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概要写作同义替换常用词1.词义替换(1)名词①担忧:worry→concern②建议:suggestion→proposal③影响:influence→impact④目标:target→goal⑤难题:problem→issue⑥机会:chance→opportunity⑦垃圾:litter→rubbish, trash ⑧发展:development→advance, progress⑨住所:house→shelter⑩困难:difficulty→obstacle, barrier, challenge人:people→individual, person, human优势:advantage→merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength老人:old people→the aged, the elderly缺陷:disadvantage→drawback, downside, weakness干旱:with no rain at all→drought方法:method→way, approach地区:district→zone, place, region, area姿势:pose→gesture冒险:adventure→expedition财富,财产:wealth→fortune, property高速公路:expressway→freeway居民:resident→citizen塞车:jam→congestion原因:reason→factor(2)动词①减轻:ease→relieve②提倡:propose→advocate③讨厌:hate→dislike, be fed up with, be boredwith④鼓励,激发:encourage→motivate, fuel⑤对……感兴趣:be interested in→be caught upin, be crazy about, be keen on, be fond of⑥阻止:prevent→stop⑦充分利用:make full use of→make themost/best of,take advantage of⑧相似:look like→resemble⑨完成:accomplish→achieve, finish⑩抵挡:stand up to→withstand, resist, oppose处理:deal with→handle采取措施:take action→take measures, take steps 加速:speed up→accelerate出发去某地:set off for→head for, leave for经历:undergo→experience降低至:fall to→decline to, decrease to, drop to 要求:request→demand, require消除:clear→eliminate, remove确保:ensure→assure, guarantee, make sure宣称:declare→claim给予:give→offer, provide, supply保持:keep→preserve, reserve, maintain导致:lead to→cause, give rise to, result in暴露:reveal→expose使:make→enable提高:improve→enhance改变:change→transform, alter与……联系:associate with→connect with建立:build→establish, set up 得到:get→acquire, obtain拥有:have→possess, own感谢:thank→appreciate表达:express→convey解决:solve→cope with, deal with, resolve帮助:help→assist, aid步行:walk→cover确信:make sure→ensure认为:think→claim, consider, believe, insist, hold 损害:damage→hurt, injure, harm, impair,endanger保护:protect→conserve, preserve致力于:be devoted to→be committed to展示:show→reveal, illustrate, present允许某人做某事:give sb. permission to dosth.→allow sb. to do sth.预订:book→reserve推迟:put off→delay转换:switch→convert, transform禁止:forbid→ban, prohibit区分:tell sth./sb. apart→distinguish由……构成:be made up of→be composed of,consist of维持:sustain→support, maintain承担责任:shoulder/undertake one's duty→beresponsible for, take responsibility增加:be on the rise→increase, multiply尽力做某事:do sth. to the best of one's ability→try one's best to do sth., spare no effort to do sth., make every effort to do sth.专心致志于:put one's heart into→be absorbed in, be bent on, be buried in(3)形容词①乏味的:boring→dull, tiresome②害怕的:afraid→frightened, scared③出名的:famous→notable, renowned④显然的:obvious→apparent, evident, clear⑤严重的:severe→serious ⑥有益的:useful→helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding⑦新的:new→fresh, brand new, novel⑧粗鲁的:rude→impolite ⑨怀疑的:doubtful→skeptical, sus picious,incredulous⑩快速的:fast→speedy最便宜的:the least expensive→the cheapest许多:many→a sea of, an ocean of, abundant, numerous, considerable巨大的:big→enormous, vast, massive,tremendous聪明的:clever→smart, gifted, sharp-minded 好的:good→fantastic, magnificent,outstanding, remarkable穷的:in poverty→poor, needy悲伤的:sad→depressed, frustrated重要的:important→significant, essential, critical, vital, crucial基本的:fundamental→basic, essential神圣的:sacred→holy充足的;富裕;富有:rich in→plentiful, ample,generous, abundant少量的:a small number of→a handful of主要的:primary→main合理的:reasonable→sensible, rational, sound 勇敢的:brave→fearless, bold, courageous开心的:happy→cheerful, delightful艰难的:difficult→tough, challenging有害的:harmful→damaging, ruinous传统的:traditional→conventional生气的:angry→annoyed, irritated最初的:initial→original疲劳的:worn→tired, exhausted(4)副词①非常:very→extremely, intensely,extraordinarily②最后:finally→eventually, ultimately③起先:firstly→originally, initially ④大约:approximately→almos t, about, around, nearly, roughly⑤肯定地:certainly→definitely, undoubtedly,obviously, apparently⑥经常,总是:frequently→constantly, always⑦立刻:right now→immediately, shortly, right away ⑧事实上:as a matter of fact→practically, in practice, in reality, in effect, in fact⑨平稳地:steadily→smoothly⑩决不,从不:never→on no account, at no time,under no circumstances偶尔,有时:now and then→at times,occasionally很少:rarely→seldom每天:day in and day out→every day缓慢地,轻微地:slightly→slowly, mildly 仅仅:only→merely完全地:totally→absolutely, completely 目前:at present→nowadays, recently急剧地:dramatically→sharply, steeply(5)其他替换①我认为:in my opinion→personally, from myperspective②关于:with regard to→as for③虽然:despite/regardless the factthat→although④同时:at the same time→meanwhile⑤同时:at the same time→in the meantime⑥因为:on account of the fact that→because⑦对比:on the other hand→by contrast, on the contrary ⑧此外:in addition→besides, furthermore, moreover2.词性转换①追求:pursue v.→pursuit n.②受伤:injure v.→injured adj.受伤的→i njury n.受伤③重要的:important adj.→be of importance n.④受欢迎:popular adj.→popularity n.⑤强调:put an emphasis on n.→emphasize v.⑥更喜欢:prefer v.→preference n.⑦讨论:have a discussion of n.→discuss v.⑧缺乏:a lack of n.→lack v.⑨比较:comparison n.→compare v.⑩倾向于:have a tendency to do n.→tend to do v.需要:have a need for n.→need v.调查:conduct an investigation n.→investigate v.决定:make a decision n.→decide v.解释:give an explanation of n.→explain v.创造性:creativity n.→creative adj.各种不同的:a variety of n.→va rious adj.评估:assess v.→assessment n.指派,布置作业:assign v.→assignment n.方便:convenience n.→convenient adj.辨别:distinguish v.→distinguished adj.突出的评估:evaluate v.→evaluation n.使烦恼:annoy v.→annoying adj.令人烦恼的→annoyance n.烦恼。
2020上海高考英语：概要写作同义替换及句式一、常用的词汇替换1.词义替换(1)名词①担忧:worry→concern②建议:suggestion→proposal③影响:influence→impact④目标:target→goal⑤难题:problem→issue⑥机会:chance→opportunity⑦垃圾:litter→rubbish, trash⑧发展:development→advance, progress⑨住所:house→shelter ⑩困难:difficulty→obstacle, barrier, challenge人:people→individual, person, human优势:advantage→merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength老人:old people→the aged, the elderly缺陷:disadvantage→drawback, downside, weakness干旱:with no rain at all→dr ought 方法:method→way, approach地区:district→zone, place, region, area 姿势:pose→gesture冒险:adventure→expedition 财富,财产:wealth→fortune, property 高速公路:expressway→freeway 居民:resident→citizen塞车:jam→congestion 原因:reason→factor(2)动词①减轻:ease→relieve②提倡:propose→advocate③讨厌:hate→dislike, be fed up with, bebored with④鼓励,激发:encourage→motivate, fuel⑤对……感兴趣:be interested in→becaught up in, be crazy about, be keen on,be fond of⑥阻止:prevent→stop⑦充分利用:make full use of→make themost/best of,take advantage of⑧相似:look like→resemble⑨完成:accomplish→achieve, finish⑩抵挡:stand up to→withstand, resist,oppose处理:deal with→handle采取措施:take action→take measures, take steps加速:speed up→accelerate出发去某地:set off for→head for, leave for经历:undergo→experien ce降低至:fall to→decline to, decrease to, drop to要求:request→demand, require消除:clear→eliminate, remove确保:ensure→assure, guarantee, makesure宣称:declare→claim给予:give→offer, provide, supply保持:keep→preserve, reserve, maintain 导致:lead to→cause, g ive rise to, resultin暴露:reveal→expose使:make→enable提高:improve→enhance改变:change→transform, alter与……联系:associate with→connect with建立:build→establish, set up得到:get→acquire, obtain拥有:have→possess, own感谢:thank→appreciate表达:express→conve y 解决:solve→cope with, deal with, resolve 帮助:help→assist, aid步行:walk→cover确信:make sure→ensure认为:think→claim, consider, believe, insist, hold损害:damage→hurt, injure, harm,impair, endanger保护:protect→conserve, preserve致力于:be devoted to→be com mittedto展示:show→reveal, illustrate, present 允许某人做某事:give sb. permission todo sth.