子之间，不管距离如何，核力总是大于库仑力C.同一种元素的原子核有相同的质量数，但中子数可以不同D.除万有引力外，两个中子之间不存在其它相互作用力2.用某种单色光照射某种金属表面，发生光电效应。
现将该单色光的光强减弱，则（AC ） A.光电子的最大初动能不变 B.光电子的最大初动能减少 C.单位时间内产生的光电子数减少 D.可能不发生光电效应3.如图，甲分子固定在坐标原点O ，乙分子位于x 轴上，甲分子对乙分子的作用力与两分子间距离的关系如图中曲线所示。
F >0为斥力，F <0为引力。
a 、b 、c 、d 为x 轴上四个特定的位置。
现把乙分子从a 处由静止释放，则 （BC ） A.乙分子从a 到b 做加速运动，由b 到c 做减速运动 B.乙分子从a 到c 做加速运动，到达c 时速度最大 C.乙分子由a 到b 的过程中，两分子间的分子势能一直减少 D.乙分子由b 到d 的过程中，两分子间的分子势能一直增加4.铀裂变的产物之一氪90（Kr 9036）是不稳定的，它经过一系列衰变最终成为稳定的锆90（Zr 9040），这些衰变是 （B ） A.1次α衰变，6次β衰变 B.4次β衰变C.2次α衰变D.2次α衰变，2次β衰变5.两块大小、形状完全相同的金属平板平行放置，构成以平行板电容器，与它相连接的电路如图所示，接通开关K，电源即给电容器充电（BC）A.保持K接通，减小两极板间的距离，则两极板间电场的电场强度减小B.保持K接通，在两极板间插入一块介质，则极板上的电量增大C.断开K，减小两极板间的距离，则两极板间的电势差减小D.断开K，在两极板间插入一块介质，则极板上的电势差增大6.一定质量的理想气体（CD）A.先等压膨胀，再等容降温，其温度必低于其始温度B.先等温膨胀，再等压压缩，其体积必小于起始体积C.先等容升温，再等压压缩，其温度有可能等于起始温度D.先等容加热，再绝热压缩，其内能必大于起始内能7.一弹簧振子沿x轴振动，振幅为4cm。
【西安交通大学】【电介质物理】【姚熹、张良莹】【课后习题答案】【第二章】第二章变化电场中的电介质2-1 什么是瞬时极化、缓慢极化,它们所对应的微观机制代表什么,极化对电场响应的各种情况分别对何种极化有贡献,答案略2-2 何谓缓慢极化电流,研究它有何意义,在实验中如何区分自由电荷、束缚电荷随产生的传到电流,答案略2-3 何谓时域响应、频域响应,两者的关系如何,对材料研究而言，时域、频域的分析各由什么优缺点,答案略1,t/,2-4 已知某材料的极化弛豫函数，同时材料有自由电荷传ft,e(),导，其电导率为，求该材料的介质损耗角正切。
,tg,1,t/, 解 :由弛豫函数可知德拜模型 ft,e(),极化损耗，漏导损耗 tg,tg,GP如果交变电场的频率为 ; ,,,,,,()s, 则= tg,P22,，,,,s,,,,,1s, = ，tg,()G22,,,，,,10,该材料的介质损耗正切为:=+ tg,tg,tg,GP2-5 在一平板介质(厚度为d，面积为S)上加一恒定电压V，得,Vt 到通过介质的总电流为,已知介质的光频介电常数为 I,,，,e，求单位体积内的介质损耗、自由电子的电导损耗、极化 ,,弛豫与时间的关系。
若施加频率为的交变电场，其值又为多 , 23少,并求出介质极化弛豫函数f(t)。
解 :在电场的作用下(恒场)介质中的功率损耗即为介质损耗电功 dA,Vdq,VI(t)dtttVtVt,, A,VI(t)dt,(,，,e)Vdt,,Vt，,(1,e),,00,A,Vt W,,,V，,Ve,I(t)V,tW1,Vt 单位体积中的介电损耗 : w,,(,V，,Ve)dsdsV, 自由电子电导损耗 : w,1dsV,,Vt 极化弛豫损耗 : w,e,dsdVsV,,RI 电导率 :,,,,, , 0sR,d,Vt 电流 : I,,，,e其中为传导电流 I,,R,Vt 为极化电流 I,,erdQdsdP(),rrrIs 另一方面 ,,,rdtdtdt,,,EdP(,),t/,s,00r e,,dt,,,,E(),t/,,Vts,00 故 I,e,,er,1V2 有 ,,,E,,(,,,),sV,,ds,0Vd,d,, ,，s,2,sV0因而，加交变电场时 : w,,(,)s,,,,,， r,221，,,,,,,(,)s,,,,, 极化损耗 : 1r221，,,24,,d,,, 电导损耗 : ,,2r,,,,sV0022,,,,,(,)V120s,,,,,, 单位体积中的极化损耗功率 :W,E,01rr22222d(1，,,)V, 单位体积中的电导损耗功率 : W,GdsW,W，WrG1,t/,,Vt 弛豫函数 :f,e,Ve,1,t/,2-6 若介质极化弛豫函数，电导率为，其上施加电场 ,ft,e(), E(t)=0 (t<0);E(t)=at (t>0 , a为常数)求通过介质的电流密度。
西安交通大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：固体物理科目编号：427考试时间：1月19日下午（注：所有答案必须写在专用答题纸上，写在本试卷纸和其他草稿纸上一律无效）一、简答题（每题6分，共60分）1、什么是布拉菲格子？什么是倒格子？2、什么是声子？试与电子比较，说明声子具有哪些基本属性.3、什么叫点缺陷？简要说明晶体中通常存在哪些点缺陷，分别是怎样定义的.4、德拜比热模型的基本假设是什么？其不足之处在哪里？5、什么叫费米面？自由电子与近自由电子的费米面各有什么特点？6、晶体共有多少个点群？这些点群又组成多少个晶系？这些晶系又分为多少种布拉菲格子？7、根据结合力的不同，晶体通常分为哪几种结合类型？试说明其中任意两种结合类型的基本特点.8、什么叫布洛赫波？叙述布洛赫定理.9、从能带理论的观点出发说明金属、半导体和绝缘体的概念.10、什么叫迪•哈斯—范•阿芬效应？研究这一效应有什么意义？二、计算题（共60分）1、（6分）对于二维正方格子，其正格子基矢为：i a a =1，j a a =2.（1）求此二维正格子的倒格子基矢.（2）画出此二维正格子的前三个布里渊区.2、（4分）晶面族hkl 的几何结构因子为hkl F ，试对由同一种原子组成的体心立方晶体，讨论其衍射强度和衍射面指数的关系.3、（30分）在紧束缚近似中，S 能带的表示式为：()∑⋅+=l R ik s l e J C E k -E ，试对二维正方点阵（1）写出最近邻近似下的S 电子能带表达式.（2）求能带的带宽.（3）示意画出第一布里渊区中能量等值线.（4）求电子在状态时的速度.（5）计算能带底电子与能带顶空穴的有效质量.4、（20分）一维单原子链，其晶格常数为a ，原子质量为m ，力常数为β.若只考虑最近邻原子间的相互作用，试（1）写出第n 个原子的运动方程.（2）证明其色散关系为ka m 21sin 421⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=βω.（3）求波包的群速度.（4）求证长波极限的色散关系：k v =ω，其中ma v β=.三、证明题（30分）1、试从劳厄衍射方程k k n k =°-导出布拉格公式λθn d k k k =sin 2321.2、证明绝对零度时（1）金属中自由电子费米能量()322232πn m E f ℏ=°.（2）金属中每个电子的平均能量°=f E 53E ;其中n 是金属中的电子浓度.3、证明函数⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=Ψπa x i k 3cos 是布洛赫函数；并求电子在此状态的波点.其中a 为晶格常数.。
2003年西安交通大学工程硕士英语考试卷（B）学院学号姓名Time Limit: 3 hoursPart I: Structure and VocabularyDirections: In this section there are 40 sentences. For each sentence there are4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to eachone.(20 points)1. This is a very ______ edition. I have never seen such an edition beforethough I have been a librarian for more than ten years.[A] rare [B] unique [C]scarce [D] only2. This book will be of great ______ to you in your studies.[A] cost [B] value[C] assessment[D] appreciation3. The doctor should have warned the patient of the possible side effects______ to commencing the treatment.[A] fundamental[B] elementary [C] primary [D] prior4. The police have asked for the ______ of the public in tracing thewhereabouts of the missing child.