摘要翻译[1] 2

Low Voltage Flyback DC-DC Converter ForPower Supply ApplicationsHangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X. Wu1, Issa Batarseh1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USAAdvanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Abstract —In this paper, we design a low voltage DC-DC converter with a flyback transformer. The converter will be used as a biased power supply to drive IGBTs. The flyback transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software. Besides, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology has been chosen for converter control. Finally, the converter modeling and simulation are presented and PCB layout is designed. Keywords：Flyback, anLT3574IC, PCBI.INTRODUCTIONThe goal of this project is to develop and build a prototype of a high-efficiency, high-temperature isolated DC-DC converter to be used as a biased power supply for driving a complementary IGBT pair. It is important that the converter can deliver the required power at an ambient temperature of up to 100℃; therefore it has to be efficient so that its components do not exceed their maximum temperature ratings. The final converter will be completely sealed and potted in a metal case. The input voltage range for this converter is from 9V to 36V. The output sides have two terminals, one is﹢16V and the other one is﹣6V. In order to get the desired performance, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology is used. The key to this design is the flyback transformer. The transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software. Finally, the PCB layout of the converter will be presented.II.KEY DESIGN OUTLINEFor this flyback topology, the output voltage can be determined by both the transformer turns ratio and the flyback loop resistor pairs. Therefore, at the initial design stage, we can choose a convenient turn’s ratio for the transformer, and modify it later on if necessary to make sure the output performance is desirable and the transformer will not saturate [1].The relationship between transformers turns ratio and duty cycle can be found asWhere n is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, V O` is the sum of the output voltage plus the rectifier drop voltage, V IN is the input voltage of the transformer.The value of feedback resistor can be calculated asWhere R REF is the reference resistor, whose value is typically 6.04kΩ; αis a constant of 0.986;V BG is the internal band gap reference voltage, 1.23V; and V TC is normally 0.55V [1].With a specific IC chosen, the converter circuit can be designed based on a demo circuit and some parameters may need to be modified if necessary to optimize the performance. Furthermore, in LT Spice, a large number of simulations need to be done with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels. It is important to make sure that the output voltage can be regulated well with all these different conditions.The most critical part of the design is the flyback transformer. With high switching frequency, the AC resistance can only be estimated based on some traditional methods such as Dowell’s curve rule [2].In order to get more accurate values of AC resistance values; we propose to use finite element electromagnetic software ANSYS PExprt to do the design [3]. At the initial design stage, key parameters such as the worst-case input voltage, frequency, material, inductance values willbe decided. After that, these data will be imported to the software, from which an optimized solution will be generated.III.CONVERTER SIMULATION RESULTSWe choose LT3574 chip in this design. From the simulation results in Figure 1 and Table 1, it clearly shows that the output voltages which are﹢16V and -6V respectively can be regulated pretty well with the input voltage range from 9V to 36V. The voltage tolerance ranges are from ﹢15V to ﹢19V and -12V to - 5V, respectively. In addition, the current is also under control, which is around 100mA in this designFigure 1 . Output voltage and current simulation resultsTable 1 . LT Spice simulation resuitsIV.TRANSFORMER SIMULATION RESULTSWith the initial design parameters of the transformer, we use ANSYS PExprt to simulate and further optimize the transformer [4].Figure 2 shows the primary winding voltage. In order to make the transformer work correctly in all cases, it is important to make sure that it can work at the worst case, which is the minimum input voltage in the range. Figure 3 shows the current through the primary winding.Figure 2 . Voltage of the primary windingFigure 3 . Current of the primary windingSince it is a low power converter in this design, it is critical to