浙江新高考 概要写作-同义替换教学提纲

2016年浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作一、2016年浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题第二节：概要写作（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is no thing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block o ut disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up t he skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 15 46. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a frie ndly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman h ad taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman sho uld not go out.Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been re garded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning awa y dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of pre venting disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter th an white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too f ar?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of diseas e. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages ch ildren to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) positi on is gaining some ground.（原创范文，仅供参考）One possible version：People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in histo ry, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected peop le from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt abou t 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us health y. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our im mune system. (要点 4)【范文点拨】(一)要点分析1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，点明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fix ed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards di rt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions tow ards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。

第十一讲概要写作命题特点概要写作是一种新型的写作模式，既对学生的写作能力有一定的要求，也对学生的阅读能力有一定的要求，能够有效突破传统英语写作的局限性。

该题型主要考查考生对大段阅读文字的概括能力，如考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。

同时，考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。

进行概要写作时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词或句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。

考生要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表达出来。

根据《考试说明》，读后续写和概要写作两种题型交替使用。

浙江2016年10月高考和2017年6月高考以及2017年10月高考均为读后续写，下次高考考概要写作的可能性比较大。

题型特点根据《考试说明》，概要写作题型的命题形式为：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

概要写作属于限制性写作。

它是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合。

所给短文的文体以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

概要写作旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力和概括运用英语语言知识的能力。

随着新课改的全面实施，高中英语写作课堂教学模式也需要进行改革，教师不仅要培养学生的英语写作能力，还要提高学生的思维能力和语言应用能力。

本部分在此基础上引入“概要写作”这种新型课堂模式，并对这种课堂模式的应用步骤做出详细的分析。

【典题感悟】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps people lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet, also called the Hollywood Diet, dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under control—a key part of managing diabetes(糖尿病)．The experiments were conducted on mice—but researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli, of the University of California, Berkeley, said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results, based on controlled experiments, warrant further study of the potential health—promoting properties of grapefruit juice.”The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months, those given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.They also had lower blood sugar and insulin(胰岛素) levels—despite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact, grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin(二甲双胍), the journal PLOSONE reports.However, the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.Spokesman Mariette Abrahams, a dietician, said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets.“Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldn’t be the focus of the diet，”she said.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[写作指导]本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。

纲要写作[考纲解读 ]供给一篇 350 词之内的短文，要求考生鉴于该短文写出一篇 60 词左右的内容纲要。

[原题剖析 ]1．原文资料 350 词之内，纲要写作 40～80 词。

2．原文以说明文、谈论文为主。

3．纲要，基本就是段落粗心。

每段用一句话归纳，或许两段一个粗心，最多用两句话归纳。

4．要侧重训练自己文章要旨粗心和各段段落粗心的归纳归纳能力。

[写作注意事项 ]1．找重点词和主题句，正确理解、剖析原文重点，归纳段落粗心。

2．各重点的表达要相对独立。

3．各重点之间要有适合的连接。

4．句型力争简单，每句话要表意理解，无空泛、抽象、含混之词。

5．尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。

比如，尽量少用关系代词 which，who 等指引的定语从句，而采纳-ing 形式和-ed形式作定语。

6．多使用归纳性词语，少用详细描绘性词语。

[纲要模板及句型 ]1．表示文章的内容以及研究目的①This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...②The article focuses on the topic of...2．表示研究的结论①The result showed that...②The author found that...③It was concluded that...3．表示介绍、看法或建议The author suggests/considers that...Suggestions are made for...实战操练 1阅读下边短文，依据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容纲要。

As most children return to school, many affluent families are choosing to pull their children out of themainstream education system altogether in favor of having a tutor at home "Around 50 percent of theinquiries we're getting at the moment are for long-term, daily home tutoring," Steve Spriggs, managingdirector of London-based private tutoring service And, he adds, the trend has grown from families asking forpersonal tutors to replicate the classroom environment in their own homes. Many families that were makingthe inquiries for full-time home tutors, Spriggs said, were either travelling so frequently that sending theirchildren to one school was impractical and others did not want their children to go into boarding school.Home tutoring is nothing new, and many tuition firms also offer extra tutoring services to familieswanting their children to have a little extra help learning aheadof entrance exams at competitive privateschools in the U.K., such as Harrow, St. Pauls or Eton."We always make it clear to parents that we will only offer full-time home schooling for a yearthough," Spriggs explained. "Any more than a year and children start to lose out on what a schoolenvironment can give them, such as social skills and that vital interaction they need –although we try tomitigate that anyway in our home tutoring with sports clubs of museum trips as part of the teachingprogram."Spriggs said that the costs of hiring a full-time tutor would exceed the fees of a top boarding school,which usually charge around 35,00￡0 ($54,400) a year. Some families employ two full-time tutors, one tocover humanities and the other to cover science and maths. Devising an educational plan for youngsters inthese situations is not a quick process, however, taking up to six weeks to plan, Spriggs said,with a tutorbeing matched to the child to ensure they are compatible.参照范文： Home tutoring isn ’trare in society. Some rich families choose full-time tutors because of frequenttravelling or because they don ’t want their children to go into boarding sch要oo点l.( 1) Meanwhile, to perform betterin entrance exams, some children need extra tutoring services.( 重点 2) Some tuition firms add some activities to improve the social skills of the children .( 重点 3) Although the costs of home tutoring are high, some families still employ two full-time tutors to ensure their children can gain balanced development.( 重点 4)实战操练 2阅读下边短文，依据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容纲要。