[A] aid [B] advice[C] co-operation [D] recession5. Mrs. Smith said that she did not want to ______ any furtherresponsibilities.[A] take on [B] get on [C] look up [D] back up6. Your usual teacher has lost his voice, and ______I am taking his placetoday.[A] nevertheless [B] accordingly [C] however [D] moreover7. Today, household chores（家事杂务）have been made much easier byelectrical ______.[A] apparatus[B] equipment [C] facilities [D] appliances8. She has bought a pair of glasses, which she can never ______ when readingbooks.[A] do without [B] lay out[C] put down [D] run through9. The results show, as ______ that heart disease is most common in peoplewho are overweight.[A] promised [B] expected [C] assured [D] supposed10. There’s a ______ to what I can do for you.[A] control [B] regulation [C] limit [D] condition11. In this job you must ______ the problems and not run away from them.[A] face up to [B] make up for [C] look up to [D] hold on to12. It took the old lady almost three months to ______ her illness.[A] get over [B] go over[C] get through [D] go through13. I am very grateful for your assistance, and hope that one day I may be ableto do something for you ______.[A] on your own [B] in view[C] in turn [D] in return14. The car ______ on the way home.[A] laid down [B] kept down [C] broke down[D] ran down15. ______ the weather is concerned, I do not think it matters.[A] As far as [B] As a whole[C] As a rule [D] As long as16. Chinese dinner usually has seven ______.[A] dishes [B] plates [D] meats [D] courses17. We’ll have to leave fairly ______ if we want to catch the first bus.[A] properly [B] efficiently [C] promptly [D] effectively18. None of the servants were ______ when Mr. Smith wanted to send amessage.[A] available [B] approachable [C] advisable [DI applicable19. The repairs to your car will cost you ______ $35.[A] at large[B] at all costs [C] at once [D] at most20. Only thoroughly unpleasant people leave the ______ of the countryside.[A] remains [B] recreation[C] replacement [D] rest21. With the spring here you can ______ these ski boots till you need themagain next winter.[A] get rid of [B] give away[C] put away [D] do away with22. The secretary was so upset that it took quite a long time to ______ her.[A] praise[B] comfort [C] annoy [D] entertain23. It is beyond doubt that human beings cannot ______ a nuclear war.[A] survive [B] endure [C] maintain [D] suspect24. His colleagues and former students compiled and published his essays______ his thirty years’ service with the university.[A] in honor of [B] in favor of [C] in return for[D] in place of25. ______ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.[A] To be given [B] Having been given[C] Having given [D] Giving26. If it ______ too much trouble, I’d love a cup of tea.[A] isn’t [B] weren’t [C] wasn’t [D] hadn’t been27.My sister’s professor had her ______ her paper many times beforeallowing her to present it to the committee.[A] rewritten [B] to rewrite [C] rewrite [D] rewriting28.They are considering ______ before the prices go up.[A] of buying the house [B] with buying the house[C] buying the house [D] to buy the house29. Jone said that he was going to ______ his wife home next year.[A] advise [B] depart[C] discard [D] accompany30. One of his novels is said ______ into dozens of languages in the lastdecade.[A] to have been translated [B] to be translated[C] to translate [D] to have translate31. Should the opportunity ______ I’d like to visit China.[A] arise [B] arise [C] rise [D] raise32. All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.[A] what is needed [B] for our needs[C] the thing needed [D] that is needed33.______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does notseem high at all.[A] Comparing [B] Compare[C] While comparing [D] When compared34.______ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.[A] That was from Stephen [B] It was Stephen whom[C] It was from Stephen that [D] It was Stephen that35.He must have had an accident, or he ______.