minimize the power losses. We choose to use the planar type transformer structure. After doing the winding interleaving, the power loss can be reduced by approximately 25% and the temperature rise can be reduced byapproximately 15% [5].The structure can be found in Figure 4. The primary winding is marked in yellow, which has 6 turns in series. The first secondary winding is marked in red, which has 3 turns in parallel. The second secondary winding is marked in blue, which has 1 turn. It will be totally 6 layers in the multi-layer transformer structure [6].Figure 4 . Winding geometry by interleaving methodBased on the computer simulation, the 6-layer planar transformer winding structure can be drawn in Figures 5 -10. The primary side winding has 6 turns in series. In Figures 6 and 9, it clearly shows that the turns in different layers are connecting through via hole. In one of the secondary winding which is the +16V one, it has 3 turns in parallel as shown in Figures 5, 8 and 10. The one turn secondary winding (6V) is shown in Figure 7.Figure 5 . Top layer winding structure (secondary 1)Figure 6 . Inner Layer 1 winding structure (primary)Figure 7 . Inner Layer 2 winding structure (secondary 2)Figure 8 . Inner Layer 3 winding structure (secondary 1)Figure 9 . Inner Layer 4 winding structure (primary)Figure 10 . Bottom layer winding structure (secondary 1)The core loss of the transformer is approximately 47mW, comparing to the winding loss of 154mW, it i s about 30%, as shown in Figure 11 [7].Figure 11. Power loss of transformerThe E-I core transformer PCB in this design will be integrated into the converter’s PCB, rather than a separate board being added to the whole circuit [8], which will reduce the cost of the PCB fabrication since multi-layer PCB layout is expensive.V.CONVERTER CIRCUIT PCB LAYOUTIn this project, we make the transformer part layout as one component; it will be integrated into the whole circuit PCB layout. It has 6 layers totally. The isolation requirement is 1500V, so the layout takes a little more space than the one without any isolation rules. In Figure 12, we make the primary side components all in the right hand side of the board, the secondary sides all in the left hand side of the board, and the transformer in between them. The wire traces have been marked with different colors in order to show the specific layer that the traces are on The board area is about 1.4×07, It can always reduce the size of the board by adding more layers. However, the cost will be more expensive. It is important to balance these factors. The size of the PCB board meets the specs of the project.Figure 12. PCB layout of the flyback converterVI.CONCLUSIONIn this paper, a flyback DC - DC converter for low voltage power supply application has been designed. The modeling and simulation results are presented. Based on the design specifications, a suitable IC from Linear Technology is chosen. A large amount of circuit simulations with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels are presented to get the desirable output voltage and current performance. The transformer has been designed including electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. With all the specific components decided, the PCB layout of the converter has been designed as well.REFERENCE[1] Linear Technology Application Notes , Datasheet of Isolated Flyback Converter Without anOpto-Coupler, /docs /Datasheet/3574f.pdf.[2] P.L.Dowell, “Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings” Proceedings of the IEE, NO.8PP.1387-1394, Aug 1966.[3] S.Xiao, “Plana r Magnetics Design for Low- Voltage DC-DC Converters” MS, 2004.[4] ANSYS Application Notes, PEmag Getting Started: A Transformer Design Example,/download/ EDA/Maxwell9/planarGS0601.pdf.[5] K. Zhang; T. X.Wu; H.Hu; Z. Qian; F.Chen.; K.Rustom; N.Kutkut; J.Shen; I.Batarseh;"Analysis and design of distributed transformers for solar power conversion" 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), v l., no., pp.1692-1697, 6-11 March 2011.[6] Zhang.; T.X.Wu.; N.Kutkut; J.Shen; D.Woodburn; L.Chow; W.Wu; H.Mustain; I.Batarseh; ,"Modeling and design optimization of planar power transformer for aerospace applic ation," Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 National, Aerospace & Electronics Conference (NAECON) , vol., no., pp.116-120, 21-23 July 2009.[7] Ferroxcube Application Notes, Design of Planar Power Transformer,低电压反激式DC-DC转换器的在电源中的应用Hangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X. Wu1, Issa Batarseh1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USAAdvanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA摘要：在本文中，我们设计了一个低电压反激式DC-DC转换器。