→allow sb. to do sth.预订:book→reserve推迟:put off→delay转换:switch→convert, transform禁止:forbid→ban, prohibit 区分:tell sth./sb. apart→distinguish 由……构成:be made up of→becomposed of, consist of维持:sustain→support, maintain承担责任:shoulder/undertake one'sduty→be responsible for, takeresponsibility增加:be on the rise→increase, multiply 尽力做某事:do sth. to the best of one'sability→try one's best to do sth., spare no effort to do sth., make every effort to do sth.专心致志于:put one's heart into→be absorbed in, be bent on, be buried in(3)形容词①乏味的:boring→dull, tiresome②害怕的:afraid→frightened, scared③出名的:famous→notable, renowned ④显然的:obvious→apparent, evident, clear⑤严重的:severe→serious ⑥有益的:useful→helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding⑦新的:new→fresh, brand new, novel⑧粗鲁的:rude→impolite ⑨怀疑的:doubtful→skeptical,suspicious, incredulous⑩快速的:fast→speedy最便宜的:the least expensive→the cheapest许多:many→a sea of, an oce an of, abundant, numerous, considerable巨大的:big→enormous, vast, massive, tremendous聪明的:clever→smart, gifted, sharp-minded好的:good→fantastic, magnificent,outstanding, remarkable穷的:in poverty→poor, needy悲伤的:sad→depressed, frustrated重要的:importan t→significant, essential, critical, vital, crucial基本的:fundamental→basic, essential 神圣的:sacred→holy充足的;富裕;富有:rich in→plentiful, 少量的:a small number of→a handful ofample, generous, abundant主要的:primary→main合理的:reasonable→sensible, rational, sound勇敢的:brave→fearless, bold,courageous开心的:happy→cheerful, delightful 艰难的:difficult→tough, challenging 有害的:harmful→damaging, ruinous 传统的:traditional→conventional 生气的:angry→annoyed, irritated最初的:initial→original 疲劳的:worn→tired, exhausted(4)副词①非常:very→extremely, intensely,extraordinarily②最后:finally→eventually, ultimately③起先:firstly→originally, initially ④大约:approximately→almost, about, around, nearly, roughly⑤肯定地:certainly→definitely, undoubtedly, obviously, apparently ⑥经常,总是:frequently→c onstantly, always⑦立刻:right now→immediately, shortly, right away ⑧事实上:as a matter of fact→practically, in practice, in reality, in effect, in fact⑨平稳地:steadily→smoothly ⑩决不,从不:never→on no account, at no time, under no circumstances偶尔,有时:now and then→at times,occasionally很少:rarely→seldom每天:day in and day out→every day 缓慢地,轻微地:slightly→slowly, mildly 仅仅:only→merely 完全地:totally→absolutely, completely 目前:at present→nowadays, recently 急剧地:dramatically→sharply, steeply(5)其他替换①我认为:in my opini on→personally,from my perspective②关于:with regard to→as for③虽然:despite/regardless the factthat→although④同时:at the same time→meanwhile⑤同时:at the same time→in the meantime ⑥因为:on account of the fact that→because⑦对比:on the other hand→by contrast, on the contrary ⑧此外:in addition→besides, furthermore, moreover2.词性转换①追求:pursue v.→pursuit n.②受伤:injure v.→injured adj.受伤的→injury n.受伤③重要的:important adj.→be ofimportance n.④受欢迎:popular adj.→popularity n.⑤强调:put an emphasis onn.→emphasize v.⑥更喜欢:pre fer v.→preference n.⑦讨论:have a discussion of n.→discussv.⑧缺乏:a lack of n.→lack v.⑨比较:comparison n.→compare v.⑩倾向于:have a tendency to do n.→tend to do v.需要:have a need for n.→need v.调查:conduct an investigation n.→investigate v.决定:make a decis ion n.→decide v.解释:give an explanation of n.→explain v.创造性:creativity n.→creative adj.各种不同的:a variety of n.→various adj.评估:assess v.→assessment n.指派,布置作业:assign v.→assignment n.方便:convenience n.→convenient adj.辨别:distinguish v.→distinguish ed adj.突出的评估:evaluate v.→evaluation n.使烦恼:annoy v.→annoying adj.令人烦恼的→annoyance n.