[A] would have been here [B] had to be here[C] should be here [D] would be here36. It was essential that the application forms ______ back before the deadline.[A] must be sent [B] would be sent [C] be sent [D] were sent37. We ______ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.[A] just have had [B] have just had[C] just had [D] had just had38. I like watching TV ______ to the cinema.[A] more than to go [B] than going[C] more than going [D] rather than to go39. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was goingon.[A] to be informed [B] informed [C] on informing [D] informing40. She never laughed, ______ lose her temper.[A] or she ever did [B] nor she ever did[C] or did she ever [D] nor did she everPart II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part, you’ll read five passages. After each passage, there are four questions for you to answer, please mark your answers onyour answer sheet.(40 points)Passage 1When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vince, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso, a select exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive province of a lucky few disregards the creative and imaginative aspects inherent in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to see –the discovery and development of new methods and techniques, the improvement of old methods, existing invention and products.Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posing oneself a problem and then originating or inventing a solution along new unconventional lines. It involves drawing new analogies, discovering new combinations, and/or new applications of things that are already known. It follows that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information he will be able to sort out and combine, in the solution of problem. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventional ideas and will be less interested in facts than in their implications. Most important of all he will beable to communicate uninhibitedly and will not be too concerned about otherpeople’s reaction to his apparently ― crazy‖ notions. People called the Wrightbrothers mad but it did not stop them from becoming the first men to constructand fly a heavier-than-air craft.41. The author believes that creative thinking ______.[A] is only possessed by great artists[B] requires rare talent and genius[C] is needed in the solution of many problems[D] belongs to a lucky few42. In order to solve scientific problems, people ______.[A]should not be afraid of what others think[B]should be mad[C]must possess crazy notions[D]should have inhibitions43. Creative thinking involves ______.[A] drawing new pictures of old things[B] observing the actions of great people1.[C2.[D44. A creative person must look at facts ______.[A] for their face-value [B] for what they imply[C] and remember them [D] which are less interestingPassage TwoThe school obviously plays an important part in your whole education.But what part? Is it just a place – a place where you go to read your textbooks,to write, to hear people talking with you? Is it just an institution –aninstitution which is approved by the Government, which pays the salaries ofyour teachers, which issues periodic reports on you to your parents, whichrewards you, which punishes you, which gives you an official grading for youryear’s work?It is, certainly, both these things –a place and an institution. But it isneither as a place nor as an institution that the school contributes most to youreducation. It is as a gathering of people that the school is of greatest value toyou educationally.It is people who bring a building to life, and people who determine thesuccess or failure of an institution. So it is people who must rate highest inyour assessment of the educational value of your school.There are lots of arguments about what education really is. But someone perceptive once said that ―education is what’s left over when you have forgotten all that you’ve learned.