英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编23

英语语言学试题（1）11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as wordc .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.I()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or American()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.二11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.()24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )30.naming theory and conceptualist view31.maxims of quality and manner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocal speech35.contrastive analysis英语语言学试题（3）nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.英语语言学试题（5）11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar. ( )23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate description of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ( )27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modern English. ( )28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )英语语言学试题（6）11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed _____.12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.13. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.英语语言学试题（7）1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ study describes language as it changes through time.3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ transcription does not.4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ language family.7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal dialect.8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language.10. A_________ is the learner’s process of adapting to the cu lture and value system of the target language community. 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________.1. “ Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. ()2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( )4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speechcommunity. ( )7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period. ( )8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］, due to assimilation. ( )10. In the sentence “The father beat the child”, “the child” is both a s tructural and logicalobject. ( )英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches ofs________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear ［1］and dark［］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic ofc________ antonyms.16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.)25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguisticf before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are calleds rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called theC principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as"s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference,i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.语言学试题参考答案11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T11.words question12.social groups13.sentence meaning14.polyglot15.voiceless voiced voiced三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)16.T17.F(Sense and reference…)18.F(scientific study of language)19.F(finite verb…)20.F(diachronic)21.F(no value judgement)22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(one of the parts)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案11.social plementary13.root plexplementary 16.utterance17.metathesis 18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer21.FThe contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.22.T23.FSome compounds contain more than two words.24.T25.FIt is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26.T27.FThe division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhatarbitrary.28.T29.T30.FChildren first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.参考答案二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、（T）22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、（T）25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26、（T）27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way ponential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, prehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、plete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some pound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of theirponents, such as the pound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strongversion of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the wordleisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

专业英语四级（核心语法）历年真题试卷汇编23(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARYPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1．It’s high time we______cutting down the rainforests.A．stoppedB．had to stopC．shall stopD．stop正确答案：A解析：if only引导的虚拟条件句，是对过去事实的虚拟，所以用过去完成时态。

A为答案。

2．My boss ordered that the legal documents______to him before lunch.A．be sentB．were sentC．were to be sentD．must be sent正确答案：A解析：虚拟语气题。