烦恼二、常用的写作句式(一) 提出建议的句型I suggest that… Why not do…? Why don’t you do…?You would better do/ not do… If I were you，I would……It seems to me that you could…… You may consider doing…I feel that it would be beneficial if… You may consider doing…I think it would be more beneficial if you could……As you may agree that I would like to suggest that…(二) 结尾常用格式I hope that my suggestions are helpful for your decision-making anyway.I would be more than happy to see improvement in this regard.I believe that you will take my suggestions into serious account.I would be ready to discuss about this matter with you to further details.Whatever you decide to do，good luck with your studies/work！(三) 连接词1.Firstly：previously, initially, foremost(adv,第一adj.最重要的)2.Generally: principally, mainly, basically, fundamentally,3.Then：subsequently（随后陆续的）, afterward（时间上的）, thereafter（逻辑上的）, secondarily, furthermorestly：ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, as a final point, last but not least,5.Too: in addition, besides, moreover, additionally6.And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition7.Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else8.So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly,9.Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that10.But: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, even if, while, despite the fact that11.Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely12.Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly,13. Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, literally, truly14. Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…EXAMPLE:（1）A is important to B.（2）A plays an/a important role to B（3）A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome) to B.（4）A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B.（5）The importance of A (to B) can never be （denied\ignored\doubted).（6）Nothing is more crucial to B than A.（7）A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper.15.difficult: demanding(劳神费力的),laborious（艰苦的）,formidable（艰巨的）16.many: numerous, myriad, infinite,quantities of a (large) number of / (large) numbers of + 可数名词复数plenty of +可数名词复数/不可数名词 a good/great many + 可数名词复a large/huge amount of / large amounts of + 不可数many a + 可数名词单数Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny,17.little：petite（女子身高娇小）18.bad: adverse(不利的), negative19.good: excellent, outstanding, extraordinary, remarkable20.Big: massive, enormous, tremendous, giant, vast, large, huge, bulky,21.boring; dull, tiresome, tedious(乏味的)ep: He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious.22.worried: anxious, apprehensive, fraught23.sad: depressed(无望的，失落的) ；gloomy(情绪低落的)ep: She felt very depressed about the future.ep: They found him in gloomy, downbeat mood.24.frustrated(沮丧的)ep: Both sides appeared very frustrated at the lack of progress.25.famous: renownedep: The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty.26.notable：noticeableep: The book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of modern science.)27.abundant: ample, plentiful, generous28.different: various, a variety of, diversemon: universal, pervasive(普遍的,普通的)30.doubted: skeptical, suspicious(怀疑的)ep: Most organizations are, quite understandably, suspicious of new ideas.31.interesting: amusing, entertaining, engaging32.brave: courageous, bold, fearless33.reasonable: sound, rational, sensible34.poor=needy35.rich=wealthy36.Without：excluding。
概要写作(Summary Writing)解析一、概要写作概述：浙江省2018年11月高考中首次出现了概要写作新题型。
相比传统的写作来说，该题型对考生是一个巨大的挑战，是难度较高的写作形式。
(1)任务要求：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
(2)考查要点：概要写作以语篇为载体，要求考生对所提供的文本进行简要的概括。
考生需要在理解文章、把握文章中心思想的基础上进行信息整合。
故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力，即阅读能力、分析查找能力、逻辑思维能力、理解判断能力及概括能力等。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
(3)评分原则：1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