‖Education does not consist in remembering a particular theorem or date or definition or formula. It does not consist in getting a couple of credits and distinctions in the public exam at the end of the year. It does not consist in doing schoolwork that enables you to join a particular social class later on. All these things are the by-products of education.Genuine education is deeper: it is more a part of yourself. It gives you certain attitudes which are more permanent than selected facts. It gives you a training in reasoning. It gives you mental self-restraint: you get into the habit of looking at both sides of the question before coming to a decision. It gives you a respect for truth. It gives you a respect for people.45. According to the writer, the school is of greatest value to us educationallyas ______.[A] a place for us to have lessons and read books[B] an institution to issue periodic reports to our parents[C] an institution to assess our schoolwork[D] a gathering of people46. People must be considered as the most important factor when we assess theeducational value of the school, because it is people who ______.3.[A] build the school4.[B] live in the school[C] determine the success or failure of the school[D] will leave us a deep impression47. According to the passage, teachers who want to give their students a trueeducation will probably ______.5.[A] encourage students to make contact with other people in the school6.[B] not prepare their students for passing examinations7.[C] ask students to do more school work8.[D] feel satisfied when students get credits for their work48. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?9.[A] Real education consists in getting some distinctions in publicexams.[B] Remembering theorems or definitions is only a by-product ofeducation[C] Today people have the same opinion on education.[D] Education is what can be easily forgotten.Passage ThreeThe young people who talk of the village as being ―dead‖ are talking utter nonsense, as in their hearts they must surely know.No, the village is not dead. There is more life in it now than there ever was. But paradoxically (是似而非地), ―village life‖ is dead. Gone forever. It began to decline about a hundred years ago, when many girls left home to go into service in towns many miles away, and men likewise (in the same way) left home in increasing numbers in search of wok, and home was where work was. There are still a number of people alive today who can remember what ―village life‖ meant in the early years of the present century. It meant knowing and being known be everybody else in the village. It meant finding your entertainment in the village or within walking distance of it. It meant housewives tied to the home all day and every day. It meant going to bed early to economize in lamp oil and coal.Then came the First World War and the Second World War. After each war, new ideas, new attitudes, new trades and occupations were revealed to villagers. The long-established order of society was no longer taken for granted. Electricity and the motorcar were steadily operating to make ―village life‖ and ―town life‖ indistinguishable. Now with the highly developed science and technology and high-level social welfare for all, there is no point whatever in talking any longer about ―village life‖. It is just life, and that a better life.Finally, if we have any doubts about the future, or about the many changes that we have seen in our lives, we have only to look in at the school playground any mid-morning, or see the children as they walk homeward in little groups. Obviously these children are better fed, better clothed, better educated, healthier, prettier and happier than any generation of children that ever before walked the village street.49. By saying that village is not dead, but ―village life‖ is dead, the writersuggests that .[A] those young people who talk of the villa ge as being ―dead‖ are utterlywrong[B] this statement is paradoxical[C] ―village life‖ today is rather uninteresting[D] ―village life‖ today is no longer like what it used to be50. As is suggested in paragraph 2, villagers in the past .