结构It is high time(that)…后面的从句部分要使用虚拟语气，因此A正确。

3．Ii is absolutely essential that William ______ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A．will continueB．continuedC．continueD．continues正确答案：A解析：因为ordered后面接宾语从句，从句中谓语动词必须使用虚拟语气，即“should+动词原形”；同时，因为文件是被送，所以这里需要用被动语态，因此A为答案。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fricativesteralC.affricatesD.bilabial2.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______and vocabulary.（分数：2.00）ageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure3.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?（分数：2.00）A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]4.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?（分数：2.00）A.Acoustic phonetics.B.Articulatory phonetics.C.Auditory phonetics.D.Neither of them.5.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic wordsB.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes6.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.AffixationB.InflectionC.DerivationD.Conjugationpound words consist of______morphemes.(北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.boundB.freeC.both bound and free8.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending?(对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.WTOB.MotelC.BookshelfD.red-faced9.Bound morphemes do not include______.(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.rootsB.prefixesC.suffixesD.words10.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words;(table—tables, day + break — daybreak.(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.inflection and compoundpound and derivationC.inflection and derivation11.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(Focus on the type of word formation)(南京大学2007研)（分数：2.00）A.burgleB.fridgeC.autoD.math12.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "-ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n)______.（分数：2.00）A.derivational morphemeB.free morphemeC.inflectional morphemeD.free form13.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand______.(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesB.what constitutes the grammatically of strings of wordsC.how words and phrases form sentencesD.All of the above14.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is______Analysis.(北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.Internal ComponentB.Innate CapacityC.Internal ConstituentD.Immediate Constituent15.The criterion used in IC analysis is______（分数：2.00）A.transformationB.conjoiningC.groupingD.substitutability16.In Halliday"s view, the______function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.（分数：2.00）A.ideationalB.interpersonalC.textualD.social17.The phrase " my small child"s cot" is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ______tree diagrams.（分数：2.00）A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four18.In English, ______and______are often expressed by subject and predicate.（分数：2.00）A.theme and rhemeB.theme and predicateC.predicate and objectD.subject and predicate19.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on connotation)(南京大学2007研)（分数：2.00）A.corpulentB.statesmanC.slimD.decease20.______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience.(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense21.Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech"s seven types of meaning?(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Connotative meaning.B.Denotative meaning.C.Conceptual meaning.22.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of semantic relation)(南京大学2007研)（分数：2.00）A.school/collegeB.move/runC.furniture/tableD.mature/ripe23.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest.(Focus on the type of semantic opposition)(南京大学2008研)（分数：2.00）A.wake-asleepB.inside-outsideC.teacher-studentD.right-left24.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by______respectively.(大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymyB.synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymyC.antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy25.By componential analysis, BECOME(x,(~ ALIVE(x)))is an explanation of______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.dieB.deadC.killD.killed。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28一、填空题1 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______. (中山大学2008研)2 ______is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. (中山大学2006研)3 Hymes' theory leads to notion/function-based syllables, and a step further,______syllabuses. (中山大学2005研)4 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. (中山大学2008研)5 As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning. (中山大学2011年研)二、单项选择题6 In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______. (对外经贸2006研) （A）interaction（B）interference（C）input（D）intake7 The______is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the languageitems needed for them. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）structural syllabus（B）situational syllabus（C）notional syllabus（D）functional syllabus8 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.（A）interference（B）interlanguage（C）fossilization（D）acculturation9 ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.（A）error analysis（B）performance analysis（C）contrastive analysis（D）discourse analysis三、简答题10 How do you understand interlanguage? (西安交通大学2008研)11 What are the four obvious barriers to adult 12 acquisition? (浙江大学2003研)12 Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?(北外201 1研)13 What is the difference between mistakes and errors?14 What are the distinctions between interlingual and intralingual errors?15 What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discourse's contribution to languageacquisition?四、名词解释16 Applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)17 Interlanguage (北外2010研；北航2010研；上海交大2005研)18 Contrastive analysis (北航2010研；浙江大学2004研)19 face validity (南开大学2011年研)20 Error Analysis (中山大学2011年研)五、举例说明题21 Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Language Learning.(北交大2006研)22 Explain one of the teaching approaches that you're familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (浙江大学2004研)23 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first anda second language? (北外2003研)24 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning? (四川大学2009研)25 Read the following paragraphs and then answer four questions. (北外201 1年研) The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more ' traditional' approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning)leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experientialapproach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an ' in at the deep end strategy'. Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001: 79) An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularitiesof language and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularitiescan facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e. , isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners' abilityto put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general , the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon. ... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996: 83) refers to as 'generativity' and ' economy'. Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances. ... Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners' ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001: 86-7)1. What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?2. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?3. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?4. How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?26 How many types of data analysis have been employed in language acquisition research? How are these types of dataanalysis significant in SLA research?。