(4)二、样题及分析：阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people，is a good thing. However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV，King of France，was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit（好处）of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far？Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，MaryRuebush，an American immunologist（免疫学家）, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter（后者）position is gaining some ground.(One possible version)Attitudes towards dirt have been changing over time. (要点1) In the 16th century, people believed that dirt on the skin helped protect against disease. (要点2) Since the 18th century, however, people have developed the belief that cleaning away dirt can prevent disease. (要点3)Today, although attitudes to dirt still differ sharply, more and more people choose to believe that playing in the dirt can help build up a strong immune. (要点4) (60 words)参考答案分析：精确地表达了文本所有4个要点，并且对文本的内容进行了归纳、提炼和整合；（2）准确地使用了相应的语法结构和词汇，例如在表达“持有某种观点”这一意思的时候，选用了三个不同的表达方法“believe”，“develop the belief”，“choose to believe”，避免了重复；（3）上下文之间用了恰当的连接词“however”，“although”等，使行文紧凑浑然一体；（4）对文中的要点运用语义转换，完全使用自己的语言来表达；例如要点1用Attitudes towards dirt have been changing代替原文第一段的第二句话there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt；要点2用protect against disease 代替block out against；要点3中用prevent disease代替is good for health；要点4用today代替nowadays，用sharply代替hugely，用more and more people choose to believe 代替gaining some ground；（5）全文60词，非常符合词数要求。
高考英语概要写作范文怎么写高考时期，遇到概要的英语写作，我们有什么技巧可以解决?下面是店铺给大家整理了高考英语概要写作范文，供大家参阅!高考英语概要写作范文Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirtto build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.高考英语概要写作方法Part I. 什么是摘要?A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.概括部分包含几种能力。
新高考,概要写作-同义替换Summary Writing 常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb-assimilate 吸收agree partly-agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse-ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change-alter 改变consider-take into account 考虑devote to-dedicate to 把。
奉献于；专注于emphasize-accentuate 强调expect-anticipate 期望；预期explain-interpret/illustrate 解释；说明get into chaos-with chaos ensuing 陷入混乱join-participate 参加；参与lead to-contribute to/ conduce to/result in 导致；产生。
结果limit-stress/hinder/hamper 限制阻止；阻碍operate-manipulate 操作；操纵provide-lend-offer 提供；给予publicize-propagandize 宣传；公布sway-vacillate 影响；摇摆，使摇摆think-contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect思考；考虑；想起thrive-palmy(a.)/flourishing(v./a.)/prosperity(n.) undermine-debilitate 破坏；使衰弱，衰竭use-employ/utilize 使用；利用want-intend to/tend to/be inclined to 希望；倾向于want to-desire 想要2. 形容词/副词：first-primarily 首先(ad.) hardly-merely-barely 几乎不(ad.) hurt-vulnerable 受伤；易受攻击inevitable-indispensable 必然；不可缺少in fact-actually/virtually 事实上；实际上(ad.) key-crucial/vital/consequential 关键；重要large-miraculous/marvelous 大；不可思议(表程度) maybe-probably 也许；大概(ad.) more and more-increasing/growing 越来越多obvious-conspicuous 明显；显著old-ancient 老；古老proper-apposite 适当；合适persuasive-thorough/sound/specific/convincing 有说服力true-accurate 正确；准确vague-unwarranted/oversimplified 模糊well-known-outstanding 著名more often than not = often He more often than not es here. 3. 名词(词组)：bias-prejudice/discriminate 偏见；歧视big city-metropolis 大都市chance-alternative 机会；选择character-trait/individuality/personality 品质；特性；个性child-juvenile 孩子；青少年clash-conflict/collision冲突custom-convention/tradition 传统；习俗delegate-representative 代表detail-specific 细节lawmaking-legislation 立法offspring-descendant 后代；子孙value-merit 价值附：1. purchasing power of es Maximize their es = increase the purchasing power of es2. property = real estate3. precision = accuracy4. Thinking ability = critical thinking =creative= innovation5. reasoning = logical thought =thought6. popular culture= mon