[A] lived a simpler life than villagers today[B] knew fewer people than villagers today[C] found it difficult to enjoy themselves[D] liked to wash themselves with cold water51. What happened to the villagers after two wars?[A] Many girls left home to go into service in towns many miles away.[B] New ideas, new attitudes, new trades and occupations were revealed tovillagers.[C] They are better fed, better clothed, better educated, healthier, prettierand happier.[D] The long-established order of society was no longer taken for granted.52. From the passage we can see that the writer’s attitude toward ―village life‖is .[A] negative [B] positive [C] neutral [D] unclearPassage 4Two-and three-year-old children sleeping less than 10 hours in a 24-hour period were consistently at greatest risk for behavior problems such as oppositional or rebellious behavior, ―acting out‖ behaviors, and attack, reported the team of Northwestern University scientists conducting the study.Preschoolers（学龄前儿童）who sleep less at night have almost 25% greater chance of mental diagnosis, according to the study, published in the June issue of Children’s Development and Behaviors.Measuring the relationship between sleep and daytime behavior on the Child Behavior Checklist, the researchers found lower amounts of necessary sleep time, including daytime naps, were related to increased behavior problems.The scientists found that specific ―doses‖ of lengths of sleep were most strongly related to behavioral problems in children two or three years old but this effect faded out with the four-and five-year-olds.The study of 510 children from two to five years old did not attempt to determine causal relationships between sleep and behavior problems, cautioned John V. Lavigne, Ph. D., who headed the seven-member team of researchers conducting the study.Lavigne said, ―The relationship between sleep and daytime behavior problems may exist because children have those problems, or because daytime behavior problems cause children to sleep less, or because of a third variable（变量）such as the child’s character, the parents’ ability to structure sleep arrangements and daytime behavior, or because there is some interaction effect that produces a two-sided influence between sleep and behavior problems. There could also be a direct effect, biochemical, for example.‖―It’s an area that is relatively unexplored, compared with what is known about young children’s sleep patterns, for example, says Lavigne. ―Those sleep patterns decline from an average of 13 hours per night at age two to 9.5 hours at age six.‖53. What does the phrase ―at risk‖ in Paragraph 3 mean?[A] in danger [B] in sight [C] in part [D] in vain54. What did the study reveal about the preschoolers if they sleep less?[A]They are very rebellious.[B]More than 25% of them go to see mental doctors.[C]Their daytime behaviors are equally affected.[D] They are 25% more likely to be mentally diagnosed.55. The relationship between children’s sleep and behavior problems can beexplained as the following EXCEPT that ______.[A] fewer sleeping hours cause behavior problems[B] bad behaviors lead to less sleep[C] the parents are able to help them to sleep[D] sleep and behavior problems affect each other56. What can we infer about children’s sleep from this passage?[A] The younger they are, the more sleep they should have.[B] People have learned more about their sleep patterns than theirbehaviors.[C] Older children have more serious problems because they have fewerhours of sleep.