翻译学术论文摘要模版翻译是沟通不同民族人民的思想，是探讨两种语言对应关系的一门学科。

这是店铺为大家整理的翻译学术论文摘要模版，仅供参考!翻译学术论文摘要模版篇一英语翻译探析【摘要】随着中国在经济、文化、科技等领域同国外交往的增多,特别是WTO实质化阶段的到来以及北京2008年奥运会的举办和上海2010年世界博览会的筹办,中国翻译产业正迎来一个黄金发展期。

英语翻译可看作一门科学,它有着自己的内在科学规律;英语翻译也可视为一门艺术,具有极为重要的作用,本文就英语翻译进行探析。

首先以倒译技巧和句子成份的转译技巧为例分析英译汉技巧。

其次,对英语翻译带来的思考提出了自己的建议和看法,具有一定的参考价值。

【关键词】英语翻译探析英译汉技巧1. 前言随着中国在经济、文化、科技等领域同国外交往的增多,特别是WTO实质化阶段的到来以及北京2008年奥运会的举办和上海2010年世界博览会的筹办,中国翻译产业正迎来一个黄金发展期。

近年来,翻译已经从原来的政府和事业单位、科研机构的工作发展成为专门职业。

翻译服务作为新兴的现代服务产业,正成为文化经济中仅次于教育行业的又一新兴产业。

我们以英译汉来进行探讨。

2. 英译汉技巧(1)主语分句汉译技巧。

A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天,回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。

(2)谓语分句汉译技巧。

It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。

(3)定语分句汉译技巧He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that wEighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅。

本文对社会主义市场经济条件下施工企业管理目前面临的主要问题及问题产生的原因并联系实际地进行了深入的分析。

并论述了施工企业管理的意义和基本原则。

本文结合全国和绵阳的具体实际情况，通过查阅大量的实例和真实的数据对施工企业的管理作了论证性的阐述。

为提高经济效益，加强施工企业管理，推动经济发展，提出了具体看法。

本文对施工企业目前管理的现状进行了分析，肯定了成绩是主流，问题是支流，指出了今后发展的方向。

This article analyzed the problem and reason of the problem of The Construction Company’s project management under the socialist market economy system. And it also discoursed the meaning and the basic policy of the construction company’s management. This article is based on the actual situation of Mianyang, discoursed the construction company’s management by collecting many instance and actual data. For improving the economy benefit and the management of the construction company, to promote economy, this article give the It’s own frondose idea. This article analyzed the situation of the construction company’s management for now, the main is good, but still has some problem, and it also point out the developing direction for the future.。

毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。

论文英文摘要范文英语论文摘要seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work. the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.The old saying: “When in Rome, do as the Romans” is not sufficient for bridging the communication gap and cultural differences between China and the western countries.What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, geographical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. When exploring the differences in communication manners and customs, we set them mainly into three parts: manner and culture; communication manner and table manner. Considering the roots of these differents, histirical and regional causes might took the significant places. Therefore, a cross culture environment and a cross culture mind do lead to the better understanding in today's communication.done. run your spell check please. I didn't pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.good luck and best wishes.求论文英文摘要Abstract: Xiao Hong, the half a century ago to "the other side singing of Cheonggye, green leaves here," [1] spring chant verses, the writer lamented the fate of the Forum from the path that day on, on to love feelings of concern and compassion with the vision of the land north-east of the survival of large numbers of people, and her own unique spiritual and delicate brush strokes to capture the land of the north-east all kinds of people, exposing them to the original backward, ignorant, but also to tell people awakening: "living to die than to be meaningful for the Death of the more" philosophy of survival. This article from the awareness of their homes, customs, life forms on three aspects of cultural style of Xiao Hong Northeast Fiction impact, and further reveals the Xiao Hong from two poles of life and death, the tragedy of everyday life the meaning of life as well as in the mining this process the meaning of life and the pursuit of human values and interpretation.Keywords: Awareness of their homes; Customs; Life forms; Value of life求毕业论文英文摘要,请大虾帮忙啊范文 1. 碧绿的大海里，鱼儿在无拘无束地游览；湛蓝的天空下，鸟儿在无拘无束地鸣唱，青翠的草地上，花儿在力争上游地开放……整个世界，显得那么生气盎然！生命是什么，生命是风的轻快岁月，生命是雨的淋漓尽致，生命是有着很多合音的交响，生命是有着一颗感恩而欢乐的心，生命是能够每日欢乐弥漫的幸福。