culture7. cultural power= assimilating power 10. judge = Justice （必考含义）“法官” 11. apprehension （必考含义）= worry apprehensiveability 理解能力12. mind = people= individual 13. faith=confidence 信心14. drug= medicine 15.dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize 16. tap 开发tap the market = explore the market = expand the market 18. entail =make= cause 19. nature；nurture/ born；made /inherited；acquired/（先天和后天）innate cognitive/intuitive made/born 20. attribute= character=trait=merit=feature=virtue 特点；特质21. plementary=auxiliary 22. suits = enable = entail （This job entails a lot of hard work.）24. mechanical = unchanged mechanical learning Dynamic=changeable=variable；vary Modify=change 25. distinction= fame 26. implication；connotation；suggestion；reference；carry important implications for（短语动词）27. accumulation = expansion = augmentation 28.literally = actually=absolutely 29. initiatives=measures Initiatives =intention Initiative =active Initiative=primitive=beginning 30.endeavors=efforts 31.Doubt= deny= don‘t believe 33. 经济下滑，衰退slowing economy/softening economy/stagnanteconomy/economic recession/economic decline /economic stagnation （stagnant）/depression/slowdown 34.symptoms =negative example 35.frames = body 36.grasp = understanding 37.reshape= remold 38.entitle :we are entitled to some privileges./Some privileges are given to us ./Some privileges are conferred on us. 4. 其他：although-albeit/notwithstanding 尽管(conj.) because-in that-since-seeing 因为(conj.) but-nonetheless/nevertheless 然而；但是(conj.) through-in term of/via 通过(prep.) to sum-to summarize/in conclusion 总之；最后表示“地位” ：status, rank 表示“偏见” ：bias, prejudice, discrimination, inequality 表示“组成” 同义表达：constitute, be made from/of, include, consist of 表示“导致” ：result in, cause, lead to 表示“发行”：issue, release, distribute, launch 表示“授予” ：grant, award 表示“结果” ：result, consequent, e, turn out to 表示“交易” ：deal, trade, exchange, transaction 表示“能力” ：ability, capability, potential, power 表示“结束” ：fulfill, finish, plish, carryout, achieve, plete 表示“语言” ：verbally, language, words, lingual 表示“精确” ：accuracy, precision 表示“以前” ：previous, former, latter, prior to 表示“加强，促进” ：promote, facilitate,enhance, reinforce 表示“前景，未来”：prospect, future, expectation, outlook 表示“顾客” ：customer, client, consumer, guest 表示“暂停、延期” ：suspend, phase back, put off, stop, postpone, delayed 表示“信息” ：information, message, data, figure, statistics 表示“公司” ：enterprise, firm, pany, corporation 表示“故意” ：deliberately, intentionally, purposely, on/in purpose 表示“冷漠” ：indifferent, neutral, carefree, detached(超然) 表示“抱怨” ：plain, moan, groan 表示“吸引” ：appeal, attract, fascinate, tempt, absorb 表示“赶上” ：catch up with, keep up with 表示“对手” ：rival, equal, parative, petitor, opponent, adversary, enemy 表示“谨慎” ：prudent, cautious 表示“有利” ：be beneficial to, be useful to Skills: 同义替换法/词性转换法/语态改变法/句式转换法/压缩长句法分析：Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin, northeast China＇s Heilongjiang Province. As a result, the owner of the restaurant faced a fine of 500,000 yuan. Chen Yan, a tourist from Changzhou, east China＇s Jiangsu Province, plained online on February 12 that he was being overcharged 10,000 yuan for three big fish at a local wild fish restaurant in Songbei District of Harbin. Worse still, he claimed that his family members were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff when hequestioned the bill at the checkout. Chen＇s plaint immediately spread on China＇s social media. The investigation results by some local government departments showed that the restaurant had no fault, since they had already tagged the price, which raised doubt among netizens again. Further investigation showed that one type of the fish served, Huso, was not the real wild species, but