[D] Children can sleep well if they want to.Passage FiveScientists working on a problem do not know and sometimes can’t guess what the final result will be. Late on Friday, 8 November, 1895, Professor Rontgen, a German physicist, was doing an experiment in his laboratory when he noticed something extraordinary. He had covered an electric bulb with black cardboard, and when he switched on the current he saw little dancing lights on his table. Now the bulb was completely covered; how then could any ray penetrate? On the table there were some pieces of paper which had beencovered with metal salts. It was on this paper that the lights were shining. Professor Rontgen took a piece of this paper and held it at a distance from the lamp. Between it and the lamp he placed a variety of objects, a book, a pack of cards, a piece of wood and a door key. The ray penetrated every one of them except the key. He called his wife into the laboratory and asked her to hold her hand between the lamp and a photographic plate. She was very surprised by this request, but she held up her hand for a quarter of an hour, and when the plate was developed there was a picture of the bones of her hand and of the ring on one finger. The mysterious ray would pass through the flesh and not through the bone or the ring.At a scientific meeting, Professor Rontgen called this new ray ―the unknown‖, the X-ray. Doctors quickly saw how this could be used, and soon there were X-ray machines in all the big hospitals. The most obvious use for this discovery was to enable doctors to see exactly how a bone was fractured. Other uses came later. It was found that these rays could be used to destroy cancer cells, just as they destroyed the healthy cells of the doctors who first used the machines. Methods were found later by which ulcers in the stomach could be located, and the lungs could be X-rayed to show if there was any tuberculosis (肺结核) present.57. How did Professor Rontgen discover the X-ray?[A] He discovered it as the result of his carefully-planned experiments.[B] He discovered it by accident while he was doing an experiment.[C] He discovered it because of his wife’s good suggestion and help.[D] He discovered it with the help of other physicists.58.According to paragraph 1, what caused the strange dancing lights onProfessor Rontgen’s table in the laboratory?[A] The electric bulb and the cardboard.[B] The current and the table.[C] The unknown rays and the paper itself.[D] The penetrating rays and the metal salts.59. Professor Rongtgen found that the X-ray could ______.[A] cause the metal to shine [B] penetrate everything but metal[C] pass through both flesh and bone [D] penetrate only black cardboard60. From the information provided in paragraph 2, we can infer that the letter―X‖ in ―X-ray‖ means ______.[A] penetrating [B] dangerous [C] unknown [D] strangePart III:ClozeDirections:Choose the best answer for each blank in the following passage from the choices given afterwards.(10 points)Everyone seems to be in favor of progress. But ―progress‖ is a f unny word. It doesn’t 1 mean that something has becomes stronger, wiser or better. It simply means changing it from being one thing to another and sometimes it 2 out to be worse than before.3 medicine, for instance. No one can deny that medical progress has enriched our lives tremendously. Because of medical4 , we eat better, live easier and are able to take care of ourselves more efficiently. We can cure disease with no more than one injection5 a pill. If we have a serious accident, surgeons can put us6 together again. If we are born7 something defective, they can repair it. They can make us happy, restore our sanity, ease our pain, replace8 parts and give us children. They can even bring us back from the dead. These are wonderful achievements, but there is a9 we have to pay.Because medicine has reduced infant mortality and natural death so significantly, the population has been 10 steadily, in spite of serious 11 to reduce the rate of population growth. Less than a century ago in the United States, infant mortality 12 more than half of the newborn 13 the first year of life. Medical advances, 14 , have now reduced that rate to nearly zero. A child born in the United States today has 15 than a 90 per cent chance of 16 . Furthermore, medical advances have ensured that most of those infants will live to be seventy years of age 17 more, and even that life 18 increases every year. The result of this progress is enormous population increase that threatens