备战2022年浙江新高考英语一轮复习考点帮49 读后续写与概要写作的句式变换策略【策略简析】1. 句子形式多样化:根据表达的需求, 可以采用多种句式, 这样既能恰当表达, 又能避免形式单一输入经典①They were so heavy that we couldn’t lift them at first. (so. . . that. . . 句型)②There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. (同位语从句)输出佳句① In recent years, more and more people start to protect our environment, which makes our environment more and more colorful.→In recent years, with more and more people starting to protect our environment, our environment is becoming more and more colorful. (with复合结构)→Nowadays, there are so many people who start to protect our environment that our environment is becoming more and more colorful. (there be 句式)②If you study hard, you will make rapid progress.→Study hard and you will make rapid progress. (并列句)2. 使用非谓语动词形式, 句子凝练高端输入经典①After learning it, I’ m sure I’ll have a better understanding of the differences and similarities between Chinese culture and Western culture.②On arriving at the tea house, the foreign students were impressed by the unique tea pots and tea cups.输出佳句①She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (非谓语动词)→She walked out of the lab, followed by many students.②They sang and laughed as they went back to school. (非谓语动词)→They went back to school, singing and laughing.3. 运用定语从句, 增加细节, 填补内容输入经典①Material collecting took us a whole week, during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.②I am eager to invite you to join our team for the upcoming event, in which you will demonstrate your ability and make acquaintance with more friends with the same interest.输出佳句①You’d better make full preparations before class and have a brief understanding of the history of Tang Dynasty, which makes it easy for you to go through the class(使你容易通过这门课).②Besides, there will be a lot of useful and interesting activities, from which you can have a clearer picture of Chinese culture(从中你对中国文化会有更清晰的认识).③I have found a flat for you on Fangcao Street near Jianxin Chinese school. It is on the third floor with three rooms, one of which is bedroom(其中一个是卧室), and the other two are bathroom and kitchen.4. 巧用倒装, 增强句子的表现力输入经典①Not only will our club’s works be displayed, but we also have a valuable set of paper-cutting created by a famous artist of this field.②Not only did you help improve my English, but you also gave me more confidence in learning.③Next came the moment when I asked them to have a try themselves.输出佳句①Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (倒装)→Weak as/though I am, I’ll make the effort.②He had no sooner come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad. (倒装)→No sooner had he come back from Beijing than he was sent abroad.5. 恰当使用强调句, 增强说服力输入经典①It is you who taught me how to learn English well.②It was on Friday that our activity began.输出佳句①He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper. (强调句)→It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that he knew what had happened.②It is working in teams instead of on my own that has freed me of trouble and made my work more efficient.6. 自如应用各种名词性从句, 精彩纷呈输入经典①If you are interested in what I have stated above, sign up on our school website before September 1st.②That’s why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.输出佳句①To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things. (主语从句)→What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.②I have just found that I have to attend an important meeting that afternoon(我那天下午得参加一个重要会议).7. with or without精彩点缀, 妙不可言输入经典①Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held, of which ping-pong, football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity.②Without any hesitation, we began to work.输出佳句①As an old saying goes, living without a clear and achievable aim(没有清晰可达到的目标) is like sailing without a compass.②I can’t thank you enough for your generous help, without which I couldn’t have made such great progress(没有这些帮助我不能获得这么大的进步).8. 巧用副词, 充分表情达意输入经典①I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you.②I genuinely hope that you can squeeze some time for our festival and have fun with us.输出佳句①She patiently(仔细地) explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.②We were perfectly(完全地) satisfied with the result of the experiment.9. 语气委婉而中肯, 易于接受输入经典①If you have further questions, please feel free to let me know.②I sincerely hope you can set aside some time for the art feast.输出佳句①I wonder if you could tell me(你能否告诉我) what books I need to read and the requirements of my homework.②What do you think of it? Are you satisfied with it? If not, please tell me as quickly as possible(请尽快告诉我).【拓展运用】1．阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。

（浙江专用）高三语文总复习复习专题七高分方案表文转换与图文转换的技巧教案不分版本高分方案表文转换与图文转换的技巧表文转换和图文转换,除了需要一定的图表知识和读图技巧之外,作为语文学科的考试,主要应该掌握转换的方式和技巧。

典题一图表文字转换例1 (XXXX·大纲全国卷)根据下面图表提供的信息,将XXXX年至XXXX年五年间我国城乡居民人均文化消费支出的特点写成一段话。

要求内容完整,语言连贯,不超过80个字。

(6分) 解析:解答此题时要抓住三点:第一,从整体来看,城乡居民人均文化消费支出均为逐年增长的趋势;第二,农村支出增长幅度较城市小,或者说增速慢;第三,增幅不同造成支出差距逐年增大。