外研社的笔译题型主要包括以下几种：
1. 英汉互译：这是笔译考试中最常见的题型之一。

考生需要将英文句子或段落翻译成中文，或者将中文句子或段落翻译成英文。

这种题型主要考察考生的语言转换能力、语法和词汇运用能力，以及跨文化意识。

2. 篇章翻译：这种题型通常给出一段几百字的英文或中文文章，要求考生将其翻译成另一种语言。

这种题型主要考察考生对文章整体的把握能力、语言转换能力和翻译技巧。

3. 摘要翻译：这种题型通常给出一段英文或中文文章，要求考生将其摘要或总结翻译成另一种语言。

摘要翻译需要对原文进行浓缩和提炼，同时要求翻译准确、流畅。

4. 商务翻译：这种题型主要涉及商务文本的翻译，包括商务函电、合同、协议等。

商务翻译要求考生具备扎实的商务知识，同时要求翻译准确、专业、流畅。

5. 科技翻译：这种题型主要涉及科技类文本的翻译，包括科技论文、产品说明书等。

科技翻译要求考生具备扎实的科技知识，同时要求翻译准确、流畅、专业。

以上是外研社笔译考试的主要题型，不同的题型考察的侧重点不同，考生需要根据实际情况进行备考。

翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。

在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。

According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。

摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。

其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。

According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。

翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。

在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。

According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。

摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。

其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。

According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。

摘要: 英语论文格式学术论文摘要的英译可以促进国际间的学术交流。

文中说明了摘要的内涵、分类, 分析了英译摘要中由于汉英语言组织形式的差异而导致的常见错误, 阐述了英译摘要的重要意义及翻译方法与技巧。

关键词: 学术论文; 摘要; 翻译信息时代下各个领域的信息交流与合作日益增多, 在国内外参加学术活动和在学术刊物上发表的论文一般都要求有中文和英文摘要, 学士、硕士、博士的毕业论文对英文摘要也有相应要求。

因此, 从汉英语言组织形式的差异探讨英文摘要的翻译方法和技巧, 找寻其规律, 从而顺利完成汉英两种语言的转换, 无疑是一个很好的切入点。

一、摘要的内涵与分类1.摘要的内涵根据国际标准化组织(ISO) 在 ISO214- 1976(E)中的定义, 摘要是对文献内容的准确扼要而不加注释或评论的简略叙述。

是一篇不依附原文的独立短文, 具有自明性、独立性和完整性, 是文章内容的高度浓缩。

它按一定的规范格式表达原论文的全部重要内容, 担负着吸引读者和提供论文足够信息量的功能。

2.摘要的分类摘要大致分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要三种类型。

报道性摘要是指明一则文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要, 相当于简介。

一般用来反映科技文章的目的、方法及主要结果与结论, 在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息, 充分反映该研究的创新之处。

学术期刊(或论文集) 多选用报道性摘要。

指示性摘要是指明一则文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平的摘要, 其目的是使读者对该研究的主要内容(即作者做了什么工作)有一个轮廓性的了解。

创新内容较少的论文, 其摘要可写成指示性摘要, 一般适用于学术性期刊的简报、问题讨论等栏目以及技术性期刊等。

报道- 指示性摘要介于上述两者之间, 是以报道性摘要的形式表述一则文献中信息价值较高的部分, 而以指示性摘要的形式表示其余部分。

二、中文摘要英译的意义及原则科技发展离不开国际间科技交流, 国际间科技交流离不开英文科技写作, 国际索引期刊每年要收录大量学术论文的英文摘要, 这是国际学者了解非英文期刊文献科技成果的重要途径。

摘要翻译练习1. 中药灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性缺血性脑卒中：随机对照试验的系统评价和荟萃分析Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin injection for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials目的评价中药灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的有效性和安全性。

方法在6个电子数据库中，使用计算机检索有关灯盏细辛注射用于急性缺血性脑卒中的随机对照试验，使用Cochrane偏倚风险工具评估随机对照试验的方法学质量。

使用RevMan 5.3进行数据合成，并给出平均差异或相对风险及其95％置信区间。

使用GRADEpro（版本3.6）生成研究发现结果的总结表。

结果共纳入25项随机对照临床试验，含有2498名参与者，所有试验均采用在双臂的常规治疗。

大多数研究具有较高的偏倚风险。

在治疗期间（14-35天），常规治疗合并灯盏细辛注射液没有明显改善死亡率（RR : 0.27，95％CI: 0.05至1.63），但是可以提高Barthel指数评分（MD: 10.20, 95％CI: 8.16至12.25），降低神经功能缺损评分（（MD: -3.99，95％CI：-5.68 至-2.30），根据NFDS方法; （MD: -1.67，95％CI：-2.59至-0.76），根据NIHSS方法），治疗失败率较低（RR: 0.40, 95％CI: 0.31至0.52）。