the 19 of life, brought 20 by progress in the medical profession.1. [A] necessarily [B] nearly [C] basically [D] commonly2. [A] comes [B] gets [C] makes [D] turns3. [A] See [B] Take [C] Consider [D] Look4. [A] improvements [B] advancements [C] function [D] care5. [A] or [B] and [C] neither [D] either6. [A] back [B] up [C] through [D] across7. [A] of [B] from [C] out [D] with8. [A] tired [B] weary [C] worn [D] fatigued9. [A] cost [B] bill [C] price [D] check10. [A] arising [B] rising [C] raising [D] arousing11. [A] efforts [B] effects [C] problems [D] events12. [A] exclaimed [B] proclaimed [C] reclaimed [D] claimed13. [A] over [B] within [C] between [D] among14. [A] however [B] though [C] moreover [D] besides15. [A] more [B] greater [C] bigger [D] better16. [A] life [B] survival [C] existence [D] subsistence17. [A] and [B] but [C] or [D] much18. [A] expenditure [B] expectancy [C] expense [D] expectation19. [A] standard [B] level [C] quality [D] way20. [A] out [B] forward [C] forth [D] aboutPart IV: Translation from English into Chinese (15 points)(1) For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. (2) To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. (3) In getting a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend quickly can mean the difference between success and failure. (4) Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are poor readers.(5) The main deficiency lies in the actual stuff of language itself—words.(6) Take individually, words have little meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs.(7) Unfortunately, however, the untrained reader does not read group of words. (8) He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to reread words of passages. (9) Regression, the tendency to look back over what you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. (10) Another habit that slows down the speed of reading is vocalization(发声)—sounding each word either orally or mentally as one reads.Part V: WritingA. Title: The Way to SuccessB. Word limit: about 200 words (not including the given opening sentence)C. Your essay should be based on the Outline below and should start withthe given opening sentence: ―People do their best to achieve success in their careers.‖You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)西安交通大学工程硕士英语试题答案（B）学院学号姓名Part 1 Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)1. [A]2. [B]3. [A] [B] [C] [D]4. [A] [B] [C][D]5. [A]6. [B]7. [A] [B] [C] [D] 8. [A] [B] [C] [D]9. [A] [B] [C] [D] 10. [A] [B] [C] [D] 11. [A] [B] [C] [D] 12. [A] [B] [C] [D] 13. [A] [B] [C] [D] 14. [A] [B] [C] [D] 15. [A] [B] [C] [D] 16. [A] [B] [C] [D] 17. [A] [B] [C] [D] 18. [A] [B] [C] [D] 19. [A] [B] [C] [D] 20. [A] [B] [C] [D] 21. [A] [B] [C] [D] 22. [A] [B] [C] [D] 23. [A] [B] [C] [D] 24. [A] [B] [C] [D] 25. [A] [B] [C] [D] 26. [A] [B] [C] [D] 27. [A] [B] [C] [D] 28. [A] [B] [C] [D] 29. [A] [B] [C] [D] 30. [A] [B] [C] [D] 31. [A] [B] [C] [D] 32. [A] [B] [C] [D] 33. [A] [B] [C] [D] 34. [A] [B] [C] [D] 35. [A] [B] [C] [D] 36. [A] [B] [C] [D] 37. [A] [B] [C] [D] 38. [A] [B] [C] [D] 39. [A] [B] [C] [D] 40. [A] [B] [C] [D]Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)41. [A] [B] [C] [D] 42. [A] [B] [C] [D] 43. [A] [B] [C] [D] 44. [A] [B] [C] [D] 45. [A] [B] [C] [D] 46. [A] [B] [C] [D] 47. [A] [B] [C] [D] 48. [A] [B] [C] [D] 49. [A] [B] [C] [D] 50. [A] [B] [C] [D] 51. [A] [B] [C] [D] 52. [A] [B] [C] [D] 53. [A] [B] [C] [D] 54. [A] [B] [C] [D] 55. [A] [B] [C] [D] 56. [A] [B] [C] [D] 57. [A] [B] [C] [D] 58. [A] [B] [C] [D]59. [A] [B] [C] [D] 60. [A] [B] [C] [D]Part III Close (10 points)1. [A] [B] [C] [D]2. [A] [B] [C] [D]3. [A] [B] [C] [D]4. [A] [B] [C] [D]5. [A] [B] [C] [D]6. [A] [B] [C] [D]7. [A] [B] [C] [D] 8. [A] [B] [C] [D]9. [A] [B] [C] [D] 10. [A] [B] [C] [D] 11. [A] [B] [C] [D] 12. [A] [B] [C] [D] 13. [A] [B] [C] [D] 14. [A] [B] [C] [D] 15. [A] [B] [C] [D] 16. [A] [B] [C] [D] 17. [A] [B] [C] [D] 18. [A] [B] [C] [D] 19. [A] [B] [C] [D] 20. [A] [B] [C] [D]Part VI Translation (15 points)今天，对于许多人来说，阅读已不再是一种消遣。