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。

雅思（听力）历年真题试卷汇编23(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Listening ModuleListening Module (30 minutes & 10 minutes transfer time)听力原文：AGENT: Good Afternoon and welcome to Habitat Hunters. You must be Joseph. RENTER: Yes, that’s right. You said on the phone that I could come by at 2:00. Sorry, I’m a little early. AGENT: No problem at all. In Calgary’s market, you have to move fast if you want a good apartment! RENTER: Actually, I’d settle for almost anything. I’ve been here ten days and the hotel is ruining me. My father has me on a strict budget. AGENT: Sit right down here now, sir. Let’s talk a little about the places before we go have a look. Now, we have four apartments available. RENTER: OK, could you tell me more about these four apartments?AGENT: Sure. The first one is on Beatle Road, just a block off campus. It’s a 3-bedroom with a bathroom and a living room and a great Italian restaurant right next to it. RENTER: How much?AGENT: Well, it’s $435 a month including Internet and utilities.RENTER: Okay, that sounds reasonable. Any drawbacks to the house?AGENT: There’s a really big garden, but it hasn’t been taken care of over the years and is just too big to clean up nicely. RENTER: Hmm. That sounds okay; tell me about the next option.AGENT: The other 3-bedroom apartment is on Oakington Avenue on campus. It is right near the building where you have classes, and the kitchen and living room are newly furnished. RENTER: Wow, that sounds like a pretty good option. AGENT: Well it is a cool apartment, but since it’s a dormitory, the living room, bathroom, kitchen, and washing machine are all shared. It would be nice not to have to buy living room furniture, though. RENTER: And how much is this one?AGENT: $400 per month for a bedroom with an air conditioner. For a bedroom without an air conditioner, you would pay less, $340, for it.RENTER: Yikes, even with the air conditioner it sounds really inconvenient to have to share facilities. I’ll never cook if I have to walk down the hall to use the kitchen.AGENT: Yeah, that’s true.AGENT: Anyway, the next place is a 2-bedroom on Mead Street.RENTER: Oh, I like Mead Street - that’s off campus, right?AGENT: Yep. It’s pretty cool, but it has only 2 bedrooms, plus a living room and a study. RENTER: But I want to live together with my two friends.AGENT: So you could make the study into a small bedroom if you end up living with them. RENTER: Also, we guys will want a TV and DVD player since we’re all so much into movies. AGENT: Well, this place has a great TV and VCR, but no DVD player.RENTER: No DVD? That’s so weird. Are any other facilities provided?AGENT: As you said, weird enough, it also comes with a washbasin.RENTER: Is there a washing machine? I think we need that more than just a washbasin. AGENT: I’m afraid there’s no washing machine in the apartment.RENTER: Wow, that’s so old-fashioned! Maybe it’s not the best choice for three college guys. How much is it? AGENT: Well it’s $600 per month, but of course it would be cheaper if you made it into 3 bedrooms instead of 2. RENTER: Where isthis apartment located?AGENT: It’s 2500 Mead Street, where there are a lot of bars.RENTER: It would be affordable, but it would get pretty noisy. And that sounds really expensive for an old place in a noisy area. How about the last place? AGENT: This one’s on-campus in the Devon Close complex. It’s a one-bedroom, so it will be a little quieter than the Mead Street place. RENTER: One bedroom, huh? That could be good for focusing on my studies. What else does it have? AGENT: It comes with a living room and a study, and includes a really nice lamp in the study that has a bunch of different settings. You know what else is cool? There’s a dining hall downstairs so all evening meals are free. You can purchase breakfast and lunch, but meals after 6 p.m. are free. RENTER: Wow, this place sounds too good to be true. Is it really expensive? AGENT: It’s alright - $500 per month, but there’s no bathroom.RENTER: WHAT? No bathroom?AGENT: Well, there’s no bathroom in the apartment but there’s one at the end of the hall. RENTER: Hmm. Thanks, I think now I just have to decide whether I want to live alone or not. AGENT: Yeah, which one do you prefer?RENTER: I think I’d choose either this apartment or the one on Beatle Road. AGENT: OK. You’d better think about it, and then you can contact me ASAP. RENTER: Fine, thanks for your help!AGENT: You’re welcome.Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.1．正确答案：435解析：435本题为横向表格题，根据空格所在纵列为price，得知此处考查数字的填写。

[外语类试卷]雅思（听力）历年真题试卷汇编23一、Listening Module (30 minutes & 10 minutes transfer time)0 Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for eachanswer.10 Complete the form below.Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for eachanswer.20 Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.21 The research topic should come from one of the headings in the______22 At least one reference needs to be from______23 The data Julie found on past experiments is in______24 Ricky has pointed out that aside from journals, he can also use______about scientific experiments.24 Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for eachanswer.30 Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.31 This paper pertains to one major concern about water for people everywhere - that isa ______source of water.32 Australia is a dry continent and thus water is very______33 We utilised the most water for______34 We discover the purest water in rivers, creeks, ______35 Rainfall is a useful source of water unless there is significant______36 People in the west wish the water to be______.37 Water is highly prone to______38 In the home, one of the most important uses of water is______38 Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.39 The mechanisms for water management are（A）inadequate.（B）nearly adequate.（C）admirable.40 The government's 1989 White Paper （A）caused a concern.（B）is unreliable.（C）is inconclusive.。