答案:(例如)图表显示,XXXX年至XXXX年我国城镇居民和农村居民人均文化消费支出均逐年增加,而城镇居民文化消费支出增幅大于农村居民,二者的差距在逐年加大。

例2 (XXXX·天津卷)阅读方式在数字时代已发生变化,请按要求答复相关问题。

(4分) (1)中国新闻出版研究院最近完成了“第九次全国国民阅读调查〞,请根据以下两个统计表简要说明调查结果。

(2分)(2)请结合自己的阅读经验,选取传统纸质媒介阅读和数字媒介阅读两种方式中的一种,概括其特点并略作说明。

(2分)解析:此题考查图表文字转换的能力。

解答第(1)题,比拟两个图表提供的不同信息是作答的关键。

首先要分析“各媒介综合阅读率〞的特点,然后总结“数字媒介阅读率〞的特点,二者均呈上升趋势;解答第(2)题,无论选取哪种媒介阅读方式(最好选取自己熟悉、认识较深的媒介阅读方式),都要概括出特点,并作相关说明。

解答此类题,首先应看懂图表,总结图表中传递出来的信息,然后在此根底上对造成此种情况的原因作深入的思考。

答案:(例如)(1)近年来各媒介综合阅读率逐年上升,其中数字媒介阅读率近三年上升迅猛。

(2)数字媒介阅读,携带方便,信息量大,而且可以实时更新。

(如选取传统纸质媒介阅读,言之有理亦可)典题二图片文字转换例3 欣赏下边的天鹅戏水图,围绕“早春〞,写一首小诗或一那么短文。

专题十七纲要写作挖命题【考情研究】考情剖析考点考察内容考察方式1.对原文要旨及重点的理解和体现情况 ;2. 归纳重点时语供给一篇 350 词之内的在申请大学以前 , 最好亲身去目标学法构造和词汇应用的短文 , 要求考生鉴于该纲要写作校看一下。

假如时正确性 ;3. 纲要文章短文写出一篇 60 词左右上下文的连结性 ;4. 的内容纲要间和金钱不同意 , 就在网上获守信息对各重点表达的独立性状况剖析解读纲要写作是综合性的写作考察。

要求考生第一对原文有正确的理解、对原文的构造和重点有正确的掌握, 而后再用高级的语法构造及适合的连结词写出包含全部重点的短文。

所以 , 考生要想做好此题, 就一定注意以下几点 :(1) 正确理解文章。

(2) 掌握文章的各个重点。

(3) 使用正确的语法构造、丰富的词汇和适合的连结词。

(4) 使用自己的语言表述, 不要照抄原文中的句子。

【真题典例】阅读下边短文, 依据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容纲要。

It ’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give youthe sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园 )like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms andathletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be morethan a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life,and do all the research you can to make 纲要写作的文章一般都是说明文或谈论文。

2021年1月浙江首考英语试卷中的同义转述归纳能同义转述是语言灵活运用的一种标志。

细心的考生会发现在阅读理解、听力等题目中，出题的老师在设置选项内容的时候，有时并不直接引用原文，而是利用另外的表述来表达同一层含义，或者选项就是转述后表达的答案。

为提高对考生能力的考查，达到区分的目的，出题人经常利用转述等方法设置“陷阱”，来增加理解与定位的难度，考察识别的思维能力。

经过观察，发现一般同义转述现象在题干中，如关键词被转述替换或被隐藏（隐藏更难识别一些），或出现在选项中，关键词被转述。

假如能多积累多运用同义转述，做到马上识别，不仅对于阅读有用，而且对于写作中语言的多样灵活表达，也是很有裨益的。

同时，识别转述，运用转述，我们会发现转述的程度是不一样的。

这个需要我们根据前后语境准确把握。

有专家提出在转述的程度方面可分为：近似复制(Near Copy)、轻度转述(Minimal Revision)、中度转述(Moderate Revision)以及高度转述(Substantial Revision)。

涉及学术概念，此处不予解释，有兴趣的老师可以探究一二。

此处我们仅利用转述的大概念，不做细分。

本次首考听力部分与阅读理解部分出现了较为明显的同义转述，现做一梳理，并附上外刊原文改写真题的过程中的词句改写梳理。

仅供参考。

至于更多深入研究，后续再做分享。

听力部分同义转述对应内容梳理：内容原文选项Text 1谈论昨天活动was stuck in the lab worked in the labText 2谈论天气heavy showers RainyText 4电话取消会面won’(t) be able to make-it To cancel a visit.Text 5接机feel much better feel refreshedreasonableText 7罗马新政策That’s good. Eating in public isinappropriateText 7罗马新政策eating in public(c) places.Eating in the street.Text 8劝慰退课学生withdraw from the speech class drop a classText 8劝慰退课学生feel bad for the speaker sympathize with the speakerText 10 a fisherman a stranger语境详见如下：1. What did the woman do yesterday?A. She played football.B. She watched a game.C. She worked in the lab.(Text 1)M: Did you go to the football game yesterday?W: No, I couldn’t make it. I was stuck in the lab.M: You missed a really good game. Our school team played very well.解析：was stuck in the lab转述为worked in the lab.程度有差别，但可以理解。