a kind of farmed fish at a much lower price. Since the prices of the fish did have violated the rights of consumers, the restaurant got its due punishment. Meanwhile, relevant government departments that have stood by the side of the restaurant in the first place would also be investigated and punished. Similar cases of fraudulent pricing at scenic spots have also been reported elsewhere in China. In October 2015, for instance, a tourist was overcharged for a course of shrimp in the coastal city of Qingdao, east China＇s Shandong Province, when the restaurant claimed the quoted price of 38 yuan was not for the dish, but for each shrimp! Authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished. Your Answer: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________ 1.Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin and faced a heavy fine. __________________________________________________________________ __________. 2. Chen Yan plained he was being overcharged and were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff. Chen＇s plaint immediately spread on China＇s social media. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________. 3.The restaurant got its due punishment and relevant government departments would also be investigated and punished. __________________________________________________________________ _____________ 4.Similar cases have also been reported elsewhere and authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished._____________________________________________________________________________ Summary Writing 常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb-assimilate 吸收agree partly-agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse-ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change-alter 改变consider-take into account 考虑devote to-dedicate to 把。
微技能四同义改写概要写作的评分标准之一是“对各要点表达的独立性”，即要求用自己的语言归纳和表述要点，因此，你必须在正确理解原文要点的基础上，用不同于原文的方式来表述要点。
如何用自己的语言来概括要点而不照抄原文呢？我们可以从以下几个方面入手来解决这一难题。
1．同义替换法：即用相同或相近含义的词来替换原句中的表达。
(1)Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.→ Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.(2)I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient.→I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.【温馨提示】更多词汇替换见P167“语料积累”。
2．运用正反法：即把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定改成肯定。
(1)You will fail.→ You will not succeed.(2)Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.→ Though Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.3．词性转换法：即改变原句中一些重要词汇的词性来表达相同的含义。
(1)Patience is very important.→Patience is of great importance.(2)The pollution makes people very anxious about their living environment.→ People show great anxiety about their living environment.4．句式变换法：即运用不同的句式来表达相同的句意。
☞同义替换1，很，非常【常用替换词】very/extremely/pretty/badly/fairlyToday is ____ hot, thus I will stay at home and not go out playing basketball.It's a _____ good book.I need your help ______.2，重要的【常用替换词】important/ essential/ vital/ significant/ influential1) it’s important to do It is highly important to preserve the environment.=it’s of importance to do _______________________________________________= attach importance to She ______________________ regular exercise.2) play the leading role in/play the pushing role inplay an increasingly important role in3) it’ s high time that we did sthHence, _________________ that we __________ (highlight) the imperative of face-to-face communication between people.3，使得1) enable sb. to do sth. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.业余爱好能够使你结识很多朋友. _______________________________________________ 2) cause sb to do sth. /force sb. to do sth.His failure in business caused him to start a new life.感冒使他不得不呆在床上。