13项试验（52％）报告了不良事件的结果，但未报告严重不良事件。

结论低质量证据表明灯盏细辛注射夜似乎可改善急性缺血性卒中患者的神经功能。

但是，需要大规模和严格的临床试验来进一步研究这种可能的益处。

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin (Erigeron breviscapus) injection for acute ischemic stroke.Methods Six electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Dengzhan Xixin (DZXX) injection for acute ischemic stroke. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool.Data synthesis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and was presented with mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). A summary of finding table was generated by GRADEpro (version 3.6).Results Twenty-five RCTs with 2498 participants were included and all trials adopted conventional therapy (CT) in both arms. Most of the studies had high risk of bias.The addition of DZXX to CT showed no significant benefit on death (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.05–1.63) within the treatment period (14–35 d), but showed higher Barthel index score (MD 10.20, 95% CI 8.16–12.25), lower neurological function deficit score (MD −3.99, 95% CI −5.68 to −2.30, by NFDS; MD −1.67, 95% CI −2.59 to −0.76, by NIHSS), and lower treatment failure (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.31–0.52). Thirteen trials (52%) reported the outcome of adverse events, but no serious adverse events were reported.Conclusion Low quality evidence implied that DZXX injection appeared to improve neurological function in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, this potential benefit should be further studied in large, rigorous trials.2. 目的运用Meta分析法评价中医药降低早期糖尿病肾病患者尿蛋白水平的疗效。

翻译作业二：论文摘要翻译研究收入分配问题要分清两个层次【摘要】马克思主义经典作家认为,分配是生产的一个环节，分配关系决定于生产关系。

在一定社会形态中，占统治地位的生产关系所决定的经济制度包括两个方面，即基本经济制度和经济体制；由此决定了收入分配的两个层次：一是由基本经济制度所决定的分配方式；二是分配方式在不同经济体制下的具体实现形式和具体操作。

学术界在收入分配问题上所存在的许多错误观点，就是因为混淆了这两个层次造成的。

Study of two l evels in income distribution【Abstract】Classical Marxist writers believe that distribution is a link in production, and its relations are decided by the production relations. The economic system, decided by dominant production relations in a certain social form, includes two aspects, namely, the basic economic system and economic structure. Furthermore, the income distribution has two levels, which is the mode of distribution decided by the basic economic system and concrete realizations and specific operations distribution in various economic systems. There are many erroneous remarks on the income distribution in academia because of the confusion of these two levels.。

中文摘要英译基本句型：In this paper, … is discussed / we discuss … from the perspective of ...This paper, applying … to …，is an attempt to …The present study analyzes / introduces…by comparing …The findings show that the problem is worthy to be explored.The stu dy shows that… Thus it is suggested…This article explores … on the basis of …In this paper, … is reviewed / studied …This paper aims to explore /aims at introducing … from the perspective of … based on … in terms of …This paper offers a critique of …, and argues that（本文从批评……入手，指出了……）Taking the approach of a case study, this paper uses …（本文以……为个案进行分析……）This paper argues /analyzes that…and points out…The author attempts to explain, from the angle of pragmatics, … The author also points out…, …accordingly the author puts forward…The paper attempts to find out the reasons why…in term of…, and intends to clarify the fact that…本文试图从……的角度来探讨……的原因,阐明这样一个事实:This paper deals with the concept of… From the angle of … the author examines … and explores…（本文以……为视角，探讨……指出…..）This paper is a systematic introduction to …(本文系统地介绍了……)This article seeks to explain the concept of…from a (philosophical) point of view. It argues…The thesis focuses on /centers on the research of…We find that…This paper is a furth er research on…The research focuses on…With the facts of…, the paper explains…and then points out…In view of….this paper puts forward /advances that… Considering…, this paper also makes a few suggestions on how to…With the aid of …(theories), and from the perspective of… this paper probe into…(本文借助……（理论）……从……入手）This paper makes some theoretical and empirical analyses on…（本文对……进行了一些理论与实证方面的研究）Based upon the analysis of, this paper then continues to … from a variable range of possibilities …, with its emphasis on …This paper, from the point of view of translation, discusses problems concerning the definition of …（文章从翻译的角度探讨了…..）Starting from….this paper discusses…. It first discusses…. It then elaborates…. It concludes that…This paper discusses th e nature of…from various angles. Having explored …the paper not only makes an attempt to…but also puts forward…This paper begins with an introduction … Then, it puts forward the idea of … through the method of detailed analysis, it highlights … Furthermore, the paper employs …APPENDIX IPublic Signs1. Grand Opening2. Sale / Big Sale / Sale Price3. Clearance Price4. Two For the Price of One5. Factory outlet6. Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price7. Satisfaction Guaranteed, Or Money Back.8. It’s No w ; Or Never9. All Sale Are Final; No Refunds10. Admission Free11. Admission by Ticket Only12. Seat by Number13. Inspection Declined14. Round-the-Clock Business/Always Open15. Closed For Stocking-takingClosed Temporarily For Repair16. Instant Service/Repair17. Same Day Service18. No Visitors (谢绝访客)19. Hands Off20. No Bills / Spitting / scribbling / Standing / Parking / Honking / Way Out1. 电梯故障，停止运行2. 非饮用水3. 公共洗手间4. 贵重物品随身携带5. 节约用电6. 禁止携带饮食7. 请循环使用8. 请勿吸烟，谢谢合作9. 严禁吸烟，严禁明火10. 无烟场所11. 吸烟区12. 温馨提示1. 电梯故障，停止运行Elevator Out Order2. 非饮用水Non-Potable Water3. 公共洗手间Public Restroom4. 贵重物品随身携带Take All Valuables With You5. 节约用电Conserve Electricity6. 禁止携带饮食No Food, No Drink Allowed7. 请循环使用Please Recycle8. 请勿吸烟，谢谢合作Thank You For Honoring Our No Smoking Policy9. 严禁吸烟，严禁明火No Smoking, No Open Flames10. 无烟场所This Is A Smoking-Free Facility11. 吸烟区Smoking Permitted In This Area12.禁止拍照录象No Photos Or Video Allowed温馨提示Friendly ReminderAPPENDIX II．八荣八耻1．以热爱祖国为荣，以危害祖国为耻2．以服务人民为荣，以背离人民为耻3．以崇尚科学为荣，以愚昧无知为耻4．以辛勤劳动为荣，以好逸恶劳为耻5．以团结互助为荣，以损人利己为耻6．以诚实守信为荣，以见利忘义为耻7．以遵纪守法为荣，以违法乱纪为耻8．以艰苦奋斗为荣，以骄奢淫逸为耻1. Love the motherland, do her no harm.2. Serve the people, never betray them.3. Follow the science, discard fatuity.4. Be diligent, no indolent5. Be united and help each other, make no gains at other’s expense.6. Be honest and trustworthy, do not spend ethics for profits.7. Be disciplined and law-abiding, not chaotic and lawless.8. Live plainly and work hard, do not wallow in luxuries and pleasure.4. 长句的译法1) …if amount involved is huge, or if there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than ten years and shall also be fined not less than 5 percent but not more than 30 percent of the amount of foreign exchange fraudulently(具有欺诈性地)purchased.……数额巨大或有其他严重情节的，处5年以上10年以下有期徒刑，并处骗购外汇5%以上30%以下罚金。

论文摘要翻译毕业论文AbstractTitanium ore, elected from magnetite or Titan magnetite, is widely used as the raw material in the production of titanium dioxide. Titanium quality and its yield constraints is often the bottle neck in the titanium industry. Thus, we can not blindly consume a large amount of capital to maintain or improve its quality and yield. This paper makes an attempt to explores and optimize the development of the titanium industry, through inside and outside observation and association. In this paper, flotation tests are conducted to compare the original pulp titanium ore with Polyacrylamide and that without on the concentrate grade yield of titanium concentrates. In this process, the consumption of drugs, the recovery rate of , equipment utilization, the amount and cost of polyacrylamide (PAM) are all considered to determine whether it is a ptimization program to add Polyacrylamide to the original flotation pulp of titanium ore. Finally, we reach a conclusion through relevant data .In the experimental process, in principle, we do not change the original flotation process and the relevant parameters.Key words: Titanium ore; Flotation; Polyacrylamide; quality; yield、1/ 1。